Why is it important to be civic active? Citizenship - what is it? Recommended list of dissertations
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UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF THE CIVIL ACTIVITY OF THE PERSON AND ITS MANIFESTATION IN THE REPRESENTATIONS OF GLORY AS A PROPERTY OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE PERSON
Kalinina Irina Anatolievna
cand. psychol. Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Theory of Management and Business Technologies
REU them. G.V. Plekhanov,
Russian Federation, Moscow
E- mail: kalinina [email protected] yandex . en
UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF CIVIL ACTIVITY OF THE PERSONALITY AND ITS MANIFESTATION OF THE NOTIONS OF GLORY AS THE PROPERTY OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE INDIVIDUAL
Kalinina Irina
candidate of Science, assistant professor of the Department of management Theory and business technologies,
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (PRUE),
Russia, Moscow
The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Humanitarian Foundation. Project №15-26-01008
ANNOTATION
The article discusses various approaches to understanding "civic position" and its main components, as well as the interaction of a set of prerequisites that contribute to the manifestation of social activity, including the experience of a sense of glory. The main components that make up the concept of "civic position" are determined, which made it possible to consider this phenomenon as a quality acquired and formed by society, which develops and improves throughout a person's life. The civic position may change depending on the conditions in which the person finds himself.
ABSTRACT
The article discusses various approaches to understanding "citizenship" and its major components, and the interaction of the complex preconditions conducive to the manifestation of social activity, including experiences feelings of glory. The main components included in the concept of "citizenship", which allowed considering this phenomenon as acquired and generated by the company's quality, which is developed and improved throughout the life of the person. Civil position may change depending on the conditions in which gets a person.
Keywords : civil position; personality activity; citizen; personality values; society; feeling of glory.
keywords: citizenship; the individual "s activity; citizen; values; personality; society.
To understand the motives for the manifestation of civic activity of a person, it is necessary to understand the concept of "civic position", since in Dahl's explanatory dictionary, "position" is considered as a kind of beginning of movement in a certain direction and is a kind of starting point for the manifestation of various forms of behavior.
So, in the works of the classical period, the description of the personality occurs from the point of view of its internal position, where the starting point is thoughts, feelings and ideas about society.
It should be noted that the internal position of a person will not always correspond to his behavior in society. An individual may have a definite opinion on the problem and his own way of solving, but for a number of reasons, act in a completely different way, or show indifference and not start solving the problem at all.
Studies on the position of the individual have been carried out by various sciences, such as sociology, philosophy, pedagogy and psychology, but it is interesting that the ideas about the content of this concept are similar.
So, for example, in the philosophical dictionary, “position” is interpreted in relation to the presence of a point of view or principle that is embedded in the forms of behavior and demonstrated in behavioral actions, i.e. we are talking about an internal position that is reflected in the external, through the attitude of the individual we we can think about the motives of his behavior or readiness for action.
The psychological dictionary confirms this approach, considering the individual in the system of relations with society through behavioral reactions, while the position of a person can act as a generalized characteristic of the individual and set the status-role structure characteristic of him.
Numerous studies can prove just such a content of the concept of “position”.
So, Ananiev B.G. considering the position of the individual, first of all, it clarifies it through a system of social functions, and in this case we can talk about both an economic orientation and a legal one.
Such ideas fully correlate with the social sciences, where “position” is primarily understood as the existence of rights and obligations of a person to society.
In this regard, the concepts of “social role”, “role prescriptions”, which are considered regardless of individual properties, but are tied to the cultural component, become close for interpretation.
Kon I.S. and Anufrieva E.A., confirming this approach, they specify that the content of social functions is to a large extent tied to the historical era or to the stereotypical representations of the society in which the individual is located.
In the works of Asmolov A.G. the position of the individual is also considered through a system of social relations in which a person realizes his qualities, both innate, for example, temperament, and acquired, for example, knowledge, skills, features of thinking. Individual features in the system of public relations are the basis for choosing objective possibilities to meet human needs.
Radionova N.F. sees an objective-subjective character in the system of public relations. The objective nature of this system is determined by society, and the subjectivity lies in the reflection of social changes in the mind of the individual.
If in the studies cited earlier “position” is perceived as a system of relations, then Grigoryeva A.I., Isaev E.I., Slobodchikov V.I. consider it as an integrative characteristic of the whole way of life. Only in this understanding can one think about a person as a subject of his own life activity, determining the ways of fulfilling basic needs, and in this case we are talking about the unity of consciousness and activity.
So, considering the "position" from the point of view of the activity approach, it can be argued that its formation is not a one-time action, but a continuous process carried out in activity.
Choosing a position as the subject of study, one can essentially imagine the “space of movement of an individual”, in which he exists objectively, but on the other hand, subjectively, since this movement corresponds to his personal ideas.
Of course, a position is a continuous process, but it can also have its own temporal characteristics, since life events are finite.
The temporal completion of events is precisely these points of objectification and subjectification, which allow you to set new motion vectors.
Analyzing the results of the analytical reflections of the presented authors, the position of a person can be represented as a directed motion vector (Fig. 1):
Figure 1. Understanding "position" in society
So, the understanding of "position" includes a system of relations, which is presented as a set:
subjective and objective
psychological component and social status
current state and potential movement.
However, understanding the content of “position” still does not determine the vector of direction, in this case it can be directed both towards society and negatively, therefore the content of the concept of “citizen” is no less important.
If we talk about European ideas, then a “citizen” is a person who has civil rights and obligations and can be both a partner of the state and society, and be in a certain opposition to them.
Philosophical ideas about the status of a "citizen" are close to the direction of a conscious combination of personal and public interests, through a set of moral qualities, in this case, a "citizen" is a civilized member of the state and society. That is, in this case, there are no special contradictions between the individual and society. Is intrapersonal non-conflict possible in modern society?
It is worth noting in this regard, and opposing positions. For example, the famous politician V. Novodvorskaya argued that in any society there are "citizens" and "non-citizens". From her point of view, citizens are precisely those who oppose the authorities, against the regime, because, in her words, they are not a “herd”. Following this logic, only citizens who, by their struggle for freedom and independence, receive rights and privileges, including political ones, should have rights in society.
I must say that the concept of "citizen" remains relevant in the field of publications from the legal field. Legal publications define the role of a citizen with a list of special public functions, which include "rights and obligations provided for by the constitution", "participation of a citizen in the political and legal life of society", "knowledge of rights and freedoms".
As a term, the concept of “citizen” (lat. “civilis”) first began to be used in the system of Roman law, and now in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D.N. Ushakov it has four main meanings:
First, this is a legal interpretation that describes the scope of property, family and other private relations between citizens.
The second, military interpretation, involves a description of the non-military life of people.
The third, ecclesiastical interpretation, involves a description of behavior that is not of ecclesiastical content and is performed outside of ecclesiastical rites.
Fourth, public interpretation, which is associated with a moral and ethical assessment of a person's behavior as a citizen.
The combination "civil position" does not have a single definition in science at all, and following the analytical review of the proposed approaches, it is quite debatable.
This is probably due to the fact that researchers from different sciences of knowledge are focused on various aspects of the study of civic position, for example, the study of the main indicators of the civic position of a person is considered in the works of the classics of sociological thought: G. Spencer, E. Durkheim, B. Skinner, J. Homans, T. Parsons, C.H. Cooley, and the selection of the main components of a civil position are presented in the works of L.M. Arkhangelsky, O.G. Drobnitsky, A.G. Zdravomyslova, N.I. Eliasberg and others.
At the same time, most scientists distinguish three main components that make up the concept of "civic position": patriotism, citizenship and socio-political activity (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. The components that make up the concept of "civic position"
The first component is patriotism.
Its main indicators can be: pride in the Motherland, pride in achievements, the desire to preserve cultural characteristics, identification with the country, readiness to subordinate one's interests to the interests of the country - a kind of social feeling.
Thus, it is in patriotism that there is respect for ancestors, love and tolerance, and the highest manifestation of patriotism is benevolence towards all citizens of the state through respect for the traditions and culture of society, as well as readiness to develop and protect the interests of one's country and its citizens.
The second component is citizenship.
The essence of citizenship is the involvement of the individual in the general affairs of the state, the psychological feeling of being a citizen and a full member of society, hence the active and conscious involvement of the subject in the affairs and problems of society in the presence of certain beliefs.
So, a sense of citizenship arises as a result of a person’s awareness of himself as an individual, as an independent, individual member of society, who has certain rights and obligations enshrined in legislation, actively participates in the adoption and implementation of government decisions and is guided in everyday life by certain moral norms and values.
Thus, "citizenship" is closely intertwined with "patriotism" and, in the author's opinion, should be used in a single social context.
The third component - socio-political activity - sets the motion vector.
Activity is aimed at transforming the surrounding reality and solving social problems. Social activity largely depends on the level of culture of social relations and the character of a person. public beginnings.
Ivanishenko N.N. believes that the manifestation of activity depends on whether a person belongs to 4 types of personality:
Individualistically oriented
· ideologically oriented;
normative and law-abiding;
socio-political.
For individualistically oriented types, an increased desire to consider interaction with society and their civic activity through the prism of the realization of labor is inherent.
It is typical for ideologically oriented types to demonstrate increased participation in the preservation of the cultural and historical heritage of the country.
The normatively law-abiding type declares its readiness to fully fulfill the statutory obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation.
The characteristic features of a group of socio-political type are: an active desire to participate in the life of the country. Moreover, this participation is understood broadly - from discussion to real, both constructive and destructive steps. It is common for representatives of this group to become members of various social and political organizations.
