Why is Venus the most mysterious planet? The most common myths about the polar star.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and the closest planet to Earth. However, before the start of space flights, very little was known about Venus: the entire surface of the planet was covered with thick clouds, which did not allow it to be studied. These clouds are made up of sulfuric acid, which strongly reflect light. Therefore, it is impossible to see the surface of Venus in visible light. The atmosphere of Venus is 100 times denser than Earth's and is made up of carbon dioxide. Venus is no more illuminated by the Sun than the Earth is illuminated by the Moon on a cloudless night. However, the Sun heats the atmosphere of the planet so much that it is always very hot on it - the temperature rises to 500 degrees. The reason for such a strong heating is the greenhouse effect, which creates an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

The atmosphere on Venus was discovered by the great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov on June 6, 1761, when the passage of Venus across the solar disk could be observed through a telescope. This cosmic phenomenon was calculated in advance, and astronomers around the world eagerly awaited it. But only Lomonosov drew attention to the fact that when Venus came into contact with the disk of the Sun, a “shine as thin as a hair” appeared around the planet. Lomonosov gave a correct scientific explanation for this phenomenon: he considered it the result of refraction of the sun's rays in the atmosphere of Venus. “The planet Venus,” he wrote, “is surrounded by a noble airy atmosphere, such (if only not more) than is poured around our globe.”

The pressure reaches 92 Earth atmospheres. This means that a column of gas weighing 92 kilograms presses on every square centimeter. The diameter of Venus is only 600 kilometers less than the earth, and the force of gravity is almost the same as on our planet. A kilogram weight on Venus would weigh 850 grams. Thus, Venus is very similar to the Earth in size, gravity and composition, which is why it is called the "Earth-like" planet, or "Sister Earth".

Size comparison
Left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Venus rotates around its axis in the direction opposite to the direction of other planets in the solar system - from east to west. Only one other planet in our system, Uranus, behaves this way.

One revolution around the axis takes 243 Earth days. But the Venusian year is only 224.7 Earth days. It turns out that a day on Venus lasts longer than a year! On Venus, there is a change of day and night, but there is no change of seasons.

Nowadays, the surface of Venus is explored both with the help of spacecraft and with the help of radio emission. Thus, it was found that most of the surface of Venus is occupied by hilly plains. The ground and the sky above it are orange. The surface of the planet is pitted with many craters that arose from the impacts of giant meteorites. The diameter of these craters reaches 270 km! We also learned that there are tens of thousands of volcanoes on Venus. Recent studies have shown that some of them are active.

Image of the surface of Venus based on radar data:
8 km high volcanic mountain Maat

Venus has no natural satellites.

Venus is the third brightest object in our sky. Venus is called the Morning Star, and also the Evening Star, because from the Earth it looks brightest shortly before sunrise and sunset (in ancient times it was believed that the morning and evening Venuses are different stars).

Venus in the morning and evening sky
shines brighter than the brightest stars

Venus is the only planet in the solar system to be named after a female deity - the rest of the planets are named after male gods.

The planet Venus is one of our closest neighbors. Only the Moon is closer to us (excluding, of course, artificial Earth satellites launched in the last few years). Venus is visible as a very bright celestial object.

This planet is especially interesting because in many ways it is an almost exact twin of our Earth. The dimensions and mass of Venus are approximately the same as those of the Earth, so there is reason to expect similar physical conditions on both planets. Unfortunately, we cannot directly observe the surface of Venus, because its atmosphere is an insurmountable obstacle for our telescopes. Therefore, our knowledge of Venus is much more scarce than of Mars, although the latter is further from us and smaller in size. In this book, I intend to summarize the results that astronomers have been able to accumulate and indicate possible directions for further research. Venus is a mysterious world, but it seems that our attempts to explore it are finally becoming successful.

The solar system consists of one star - the Sun and nine main cries, as well as a huge number of smaller celestial bodies. The planets do not have their own glow; they only reflect the sun's rays and seem bright only because of their relative proximity. They revolve around the sun in elliptical paths called orbits; the average distances of the planets from the Sun are in the range of 58 million km for Mercury. In ancient times, however, they thought differently: the Earth was considered the center of the Universe, and the celestial bodies were considered deities.

