Emphasize the ambiguity of the topicality of the problem raised. Paths and figures

Lyudmila Nikolaevna, I will use your permission to supplement the material presented by you. I want to offer another version of the vision of the problem of choice in the text of M. Jafarli. I hope it will be useful to colleagues.
Since childhood, we are faced with the problem of choosing the right solution in a difficult life situation. In childhood, our parents help us to do this, but as soon as we enter adulthood, we must make decisions ourselves. But how do you learn to make the right choice? Indeed, in some situations, the lives of other people may depend on our decision. How not to make mistakes and not go astray? T. Jafarli will help us answer these questions.
It is the problem of life choice that he raises in the text.
The author, using an example from the life of a simple teacher, shows a situation in which people's lives depend on the choice. Yuri Lelyukov covered a combat grenade during the lesson, which was confused with the training one. He, without hesitation, gave his life in the name of saving children ("... he fulfilled his highest human duty to people - he sacrificed himself to save others!")
Jafarli says that everyone has the right to choose. But the main thing is to dispose of it correctly, not to make a mistake, after which you will blame yourself.
I fully share the position of the author.
Indeed, no matter what decision we make, we are always responsible for our actions. So, in Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova makes a choice between true love and fleeting attraction. She chooses Anatoly Kuragin, with whom she decides to escape, but she is stopped in time. Soon Natasha will realize that she made the wrong choice, which changed both her life and the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky, who only before his death could forgive her.
There are situations in which a person faces the most difficult choice: to die, but save people, or vice versa. Let us recall the events of September 1, 2004. On this day, a school in Beslan was seized. The terrorists captured innocent children and were ready to kill them in order to achieve their goal. For three days these defenseless creatures were dying in agony without water and drink. The Russian group Alfa hastened to help Beslan. The soldiers could not come to terms with the fact that the killers encroached on the sacred. They understood that they were going to certain death, but they could not allow children who were not guilty of anything to die. The special forces did everything they could, but there were no casualties, although many were saved. The guys also made the right choice - they saved the children, did not let their parents lose the most valuable thing in life, but thereby orphaned their own.
Thus, we see that “every day, hourly, there is a test of human endurance, ideological conviction, wisdom, the ability to navigate the incredible hustle and bustle of days ...”. We understand that not only our personal destiny, but also the lives of other people may depend on our choice.
(Grade 10).

B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 Unified State Examination RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 6 / 6 Write down the answers to tasks B4–B7 in numbers. Among sentences 21–28, find a complex one that includes a one-component impersonal. Write the number of this compound sentence. Answer: ___________________________. Among sentences 12–20, find all sentences complicated by a separate common circumstance. Write the numbers of these proposals. Answer: ___________________________. Among sentences 18–27, find a complex sentence with consistent and uniform subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this compound sentence. Answer: ___________________________. Among sentences 4-9, find one that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number of this offer. www.ctege.info Answer: ___________________________. C1 Write an essay based on the text you have read. Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text. Formulate and comment on one of the problems that you have analyzed while completing tasks A28–A30, B1–B7. the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting). This fragment examines the language features of the text. Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write, agree Some terms used in the review are omitted. Insert or you do not agree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain to the gaps (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the why number. Justify your opinion, relying primarily on the term from the list. Write down in the table under each letter the reading experience, as well as the corresponding figure for knowledge and life observations. (the first two arguments are taken into account). Write down the sequence of numbers in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the volume of the essay - at least 150 words. task number B8, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas A work written without relying on the text read (not on this and other additional characters. text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase, write each number in a separate cell in accordance with or completely rewritten source text without any of the samples given in the form. comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting. “To emphasize the ambiguity and topicality of the problem raised, its versatility, L.G. The sailor uses the technique - (A) _________ (sentences 2-3), as well as the syntactic means - (B) ___________ (sentences 4, 6). Such a technique as (C) ___________ (sentences 16-20) creates the impression of a confidential conversation, which reinforces another technique - (D) ________ (“because” in sentences 19, 20). List of terms: 1) opposition 2) parceling 3) question-answer form of presentation 4) professional vocabulary 5) epithets 6) lexical repetition 7) interrogative sentence 8) comparison 9) rows of homogeneous sentence members Answer: A B C D Do not forget to transfer everything answers to the answer form No. 1. Part 3 To answer the task of this part, use the answer form No. 2. © 2014 Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Copying is not allowed

Unified State Exam RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 1 / 6 Unified State Exam in RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Instructions for performing work Part 1 When completing the tasks of this part in the answer form No. 1 under the number of the task you are performing (A1–A30), put the sign “×” in the box, the number of which corresponds to the number of your chosen answer. 3.5 hours (210 minutes) are given to complete the examination paper in the Russian language. The work consists of 3 parts. Part 1 includes 30 tasks (A1-A30). Each of them has four possible answers, of which only one is correct. Part 2 consists of 8 tasks (B1-B8). You must formulate answers to these tasks yourself. Part 3 includes 1 task (C1) and is a short written work on the text (essay). We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If after completing all the work you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks. The points you get for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score as many points as possible. All USE forms are filled in with bright black ink. The use of gel, capillary or fountain pens is allowed. When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Please note that entries in the draft will not be taken into account when evaluating the work. We wish you success! In which word is a mistake made in the placement of the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted incorrectly 1) tamed 2) bows 3) hyphen 4) expert In which answer option is the highlighted word used incorrectly 1) commissions and a new composition of the executive committee. 2) Many veterans who have been working since the founding of the enterprise, despite their GREAT age, still work hard today, pay great attention to social work and the education of young people. 3) Equestrian club offers individual training programs. 4) This section presents the settings for automatic detection of outgoing and incoming calls. www.ctege.info A1 A2 A3 Give an example with an error in the formation of a word form. 1) in the closet 2) both boys 3) faulty valves 4) drives A4 Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Performing the drawings, 1) Kulibin had his own methods of work. 2) they were made on special thick paper with a tool in the form of a needle. 3) Kulibin used special thick paper. 4) Kulibin used a special tool in the form of a needle. © 2014 Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No copying allowed

Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“To emphasize the ambiguity and topicality of the problem raised, its versatility, L. G. Matros uses the technique - (A) _____ (sentences 2-3), as well as the syntactic means - (B) _____ (sentences 4, 6). Such a technique as (C) _____ (sentences 16-20) creates the impression of a confidential conversation, which reinforces another technique - (D) _____ (“because” in sentences 19, 20).