Thus, the components of a civil position can be represented as follows (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. Interaction of the components of citizenship
The analysis of scientific works allowed us to come to the following conclusions:
· Civil position represents a complex of subjective qualities of a person.
Citizenship expresses strong convictions and responsibility of citizens
· Citizenship gives rise to social responsibility and is manifested in the expedient socio-cultural activities of people.
· The process of forming a civil position is long, its effectiveness depends on the state of civil society and the rule of law.
Thus, a civic position is formed under the influence of a set of prerequisites and contributes to the manifestation of social activity, where the foundation for the manifestation of activity is patriotism.
However, according to Schneider L.B., patriotism is a formed quality that arises due to the experience of glory for the country, glory for one's people. These aspects of social life are not even partially considered in modern studies.
To date, this trend has a tendency to revive. For example, the recent action "Immortal Regiment" in honor of Victory Day, in which through the experience of glory for their loved ones, and in fact, for their homeland, the formation of patriotic motives of their behavior takes place directly.
However, the formation of patriotic motives and their transformation into an active civic position, such as participation in the "Immortal Regiment" campaign, is possible due to the passage of a person before several stages (Fig. 4.):
First stage- awareness of one's "I", self-reflection regarding the formation of one's own image of "I"
Second phase- formation of personality traits and readiness for behavioral choice.
Third stage- readiness to manifest the qualities inherent in one's own "I".
Fourth stage- use of opportunities of the environment for own development. This stage is reflected in social projects.
Figure 4. Stages of formation of personality traits
Thus, an active civic position is a quality acquired and formed by society, which develops and improves throughout a person's life. The civic position may change depending on the conditions in which the person finds himself.
A positive vector of manifestation of a civic position can only be in the presence of patriotic motives that arise due to feelings of glory for loved ones, for the Motherland, and by no means, not as a result of experiencing an inferiority complex.
The study "Cross-cultural analysis of ideas about fame as an essential property of the consciousness and behavior of an individual" is aimed at studying these issues, in which key attention is paid to the study of civil, family and personal ideas about fame among young Russians, since the solution of the problems facing our society today will be largely determined by the civic consciousness and social behavior of young people.
In this article we will talk about such a concept as a civil position. This is a term that many have heard of and understand what is at stake. But not everyone can give him an accurate description. All aspects of this phenomenon will be discussed in detail here. After reading the article, you will get an accurate idea of what civil position (CP) is, and you will not confuse it with other concepts.
Definition of the term
Before defining the GP, we must first clarify what the term “position” means. A position is a diverse quality of an individual, manifested both in relation to a person to himself and to the surrounding reality (society, state). It includes the behavior of the subject as a social unit in the implementation of their life priorities and values.
Citizenship is a set of views and beliefs, as well as moral and ethical standards that are characteristic of a person in relation to public life, as well as his actions and deeds in this direction. GP is the responsible fulfillment by a person of his duty to others.
Citizenship is a rather complex social phenomenon, expressed in a personal assessment of one's position in society, one's rights and obligations as a citizen of one's country, in conjunction with individual traits. In pedagogy, HP is considered as a quality of a person and a system of attitude to the world around him.
Where does citizenship come from?
Earlier than citizenship and national feelings, love for the motherland, that is, patriotism, is born.
It is he who forms an indifferent attitude to the ongoing processes in the surrounding world and stimulates the conscious fulfillment of civic duty.
For the majority of people, it is common to feel that they belong to the place where they were born and grew up. Love for one's land is akin to love for one's own mother. If the family is included in the human value system immediately after birth, then the value of the homeland is realized by the person over time.
At first, the homeland for the child is his family and the house where he lives. Further, the fatherland is already considered a street, district, village or city. The older a person becomes, the more his concept of homeland expands. It is already perceived on the scale of the country, which is also identified with the people, culture, faith, customs and nature. In other words, the homeland for a person is not only the place where he was born, but the totality of all concepts that characterize a certain state.
Formation of citizenship
The formation of a GP starts small. Some foundations and rudiments are laid at an early age. Of course, the child is not yet able to understand what civic duty is. However, by cultivating in him respect for his native land and his fellow citizens, as well as instilling a caring attitude towards nature, parents thereby prepare the ground for the formation of an indifferent attitude to the events around the child in the future.
The formation of a civic position is becoming a very topical issue for high school students. Being at school age, children cannot yet take part in elections. Because of this, they do not feel part of society. They do not understand what civic duty is. As a result, school graduates, for the most part, are socially passive. To prevent this from happening, it is important to inculcate the foundations of a civic worldview through the creation of a purposeful model of the educational system that forms the GP in adolescents.
The education of a civic position among schoolchildren and students is a very important stage in the formation of a socially active society.
Mass media as an important tool for the formation of the SOE
As we have already found out, a person's civic position begins at an early age and continues to develop throughout his life. If in childhood and adolescence, parents and teachers are mainly involved in the formation of a civic worldview, then at a more mature age, a person is influenced by the media.
Where does a person learn about the events taking place in his country and around the world? Of course, from various sources in the media. Moreover, which is typical, not only the facts themselves are important, but also the degree of presentation of information. The same events can be told in completely different ways. Based on how the information was presented, the attitude of the subject to certain facts is formed and a civic position is formed. Journalists take this phenomenon into account in their professional activities. This is used by politicians and others involved in the formation of the civil worldview of society, people and organizations.
Citizenship Development
Certain factors contribute to the intensive development of the GP society. As a rule, the most socially active and united by a common civic worldview are the citizens of the country in which certain unrest occurs. Common difficulties bring people together like never before.
And if the society previously did not particularly go into the intricacies of the social and political life of the country, busy satisfying its urgent needs, then in moments of danger and serious changes, almost no one remains indifferent to the events taking place.
With regard to the civic position of the Russian Federation, the following trend has recently been observed: the attitude towards such values as patriotism, love for the Motherland, pride in one's Fatherland, honor, duty, loyalty to traditions and knowledge of the history of one's country is undergoing significant changes. These concepts are brought to the fore, which, of course, is a positive phenomenon in the public life of the state.
Active citizenship
If we have more or less figured out the civic position, let's try to deal with the term "active civic position". What does it mean?
Active HP implies the conscious participation of an individual in public life, which reflects his conscious actions and actions in relation to the surrounding reality. These actions are aimed at realizing social values. At the same time, the personal and public interests of the subject are in a reasonable ratio.
The components of an active GP are social activity, civic worldview and civic qualities. The active HP may vary depending on the external conditions in which the subject falls.
Why is active citizenship important?
Every thinking member of society should be engaged in the formation of an active civic position. Indifferent participation in political and public life is fraught with the fact that it enables incompetent people in power to make the most unpopular and dangerous decisions.
By law, every person has the right to express their civil position. Each subject has the opportunity to take part in the political sphere of life. No need to think that everything has already been decided from above and your opinion cannot affect anything. It is necessary to follow the events taking place in the country, analyze the information coming from various sources, draw conclusions, and exert all possible influence on what is happening in the state. The Holocaust, the Holodomor, the Red Terror and other terrible events in the history of mankind became possible because of the tacit consent and obedience of people.
Civic duty
If a civic position involves the responsible performance of civic duty, then what is civic duty? Let's figure it out.
Civic duty is the requirements that are imposed on a member of society in the form of his obligations to society. In this case, society is understood as a collective, classes and society as a whole.
Fulfillment of civic duty is the duty of every person who wants to live in a developed and successful state. If it seems to someone that the public interest in no way relates to your personal sphere, then this is a big delusion. The processes taking place in society, sooner or later, to a greater or lesser extent, affect everyone.
Finally
The development of a civic position is an important lever for the influence of an individual and society as a whole on the processes taking place in the political and other spheres of a country's life. If people do not realize themselves as full-fledged members of society, capable of influencing the surrounding reality, there is a great risk of ending up in a totalitarian state, when all decisions are made by a handful of people and are not subject to criticism.
We are all citizens of some country. As every citizen, we have certain rights and obligations. You don't need to neglect them. In fact, a lot depends on us. Therefore, do not stay away.
The allocation of this civic activity with its specific goals and objectives is justified as an alternative to mixing the culture of the system world with the culture of the life world. In real cultural policy, this mixture manifests itself as an imitation by state institutions and organizations of the cultural activity of the population (for example, various ostentatious mass theatrical "rejoicing" or "protest" programs). Authors, screenwriters and initiators of such activity are representatives of state structures. The population in various cultural events and programs is assigned the role of an impersonal "crowd", but not active accomplices. Thus, the diversity of civic initiatives, “dissolved” in the impersonal “statehood”, disappears, the very idea of citizenship and its various manifestations are profaned. This fact is indirectly confirmed by researchers who point out that “crowd thinking operates with a small number of basic ideas” (47, p. 19), g.e. tends to devalue the fruitfulness of the variety of generally valid ideas as such. At the same time, the crowd initially denies the culture of social partnership between citizens and the state, since “for the crowd one must be a god or nothing” (ibid., p. 22).
To avoid the ugly symbiosis of the “crowd phenomenon” and the state, it is necessary to determine the own cultural potential of systemic civic activity without a direct appeal “to all citizens”.