The five planets are Mercury, Venus. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn must have been known since prehistoric times, and even in ancient times it was noted that although the planets look like stars, they behave quite differently. Real stars seem to be fixed on the celestial sphere and participate only in its daily rotation, so that the Chaldean shepherd astronomers thousands of years ago saw the same outlines of the constellations as we do. The planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, on the contrary, wander among the stars within a certain belt in the sky known as the Zodiac. Mercury and Venus also move in this belt, but at the same time follow the Sun as it moves among the stars (which gave reason to consider them closer to us than the Sun).

Venus, the brightest luminary after the Sun and Moon, is never visible in the sky during the entire night. Either it sets as an evening star a few hours after the Sun, or as a morning star it appears shortly before sunrise. At one time, it was believed that the morning and evening stars are different celestial bodies, and not the same planet. In Egypt, for example, the evening star was known by the name of Owaiti, and the morning star by Thiomoutiri; however, in China she was called by one name Tai-pi, or White-faced Beauty.

The Babylonians called Venus Ishtar (the personification of the woman and mother of the gods) and described her as "the bright torch of heaven." Temples were erected in her honor in Nineveh and in many other places. It was believed that Ishtar sends abundance to people. An ancient legend says that when Ishtar went to the realm of the dead to find her deceased beloved Tammuz, all life on Earth began to fade and was saved only thanks to the intervention of the gods, who resurrected Tammuz and returned Igatar to the living. The analogy with the ancient legend of Demeter and Persephone is obvious.

The association of the planet with a woman took place among all peoples, except, perhaps, the Indians. This is quite natural, since Venus appears to the earthly observer as the most beautiful of the planets. The Greeks and Romans gave the name to the goddess of beauty, and temples to Venus were erected in many places, such as Cyprus and Sicily. The month of April was dedicated to the Goddess. In fact, the cult of Venus persisted until very recently. Williamson testifies that back in the 19th century. and Polynesia made human sacrifices to the Morning Star; sacrifices were also performed by the Skaidi Pawnee Indians in Nebraska. It takes many years for the ancient beliefs to die out.

Even Homer mentioned Venus: "Hesperus is the most beautiful of the stars of heaven." The earliest records of observations of the planet that have come down to us, apparently, were made in Babylon. However, astronomy stood firmly on its feet as a science only in antiquity. It became known that the Earth is not a plane, but a ball, and other planets are also balls. If the Greeks take one more step and overthrow our planet from its honorary throne at the center of the universe, it seems that the progress of mankind would accelerate. Some philosophers and scientists, and above all Aristarchus of Samos, did this, but their ideas were contrary to religious dogmas, and subsequently the ancient Greeks returned to geocentrism.

The ancient Greek system of the world received its highest development in the works of Hipparchus and Ptolemy. Claudius Ptolemy, who died around 180 AD, left us a work ("Almagest" - Ed.), reflecting the level of knowledge during the decline of ancient culture. This system is known as the "Ptolemaic system", although, in fact, Ptolemy was not its main author.

According to these ideas, the Earth is at the center of the Universe, and various celestial bodies revolve around it in "perfect" circular orbits. Closest of all other bodies to the Earth is the Magnifier, then Mercury, Venus and the Sun, then the other three planets known at that time - Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and, finally, the stars.

Already in the time of Ptolemy, it was obvious that such a system of the universe is facing significant difficulties. For example, the planets do not move continuously among the stars from west to east: Mars, Jupiter and Saturn can stop for a few days, then go back, making a “reverse” movement, and then start moving again in the same direction - east. To get rid of this difficulty, Ptolemy, who was an excellent mathematician, suggested that the planet moves in a small circle, or "epicycle", the center of which in turn revolves around the Earth in a large circle - "deferent". The possibility that the planets could move in elliptical orbits was not allowed. The movement in a circle was considered the most perfect form of movement, and nothing but absolutely perfect, of course, could happen in heaven.

New problems arose for Mercury and Venus, and Ptolemy was forced to assume that the centers of their epicycles were constantly in a straight line with the Sun and Earth. This at least explained why both planets never appear in the opposite side of the sky from the Sun. However, the whole system turned out to be too artificial and cumbersome.