List of terms:

1) opposition

2) parceling

3) question-answer form of presentation

4) professional vocabulary

5) epithets

6) lexical repetition

7) interrogative sentence

8) comparison

9) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	AT	G

(1)Recently, there has been a discussion in the media about what kind of education society needs. (2) Some argued that education should be subordinated to pragmatic goals, because it requires huge material costs. (3) Others (including the author of this article) insisted that education is always socially profitable and the more educated people in a society, the higher its intellectual and cultural potential.

(4) In developed Western countries, education is available to everyone with the appropriate desire, means and efforts. (5) However, freedom in education has another side. (6) This applies to both schools and institutions of higher education. (7) Statistics show that graduates of not only public, but also private schools are by no means always carriers of a high culture, people of high moral standards.

(8) It is generally accepted that a person with a university degree personifies not only professionalism, but also a high level of culture. (9) But what level of culture can be personified by a university graduate who, when asked by a professor about the role of language in her life, answered: “To tell young people something like that at a party”? ..

(10) The same can be said about other means of influencing the consciousness, behavior of people, especially young people. (11) I mean the media, literature, television, cinema.

(12) I will allow myself a small digression, referring to the Russian classics. (13) Leo Tolstoy is a writer whom I read, one might say, all my life, without interruption. (14) But something makes me reread it again and again, rethinking anew what the novel begins with: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” (15) And in this phrase, which has become an aphorism and kept in my memory from a young age, a generalization appeared to me, which is extremely relevant today. (16) Indeed, why are all happy families alike, and unhappy families are unhappy in their own way? (17) Yes, because we have organized our lives in such a way that in the negative, in evil we are more inventive than in the positive. (18) And we turn the so-called happiness into a routine, and in the name of evil we “creatively” succeed. (19) And therefore evil becomes more attractive. (20) And maybe that's why we stand in line to watch another film about the sophistication of all sorts of monsters, vampires, gangsters, looking at cruelty without mental shock.

(21) And all this obliges us to look at ourselves, to rethink our way of life, attitude to each other and to ourselves, not only internally, but also externally. (22) And then, I think, we will understand that we need to remember those times when we did not allow ourselves to walk at home the way we now go out into the street, when instead of an elegant suit we put on T-shirts, when instead of beautiful shoes we are wearing flip flops. (23) And already on the street, at a party, in a restaurant, even in a theater, at a concert you rarely see elegantly dressed people. (24) And if before they always tried to be no worse than others in clothes, now everyone is afraid to be more elegant than others. (25) And we don’t think that this also lowers the bar of our culture, requirements for ourselves, self-respect and respect for others. (26) I think I won’t be mistaken if I say that with an elegantly dressed, smart girl we talk differently and behave differently. (27) And profanity with a T-shirt and flip flops is more combined than with an elegant blouse and shoes.

(28) A criterion for the quality of each person and society can be the aphorism of the great classic A. Chekhov, who stated: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts.” (29) So let's save the beautiful - the beauty of our faces, clothes, souls, thoughts.

(According to L.G. Sailor*)

* Larisa Grigorievna Matros- lawyer by profession, Ph.D.

writer, literary critic.

Text source: early USE 2014, option 2.

1) In developed Western countries, one desire is enough to get an education.

2) Only graduates of public schools are carriers of high culture, people of high moral standards.

3) In the negative, in evil, people are more inventive than in the positive.

4) The bar of requirements for oneself must be maintained at the expense of spiritual growth, ignoring, for example, the manner of dressing.

5) We are obliged to reconsider the attitude to each other and to ourselves, not only internally, but also externally.

Statement 1) contradicts Proposition No. 4.

Statement 2) contradicts Proposition No. 7.

Statement 3) is confirmed by Proposition No. 17.

Statement 4) contradicts sentences #24-25.

Statement 5) is confirmed by Proposition No. 21.

Answer: 35

Source: RESHU USE, RESHU USE

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Semantic and compositional integrity of the text.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

2) Sentences 1-3 list successive events.

5) Sentence 1-3 provides a description.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

1) Sentences 4−7 present the reasoning.

2) Sentences 1-3 list successive events. False

3) Propositions 15−19 explain the content of Proposition 14.

4) In sentences 28−29, reasoning is presented.

5) Sentence 1-3 provides a description. Incorrect

Answer: 134

Source: RESHU USE, RESHU USE

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Functional-semantic types of speech

Tatiana Statsenko

No, this is a discussion.

What word is used in the text in a figurative sense?

Write out this word.

turned around (sentence 1)

aphorism (sentence 15)

meet (sentence 23)

blouse (proposal 27)

Explanation (see also Rule below).

The word TURNED UP is used in the meaning of "took place, was organized."

Answer: turned around

Source: RESHU USE, RESHU USE

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Lexical meaning of the word

Among sentences 4-9, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word, possibly in the same form, and possibly in different forms (partial lexical repetition) with a special stylistic task.

(4)In developed western countries education available to everyone with the appropriate desire, means and efforts. (5)However, the freedom to receive education has another side.

(6) This also applies to schools and to higher education institutions. (7) Statistics show that graduates of not only state, but also private schools far from always being carriers of high culture, people of high moral standards.

Answer: 597|957|579

Source: RESHU USE, RESHU USE

Relevance: Current academic year

Difficulty: advanced

Codifier section: Means of communication of sentences in the text

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

COMMUNICATION FACILITIES IN TEK-ST

Several pre-lo-s, connected into a whole by a theme and a new thought, called-zy-va-yut-stom text (from lat. textum - fabric , connection, connection).

It is obvious that all the pre-lo-zhe-niya, times-de-len-nye dot-coy, are not iso-ro-va-na from each other. There is a meaningful connection between two co-sed-ni-mi before-lo-ni-i-mi of the text, moreover, the connections can be not only pre-lo -zhe-niya, races-lo-women-nye nearby, but also from-de-len-nye from each other by one or more before-lo-same-neither-i-mi. The meaning-of-the-no-she-tion between the pre-lo-same-neither-I-mi is different: the content of one preposition can to be pro-ti-in-after-becoming-le-but co-der-zha-niyu-another; the content of two or more prepositions can be compared with one another; the content of the second preposition can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content -thing of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between pre-lo-same-ni-i-mi.