The socio-cultural meaning of the systemic world to ensure the effective functioning of civil society was quite fully revealed by Hegel in his famous work "Philosophy of Law", starting from the interaction of the categories "single" - "special" - "universal". In our terminology, "single" belongs to the "life world", "special" - to civil society, "universal" - to the "systemic world". According to Hegel, “in civil society, everyone is an end for himself, everything else is nothing to him. However, without a relationship with others, he cannot achieve his goals in their entirety: these others are therefore means for the goal of the particular. But the particular end, through its relation to others, gives itself the form of the universal and satisfies itself, at the same time satisfying the striving of others for the good. Since particularity is connected with the condition of universality, the whole is the ground of mediation, on which all singularities, all abilities, all accidents of birth and happiness liberate themselves, from which the waves of all passions flow, governed only by the sense of reason penetrating into them. Particularity, limited by universality, is the only measure by which each particularity contributes to its own good” (15, p. 228).
Thus, according to Hegel, the universal (in our terminology, the "systemic world") is the rational basis for the existence of the whole society, its spiritual basis (in his interpretation, this is the embodiment of the "absolute idea"). If we accept this position of Hegel, then we can conclude that the “systemic world” needs to function as, first of all, a “thinking substance”, concentrating intellectual and creative resources that are significant for the whole society. The implementation of these resources should be aimed at providing society. Accordingly, in this case, it is of a general civil nature. How realistic is such an attitude on the basis of the “systemic world”?
According to the well-known culturologist V. M. Rozin, the survival of the whole society depends on changes in the world. Such an attitude is quite real and consonant with the problems of modern society, “firstly, because society and the world are constantly changing and we have to respond adequately to this, and secondly, these changes do not suit us in many respects (the formula “we wanted how better, it turned out as always, but, in essence, even worse”), thirdly, because almost every official or major specialist today ... “forced by circumstances”, i.e. in accordance with his place, he produces social changes, but he does not understand either what he says in prose (he deals with social transformations), or the consequences, mostly negative, of his activities. Consequently, the point is not in the social changes themselves, but in their direction and character” (49, pp. 392-393).
In the "Philosophy of Spirit" Hegel singled out "legal, moral and religious" as "substantial in all human affairs". If by "religious" we understand not only faith in the "divine", but also a disinterested attitude towards another person as a "creation of God", then in accordance with Hegel's logic, it is possible to build the following scheme for the optimal interaction of the "life world", civil society and " systemic world” in the cultural aspect, shown in fig. 3.1.
Religious culture in this case refers to the ability of an individual to act in society on the basis of moral requirements, the main content of which is the ability to combine individual and group interests. How correct in this case is the attribution of this skill to religious culture? We share the point of view of those clergy who believe that the need to serve other people is the main indicator of true religiosity, even in the presence of an atheistic worldview, and therefore is more preferable than formal "ritualism". In this case, a member of civil society is able to humanize, make moral the very law represented in the “systemic world” (see Fig. 3.1), and the law itself, enriched by the experience of moral behavior, is able to ensure the implementation of the latter with appropriate guarantees for social asceticism, make it wearable such behavior for each individual as a member of civil society (see Fig. 3.1). It is characteristic that many religiously oriented thinkers approach the "systemic world" with this expectation.
Rice. 3.1.
In this regard, it is enough to refer to the relevant statements of F. M. Dostoevsky: “A highly developed personality, completely confident in its right to be a personality, no longer having any fear for itself, can do nothing else out of its personality, that is, no more use how to give it all to everyone, so that everyone else would be exactly the same self-righteous and happy personalities. This is the law of nature; a normal person is drawn to this. But there is one hair here, one very thin hair, but if it gets under a car, then everything will crack and collapse at once. Namely, it is a misfortune to have in this case even the slightest calculation in favor of one's own benefit” (22, p. 429). But the “systemic world” itself (called “brotherhood” by Dostoevsky) has counter obligations towards such a person: “But the brotherhood, on the contrary, must say:“ You give us too much. What you give us, we have no right not to accept from you, for you yourself say that this is all your happiness;
but what to do when our hearts are constantly aching for your happiness. Take everything from us. We will do our best every minute so that you have as much self-manifestation as possible. Do not be afraid of any enemies, neither people, nor nature now. We are all for you, we all guarantee your safety, we are vigilant about you, because we are brothers, we are all your brothers, and we are many and we are strong; be completely calm and cheerful, do not be afraid of anything and rely on us. After that, of course, there is nothing to share, everything will be divided by itself. Love one another, and all this will be added to you” (ibid., pp. 429-430).
In this case, we are dealing, of course, with some ideal variant of interaction between the "systemic world" and representatives of civil society. But this ideal can also be regarded as the main guideline in the formation of the civic culture itself by the forces of the “systemic world”. To what extent is this attitude embodied in the actual practice of the "systemic world"? In the sphere of cultural policy implemented by the "systemic world" and represented primarily by state institutions and organizations, civic orientation is implemented more often by employees of cultural institutions themselves, but not by cultural authorities. The latter are largely "pupated" bureaucratically apparatus formations, far from the main civic task of the systemic world - to provide effective assistance to the majority of "devotees of culture" by means of law and expand the legal possibilities of civil initiatives, satisfy the needs of the population that form civilly significant cultural activity (see for comparison of the diagram above).
To begin with, we present the following argument in support of this thesis. Despite the abundance of specialists in the field of economics and law in Russia, there is a huge shortage of them in the industry of culture. All rule-making and relevant expert functions in the industry are concentrated at best in closed management structures
(Ministry of Culture, local cultural bodies). In the sphere of culture, a situation has arisen that Hegel warned about: “The class of lawyers, who have a special knowledge of the laws, considers this knowledge their monopoly and believes that someone who is not from their midst should not interfere in their affairs ... Law concerns freedom , the most worthy and sacred in man, and he himself, since it is obligatory for him, must know him ”(15, p. 253).
In this situation, the role of educators and certain guarantors of the rights of the population in the field of culture was assumed by those workers-enthusiasts of cultural institutions who implement the installation on the mass participation of the population in socio-cultural activities and the availability of the services of these institutions for the population.
Why "mass character" and "availability"? Because these characteristics of the cultural services offered by institutions are basic for the task of forming the socio-cultural activity of visitors as one of the conditions for the formation of civil society. Experiencing, as a rule, a lack of unambiguous legal norms and guarantees of their own activities (for example, in the field of paid cultural services to the population), a lack of legal competence in working with the population, many employees of mass cultural institutions (libraries, clubs, museums, etc.) no less create a moral atmosphere of public enthusiasm through the involvement of their visitors in socially significant cultural activities. Thus, they exercise their right as representatives of the systemic world (state) to create this moral atmosphere and ensure the moral right of the population as a civil subject to participate in socially significant social and cultural initiatives (see Fig. 2.2).
Systemic activity in the cultural sector is represented mainly by state cultural institutions belonging to the department of the Ministry of Culture: libraries, museums, theaters, concert halls and venues, clubs, parks of culture and recreation, etc. These cultural institutions in one way or another have a cultural potential that contributes to the formation of civil society. These opportunities are ultimately expressed in attracting the population itself to the organization and implementation of cultural activities programs through the creation of public self-government structures in state cultural institutions, through the satisfaction of various requests and interests of visitors, the formation of a creative asset of cultural institutions from representatives of different population groups, etc. From the degree This involvement, in turn, depends on the formation of an active civic position in each member of society, the desire to participate in the preservation, creation and dissemination of socio-cultural values.
Consider, on the basis of the studied culture-creative practice of the "systemic world", the identified opportunities for the formation of civic activity of the population using the example of the most massive cultural institutions.
Libraries. In accordance with the preference for cultural activism as the main task of a civic-oriented
“of the systemic world”, we highlighted above the need to ensure mass participation in the socio-cultural activities of the population and the availability of services offered by state cultural institutions. In libraries, mass character is ensured through various educational programs modeled on literary salons; the study of library requests, taken into account in the acquisition of funds and servicing readers; development of leisure activity of readers, developing literary interests and requests. Accessibility is provided as an expansion of the scope of information, consulting and reference services that are significant for solving certain life problems that are significant for readers, ranging from psychological counseling to legal education. In fact, libraries focused on a variety of work with the population are turning into mass cultural and information centers that contribute to the expansion and deepening of the civic consciousness of readers through the formation of an appropriate book culture (focused on the creative use of "book" knowledge in their own social and civic practice).
Museums. The mass nature of museum services is achieved in those museums where the local history component is strong enough, involving the visitors themselves in the formation of funds, protecting and collecting museum valuables, expanding the scope of museums in educational and leisure institutions. The accessibility of museum activities lies in the development, first of all, of interactive museum and pedagogical technologies that create the effect of co-presence of visitors “inside” the era, time, events reflected in the expositions, among heroes, etc. This interactivity is achieved through the theatricalization of the museum space, museum holidays, game programs, the formation of a museum asset, etc. Thus, a new museum cultural environment is provided, which goes far beyond the boundaries of the museum as an institution and creates the effect of the population's involvement in the past, present and future of their country, region, city, locality, etc.
Theatres. In some cultural institutions of this type, mass service is carried out through a wide geography of touring activities, a variety of repertoire that takes into account the socio-demographic structure of the potential contingent of spectators, a variety of forms of theatrical contact with the audience, creating an appropriate environment for theater lovers (for example, theater clubs at theaters).