At the beginning of the XVII century. the telescope was invented, and in 1609 Galileo Galilei, professor of mathematics at Padua, first pointed an instrument he had just made to the sky. The scientist immediately saw that his expectations were more than justified. High mountains and huge craters were visible on the Moon; there were spots on the sun; four of its own moons circled Jupiter, and Saturn looked strange, although Galileo could not figure out what was the matter, and the Milky Way turned out to be a huge mass of faint stars.

Galileo himself was an ardent supporter of the heliocentric system of the world, which was resurrected and developed by Copernicus about 60 years earlier. Galileo was looking for confirmation of the validity of this system and found them, oddly enough, by observing the phases of Venus. Yes, Venus did detect phases, but they turned out to be of the same type as those of the Moon: sometimes the planet was observed in the form of a crescent, and sometimes as an almost complete disk.

Galileo's discoveries were met with a storm of indignation. The princes of the church objected furiously; the story of Galileo's arrest, trial, and forced abdication is well known. Many of his contemporaries refused to believe what they saw through telescopes, and Galileo did not live to see that he was right.

Kepler was also on the right track. His research, based on the accurate observations of the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, allowed the scientist to derive the famous laws of planetary motion, bearing the name of Kepler. The first of these laws says that each planet revolves around the Sun in an ellipse, at one of the foci of which is the Sun itself; the motion of Venus, as I expected, obeyed this law. At the very end of the century, the work of Isaac Newton, devoted to the problem of universal gravitation, finally clarified the whole picture. Since then, the Ptolemaic system and other geocentric systems have become a thing of the past.

The discovery of the phases of Venus helped open the door to knowledge; the way forward seemed clear.

Venus, the second in distance from the ☼ Sun and the closest planet to Earth in the solar system, is an astronomical sign. Venus was also known as the Morning Star, Hesperus, Vesper, Evening Star, Phosphorus, Lucifer. The average distance from the Sun is 108 million km (0.723 astronomical units). Sidereal period 224 days. 16 h 49 min 8 sec. For an earthly observer, the angular distance of Venus from the Sun does not exceed 48 °, as a result of which it is visible only for some time shortly before its rising (morning star).

Venus is the brightest (after the Sun and the Moon) luminary in the earth's sky. At its maximum brightness, it reaches - 4.4 magnitude, the phases of Venus (discovered by G. Galileo in 1610) people with exceptionally good eyesight can notice with the naked eye.

The astrological mysticism of Venus was determined by a special proportion of its rotation, opposite to the movement of all the other planets of the solar system. One got the impression that Venus is a “planet in reverse”. Therefore, she was often called Lucifer and endowed with demonic features and considered as a counterbalance to the Sun. Sometimes "Venus" meant the "star Wormwood", mentioned in the Apocalypse. Venus is a symbol of external, carnal beauty. Therefore, it was called the "Morning Star" or "Dennitsa".

According to the esoteric tradition of a number of Indo-European tribes, the "white race" originates from Venus. The "Children of Venus" - the Luciferites - were opposed to the rest of humanity. The alchemical metal of Venus is copper. Its musical correspondence is the note sol. Animals of Venus - bull, panther, goat, seal; birds - dove and sparrow; plants - verbena, fig tree; stones - emerald, garnet, chrysolite. The color semantics of the planet is blue. Countries under the auspices of Venus - Persia, Spain, India; cities - Vienna, Paris, Florence.

"Lucifer" is a dim morning star, a harbinger of the dazzling brilliance of the noonday sun., "Eosphorus" of the Greeks. He flickers timidly at sunset to build up strength and dazzle the eyes after sunset as his own brother, "Hesperus" - a shining star, or the planet Venus. There is no more appropriate symbol for the proposed work than to shed a ray of truth on all that is hidden in the darkness of prejudice, social or religious errors; especially caused by that idiotically routine way of life which, as soon as a certain act, thing or name has been disgraced by a slanderous fabrication, however unjust it may be, causes the so-called respectable people to turn away with a shudder and refuse even to look at them with any any other side than that which is sanctioned by public opinion.

Therefore, such an attempt to force the faint-hearted people to face the truth is very effectively helped by a name categorized as cursed names.

Lucifer, the bringer of light, is a natural teacher and mentor for any magician.