For-mu-li-ditch-ka for-da-niya can be like this:

Among prepositions 11-18, find such (s), something (s) connected with the previous one with the help of the mind -for-tel-no-go place-of-name, on-re-chia and one-but-ko-ren-ny words. On-write-shi-te number (s) of pre-lo-same(s)

Or: Define-de-li-those type of connection between pre-lo-same-neither-i-mi 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE HIGHER. In this way, if pro-intermediate-current 11-18 is indicated, then my suggestion is in pre-de-lah, about -significant in the task, and the correct answer may be 11, if this preposition is connected with the 10th topic, someone’s decree -but in for-yes-nii. From-ve-tov can be 1 or more. A score for a successful you-half-not-for-yes-yes-yes-yes - 1.

Let's move on to the theo-re-ti-che part.

Most often, we use such a model in the order of the text-hundred: each pre-lo-same-tion is concatenated with the next -shim, this is na-zy-va-et-sya chain connection. (We will say about the connection of para-ral-lel-noy below). We speak and write, we combine sa-mo-hundred-I-tel-prepositions into the text according to uncomplicated pra-vi-lams. Here's the gist: in two adjacent pre-lo-same-ni-yah, we should talk about the same subject.

All types of communication lek-si-che-sky, mor-fo-lo-gi-che-sky and sin-so-si-che-sky. As a right-vi-lo, when you combine pre-lo-s-s in the text, you can use-zo-va-ny one-but-time-men-but not-how-many types of communication. This is su-s-stven-but makes it easier to search for the is-to-my preposition in the specified fragment. Rest-no-wim-sya de-tal-but for each of the species.

23.1. Communication with the help of lek-si-che means.

1. Words from one te-ma-ti-che-group.

The words of one te-ma-ti-che-group are words that have a common lek-si-che-th-meaning and designation -cha-yu-schie-similar, but not the same-to-s-nya-tia.

Examples of words: 1) Forest, tro-pin-ka, de-re-vya; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; pain-ni-tsa, nurses, emergency room, pa-la-ta

Water was clean and transparent. Waves on-be-ha-whether on the shore of honey-len-but and demon-noise-but.

2. Ro-do-vi-do-words.

Ro-do-vi-do-vye words - words related from-no-she-ni-em genus - species: genus - more wi-ro-something, view - narrower.

Examples of words: Ro-mash-ka - color current; birch - de-re-vo; av-to-mo-bil - transport port etc.

Examples of pre-lo-same: Under the window still grew Birch. How many re-s-mi-na-ni connected-for-but I have with this de-re-vom...

Po-le-vye ro-mash-ki become-but-vyat-sya red-to-stu. But this is not-at-hot-whether flower.

3 Lek-si-che-sky in the second

Lek-si-che-sky in a second - in a second of one and the same word in one-on-a-word-in-form-me.

The closest connection is pre-lo-same-ny you-ra-zha-e-sya first of all in the second. The repetition of one or another member of the preposition is the main feature of the chain connection. For example, in pre-lo-same-no-yah Behind the garden there is a forest. The forest was deaf, for-pus-shchen the connection is built according to the model “under-le-zh-shche - under-le-zha-shche”, that is, named at the end of the first pre-lo-same niya subject in the second place in the next; in pre-lo-same-no-yah Fi-zi-ka is science. Science must use the dia-lek-ti-che-me-to-house- “mo-del say-zu-e-mine - under-le-zh-shche”; in ex-me-re Boat at-cha-li-la to be-re-gu. The shore was a mustache-pan chalk-coy pebbles- mod-del "ob-sto-I-tel-stvo - under-le-zha-shchee" and so on. But if in the first two examples of the word forest and science stand in each of the next hundred-I-th-pre-lo-same-ny in the same pas-de-same, then the word shore has different forms. Lek-si-che-skim in a second-rum in the tasks of the USE will be considered a second word in one-on-a-word-in-form-me, use-pol -zo-van-ny with the aim of strengthening the impact on the chi-ta-te-la.

In the texts of the artistic and public-li-qi-sti-che-styles, the chain connection by means of the lek-si-che-sko-go second-ra has not-rarely ex-press-siv-ny, emo-qi-o-nal-ny character, especially ben-but when the second is on-ho-dit-sya at the junction of pre-lo- same:

Here is the source from the map of the Aral Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

Use-to-va-nie in the second place here use-to-va-but to strengthen the impact on chi-ta-te-la.

Ras-look at the examples. We do not yet take into account the additional means of communication, we only look at the lek-si-che-sky in a second way.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It used to be scary very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scared.

(15) As an educator, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher education. values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

Note: different forms of words from no-syat-sya to another type of connection. For more details about the difference, see the paragraph on the forms of the word.

4 One-but-ko-ren words

One-but-ko-ren-words - words with the same root and a common meaning.

Examples of words: Ro-di-na, ro-dit-sya, birth-de-nie, genus; tear, break, break-tear-Xia

Examples of pre-lo-same: I'm lucky to be born healthy and strong. Is-th-riya of my birth-de-nia nothing to-me-cha-tel-on.

Even though I'm small, what you need from-but-she-niya tear apart but he couldn't do it himself. This break-break would be very painful for both of us.

5 Si-but-ni-we

Si-no-ni-we are words of the same part of speech, close in meaning.

Examples of words: to be bored, to frown, to be sad; ve-se-lie, joy, li-ko-va-nie

Examples of pre-lo-same: In farewell, she said that will be bored. I knew that too I will be sad according to our pro-hum-cams and times-th-in-frames.

Joy embrace-ti-la me, under-grab-ti-la and carry-la ... Li-ko-va-nyu, ka-za-elk, there were no borders: Lina from-ve-ti-la, from-ve-ti-la to the end!

It should be noted that si-but-ni-we are hard-but-ho-dyat-sya in the text, if you need to look for a connection only with the help of si-no-ni -mov. But, as it is right, along with such a way of communication, others use it. So, in example 1 there is a union too , this relationship will be discussed below.

6 Contextual si-but-ni-we

Contextual si-no-ni-we - words of the same part of speech, which are closer in meaning only in this context ste, insofar as from-but-syat-sya to one pre-me-tu (at-sign, action).

Examples of words: kitten, be-do-la-ha, naughty; de-vush-ka, stu-dent-ka, kra-sa-vi-tsa

Examples of pre-lo-same: Kitty lives with us with everything for a long time. Husband took off be-do-la-gu from the de-re-va, where he went, escaping from the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continue to be silent, despite all the efforts from my side to raz-go-to-rit it.

It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, si-no-ni-ma-mi de-la-et them by the author. But along with such a way of communication, others use it, which makes it easier to search.

7 An-to-no-we

An-to-no-we are words of the same part of speech, pro-ti-in-false in meaning.