The accessibility of theatrical art is ensured not only by a flexible repertoire policy focused on a wide variety of theatrical audiences, but also by broad educational activities in the field of theatrical art through the education system, cultural and leisure institutions, participation in the creation and functioning of amateur theatrical performances. In fact, individual theatrical figures, collectives form a general theatrical culture of the population, developing social activity, expanding ideas about the surrounding society, contributing to the development of role-playing behavior skills necessary for productive civic activity.
club establishments. These cultural institutions today are perhaps the most democratic. The mass nature of club activities is ensured by the development of club forms of self-government, the expansion of the club service area (primarily at the place of residence), the inclusion of club activities in the context of social, health and educational work, the expansion of the membership of amateur club activities, the expansion of the range of types of club services, primarily in assistance in social adaptation, solving various life problems by the population. The availability of club services is ensured by expanding the scope of amateur activities on the basis of club institutions, extensive educational work contributing to solving the problems of social, cultural and economic life, and a variety of theatrical and game forms of leisure activities for various groups of the population. Civic-oriented clubs in most regions actually become centers of socialization and improvement of the "leisure skills" of the population as a prerequisite for the growth of their civic activity.
The typical manifestations of individual civic initiatives of employees of cultural institutions that we have considered do not eliminate the general task of restructuring the guidelines of the entire network of state cultural institutions in the direction of expanding the mass participation of the population in socio-cultural activities and increasing the availability of services of cultural institutions as one of the conditions for the formation of its civic activity. No less important is the task of restructuring the work of the existing network of cultural institutions in the direction of involving the population in the preservation and creation of cultural values.
The current real distribution of priorities in involving the population (and not just visitors to cultural institutions) in this task can be represented in the form of the corresponding table. 3.1.
|
Participation of the population in relevant cultural activities |
Libraries |
Philharmonic |
Parks of culture and recreation |
|||
|
Preservation population cultural values |
By chance |
episodically |
By chance |
By chance |
episodically |
|
|
Development and use of cultural values by the population |
Necessary |
Necessary |
11required |
11required |
Necessary |
Necessary |
|
Creation population cultural values |
episodically |
Maybe |
Maybe |
episodically |
episodically |
Explanations for the table. In the current practice of the functioning of state cultural institutions, the organization of the processes of development and use of cultural values by the population is a mandatory task for cultural institutions of all types (in libraries, this is the development of works of literature, in museums, museum values, etc.). But there are also differences. So, in libraries, the involvement of the population in the preservation of cultural values (for example, in the preservation of book stocks) is generally uncharacteristic. The involvement of the population in the creation of cultural values (for example, in the acquisition of library funds) is episodic.
In museums, the participation of the population in the preservation of cultural values (for example, museum funds) is episodic, but participation in the creation of new cultural values (for example, in the creation of museum funds) is possible.
In theaters, the participation of the population itself in the creation of cultural values is possible (for example, when creating performances that involve the active participation of the audience themselves in the theatrical performance).
In philharmonic societies, the participation of the population itself in the creation of cultural values is episodic (for example, enriching the repertoire of philharmonic groups with works of modern folklore).
In club institutions, the population can episodically preserve cultural values through the creation of local history clubs, folklore repertoire, traditions of club culture, etc.
In parks of culture and recreation, the participation of the population in the creation of cultural values (for example, new forms of play behavior, culture of recreation, communication, etc.) is possible.
In general, as can be seen from the table, the civil capacity of state cultural institutions depends primarily on the implementation of educational tasks by them and ensuring the availability of their services for various groups of the population. But it is precisely this task that is often solved unsatisfactorily, turning many cultural institutions into de facto "cemeteries" of cultural values (for example, library and museum funds unclaimed by the population), into closed pseudo-elitist institutions (for example, theaters and philharmonic societies, oriented only to a narrow circle of "artistically" advanced , or a materially prosperous spectator, listener, or “ersatz culture”), to a demonstration of the achievements of professional and amateur groups (clubs as mainly rental and stage venues, but not a place of enlightening communication), to entertainment centers divorced from the tasks of environmental education (parks of culture and rest). To some extent, these distortions are satisfied through civil initiatives, which we have assigned to the next group.
Bakunova E.A. The manifestation of civic activity on the examples of environmental organizations (movements) // International Journal of the Humanities and Natural Sciences. - 2018. - 1. - S. 34-37.
MANIFESTATION OF CIVIL ACTIVITY ON EXAMPLES
ECOLOGICAL E OF ORGANIZATIONS (MOVEMENTS)
E.A. Bakunova, undergraduate
supervisor: N.N. horn, cand. geogr. Sciences, Associate Professor
Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University
(Russia, Moscow)
Annotation . AT article is consideredthe concept of civic engagement of her ra h personal views that can be seen through ecologistical movements and organizations.
Keywords: civic activity, environmental movement "Garbage. Bol eh. Not t”, crowdfunding, crowdsourcing,action "Bloggers against garbage", "Green steam about the cart.
An urgent issue at the present stage of development in Russia is the research about civil aviationactivity and citizenship nsky participation. The concept of civil a to activity is considered by scientistsfrom different fields of science: political science, about sociology, psychology, jurisprudence, at the moment there is no clear definition of civic activity. Basically and with use different definitions, but b The main thing for them is to represent it as citizenship and civil rights. about position. Civic activism- this is for ma activity of society, which in commitment to the implementation of social inter e owls, inherent in the individual and various b public associations of citizens. It will depend on spiritual, political e ski, cultural values of man and society. civil act in Responsibility is a responsible attitude to the world around us, the possibility of realizing our own tons of great ideas and partnership, citizens m e nyayut role of passive observers on the possibility of active participation in the life of society. Civic activity is one of the forms of social activity, a living in an indifferent attitude to the problems of society, the ability and desire a desire to show one's own civic position, to defend group and personal rights and interests, this is the consciousness of personal t responsibility for the welfare of the state t va.
Civic activity manifests itself in various forms of self-determination. I the integrity of citizens, their associations, networks and associations, which are determined internally n them aspirations and motives that are not aimed at extracting profit s whether. At the moment, there is a tendency to increase the number of movements. The process of formation of activity gra well given, often proceeds spontaneously, regardless of the activities of various social institutions, through the exchange of opinions, di with discussions, comparisons of different points of view. But often civic activism is the result of the actions of state institutions, politicalorganizations and mass media[ 2 ] .
Currently civil act in ness in Russia is manifested in the activities of various non-profit (public t venous) organizations. Public about R Organizations in Russia can be divided into several types:
1. Organizations that remain traditional n nym from the Soviet era, such as in e Teran organizations, trade unions, org a nization of disabled people VOS, VOI and others.
2. Small narrowly focused org a nizations in various spheres of life about sti and professional organizations.
3. The established large feds e national and regional non-profit organizations at the end XX - early XXI century, in particular and funded a nie due to r u fled, before the adoption of the law "On Foreign Agents".
4. A new type of organizations and movements built on common issues, and organizational, as a rule, citizens n ski activists. Examples here m o gut serve o r organizations - Let's Do It, Strategy 31, C buckets” and others [ 8 ] .
In recent years, there has been an increase in civic activity among certain groups. a citizens and public groups in solving urgent social problems.
E There are well-known examples of the successful impact of civil initiatives on n concrete decisions and actions. Positively creative environmental movement "M at the litter. B more. No" was founded in 2004on the personal initiative of the Petersburger Den and sa Stark, in which he constantly involved a new membersand cities, currently around100 participating cities in Russia and 5 CIS countries and more than 1000 pro conducted actions, spreading the cult at civil participation, a significant area of harvested territories,emergence of new movementsnetwork active growth about sti. When the movement was created, it included only one branch, which, with about stood out from a small group of people, uh effectively wired crazy cleaning. One of the main reasons for the development of network traffic e nia became desire and h change the world around. Now stock movement sob and have a different number of participants, from n e how many people tooten and even thousands of participants[ 6 ] .
The destruction of a habitual place of rest in the suburbs provoked a protest campaign in defense of the Khimki Forest, which has been stretching since 2006.5 years protes t naya ka m Pania has gained national and international fame. In the struggle for the "Protection of the forest" from cutting down, a certain initiative group was formed from the inhabitants of the city. Khimki, Mr. Moscow and Moscow region with ty, formed the "Ecological protest t wave”, protests were held to tion, both for the abolition of the construction of the route, and for its construction. After graduation a decision on the construction of the route trafficacquired political to races [ 8 ] .
P there are types of civil acts in features that are fully implemented in Inta R no, e.g. fire assistance card, separate waste collection card, a map of the needs of orphanages, fundraising for specific purposes, monitoring elections for web cameras and much more. The Internet has provided a medium for existence t formation of a variety of activist about societies and projects that exist b ko in virtual form. They and with enjoy when another kind of self-realization is nevo h can (low ability to communicate a offline, high the need for anonymity, etc.) [9]. Thanks to the programs m services, members of network communities b agents, it became possible to use about the tool you quickly search for the right contacts and quickly install e communication between people for society n activities and joint civil n shares, thereby network communications t va rea lyse the function of self-organization a tion [ 5 ] .
Today, not only Inte R no, but to a greater extent social networks and civilian Internet applications I in are a mechanism for effective and with use of civic activity, mobilization of civil activists and movements in general. Social networks and and n ternet - applications providing pr e provide significant opportunities for communication, search for resources, transfer of information, it becomes a real action t a powerful instrument of horizontal relations and ties in society. Social b nye networks help to organize and concisely about urgent promotions that collect many l Yu action to solve a specific problem. As an example, we can cite the form of a mass subbotnik successfully passed all-Russian th action "Bloggers pr against garbage”, with about 20,000 participants [ 3 ] .