Lucifer - planet ♀ Venus, like the bright “Morning Star”, is nothing else than the Light of the Higher Soul reflected in the rough earthly matter or the “inverted” Christ, therefore Lucifer is translated as the bearer of Light - a spark that gave birth to the human intellect or “false light”, without which the lower animal soul human could never be enlightened by the True Light of the Supreme World Soul. Therefore, in “Revelation” (ХХП, 16) the Christian Savior put into his mouth words about himself: “I am ... a bright and morning star” or Lucifer.

Lucifer is the feminine principle of God. Lucifer's feminine nature is the basis on which "he" is associated with Venus, the Morning Star, and is found to correspond to those properties and associations that have traditionally been considered feminine: such as instinct, beauty, pride, and, of course, seduction.

Venus-Lucifer the morning star rising in front of the Sun refers to that type of emotional activity which, symbolically speaking, is ahead of the self. This is not necessarily an extroverted, particularly intense or unrestrained type of emotionality, although this is often the general tendency. This is the type of person who goes out towards the world, first of all, towards other people with eager expectation, as if life itself depended on the result of the meeting; if, however, this expectation ends in disappointment, the person may look outwardly cold and withdrawn, but this is only a mask of self-defense.

Venus-Lucifer represents the quality of youthful experiences. The strings of feelings are stretched to the limit. A sense of personal insecurity prevails; Feelings serve as guides and pointers. Later, perhaps, these feelings will be given the more mature and respectable name of intuition, but the nature of the process remains essentially the same. Man feels situations and people in an act of almost immediate ethical judgment. They are good or bad specifically for him and at a particular time. He acts by feeling, how he should act, very often infecting with his feeling, his warmth. To this type belong (if you choose at random) Walt Whitman, Richard Wagner, Vincent van Gogh, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Napoleon I, Mussolini, Maria Montessori (great teacher), F. Roosevelt; this is Venus in the USA birth chart.

Morning Venus creates magnetic fields and archetypes, that is, it gives form to the spiritual release of solar energy, the source of all manifestations, and not a specific, physical form (which belongs to the sphere of Saturn), but an archetypal spiritual pattern of energy, a network of electro-magnetic forces. A person with a strong Venus-Lucifer in his birth chart naturally seeks to project his vision and purpose of life into the world, to impose on others the rhythm of his essential being. He feels himself to be a herald, the mouthpiece of God, emotionally and often proudly pouring himself into his creatures. This emotional outpouring can be neutralized by other factors.

This lasso corresponds zodiacally to ♒ Aquarius:

♒ Aquarius has two rulers: ♅ Uranus and ♄ Saturn. They endowed ♒ Aquarians with breadth of mind, intelligence and the ability to penetrate into the most mysterious secrets of the universe. The main driving idea and force of ♒ Aquarius is some higher idea, which he seeks to immediately bring to life. This often makes him incomprehensible to others and sometimes brings suffering ♒ Aquarius, who strives to communicate with people. He wants to reveal to people some of the secrets he knows, he is often endowed with clairvoyant abilities, he can act as a soothsayer or magician.

However, internal inconsistency prevents full self-expression, which makes Aquarius irritable and repels others from him. Constant attempts to reconcile and balance their inner depth and mystery with external vigor and simplicity can interfere with Aquarius in life. Meanwhile, this is one of the most humane and altruistic signs. If Aquarius has a strong will, he can curb his passions and achieve, in the end, what he wants. This is facilitated by determination and stubbornness.

The basis of the nature of any ♒ Aquarius is duality. At the same time, they strive for universal love and glory, for ideal spirituality and material well-being, independence and prestige. However, they rarely surrender to any impulse entirely, preferring some contemplation. However, the strong type ♒ Aquarius can be very active and adamant. They have a very developed intuition, but the weak type can become jealous, insensitive, unfriendly, especially if he is obsessed with the desire to advance.

In love, they are very sentimental, mystical and chaste. They are very reluctant to marry, even when it comes to great love, because they instinctively hate any shackles, even happy ones. They rarely close on the family, preferring friends or the good of all mankind as a whole. The tendency to idealize often leads them to bitter disappointments. Aquarius men are especially prone to such idealization. Women are very sensitive, but just as freedom-loving as men and just as inclined to raise their chosen one to an unattainable pedestal. They are not immediately disappointed, but, disappointed, they leave their partner forever.