Examples of words: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Examples of pre-lo-same: I pretended that I liked this joke and you-da-vil something out of yourself laughter. But tears soul-shi-whether me, and I quickly left the room-for-you.

Her words were hot-rya-chi-mi and about-zhi-ha-li. eyes le-de-ni-li ho-lo-house. It's like I got under a con-trust shower ...

8 Contextual an-to-no-we

Contextual an-to-ni-we are words of the same part of speech, pro-ti-in-false in meaning only in a given context.

Examples of words: mouse - lion; house - ra-bo-ta green - ripe

Examples of pre-lo-same: On the ra-bo-te this man was gray mouse. Houses but in it pro-sy-pal-sya a lion.

Ripe berries can be safely used for pri-go-to-le-niya va-re-nya. And here green it is better not to put them in, they are usually bitter, and can spoil the taste.

Let's pay attention to the non-accidental owl-pa-de-nie ter-mi-nov(si-but-ni-we, an-to-ni-we, including contextual) in this for-da-ni and for-da-ni-yah 22 and 24: this is the same lek-si-che-yav-le-nie, but ras-smat-ri-va-e-mine from a different angle of view. Lek-si-che-means may serve to connect two adjacent propositions, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti, that is, they have every chance of being an object for tasks 22 and 24. In this way, advice: you -full task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theo-re-ti-che-sko-go ma-te-ri-a-la about lek-si-che means from right-wi-la-reference to task 24.

23.2. Communication with the help of mor-fo-lo-gi-che means

Along with lek-si-che-ski-mi means of communication, use-use and mor-fo-lo-gi-che-sky.

1. Location

A connection with the help of places-of-names is a connection, with some ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous preposition for me-nya-is-sya me-hundred-name-no-eat. To see such a connection, you need to know what a place-of-ownership is, what would-va-yut rankings by value.

What not-about-ho-dee-mo know:

Place-of-ownership - these are words that are used by someone instead of a name no-go, num-li-tel-no-go), designate faces, point-zy-va-yut to pre-me-you, signs of pre-me-tov, to -li-th-stvo pre-me-tov, not naming them specifically.

According to the meaning and gram-ma-ti-che-special-ben-no-stay, you are de la-et-sya nine times-rows of places-of-hundred-names:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) return-gate (oneself);

3) attractive(mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); in the quality of at-tya-zha-tel-nyh use-use-zu-yut-sya also forms of personal: his (pi-jack), her work),them (for-servant).

4) indicative (this, that, such, such, such, such, so much);

5) determine-de-li-tel-nye(himself, most, all, everyone, each, different);

6) from-but-si-tel-nye(who, what, what, what, someone, how much, whose);

7) in-pro-si-tel-nye(who? what? what? whose? someone? how much? where? when? where? from-where-yes? why? in what way? what?);

8) from-ri-tsa-tel-nye(no one, nothing, no one);

9) un-defined(someone, something, someone, anyone, someone, someone).

Do not forget that location, in this way, “to you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no-one”, “everyone” - these are forms of places.

As right-vi-lo, in the task of giving the order-for-but, KA-KO-GO once-a-row-yes, there must be a place-to-ownership, but this is not-obligatory-for-tel -but, if there are no other places in the indicated pe-ri-o-de, you-fill-ing the role of CONNECTING-ZU-YU-SCHIEH elements comrade It is necessary to clearly realize that NOT EVERYTHING is a place-to-name, someone meets in a text, is-la-is-a connection -chim link.

Ob-ra-tim-Xia to the examples and define-de-lim, how prepositions 1 and 2 are connected; 2 and 3.

1) In our school, not-a-long ago, they did a re-mont. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went, wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some kind of strangers, others, not mine ....

In the second pre-lo-same place there are two, both personal, I and her. Which one is the one scrap-poch-coy, someone-paradise connects the first and second pre-lo-same? If this is a place I, what is it for-me-no-lo in pre-lo-same-nii 1? Nothing. And what for-me-nya-is me-sto-having her? Word " school”From the first preposition. De-la-em conclusion: communication with the help of a personal place-of-ownership her.

In the third pre-lo-same place there are three: they are somehow mine. With the second-eye connection-zy-va-et only place they(=floors from the second pred-lo-same). Rest in no way with the words of the second pre-lo-same-nia not co-from-but-syat-sya and nothing for-me-nya-yut. Conclusion: the second preposition with the third connection with the third place they.

What is the practical importance of ni-ma-niya of this spo-co-ba connection? In the fact that it is possible and necessary to use places-to-having instead of a hundred su-stuff, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not evil-require, since the abundance of the words “he”, “him”, “them” sometimes leads to not-no-no-mania and no-time-be-ri-heh.

2. Na-re-chie

Communication with the help of na-re-chiy is a connection, especially-ben-no-sti-something depends on the meaning of na-re-chia.

To see such a connection, you need to know what the words are, what would-va-yut rows by value.

Na-re-chiya - these are not-from-me-me-e-my words, which-rye-mean-cha-ut recognize a sign by action and from-no-syat-sya to the main go-lu.

As a means of communication, one can use the following values:

Time and space: below, on the left, next to, vna-cha-le, from-da-na and more.

Examples of pre-lo-same: We come to work. At first it was hard: not in the best way to work in a team, there were no ideas. Then drew in, well, felt their strength, and even got excited.Note: Prepositions 2 and 3 are connected with prepositions 1 with the help of the indicated words. This type of connection is na-zy-va-et-sya pa-ral-lel-noy connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of de re vieve. Near with us pro-sail-va-li ob-la-ka. An analogous example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected with 1 with the help of the indicated words.

Indicative-for-tel-nye-re-chia. (They are sometimes called-zy-va-yut me-hundred-names-us-mi on-re-chi-i-mi, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only indicate it): there, here, there, then, from-to-yes, in a way, so and more.

Examples of pre-lo-same: Last summer I ot-dy-ha-la in one of the sa-na-to-ri-ev Be-lo-rus-si. From-to-da prak-ti-che-ski it’s not-possible-but there was a ring-thread, not to say already about ra-bo-te in the inter-no-those. On-re-chie "from-there-yes" for-me-nya-is the whole word-in-co-che-ta-nie.

Life flowed in its own way: I studied, my mother and father worked ra-bo-ta-li, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years passed. On-re-chie “so” generalizes everything with the content of the previous preposition.

Possibility to use and other times-a-row-dov-re-chey, For example, from-ri-tsa-tel-nyh: AT school and university I don’t have a warehouse-dy-va-li from-no-she-niya with ro-weight-no-ka-mi. Yes and nowhere not warehouses; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, there were brothers, they were friends for me.