"Greenhouse of social technologies" h gives a database of civil applications e in which there are more than two X hundreds of projects. Examples might be project « Ecofront . en » , which is directedto fight against sanctionstinted clusters garbage collection [ 7 ] .
Internet activity is characterized t with anonymity, heterogeneity, etc. and namism, has the best scale about and adaptability. At the same time, act in activity on the Internet also depends on the activity in position of the initiator, since often a virtual community or group of and connects, approves the initiative, not all where ready to share andcarry the organization and on costs [ 8 ] .
Also , mechanism for the development of n Internet activity can be at live crowdfunding and crowdsourcing about you sites. In general, for Russia, Crow d funding and c a udsourcing is a fairly new phenomenon. Crowdfunding is a collection in new funding for a project on the Web, especially social, research b ski, volunteer, charitable and solid projects. Crowdfundy sites nga and s used to attractfunds for the implementation of the idea.An example might be o serve, recent promo in november 2017 crowdfunding campaign to raise funds for the export and processing of d tons of batteries from Izhevsk to Chel I Binsk to the plant "Megapolisresurs"(with b early on promotions by ra h separate collection of recyclables "Dividing"). share body and called by activists "Green steam locomotive" from Izhevsk. As part of the campaign, about it was possible to collect 200 thousand rubles, a cat about which have been successfully collected, to implement the project. Sponsor could donate Yu buy the amount or the amount set by the organizer of the action and also receive an eco-gift. 358 people took part in the action andof which 49 people are not from Izhe in ska [ 1 ] .
At present, Russia is forming got everything more conditions for e niya gr a civil activity. The activation of NPO activities, the growth of civil movements, the development and the development of Internet technologies and the work of the state is aimed at the third sector, gives its e results. The importance of civil society is growing e the number of people involved t educated in civil movements and de I activities of NGOs, the quality of citizenship is growing n participation. Every year on de I activity of social movements and R organization stand out all the big f and cash funds. New accounting mechanisms a stia expand the scope of and ciative citizens, where unity and interaction takes place through Inte R no. Implementation of civic activities about sti lies in and with enjoying a more operational relationship, oonline platforms for b judgments. By positive results of some civil cases m pany raises the level of civil t responsibilities, the experience of which is being adopted more and more often.
Bibliographic list
1. Battery for recycling// Crowdfunding inRussian public funding– URL: https :// planeta . ru / campaigns / batareiki _ na _ utilizatsiu (date of access: 11/20/2017).
2. Ox kova N.V., Guseva L.A.Civic activism as a mirror of political and cultural b tour values of society //Scientific review. Rabstract journal. - 2014. - No. 1. - S. 80-81
3. Report on the state of civil about societies in the Russian Federation(2011) - M .: Society naya chamber of the Russian Federation, 2012. - 142 p.
4. Separate map waste collection from Greenpeace Russia– URL: http://recyclemap.ru (yes and appeals 20.11.2017) .
5. Morozova E.V., Miroshnichenko I.V. Network communities in emergency situations: new opportunities for citizens and authorities // Politicalresearch. 2011.- No. 1. - S. 12.
6. About the movement " Garbage.More.No" / / "Garbage. More. No" – URL: http://musora.bolshe.net/page/about.html (Accessed: 11/29/2017).
7 . Regional aspectscivic engagement in modern Russia (on the example of YaRoslavl region): monograph / E. Isaeva, I. Maklashii, A. Sokolov, A. Frolov. - M .: Prospect, 2015 . – 216 p.
8 . Russian non-political acti vizm: sketches for a portrait of a hero // Result Report tatakh studies of activism in Russia. – Center of the Edge, 2012.– 65 s.
MANIFESTATION CIVIL ACTIVITY ON EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
O R GANIZATION (MOVEMENTS)
E.A. Bakunova, graduate student
Supervisor: N.N. Rogotin, candidate of geographical sciences, associate professor
Moscow state university of psychology and education
(Russia, Moscow)
abstract. In article deals with the concept of civil activity its different types which can be seen through the environmental movements and organizations.
keywords: civil activity, environmental movements, Musora.bolshe.net ", crowdfunding, crowdsourcing, action" Blogerprotiv "," Zelenyi parovoz ".
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF CIVIL ACTIVITY.
1.1. Approaches to the definition of the concept of "civil activity".
1.2. Forms and types of civil activity in the modern political process.
1.3. Factors in the formation of civic engagement
CHAPTER P. CIVIL ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN CITIZENS IN THE MODERN POLITICAL PROCESS:
ALL-RUSSIAN AND REGIONAL
2.1. Features of civil activity in the political process of modern Russia.
2.2. Regional features of civil activity.
2.3. Civic activity in the conditions of local self-government.
Recommended list of dissertations
Philanthropy as an element of civil society in the context of the transformation of the modern welfare state 2011, candidate of political sciences Mikhailichenko, Tatyana Ignatievna
Civil society in the political space of modern Russia 2010, Doctor of Political Sciences Galkina, Elena Vyacheslavovna
Modern trends in the development of party membership in the modernization of the political system of Russia: political analysis 2011, Doctor of Political Sciences Dzakhova, Larisa Khasanovna
Civil Society and Political Culture of Modern Russia: Political and Sociological Analysis 2005, Doctor of Sociological Sciences Ryabev, Vyacheslav Vasilyevich
The evolution of modern democracy: the political experience of Russia 2008, Doctor of Political Science Baranov, Nikolai Alekseevich
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Civil activity of Russians in the conditions of the modern political process"
Relevance of the research topic. In modern conditions, the Russian democratic process is largely due to the lack of formation of real institutions of civil society, which is manifested in the absence of clear mechanisms for interaction between the authorities and its subjects such as NGOs, local governments, charitable foundations, etc. In this situation, there is a need to identify the whole range of factors determining the direction and content of the process of formation of civil society, but at the same time, it is necessary to identify the most significant, fundamental factor for the institutionalization of Russian democracy. Despite the fact that in the Soviet period democracy was largely declarative, its ideological principles still influence the nature of the relationship between the people and the government. To the greatest extent, this applies to the implementation of such an attribute of civil society as civic activity.
Civic activity is an integral property of civil society; it is always built within the framework of social regulation established by law and other means (moral norms, rules, agreements).
The political process of modern Russia is characterized by a lack of consensus among its participants, which is more exacerbated by the divergence of opinions in understanding the values of freedom and democracy, as well as unequal opportunities for their participation in government. A consequence of the low level of functioning of the dialogue between the government and society, in the conditions of an extensive system of representation, is the lack of integration between them. That is why it is difficult to talk about expanding the boundaries of civic activity and raising its level, at least at this stage of time.
The political process of modern Russia is characterized by another feature that leaves its mark on the formation of civic activity - this is the lack of structured and clear mechanisms for interaction between political parties and civil society. This is due to the fact that modern political parties are more like clientele, uniting like-minded people than one of the forms of expression of civic activity. Based on this, it can be assumed that the historical features of our state and the characteristic features of the political process of modern Russia make it much more difficult to increase the level of civic activity, and hence the development of civil society institutions.
The need for the study of civic engagement in the conditions of the modern political process is growing due to the need to create effective institutions of civil society, which in the future should become worthy opponents of the authorities. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to analyze the role of civic activity in the political process of modern Russia, as well as to identify its features at the regional level.
Scientific understanding of civic activity as an attribute of the modern political process necessitates its political science analysis, since this problem has traditionally been considered within the framework of psychology, sociology and social philosophy. The active use of knowledge about the conditionality of political processes by the level of civil activity of the country's population will allow us to solve the problems of consolidating society and forming a full-fledged civil society.
Thus, the problem stated in the dissertation has both scientific and theoretical and practical significance, which led to the choice of the research topic.
The degree of scientific development of the problem. The problems of civic engagement have become the subject of research by Russian and foreign experts in the field of political science, sociology, pedagogy, and psychology. The results of scientific works in each of these areas laid the theoretical foundation for the study of the problem.
The topic of civic engagement has attracted thinkers since the era of the Ancient World and has been described in terms of social activity. It was reflected in the works of Aristotle, Plato, F. Aquinas, A. Blessed, N. Machiavelli, J.J. Rousseau.1 They comprehend social activity mainly through the prism of serving the state, since they did not make a fundamental division of life in the state into political and social.
For the first time, an attempt to formulate the concept of "civil activity" was made in the works of G.V.F. Hegel, who proposed to consider the state and law as products of human rational activity, which were embodied in real social institutions.
M. Weber, A. Gramsci, R. Dahl, E. Durkheim, K. Marx, A. de Tocqueville consider the phenomenon of civic engagement in terms of indicators such as equality, self-organization, mobilization of forces and abilities.3
1 See: Aristotle. Works: in 4 volumes - M., 1983. - V.4. - P.89-134; Plato. Collected works: in 4 volumes - M., 1990. - T. 1. - S. 11-34 .; Anthology of world political thought: volume 1. - M., 1997. - S. 278-290; Anthology of world political thought: volume 1. -M., 1997. - S. 291-295; Machiavelli N. Sovereign. Reflections on the first report by Tita Levvd. On the art of war. - M., 2009. - S. 144-149; Rousseau J.J. On the social contract: treatises. - M., 1998. - S.231-233.
2 See: Hegel G.W.F. Philosophy of law / transl. with. German; ed. and comp. YES. Kerimov and B.C. Nersesyants; ed. intro. Art. and note. B.C. Nersesyants. - M., 1990. - S. 43-56.