They fit perfectly into any team, they are not envious, they have an easy and good disposition, they are always willing to help beginners. Having become a leader, they manage to maintain good relations with everyone, willingly share their plans and are never rude dictators. Always full of fresh and unexpected ideas that are trying to implement. Very disciplined, responsible, universally respected and often loved. Money does not interest them at all, so Aquarians often turn out to be truly poor people.

Luxury is treated with surprising indifference, even if wealth allows them to surround themselves with unprecedented comfort. Money is spent carelessly and ineptly, preferring to spend it on others rather than on themselves. They have artistic abilities, express themselves best in art, good workers in television, cinema, education, spiritual guidance, psychology, sociology. Aquarians make successful careers in law, engineering, aeronautics, and shipbuilding.

They often get sick, they quickly get tired of treatment, refuse it, which can lead to additional exacerbations. Usually they are graceful, mobile, often rushing from one extreme to another, leading either the life of an ascetic and an ascetic, or a sybarite and a lazy person. They may suffer from insomnia, as they are in constant nervous tension.

Aquarians have very fragile bones, so numerous fractures are possible. Metabolic disorders, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and sclerosis are not excluded. Susceptibility to infectious diseases is very high. You should lead a measured lifestyle, eat right, try to get less tired and move more. Sedentary work does not favor Aquarius.

They are always elegant, have a refined taste and strive to look elegant and original. Aquarius women have the rare ability to look dazzling and expensive without using either overly luxurious fabrics or jewelry. Sometimes it happens that originality turns into extravagance, somewhat shocking to others. Aquarians - both men and women - always strive to look trendy.

The morning star people call the second planet of the solar system - Venus. The thing is that at dawn, only one of them remains in the sky, while other stars leave it.

Why is this happening?

There is no secret here. Venus is the brightest star. In this respect, it is second only to the Earth's satellite - the Moon. That is why we see her in the early morning. It doesn't last long. As the sun rises above the horizon, Venus also disappears. At first, it turns into a bright white dot, which after a few hours becomes invisible.

But still, why is Venus called the morning star. The thing is that it appears in the sky just before dawn, and remains there for several hours after sunrise. It is for such an original ability to appear in the sky in the morning hours that Venus was called the “morning star”.

However, this is not its only name. With the same success, Venus can be called the evening star. During the day, it remains invisible, and with the onset of evening twilight, it reappears in the sky. As the sun sets below the horizon, the planet becomes brighter. She will stay in the night sky for only a few hours, and then disappear, only to reappear in the morning, and herald the beginning of a new day.

Thus, we can say that Venus received such an original name due to its brightness. In turn, this is due to its location relative to the Sun and the Earth. Recall that this is the second planet of the solar system. Its size is identical to the size of our planet. In addition, Venus is located at a distance of forty million kilometers from the Earth. Only the Moon is closer. For this reason, it can be viewed with the naked eye.

Ancient people, due to their illiteracy, could not believe that the morning and evening stars are the same planet. Only centuries later they managed to unravel this mystery. The first to do this was the famous Pythagoras, who lived in 500 BC. He suggested that the morning and evening stars are the same cosmic object. It turned out to be our neighbor, the planet Venus, named after the Goddess of love.

However, this understanding did not come immediately. For a long time, astronomers considered Venus a twin of the Earth, and tried to find traces of intelligent life on it. Well, why not? After all, Venus also had an atmosphere. Only after it was possible to find out that its basis is carbon dioxide, this idea was abandoned. In addition, the clouds of Venus are composed of sulfuric acid vapor, and the temperature on its surface is 460 degrees. As for atmospheric pressure, it is 92 times greater than the earth's. Approximately with such force water presses at a depth of 900 meters. In addition, Venus does not have a magnetic field. What this is connected with is still unknown. One of the reasons may be the extremely slow rotation of Venus around its axis, but so far this is just a hypothesis.

A few years ago, being in a completely bad mood, in the waiting room of some airport, I purchased a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, Morning Dawn, or a Book on Moral Prejudices. And since then, I really wanted to thank him. For hope. For believing that there are still many morning dawns that have not yet shone.