3. Union

Communication with the help of a so-y-call is the most common type of communication, thanks to someone-ro-mu between pre-lo-same-no-I-mi- no-ka-yut different from-no-she-niya, connected with the sign of the union.

Communication with the help of so-chi-ni-tel-nyh so-y-call: but, and, but, but, also, or, one-on-one and others. The task may or may not specify the type of union. In this way, it is necessary to repeat ma-te-ri-al about so-yu-zah.

In detail, but about so-chi-no-tel-nyh so-u-zah ras-ska-for-but in a special-tsi-al-nom time-de-le

Examples of pre-lo-same: By the end of the day, we are not-ve-ro-yat-but tired. But on-stro-e-tion was tre-sa-yu-schee! Communication with the help of pro-ti-vi-tel-no-th union "but".

That's how it's always been... Or this is so ka-for-moose to me ...Communication with the help of times-de-li-tel-no-th union "or".

We pay attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as right-vi-lo, one-but-vre -men-but use lek-si-che-sky means of communication.

Communication with the help of under-chi-no-tel-nyh so-y-call: for, so. A very non-ty-pic-ny case, since sub-chi-no-tel-ny unions are connected-zy-va-yut pre-lo-same-nia in a hundred-ve complex-but-under- repaired. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is a measured break in the structure of a complex preposition.

Examples of pre-lo-same: I was full of cha-i-nii... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union, for it has a meaning, because, in a way, it indicates the pri-chi-well of the status of the hero.

I didn’t pass the ek-for-me-we, I didn’t drink at the institute, I couldn’t ask for help from the ro-di-te-lei and I wouldn’t do it . So that there was only one thing left: to find a job. The union "so" has the meaning of a consequence.

4. Parts

Communication with the help of particles always accompanies other types of communication.

Parts after all, and only, here, out, only, even, the same bring in up to half-no-tel-nye from-ten-ki in the pre-lo-same-tion.

Examples of pre-lo-same: Call-no-te ro-di-te-lyam, go-in-ri-te with them. After all it's so simple and one-but-time-men-but difficult-but - love-beat ...

Everyone in the house was already asleep. And only ba-bush-ka quietly bor-mo-ta-la: she always before going to bed chi-ta-la mo-lit-you, you-great-shi-vaya at the forces of heavenly best share for us.

After the departure of her husband, it became empty in her soul and empty in the house. Even the cat, usually no-siv-shih-sya me-teo-rum on kvar-ti-re, only drowsily ze-wa-et and everything is no-ro-wit to take me in my arms. Here on whose hands would I lean ...Ob-ra-ti-these attention, the connecting parts are in the na-cha-le of the pre-lo-zhe.

5. Word forms

Communication with the help of the word form so-it is in the fact that in a number of hundred-i-sche pre-lo-same-ni-yah the same word is used in different

if this su-sche-stituent-tel-noe - number and pas-de-same
if with-la-ha-tel-noe - gender, number and pas-de-same
if place-to-ownership - gender, number and pas-de-same in for-vi-si-mo-sti from times-ra-da
if verb in person (gender), number, tense

Gla-go-ly and part-part, gla-go-ly and de-e-part-part are counted as different words.

Examples of pre-lo-same: Noise in a step-pen-but on-ras-tal. From this na-ras-ta-yu-she-go noise became-but-vi-elk not at ease.

I knew my son ka-pi-ta-na. With myself ka-pi-ta-nom fate did not take me, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

Note: in the task there can be na-pi-sa-but “forms of the word”, and then this is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words, repeated in the next pre-lo-same-ni-yah.

In the difference between the forms of the word and the lek-si-che-sko-go in the second place, there is a special complexity.

In-for-ma-tion for teach-te-la.

Ras-look-rim as a sample of the difficult neck for the re-al-no-go Unified State Examination of 2016. We bring in a half-no-stuy fragment, published on the FIPI website in “Me-to-di-che-uka-za-ni-yah for teach-te-lei (2016)"

For-work-not-niya ek-for-me-well-e-myh when you-half-not-ni for-yes-23 you-zy-wa-whether there are cases when the condition is for-yes -niya tre-bo-va-lo diversification of the form of the word and lek-si-che-sko-go in the second place as a means of communication of pre-lo-zhe-ny in the text. In these cases, when analyzing languages-to-go-ma-te-ri-a-la, one should pay attention to learning-cha-yu- claiming that the lek-si-che-sky is second to the pre-la-ha-et is the second of the lek-si-che-unit with a special style -che-sky for-yes-whose.

Given the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one hundred of one of the variants of the Unified State Examination in 2016:

“Among prepositions 8–18, find such a thing, something connected with the previous one with the help of a lek-si-che-go in a second-ra. Write the number of this proposal.

Below, when-ve-de-but na-cha-lo text-hundred, given-no-go for ana-li-za.

- (7) What kind of hu-dozh-nick are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!

(8) Maybe that’s why Berg didn’t succeed in drinking. (9) He pre-chi-tal port-ret, poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these tortures were full of no-luck and no-clear-stay.

(11) Once upon a time, Berg received a letter from hu-doge-no-ka Yar-tse-va. (12) He called him to come to the Mu-rum forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived yes-le-ko from a deserted station, in a forest, on the banks of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut near the forest. (16) Berg was taken to the lake by the son of the forest, Vanya Zotov, a su-tu-ly and behind-the-sten-chi-boy. (17) On Lake Berg lived for about a month. (18) He did not gather to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Pre-lo-same 15 connected with pre-lo-same 14 with help personal location "is he"(Yartsev).

Pre-lo-same 16 connected with pre-lo-same 15 with help word forms "forester": pre-false-but-pa-deg-th form, control-la-e-my gla-go-scrap, and demon-pre-false form, control-la-e-my name su-shche -respectively. These word-forms-we-ra-zh-ut different meanings: the value of the object and the value of belonging, and the use of ras-smat-ri-va-e-my word-forms does not carry a sty-li-sti-che-sky load.

Preposition 17 connected with preposition 16 with help word forms ("on the lake - on the lake"; "Berga - Berg").

Preposition 18 connected with the previous one with the help personal-no-go place-of-name "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in task 23 dan-no-go va-ri-an-ta is 10. Namely, preposition 10 of the text is connected with the previous one (preposition 9) with the help lek-si-che-sko-go in a second-ra (the word "he").