3 See: Weber M. Selected Works. - M, 1990. - S. 77-98; Gramsci A. Selected works. - M., 1957 - T.Z. - P.356-412; Dahl R. Polyarchy, pluralism and space // Questions of Philosophy. - M., 1994. - No. 3. - S.18-23; Durkheim E. On the division of social labor. - M., 1996. - S. 38-44; Marx K. Letter to P.V. Annenkov December 28, 1846 // Marx K., Engels F. Works: in 30 volumes - M., 1955. - T. 13. - S. 145178; Tocqueville A. Democracy in America / per. with. French, foreword G. J. Lasky. - M., 1994. - S.379-386.
The works of P. Bourdieu, R.D. Putnam, F. Fukuyama and other researchers.1 Yu. Habermas consistently defended the point of view that the strength of a democratic constitutional state lies in its ability to supplement social integration with the active political participation of citizens."
Scientists M.U. Foley and T. Carothers contributed to the development of the term "civic activity", by which they understood a necessary component of the effective development and functioning of civil society, and hence democracy.3 A special place among modern studies related to the search for modern approaches to the study of civil society, occupy the fundamental works of J. Cohen and E. Arato.4
G. Almond, S. Verba, D.S. Mill, F. von Hayek, G. Erme, within the framework of the developing model of democracy, substantiated the importance of civic culture as an internal factor in civic activity.5 Theorists of the participatory model of democracy N. Bobbio, K. MacPherson, I.
1 See: Bourdieu P. Sociology and Democracy. - M., 1999. - S. 148-152; Democracy in Motion: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society (ed. ed.
R.D. Putnam) // Oxford Yniversiti Press, 2002. - S.57-60; Fukuyama F. World liberal revolution. - M., 2004. - S. 45-59. See: Habermas Yu. Political works. - M., 2005. - S. 12-16.
3 See: Foley Y. The Singer of Tales in Performance. Indiana University, 1995. - P. 34-36; Carothers T. Critical view of civil society /[Electronic resource]/ Access mode: http://www.academy-go.ru.
4 See: Arato E., Cohen J. JI. Civil society and political theory. - M., 2003. -S.139-141. e See: Almond G.A., Verba S. Civic culture and stable democracy // POLIS. -1992. - No. 4. - S.56-61; Mill D.S. Reflections on representative government. - M., 2006. - S. 45-60; Hayek F. The Road to Slavery // Questions of Philosophy. - 1990. - No. 10-12. -p.104-145; Erme G. Culture and Democracy. - M., 1992. - S. 56-69.
Schumpeter singled out the standard of living and education of citizens as one of the fundamental factors in the emergence of civic activity. one
Scientists A. l
Przeworski and F. Schmitter. Informatization and computerization of all spheres of modern society are a significant factor in the formation of civic activity, which allowed such researchers as I.R. Agamirzyan, S. Malconry, G. Reinermann and G. Hughes consider it through the prism of the electronic model of democracy.3
The structural-functional approach (T. Parsons, R. Merton) allows us to consider politics as a social subsystem that ensures the organization of people and the mobilization of resources for effective collective action to achieve common goals.4 The principles of a systematic analysis of political life were developed in the works of D. Easton, who created the scientific tradition of considering politics through “direct” and “reverse” links between the interaction of the political system with the “external” social environment. Karamzin, V.G.
1 See: Bobbio N. and futuro della democrazia: Una difesa delle rególe del gioco. Torino, 1985.-P.4-20; Macpherson C.B. The Life and Time of Liberal Democracy. - N.Y., 1977, P. 45-56; Schumpeter J. Capitalism, socialism, democracy. - M., 1996. - S. 23-39.
2 See: Przeworski A. Democracy and the market. Political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Translation from English. / Ed. prof. Bazhanova V. A. - M., 2000. - S. 106-123; Schmitter F. Reflections on civil society and the consolidation of democracy // POLIS. - 1996. - No. 5. - P.34-40.
3 See: Website of the magazine "Information Society" / [Electronic resource] / Access mode: http://www.infosoc.iis.ru/; Microsoft newsletter. Electronic government: achievements and development prospects /[Electronic resource]/ Access mode: https://msdb.ru; Website of the magazine "Information Society" /[Electronic resource]/ Access mode: http://www.infosoc.iis.ru; Website of the JSC Russian Venture Company. World experience in implementing the concept of e-government /[Electronic resource]/ Access mode: http://www.rusventure.ru.
4 See: Parsons T. On the structure of social action. - M., 2000. - From 17-24; Merton R. Social theory and social structure. Social structure and anomie. // Sociological research. - 1992. -№2-4. - S. 12-29.
Belinsky, A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev, which reflect the idea of social solidarity, which is an informal community of people united by the desire to create a civil society and the rule of law.1
The works of A.N. Leontiev.2 Civic activity cannot be fully represented without referring to its functioning as a basic element of civil society, the Russian model of which is studied in detail in the works of A.A. Auzana, A.A. Galkina, O.V. Gaman-Golutvina, Yu.A. Krasina, I.B. Levina, I.V. Orlova, S.N. Pshizova, V.T. Pulyaev.
The attention of such specialists as E.V. Malinovskaya, G.V. Pushkareva, A.Yu. Sungurov, A.I. Solovyov, Yu.G. Chernyshev drew on the cooperation of 4 institutions of civic engagement with public authorities.
1 See: Karamzin N.M. Selected works in two volumes. - M., 1964. - T 2. - S. 34-69; Answer V.G. Belinsky N.V. Gogol. - M., 1936. - S. 66-90; Herzen A.I., Past and thoughts, Sobr. soch., vol. 8-11, M., 1956. - S. 56-80; The revolutionary struggle of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev and the secret society "Land and Freedom" of the 1860s, M., 1964. - S. 45-61.
2 See: Leontiev A.N. Modern methods of communication as a means of institutionalizing the civic activity of youth /[Electronic resource]/ Access mode: http://politolog.vstu.ru.
3 See: Auzan A. Economic foundations of civil institutions /[Electronic resource]/ Access mode: http://www.polit.ru; Galkin A. A. Power, society and political process // Russia in the diversity of civilizations / N.P. Shmelev, V.V. Zhurkin, I.D. Ivanov and others; editorial board: A.A. Galkin (scientific ed.) and others - M., 2011. - S. 642661; Gaman-Golutvina O. V. The Changing Role of the State in the Context of Public Administration Reforms: Domestic and Foreign Experience. - M., 2006 - S. 24-42; Krasin Yu. A. Innovative type of society development and political system in Russia. -M., 2011. - S. 17-27; Levin I. B. On the reform of the electoral system in Italy // POLIS. -1993. - No. 3. - S. 82; Orlova I.V. Modern Civil Society: Opportunity and Reality // Philosophy and Society. - 2007. - No. 4. - S. 83-98; Pshizova S. N. From “civil society” to “community of consumers”: political consumerism in a comparative perspective. - Part 2. - 2009. - No. 2. - P.55-63; Pulyaev V.T. Movement towards civil society: the Russian version // Social and humanitarian knowledge. - M., 2001.-№1.-S. 35-39.
4 See: Malinovskaya E.V. Resettlement NGOs: classification, types and volumes of activities, support opportunities, types of projects // Civil society view from the inside / Sat. articles. - M., 2002. - S. 143-147; Pushkareva G.V. Political Preferences: The Psychology of Media Impact // Democracy, Management, Culture: Problematic Dimensions of Modern Politics. Political Science: Yearbook. - M., 2006. - S. 436455; Sungurov A.Yu. Intermediary organizations in the structure of civil society //
The main mechanisms of such interaction are also considered in the works of L.P.- Alekseeva, A.V. Dakhina, A.Yu. Melville, Yu.M. Reznik, N.P. Slyadneva, L.N. Timofeeva.1
Trends in the modern political process that affect the nature of civic activity are considered by such scientists as S. A. Granovsky, E. Yu. Meleshkina, R.T. Mukhaev, V.A. Nikonov, A.M. Salmin, G. A. Satarov, O. N. Smolin, M. Yu. Urnov.2
The influence of ethnic, confessional, as well as socio-political factors on the formation of regional features of civic activity is presented in the works of V.A. Avksent'eva, M.A. Astvatsaturova,
A.V.-Baranova, A.A. Vartumyan, A.M. Erokhin, N.P. Medvedev, M.V. sava,
B.R. Chagilova, O.M. Tsvetkova, V.M. Yurchenko.3
POLICY. - 1999. - No. 6. - S.34-48; Solovyov A.I. Civilization versus politics. Russian illustrations // Power. - 2007. - No. 8. - P.10-11; Chernyshev Yu.G. Public Chamber: "simulation" or an institution of civil society in Russia? // Public space, civil society and power: the experience of development and interaction. - M., 2008. - S.33^43. See: Alekseeva L.P. Problems of interaction between the cultural environment and personality in the system of continuous education // Continuous education as a pedagogical system. - M., 1989. - S. 56-70; Dakhin A. V. Civil society and the development of regions. Indicators for effective management decisions / A. V. Dakhin. - N. Novgorod, 2008. - S. 228310; Melville A.Yu. Democratic Transitions. Theoretical-methodological and applied aspects. - M., 1999. - S. 209; Reznik Yu.M. Civil society as an idea // social and humanitarian knowledge. - M., 2002. - No. 4. - S. 108-118; Slyadneva N.P. Information culture and security as necessary elements of the training of modern managers in the social sphere // Information resources of Russia. - M., 2000. - No. 2. - S.29-33; Timofeeva L.N. Communications of public authorities with the public. - M., 2009. - S. 124-129.