I’ll make a reservation right away that a lot of the material presented here is taken from other authors from other sites, about which the corresponding links are made. This is more of a research paper on a topic you like.

morning Star

The morning star, the planet Venus, is the first star to appear in the sky in the evening and the last to disappear in the morning. The king of Babylon is poetically compared with the Morning Star (Is 14:12: Heb. geylel ben-shahar - “radiance”, “son of the dawn”, in the Synod. per. - “daylighter, son of the dawn”). She also serves as an image of Jesus Christ (Rev 22:16; cf. 2 Pet 1:19; Rev 2:28). In Job 38:7, the expression "morning stars" is used in its direct meaning (Source. Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia).

VENUS (lat. venia - the grace of the gods) - a symbol of love and beauty. Originally in Roman mythology, the goddess of spring and gardens. Subsequently, with the spread of legends about Aeneas as the ancestor of the Romans, she began to be identified with the Greek goddess of love and beauty, the mother of the Trojan Aphrodite. She was then identified with Isis and Astarte. The Sicilian temple on Mount Erica (Venus Ericinia) played a decisive role in the spread of the cult of Venus. The patronage of the goddess was used by Sulla, who believed that she brings happiness (hence the nickname Felitsa); Pompeii, who revered her as the Conqueror; Caesar, who considered her the progenitor of the Julius family. The constant epithets of Venus in Rome were "merciful", "cleansing", "equestrian", "bald". The last nickname was given to her in memory of the Roman women who gave their hair during the war with the Gauls to make ropes.

The astrological mysticism of Venus was determined by a special proportion of its rotation, opposite to the movement of all the other planets of the solar system. One got the impression that Venus is a "planet in reverse." Therefore, she was often called Lucifer and endowed with demonic features and considered as a counterbalance to the Sun. Sometimes by "Venus" was meant the "star Wormwood", mentioned in the Apocalypse.

Venus is a symbol of external, carnal beauty. Therefore, she was called "Morning Star" or "Dennitsa". Venus is symmetrical with respect to the Sun to its symbolic male partner Mars. The astrological sign of Venus denoted a woman and everything connected with a feminist beginning. But this woman is not a mother, but a lover. She personifies erotic sensuality. It is no coincidence that sexual diseases have received the general name "venereal".

According to the esoteric tradition of a number of Indo-European tribes, the "white race" originates from Venus. The "Children of Venus" - the Luciferites - were opposed to the rest of humanity. Among the Germans, she symbolized Freya. For the American Indians, the planet was a symbol of Quetzalcoatl. The "feathered serpent" itself was considered the spirit of Venus.

In Akkadian mythology, Venus is a masculine planet. Among the Sumerians, she was the cosmic personification of Ishtar: morning - as the goddess of fertility, evening - the god of war.

An interesting point, Lucifer (the son of Aurora and the titan Astria) - as an epithet for the planet Venus, is mentioned in the Aeneid:

That time Lucifer ascended over the peaks of Ida,
Taking the day out.

Source. Dictionaries Yandex. Symbols, signs, emblems.

star of lucifer

The word Lucifer is made up of the Latin roots lux "light" and fero "carry". The first mention of Lucifer is found in the Book of the prophet Isaiah, written in Hebrew. Here the dynasty of the Babylonian kings is compared with a fallen angel, thanks to which the reader will learn the story of how one of the cherubim desired to become equal to God and was cast down from heaven for this. The original uses the Hebrew word "heylel" (morning star, morning star):

Is. 14:12-17 How did you fall from heaven, morning-star, son of the morning! Crashed on the ground, trampling the nations. And he said in his heart: “I will ascend to heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God, and I will sit on a mountain in the assembly of the gods, on the edge of the north; I will ascend into the heights of the clouds; I will be like the Most High.” But you are cast into hell, into the depths of the underworld. Those who see you look at you, think about you: “Is this the man who shook the earth, shook kingdoms, made the world a desert and destroyed its cities, did not let his captives go home?