To summarize, pro-qi-ti-ro-vav av-to-ra “Me-to-di-che-skom in-so-bee for teach-te-lei (2016)”, I.P. Tsy-bul-ko: “Lek-si-che-sky second pre-la-ga-et second lek-si-che-unit with a special style-li-sti-che-sky for- yes-whose.

Not-about-ho-di-mo from-me-tit that among the authors of various personal-so-bes there is no single opinion, what is considered lek-si-che-sky in a second-rum - the same word in different pas-de-zhah (persons, numbers) or in the same one. Authors of books from the publisher “Na-tsi-o-nal-noe ob-ra-zo-va-nie”, “Ek-za-men”, “Le-gi-on” ( authors Tsy-bul-ko I.P., Vasi-lye-ykh I.P., Go-ste-va Yu.N., Se-ni-na N.A.) did not in-dyat not a single example, with some-rum, words in various forms would be considered lek-si-che-sky in a second-rum.

At the same time, very complex cases, with some words, standing in different pas-de-jahs, owls-pa-da-yut in form, ras-smat-ri-va- yut-Xia in so-bi-yah in a different way. The author of the books Se-ni-na N.A sees in this the form of the word. I.P. Tsy-bul-ko (according to ma-te-ri-a-lam of the book of 2017) sees lek-si-che-sky in a second way. So, in the pre-lo-same-ni-yah type I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different pas-de-ji, but at the same time, not-with-my-but there is that very style-li-sti-che-for-da-cha, writes about someone .P. Tsy-bul-ko. Without delving into the ling-vi-sti-che-she-she-ing of this question, let us designate in-zi-tion RE-SHU-USE and give re-ko-men -yes.

1. Everything is clearly not owl-pa-da-y-th forms - these are word forms, not lek-si-che-sky in a second. Please note that we are talking about the same language as in task 24. And in 24 lek-si-che -sky in-second-ry - these are only second-rya-u-schi-e-sya words, in the same-on-to-y forms.

2. There will be no co-pa-da-y-ing forms in the tasks at the RE-SHU-USE: if the ling-wi-sta-spe-qi-a-li-sta themselves cannot in this raz-take-sya, then you-start-no-kam schools can’t do it.

3. If on the eq-for-me-it doesn’t-fall-for-da-niya with-add-us-work-but-stya-mi, look at those half-no- tel-nye means of communication, some-rye-rye-m-gut-de-pour-Xia with you-bo-rum. After all, co-hundred-vi-te-lei KIMs can have their own, separate me-nie. Unfortunately, it might be.

23.3 Syn-so-si-che means.

Introductory words

Communication, with the help of introductory words, co-puts, supplements any other connection, supplementing from ten-ka-mi meanings, ha-rak-ter-ny-mi for introductory words.

Ko-nech-but, it’s not-about-ho-di-mine to know what words are-la-yut-xia input-us-mi.

About this in fractional but ras-sa-for-but in the reference to task 17

He was taken to work. Unfortunately, Anton was too am-bi-chi-o-zen. One side, com-pa-nii needed such personalities, on the other - he did not concede to anyone and in nothing, if there was something, as he said, below his level.

Let's give examples of defining the means of communication in a non-big text.

(1) We knew Masha a few months ago. (2) My ro-di-te-have not yet seen her, but not on-a-hundred-and-wa-whether on a familiarity. (3) Ka-for-moose, she also did not strive to get closer, that I was somewhat upset-cha-lo.

Opre-de-lim, how are the pre-lo-zhe-niya connected in this text.

Preposition 2 connected with preposition 1 with the help of a personal location her, someone-swarm for-me-nya name Masha in pre-lo-same-nii 1.

Pre-lo-same 3 is connected with pre-lo-same 2 with the help of word forms she her: “she” is the form of the name-ni-tel-no-go pas-de-zha, “her” is the form of the ro-di-tel-no-go pas-de-zha.

In addition, preposition 3 also has other means of communication: this is a union too, introductory word ka-for-moose, rows of si-no-ni-mich constructions not on-a-hundred-and-wa-whether on a familiarity and did not strive for rapprochement.

Denis Khalimov 31.05.2018 21:26

The answer to this task is 9, not 59.

Developers, beware!

Tatiana Statsenko

Not 59, but 5 and 9, we just write in the forms without spaces.

Vera Makova 11.03.2019 02:17

In other tasks, you wrote that lexical repetition is such only if the same form of the word is repeated, therefore, here the answer should be 49, right? And yet, you yourself wrote in the explanation that in the fourth lexical repetition, it means that the answer 4 sentence should be added.

Tatiana Statsenko

The fourth sentence should not be included, because we write only the next sentence, i.e. fifth, not the previous one.

Na-pi-shi-te co-chi-non-nie according to the pro-chi-tan-no-mu tek-stu.

Sfor-mu-li-rui-those one of the problems posed by the auto-rum of the text hundred.

Pro-com-men-ti-rui-te sfor-mu-li-ro-van-nuyu pro-ble-mu. Include in com-men-ta-ry two examples of-me-ra-il-lu-stra-tion from pro-chi-tan-no-go text-hundred, some-rye, according to Va- she-mu me-niyu, important for in-no-ma-niya pro-ble-we is-move-no-go text-hundred (from-be-gai-te through-mer-no-go qi-ti- ro-va-nia). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

Sfor-mu-li-rui-te in-zi-tion av-to-ra (ras-skaz-chi-ka). You-ra-zi-te your from-but-she-nie to the zi-tion of the av-to-ra on the pro-ble-me of the is-move-no-go text-hundred (with-glas-this or not -so-gla-this) and justify it.

The volume of co-chi-non-nia is at least 150 words.

Ra-bo-ta, na-pi-san-naya without relying on a pro-chi-tan-ny text (not according to a given text), do not appreciate it. If co-chi-non-nye represents a re-said or full-of-stu re-re-pi-san-ny source text without any there was no com-men-ta-ri-ev, then such a ra-bo-ta estimate-no-va-et-sya 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

In the text, the author reflects on questions about the beauty of a person, his education, his spirituality. What kind of person can be considered truly rich internally? Is a diploma an indicator of education? Can our appearance always be justified by the desire for comfort and convenience? It often happens that a person who exalts himself, boasts of his education, work, has nothing in his soul except his ambitions. Tomorrow, without a twinge of conscience, such a person will dismiss a dozen people from his enterprise, because he has no time to think about the question: is it moral or not. What is happiness, such a person will not ponder, because in his mind many concepts have been replaced: happiness or material wealth - is it not the same? Is Raskolnikov educated and moral, going on a crime, even if with this crime he solves the problems of many people?