2 See: Granovsky S.A. General and applied political science: teaching aid for students, graduate students and university teachers. - M., 2005. - S.37^-4; Meleshkina E.Yu. Political process: main aspects and methods of analysis. - M., 2001. - S. 34-52; Mukhaev R.T. Theory of politics: a textbook for university students. - M., 2005. - S. 94-112; Nikonov V.A. Constitutional design // Modern Russian politics: a course of lectures / Ed. ed. V. Nikonov. - M., 2003. - S. 34-93; Salmin A.M. On some problems of self-determination and interaction between legislative and executive authorities // POLIS. - 1996. - No. 1. - S. 35-42; Satarov G.A. The structure of political dispositions of Russians: From politics to economics // Russian monitor: Archive of modern politics. - M., 1992. - Issue. 1. - S. 99-111; Smolin O. N. The political process in modern Russia. - M., 2006.- S. 66-132; Urnov M.Yu. Modern Russia: challenges and responses. - M., 2005. - S. 5662.
3 See: Avksentiev V.A., Avksentiev A.V. Ethnic groups and diasporas of Stavropol (quick reference). - Stavropol, 1997. - S. 36; Astvatsaturova M.A. Ethnocultural
In the scientific circulation there is a significant number of works of various levels devoted to civic engagement in the conditions of the modern political process, however, this problem has not yet received comprehensive coverage in the works of domestic political scientists, which requires systemic research of an interdisciplinary nature in this area.
Thus, the relevance, the degree of scientific development and the significance of the problem determined the content of the study, its structure, object, subject, goal and objectives.
The object of the study is civic activity in the conditions of the democratic political process of modern Russia.
The subject of the study is the content, structure and development trends of civic engagement within the framework of the Russian political process.
The purpose of the study is to identify the all-Russian and regional features of civic activity at the present stage of the political process.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set: association of diasporas in the context of a conflict-generating process. // Conflicts in the North Caucasus and ways to resolve them, - Rostov - on - Don, 2003. - P. 1-14; Baranov A.V. Actors of regional political processes in post-Soviet Russia. - Krasnodar, 2005. - S. 340-344; Vartumyan A. A. Regional aspect in the activities of new political parties in Russia. Late 80s - mid 90s. (On the example of the North Caucasus region): Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. ist. Sciences / Rostov State University. - M., 1997. - S. 1-26; Erokhin A. M. Cultural prerequisites for social crises / A. M. Erokhin // St. Petersburg on the philosophical map of the world. - SPb., 2004. - Issue. 3. - S. 7 - 13; Medvedev N.P. Security problems - through the eyes of modern students // Youth in the modern socio-cultural environment of the region: materials of the regional scientific and practical conference. - 2009. - S. 122-126; Savva M.V. Ethnic status in ideology and politics // POLIS. - 1996. - No. 4. - S. 39^44; Tsvetkov O. M. Russian civil nation: problems of strengthening and integration // Bulletin of the Adyghe State University. - 2009. - Issue. 3. - S. 228-234; Chagilov V.R. The North Caucasian knot of the newest Russian statehood: challenges and possible responses to them // Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference // Glav, ed. Chagilov V.R. - Nevinnomyssk: NGGTI, 2011. - P. 201; Yurchenko V. M. Regional security in the system of national security: basic concepts and models // Regional conflicts and security problems of the North Caucasus.- Rostov-on-Don, 2008.-S. 1-19.
1) generalize approaches to defining the essence of civic engagement in the conditions of the modern political process;
2) to identify the forms and types of civic activity in the conditions of the modern political democratic process;
3) to analyze the factors of formation of civic engagement based on the existing concepts of democracy;
4) to determine the features of the development of civic activity in the political process of modern Russia;
5) reveal the regional specifics of the manifestation of civic activity in the conditions of the North Caucasus region;
6) assess the prospects for the development of civic engagement in the context of local self-government.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the theory of "social action" by M. Weber and the system-functional approach of T. Parsons, in which human activity is considered as a set of meaningful and oriented to the interests of other subjects types of behavior.1
Using the concept of "social capital", developed in the works of P. Bourdieu, J. Coleman, F. Fukuyama and R. Putnam, made it possible to consider the phenomenon of civic engagement as a set of norms and values that provide individuals with the ability to create associations ("social networks") that provide effective teamwork.2
1 Weber M. Selected Works. - M., 1990. - S. 77-98; Parsons T. The concept of society: components and their relationship // American sociological thought. -M., 1996.-S. 17-43.
2 Bourdieu P. Sociology of politics. - M., 1993. - S.56-72; Coleman J. Social and human capital // Social sciences and modernity. - M., 2001. - No. 3. - P. 45-51; Fukuyama F. World liberal revolution. - M., 2004. - S. 45-59; Democracy in Motion: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society (under the editorship of R.D. Putnam) // Oxford Yniversiti Press, 2002. - p.57.
A. de Tocqueville's theoretical substantiation of the basic principles of "republicanism", which have their origins in the idea of a harmonious and rich socio-political life based on self-government and social self-organization, served as the basis for the development of the concept of "civil activity".1
The use of the theory of the political process by E. Arato and J. L. Cohen made it possible to comprehensively consider civil society and the vectors of its development in accordance with the evolution of civic activity.
The basis for the classification of the concepts of civic engagement existing in political science was the research approaches of G. Almond, R. Dalton, J. Powell and K. Strom, which formed the basis of a comparative analysis that made it possible to identify the differences between these paradigm constructs, their interconnection, similarities and differences. 3
The interdisciplinary nature of the consideration of the problem stated in the dissertation ensures the use of a complex of various research methods based on the implementation of systemic, axiological, sociocultural, socio-psychological, comparative and other approaches that provide results that objectively reflect the current state of the problem and allow building an optimal forecast for the development of civic activity in modern Russia.
The stated research approaches meet the general scientific requirements for observing the principles of objectivity, consistency, analysis and synthesis.
The empirical base of the dissertation work was:
1 Tocqueville A. Democracy in America / per. with. French, foreword G. J. Lasky. - M., 1994. -S.379-386.
2 Arato E., Cohen J. L. Civil society and political theory. - M., 2003. - S. 130-139.
3 Almond G. Comparative Politics Today: World Review / G. Almond, J. Powell, K. Strom, R. Dalton. - M., 2002. - S. 67.
Legal and regulatory acts: the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, the Development Strategy of Russia until 2020, the Concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to a sustainable path of development, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, the Doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation, "The Doctrine of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. The thesis also uses the Messages of the President of the Russian Federation for 2002-2011;
Statistical data posted on the official websites of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Education of the Stavropol Territory, the Committee of the Stavropol Territory for Youth Affairs;
Materials and reports of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation (from 2005 to 2011) and regional public chambers and councils (including the Youth Public Chamber of the Stavropol Territory);
Data from surveys devoted to identifying the level of trust of Russians in politicians, conducted by VCIOM in 2010-2011, based on a representative all-Russian sample, taking into account quotas by sex, age, education and territorial zoning.
A separate part of the empirical material is presented by the data of sociological studies of Russian and international scientific centers: ZIRCON (analytical review "The dynamics of development and the current state of the NPO sector in Russia", 2009); analytical center Yuri Levada (monitoring "Public Opinion - 2009"); Center for Research on Civil Society and the Non-Profit Sector of the Research University - Higher School of Economics (monitoring the state of civil society in Russia: implementation opportunities and development prospects, 2009); center for promoting research on civil society problems "Demos" (analytical review "Actual problems of civil society in Russia: monitoring, informing, studying", 2008).
In addition, we used the results of the survey "The level of civic engagement in the city of Stavropol", conducted by the author in 2010 - 2011 on the basis of the Center for Sociological Research of SSU; the sample size was 100 people; sample is quota.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is as follows:
It is substantiated that in modern political science the understanding of civic activity as an indicator of the socio-political maturity of modern society and the effectiveness of political power is being updated;
It is proved that in the conditions of a formed civil society, civic activity relies on an extensive institutional base, public organizations; in the conditions of an unformed civil society, civic activity is realized by initiative groups or individual citizens in non-institutional forms;
It was revealed that the main factors determining the forms of manifestation of civic activity are the degree of stability of the relationship between the subjects of the political process (stable and unstable) and the type of political regime;
It has been established that the civic activity of Russians at the federal level is characterized by institutional forms, and the most significant subjects of the political process, performing the functions of the institutional basis of civic activity, are parties, NGOs (public organizations, expert councils, associations), trade unions, and the media;
It is shown that in the conditions of the North Caucasus region, the dominance of non-institutional forms of civic activity is due to the developed system of archaic ways of self-organization of public life traditional for a multi-ethnic and poly-confessional society;
It is concluded that the level of civic activity of Russians in the conditions of the modern political democratic process is determined by the activities of local governments.
The main provisions for defense: 1. In modern political theories, attention is focused on understanding civic activity as a special type of social activity of an individual, expressed in its conscious and purposeful participation in the political process in order to protect and expand their own economic, political, social and other rights. and freedom. The main actors of civic activity in the modern political process are "high-resource" representatives of society who are interested in civic self-realization, who have a significant level of responsibility, who are able to defend their rights and interests without going beyond the framework of moral and legal norms.
2. Institutional forms of civic engagement in the political sphere are implemented through political parties, non-profit public organizations, public movements, public funds, institutions, trade unions, etc. In a situation of limited political participation, active citizens turn to finding and creating new channels of influence on the government and to the use of non-institutional forms of civic activity that do not have clear public manifestations, implemented through spontaneous mass demonstrations, civil-political actions, the widespread use of the Internet as a means of managing civil initiative. In modern society, social networks, blogs and forums have acquired the status of subjects of the political process and accumulate a significant share of non-institutional civic activity.