There is a similar place in another Old Testament book, the prophet Ezekiel. It also compares the fall of the city of Tyre to the fall of an angel, although he is not called the "morning star":

Ezek. 28:14-18 You were an anointed cherub to cover, and I set you up; you were on the holy mountain of God, walking among fiery stones.
You were perfect in your ways from the day you were created, until iniquity was found in you. Your inner being was filled with unrighteousness, and you sinned; and I cast you down as unclean from the mountain of God; I cast you out, O covering cherub, from the midst of fiery stones. Your heart was lifted up because of your beauty, because of your vanity you destroyed your wisdom; therefore I will cast you to the ground, before kings I will put you to shame. With the multitude of your iniquities you have defiled your sanctuaries; and I will draw fire out of your midst, which will consume you: and I will turn you to ashes on the ground before the eyes of all who see you.

It should be borne in mind that in the New Testament, Jesus Christ was compared with the morning or pre-dawn star (Numbers 24:17; Psalm 89:35-38, 2 Peter 1:19, Rev. 22:16, 2 Peter 1:19) .

open 22:16 I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify this to you in the churches. I am the root and offspring of David, the bright and morning star.
2 Peter 1:19 And besides, we have the surest word of prophecy; and you do well to address him as to a lamp that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts.

Hieronymus Stridonsky, when translating the indicated passage from the Book of Isaiah, used in the Vulgate the Latin word lucifer (“light-bearing”, “light-bearing”), which was used to designate the “morning star”. And the idea that, like the king of Babylon, cast down from the heights of earthly glory, Satan was once cast down from the heights of heavenly glory (Luke 10:18; Rev. 12:9), led to the fact that the name Lucifer was transferred to Satan. This identification was also reinforced by the apostle Paul's remark about Satan, who "takes the form of an angel of light" (2 Corinthians 11:14).

However, Jerome himself did not use the word "luminiferous" as a proper name, but only as a metaphor. The creator of the Vulgate used this word in other passages of Scripture, even in the plural. However, it was the translation of Jerome, which enjoyed great authority in the Christian world, that ultimately served as the basis for giving the Latin equivalent of the Hebrew "heylel" the meaning of the personal name of Satan. In the King James Bible, the phrase took on a different meaning: “How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!”. Written with a capital letter, the appeal was no longer perceived as a metaphor. These words could no longer be perceived as a song about the victory over the king of Babylon, it was a direct appeal to Satan.

Source. Wikipedia

E.P. Blavatsky once wrote the following. ““Lucifer” is a pale morning star, a harbinger of the dazzling radiance of the noonday sun - “Eosphos” of the Greeks. He gleams timidly at sunset to build up strength and blind his eyes after sunset, like his own brother "Hesperus" - a shining evening star, or the planet Venus. There is no better symbol for the proposed work - to shed a ray of truth on all that is hidden in the darkness of prejudice, social or religious errors, and especially thanks to that idiotic routine of life, which, as soon as a certain deed, a certain thing or a name, was disgraced by a slanderous fabrication, however unjust it may be, makes the so-called good people turn away with a shudder and refuse even to look at it from any other side than that which is sanctioned by public opinion. Therefore, such an attempt to force the faint-hearted people to face the truth is very effectively helped by a name belonging to the category of accursed names.

Pious readers may object that the word "Lucifer" is recognized by all churches as one of the many names of the devil. According to Milton's majestic fantasy, Lucifer is Satan, the "rebellious" angel, the enemy of God and man. But if one analyzes his rebellion, one cannot find anything more evil in it than the demand for free will and independent thought, as if Lucifer had been born in the 19th century. This epithet, "rebellious", is a theological slander, similar to the slanderous fabrications of the fatalists about God, who make of the deity the "Almighty" - the devil, even more evil than the "rebellious" spirit itself; "an all-powerful Devil who wants to be hailed as all-merciful when he displays the most diabolical cruelty," says J. Kotter Morison. Both the all-seeing Devil-God and his subordinate servant are human inventions; these are the two most morally repulsive and terrible theological dogmas that could ever emerge from the nightmares of the repulsive fantasies of monks who hate the light of day.

They go back to the Middle Ages, that period of mental obscurity during which most modern prejudices and superstitions were forcibly implanted into the minds of people, so that they became practically ineradicable in some cases, one of which is the modern prejudice that is now being discussed.