Source: RESHU USE, RESHU USE

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's fill in the blanks.

“To emphasize the ambiguity and topicality of the problem raised, its versatility, L. G. Matros uses the technique - opposition(“Some argued that ... Others (including the author of this article) insisted that ...”), as well as a syntactic means - rows of homogeneous sentence members(propositions 4, 6). Such an approach as question-answer form of presentation(sentences 16-20), creates the impression of a confidential conversation, which reinforces another technique - lexical repetition(“because” in sentences 19, 20).

Answer: 1936.

Answer: 1936

Source: RESHU USE, RESHU USE

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF MEANS YOU-RA-ZI-TEL-NO-STI.

The purpose of for-da-niya yav-la-et-sya define-de-le-tion means you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti, use-zo-van-nyh in re-censorship by mouth -new-le-niya-from-the-response between the gaps, indicated by the letters-wah-mi in the text of the re-census, and the figure -mi with opre-de-le-ni-i-mi. It is necessary to write-pi-sy-vat with-from-response only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you don’t know what is hidden under one or another letter, it’s not-about-ho-di-mo to put “0” in place of this number. For a task, you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When you-half-not-for-giving 26, you should remember that you are for-half-ny-e-those places of passes in re-censions, i.e. . re-hundred-nav-whether-va-e-te text, and with it meaning-lo-vuyu, and gram-ma-ti-che-sky connection. Therefore, often an additional sub-tale can serve as an analysis of the re-census itself: various or in a different way, with-gla-su-yu-shchi-e-sya with pass-ka-mi say-zu-e-mye, etc. Make it easier to read you-half-not-for-yes-and and de-le-le list the list of ter-mi-news into two groups: the first includes ter-mi -us on the basis of the meaning of the word, the second - paradise - the structure of the preposition. You can do this de-le-tion, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: in the first, they include lek-si-che- sky (non-special means) and trails; in the second fi-gu-ry of speech (some of them are called-zy-va-yut sin-so-si-che-ski-mi).

26.1 TROP-WORD OR YOU-DE-SAME-NIE, USE-REQUIRED-LA-E-MY IN PER-RE-NOS-NOM-CH-NIE FOR C-BUILDING HU-DO-SAME-STEP-BUT -GO-RA-FOR AND TO-STI-SAME-NIA BIGGER YOU-RA-ZI-TEL-NO-STI. To tropes from-no-syat-sya such ad-e-we as epi-tet, compare-not-nie, oli-tse-two-re-nie, me-ta-for-ra, me-that -ni-miya, sometimes hyper-bo-ly and whether you are from-no-syat to them.

Note: In for-da-nii, as right-vi-lo, indicate-for-but that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a word-in-co-che-ta-nie.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - attachment, addition, addition) - this is a figurative definition of de-le-tion, from-me-cha-yu-shche su- a feature that is essential for a given context in the image in the image. From a simple definition of de-le-tion epi-tet from-whether-cha-et-sya hu-to-same-you-ra-zi-tel-no-stu and image-raz- no-stu. At the core of the epi-te-ta lies a hidden comparison.

To the epi-the-there from-no-syat-sya all the “beautiful” definitions of de-le-niya, some of you most often you-ra-zha-ut-sya at-la-ha-tel-ny-mi:

sad-but-si-ro-te-yu-land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, li-mon light, mute peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epi-te-you can also you-ra-shrink:

-su-stu-tel-us-mi, you-stu-pa-u-schi-mi as an adjunct or say-zu-e-my, yes-u-scheme-different ha-rak-te- ri-sti-ku pre-me-ta: vol-sheb-ni-tsa-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-na-re-chi-i-mi, you-stu-pa-yu-shi-mi in the role of circumstances: On the se-ve-re wild stands alone... (M. Yu. Ler-mon-tov); Leaves were on-straight-women-but you-cha-well-you in the wind (K. G. Pa-u-stovsky);

-de-e-at-cha-sti-i-mi: waves not-day-Xia rattling and sparkling;

-me-hundred-name-ni-i-mi, you-ra-zha-yu-schi-mi of the first-upon-degree of one or another state of the human-ve-che-soul:

After all, there were bouts of b-e-e, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-with-cha-sti-i-mi and with-part-us-mi ob-ro-ta-mi: So-lo-vye word-for-word-weem gro-ho-choo-shim ogla-sha-yut forest pre-de-ly (B. L. Pa-ster-nak); I-let-kai also appear-le-ni ... bor-zo-pis-tsev, someone cannot prove where they were yesterday but-che-va-li, and for some there are no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Sal-ty-kov-Shched-rin).

2. Comparison- this is an inventive technique, based on the com-position of one-and-the-th phenom-le-tion or on-nya-tia with another . In contrast to the meta-for-ra, comparison is always two-membered-but: in it, both are called-by-stay-la-e- my pre-me-ta (yav-le-niya, sign, action).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The enemy is the sons of the father,

And for-re-in, like an eternal meteor,

Playing in ob-la-kah, po-ga-et look. (M. Yu. Ler-mon-tov)

Compare-not-niya you-ra-zha-yut-xia-personal-us-mi-so-ba-mi:

For-my cre-ri-tel-no-go pas-de-zha su-shche-stavitel-nyh:

So-lo-weem over the years Youth pro-le-te-la,

Wave in the wrong way Ra-dost from-shu-me-la (A. V. Kol-tsov)

For-my comparative-no-tel-noy step-pe-no with-la-ha-tel-no-go or na-re-chia: These eyes ze-le-her seas and ki-pa-ri-owls of our so-her(A. Ah-ma-to-va);

Compare-ni-tel-us-mi ob-ro-ta-mi with so-u-for-mi like, word-but, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory beast, in humble abode

Vry-va-et-shty-ka-mi in-be-di-tel ... (M. Yu. Ler-mon-tov);

With the help of words in a different way, in a similar way, this is:

On the eyes of a watchful cat

Similar your eyes (A. Ah-ma-to-va);

With the help of com-paratives with-yes-exact prepositions:

For-kru-zhi-las foliage golden

In ro-zo-va-that water on the pond,

Like a ba-bo-check light flock

With for-mi-ra-ny flies to the stars. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Me-ta-fo-ra(in translation from Greek - pe-re-nose) - this is a word or you-ra-same-tion, someone is used in a pe-re-nos-know- che-nii on the basis of the similarity of two objects or phenomena according to some sign. In contrast to comparison, in some way, there is both what is compared, and what is compared with -et-sya, meta-fo-ra contains only the second, which creates compactness and imagery of the use of the word. In the basis of the meta-for-ry, there may be a similarity of the pre-meth in form, color, volume, meaning, feeling -shche-ni-yam, etc.: in-to-fall of stars, la-vi-on letters, wall of fire, without-bottom of grief, pearl-chu-zhi-on-e-zia, spark of love and etc.