3. A stable political process is characterized by sustainable forms of political behavior of citizens, well-established decision-making mechanisms, the legitimacy of power and the effectiveness of socio-political and cultural norms, which, combined with the democratic nature of government, creates the basis for an extensive network of civic activity and provides ample opportunities for the implementation of institutional forms of civil activity in the form of appeals, petitions, rallies, demonstrations, as well as activities aimed at improving the conditions of public life and the environmental situation. In the conditions of an unstable political process and an unformed civil society, politicized forms of civic activity are realized through the appeal of citizens to illegitimate public structures that have a weak degree of institutionalization.
4. At the federal level, the political process is characterized by stable forms of cooperation between initiative citizens and public organizations with power structures, which provides them with access to state decision-making bodies and creates conditions for the predominance of institutional forms of civic activity, which are realized through political participation and political functioning. The process of improving democracy in Russia is associated with an increase in the number of actors in the political process (parties, NGOs, non-systemic opposition, etc.), acting as intermediaries both between the state and civil society, and between the government and the opposition, which acts as a source of expanding the institutional base for the development of civil society. Russian activity.
5. Historical, cultural, ethno-confessional, and socio-economic features of the North Caucasus region determine the predominance of non-institutional, clan-based, protectionism and client relations methods of upholding by the population of their professional, ethno-political, ethno-cultural and confessional interests. The institutions of civic engagement in the North Caucasus Federal District are socially oriented, their emergence is due to everyday, vital needs, as well as a reaction to the conflict potential of interethnic relations. This situation does not contribute to the development of modern institutions of civil society in the region and requires the use of administrative resources to expand the scope of civic activity.
6. The interests of the state in the field of improving the political democratic process are realized through the creation of an innovative institutional space for the expansion and support of local self-government initiative groups capable of protecting their own rights and the rights of other people, participating in the development and adoption of power decisions, exercising public control over the activities of municipal administrations all levels, act as mediators in resolving conflict situations between the authorities and representatives of the population through extrajudicial procedures. The establishment of these mechanisms for the development of Russian democracy requires the adoption of a law on stimulating civic activity and supporting programs, projects, actions and other initiatives in the field of joint activities of civil society institutions and local governments to improve the quality of life in the regions.
The theoretical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of using its provisions for a systematic study of the problems of civic engagement. The materials of the work allow to improve the conceptual apparatus, conceptual ideas about civic activity, contribute to a new understanding of the role of civic activity in the development of the political process in modern Russia. The obtained results of the study of civic activity as a subject of the political process complement the ideas available in science about the prospects for civil society, civic engagement, and civic culture.
The practical significance of the work is determined by the possibility of using the obtained theoretical provisions to rationalize the sphere of functioning of modern politics, in the activities of agents and institutions of civil and political socialization, primarily educational authorities, political parties, youth organizations, and the media. The results of the study can be used in the framework of university and postgraduate education in the development of teaching aids and lecture courses on political science and political sociology. The dissertation materials may be of interest to public authorities, the non-profit sector and the media, as well as to structures interested in expanding the scope of civic engagement. The features identified in the work, general theoretical conclusions and generalizations can be used as a basis for further study of civic activity.
Approbation of work. The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research were reported and discussed within the framework of the International Scientific Conference "Social Evolution, Identity and Communication in the 21st Century" (Stavropol, 2009); All-Russian scientific and practical conference "Russia in the process of modernization: socio-political aspects" (Armavir, 2010); All-Russian scientific and practical conference "Political institutions and process: theory and practice" (Omsk, 2010); regional scientific - practical conference "Youth in the modern socio-cultural environment of the region" (Stavropol, 2009); 54th scientific and methodological conference "Theoretical - methodological and applied aspects of the analysis of sustainable development and security of the region" (Stavropol, 2009); 55th scientific - methodological conference "Theoretical - methodological and applied aspects of the analysis of sustainable development and security of the region" (Stavropol, 2010).
The main provisions of the dissertation research were reflected in 7 scientific publications with a total volume of 2.8 pp, including two articles published in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications determined by the Higher Attestation Commission.
Scope and structure of work. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, six paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references, including 204 titles, and two appendices. The total volume of the dissertation is 180 typewritten pages.
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Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Political institutions, ethno-political conflictology, national and political processes and technologies", Klyagina, Anna Alekseevna
CONCLUSION
The generalization of conceptual approaches to the definition of the essence of civic activity gives reason to interpret the latter as a purposeful and conscious activity of an individual, the expression of which can be actions that do not go beyond the bounds of legality, carried out on his initiative and aimed at the realization of civil rights and freedoms. This idea, the core of the concept of civic activity, which consists in the priority of the rights and freedoms of a citizen over the permissiveness of the authorities, is already considered in the works of philosophers of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the New Age, but is relevant to this day.
The protection of civil rights and freedoms is the leitmotif and central theme of the work of not only modern researchers involved in the study of civic activity, but also one of the criteria underlying the classification of its forms and types. Thus, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of modern society and on the basis of the already existing types of civic activity, we have identified unforeseen, anonymous, information and communication. All these and many other types of civic activity are expressed in two main forms: institutional and non-institutional, which thus gives reason to talk about the versatility and versatility of this type of social activity.
Civic activity is a phenomenon of the social and political spheres of society, which is analyzed through the prism of such concepts as independence, citizenship, public organizations and associations, independence, responsibility, legality. All this testifies to the close relationship between the concepts of "civil activity" and "civil society", which is clearly seen throughout the dissertation work. Civic activity, as well as civil society, presupposes the following conditions:
First, independence from authorities, business and family;
Secondly, collective action (the ability to plan and implement collective actions to protect and achieve their interests);
Thirdly, the non-usurpation of other people's prerogatives (actors of civil society and civic activity do not seek to replace non-state structures of infrequent reproductions);
Fourth, citizenship (that is, the consistency of actions within the framework of already established norms and rules).
In modern conditions of the development of society, one can single out the fifth feature of the existence of civil society and civic activity, which is based on the recognition of the need to ensure an optimal, harmonious combination of private and common interests. This is precisely the characteristic of civic activity as an attribute of modern democratic systems.
Consideration of civic activity as a necessary component of modern democratic systems is carried out through the prism of participatory, developmental and electronic models, on the basis of which it became possible to distinguish between external (type of government, informatization of society) and internal (higher education, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, a high level of civil society). culture) factors influencing the process of its existence and development. Indeed, civic activity is the same equal component of modern societies as civil society and democracy, but it is reasonable for many scientists, researchers, public and political figures to have doubts about the objectivity and effectiveness of their functioning. But still, despite the low level of civic engagement and trust between people in the Russian Federation, we can draw conclusions about its specificity and unconventionality, in comparison with states that have a classical history of the development of social processes.
Such features as polyconfessional, multinational and multicultural character, territorial and geopolitical position of the Russian Federation, as well as the communist past, do not make it possible to achieve unambiguity in determining the prospective scenarios for resolving this issue. Moreover, modern Russia is on the way to the formation of democracy, civil society and the rule of law, as well as civic activity, which require gradual maturation and conscious approval of the majority of the population. The instillation and implantation of civil society institutions and the principles of democracy occurs mainly from above, artificially, civil initiatives do not come from citizens, but from the state and act as another instrument of control over society. The dynamics of civic activity in modern Russia is expressed either in “downs”, or in “ups”, but, nevertheless, it has not yet acquired mass expression, feedback, when a citizen is aware not only of the obligations of society towards themselves, but vice versa . Only in this case can the formation of a public space outside the family, the state and the market, where people unite to promote common interests, take place.
As for the regional aspect of civic activity (on the example of the North Caucasus Federal District), which is represented by such specific features of the territory as mass migration, terrorism, extremism, clans and a patriarchal way of life, there is a heterogeneity and periodicity in the expression of activity. After a comparative analysis of the historical and political prerequisites for the formation of institutional civic activity in the North Caucasian and Southern federal districts, we can conclude that there are specific foundations for modern public associations and organizations determined by historical and cultural traditions.
Civic activity in the city of Stavropol largely repeats the situation of the district, which includes the Stavropol Territory. Here, civic activity is displayed mainly in local branches of political parties, charitable organizations, participation in the activities of local governments and protest activity. And thanks to the functioning in the city of Stavropol of such organizations as the Youth Chamber and the Council of Young Deputies, the problem of increasing the civil and political culture of future voters is being solved everywhere. Under such conditions, civil society institutions will allow citizens to develop goals together and achieve them - either directly through joint efforts, or defending in dialogue with other public structures, business and power holders.
The interests represented in a mature civil society are extremely diverse. Civic activity, ultimately, finds expression in the protection and implementation of relevant human rights and freedoms. It is not too early to make long-term forecasts, but in a timely manner, since the process of generational change is not automatic and not completely determined, given how many factors interact, influencing socialization, public and private behavior and attitudes of the individual, and therefore largely on the formation of civic activity. At the same time, another mechanism for accelerating change is associated with a more active role of the state in support and cooperation with voluntary organizations. They should become closer and more understandable to people who actively influence their personal life for the better. In general, given the possibility of some or all of these factors coming into force, only one fact seems to be the most objective - regardless of the chosen scenario, civic activity occupies and will continue to occupy one of the most important niches in society.
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