Source. E.P. Blavatsky. What's in a name. About why the magazine is called "Lucifer".

I cannot fail to mention here the remarkable work of E.P. Blavatsky's "History of a Planet", touching on the same topic. I don’t want to pile up, and therefore, whoever is interested, can familiarize themselves with this material on their own.

Earendil

I learned about the existence of this character and all the interesting things connected with him at a lecture by Leonid Korablev. And this knowledge inspired me no less than a book bought at the airport some time ago.

What is Erendil? It's hope without any reason.

Planet Venus. The Star of Earendil was the brightest celestial body after the Sun and Moon. The light of the star came from the Silmaril, located near Earendil the Mariner, who sailed through the sky on his ship Vingilot. Eärendil was best seen at sunrise and sunset, like the Morning and Evening Stars. The Star of Earendil was a source of hope for the people of Middle-earth.

Eärendil the Sailor sailed to the Undying Lands in 542 of the First Age to seek the aid of the Valar in the war against Morgoth. He was agreed by the Valar, but the Arendil was forbidden to return to Middle-earth. He was doomed to sail forever through the sky on his ship Vingilot (made of mithril and glass) with the Silmaril on his forehead.

When the Star of Earnedil first crossed the sky, Maedhros and Maglor realized that this light came from one of the Silmarils made by their father Feanor. The people of Middle-earth named her Gil-Estel, the Star of Highest Hope, and found hope again. Morgoth was in doubt, but still did not think that the Valar would start a war against him. The host of the Valar came to Middle-earth in 545 and thus began the War of Wrath. In 589 Eärendil left his celestial path and led Vingilot into battle, where he slew Ancalagon the Black. The Valar chased Morgoth through the Doors of Night into the Timeless Void, and Eärendil returned to his course to guard the heavens from Morgoth's return. Earendil's wife Elwing was not with him. She lived in a tower on the shores of the Undying Lands. The birds brought her a pair of wings and taught her to fly, and from time to time she took to the skies to meet Earendil when he returned from his heavenly journey.

In the year 32 of the Second Age, the Star of Earendil shone especially brightly in the west, a sign that Numenor was ready for the arrival of the Men who fought Morgoth. People sailed to their new home, guided by the light of the Star, which was visible during the day as well as at night throughout their journey. The leader of the Numenoreans was Elros, son of Earnedil and brother of Elrond.

During the War of the Ring at the end of the Third Age, Galadriel gave Frodo Baggins a Vial filled with water from her Mirror of Galadriel in which the light of the Star of Earendil was preserved. Sam Gamgee used the Vial when he fought Shelob, and the Great Spider fled in agony from the blazing light. In Mordor on the night of March 15, 3019, Sam saw the Star of Earendil in the western sky through a gap in the clouds.

Her beauty struck him right in the heart. He looked at her from the center of the abandoned lands, but hope returned to him. And like a spear, a clear and cold thought entered his mind - Sam realized that, after all, the Shadow was just a small and fleeting thing. After all, there was a bright and high beauty that was beyond her reach.

The Return of the King: "The Land of Shadow," p. 199. (Source WLOTR Encyclopedia).

The third angel blew his trumpet, and a great star fell from heaven, burning like a lamp, and fell on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water. The name of this star is "wormwood"; and a third of the waters became wormwood, and many of the people died from the waters, because they became bitter (Rev. 8:10-11). It can be seen from the text that this event is necessary
refer not to the present, but to the future eschatological time.

Archbishop Averky (Taushev) explains this place in this way: “Some people think that this meteor will fall to the ground and poison the water sources on the ground, which will become poisonous. Or maybe this is also one of the newly invented methods of a future terrible war ”(Apocalypse or revelations of St. John the Theologian. History of writing, rules for interpreting and parsing the text).

Wormwood (Heb. laana; Greek apsynthos) in the Bible is a symbol of the punishments of the Lord: And the Lord said: because they left My law, which I decreed for them, and did not listen to My voice and did not act on it; but they walked in the stubbornness of their hearts and in the footsteps of the Baals, as their fathers had taught them. Therefore, thus says the Lord of Hosts, the God of Israel: Behold, I will feed them, this people, with wormwood, and I will give them bile water to drink (Jer. 9:13-15)