All meta-fo-ry de-lyat-Xia into two groups:

1) general-languages("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a hundred of water, mountains to turn, strings of the soul, love faded;

2) hu-do-same-stvennye(in-di-vi-du-al-no-av-tor-sky, in-e-ti-che-sky):

And merk-no stars al-maz-ny tre-pet

AT no-pain-nom ho-lo-de dawn (M. Vo-lo-shin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Ah-ma-to-va);

And blue eyes, bottomless

Flower-here on the distant be-re-gu. (A. A. Blok)

Me-ta-fo-ra would-va-et not only one night: it can develop in the text, arranging whole chains of kidneys about different you-ra-zh-ni, in many cases - cover-you-vat, as if pro-no-zy-vat the entire text. This is unfold-well-thaya, complex meta-fo-ra, the goal-ny hu-do-same-stven-ny image.

4. Oli-tse-two-re-nie- this is a different kind of meta-for-ry, os-no-van-naya on the pe-re-no-se signs of living beings in yav- le-niya of nature, pre-me-you and understanding. Most often, oli-tse-tvo-re-niya is used when describing the nature of nature:

Rolling through sleepy do-li-na, Tu-ma-na sleepy lay down, And only the clatter of the lo-sha-di-ny, Sounding, te-rya-et-xia in the distance. It went out, pale, autumn day, Folding soul-shi-thy sheets, Taste-sha-yut sleep without dream-vi-de-ny Po-lu-for-fading flowers. (M. Yu. Ler-mon-tov)

5. Me-to-ni-miya(in translation from Greek - re-re-name-no-va-nie) - this is a re-nose of the title from one pre-me-ta to another on the basis but-va-nii of their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between so-der-zha-ni-em and so-der-zha-shchim: I three ta-rels ate (I. A. Krylov);

Between av-to-rum and pro-from-ve-de-no-eat: Bra-nil Go-me-ra, Fe-o-kri-ta, But read Adam Smith(A. S. Pushkin);

Between action and weapons of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fire(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the pre-me-th and ma-te-ri-a-scrap, from someone-ro-go the pre-met is made: ... not on se-reb-re, - on gold-lo-te(A. S. Gribo-edov);

Between the place and the people, na-ho-da-shchi-mi-sya in this place: The city was noisy, tre-scha-whether flags, wet roses sy-pa-lis from bowls of flower-points ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Si-nek-do-ha(in translation from Greek - co-from-not-se-nie) is diversity, os-but-van-naya on the pe-re-not-se-niya of the sign-of-the-niya from one phenomenon to another according to the sign-of-whether-che- stven-no-go from-no-she-tion between them. Most often, re-re-nose pro-is-ho-dit:

From a smaller one to a larger neck: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not fly ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Bo-ro-yes, what are you talking about?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Re-ri-phrase, or re-ri-phrase(in translation from Greek - describe-sa-tel-noe you-ra-same), - this is a turnover, someone uses-required-la-is-sya instead of one hundred -any word or word-in-co-che-ta-niya. For example, St. Petersburg in verse

A. S. Push-ki-na - “Peter your-re-nye”, “Half-night countries beauty and wonder”, “city of Peter-ditch”; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. , “snow swan”, “everything of my soul”.

8. Gi-per-bo-la(in translation from Greek - pre-increase-li-che-nie) - this is a figurative you-ra-same-tion, containing in-measure-less pre-uve - is there any sign of pre-me-ta, yav-le-tion, action: A rare bird to-let-tit to se-re-di-ny of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And in the same mi-well-tu along the streets of ku-rye-ry, ku-rye-ry, ku-rye-ry ... can you imagine, thirty five thousands some ku-rye-ditches! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Li-to-ta(in translation from Greek - smallness, moderation) - this is a figurative you-ra-same, containing in-measure-less pre-reduction -nee-of-something-of-a-sign-of-a-pre-me-ta, yav-le-niya, action: What tiny ko-dov-ki! There is, right, less boo-la-voch-noy go-lov-ki.(I. A. Krylov)

And marching importantly, in calm order, Lo-shad-ku leads the mu-zh-chok by the bridle In big boots, in a lu-fur coat, ov-chin -nom, In big hands-ka-vi-tsah ... and himself with no-go-talk!(N.A. Not-beautiful)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pre-creation) - this is the use of a word or you-saying-va-nia in the sense, about-ti-in-in-false-nom right. Irony is a kind of foreign-saying, with some-rum behind an external-not-lo-zhi-tel-noy assessment, hiding on - mix: From-to-le, smart, are you delusional, go-lo-va?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "NON-SPECIAL" LEK-SI-CHE-SKY IMAGES

Note: In the for-yes-ni-yah, sometimes it is indicated that this is a medicinal remedy. Usually, in a review of a task, 24 examples of a lek-si-che-th-means are given in brackets either in one word or in a word so-che-ta-ni-em, in some-rum one of the words you-de-le-but cur-si-vom. Ob-ra-ti-te attention: these funds are most often not-about-ho-di-mo find in task 22!

11. Si-but-ni-we, i.e. words of one part of speech, different in sound, but the same or close in lek-si-che-s-meaning and from-whether-cha-yu-schi-e-sya from each other or from ten-ka-mi-meanings, or sti-li-sty-che-color-coy ( bold - from-important, run-reap - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), about-la-da-yut with great you-ra-zi-tel-noy force.

Si-but-ni-we can be context-us-mi.

12. An-to-no-we, i.e. words of the same part of speech, pro-ti-in-false in meaning ( is-ti-na - a lie, good - evil, from-vra-ti-tel-but - for-me-cha-tel-but), also about-la-da-yut pain-shi-mi you-ra-zi-tel-us-mi-might-but-stya-mi.

An-to-ni-we can be context-us-mi, that is, sta-but-wit-sya an-to-ni-ma-mi only in this context.

Lies would-va-et good swarm or evil,

Ser-to-pain-noy or demon-for-merciful,

Lies would-va-et dexterous and non-foldable,

Inspection-ri-tel-noy and without looking back,

Upo-and-tel-noy and without-from-rad-noy.

13. Fra-zeo-lo-giz-we as a means of language-co-howl you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti

Fra-zeo-lo-giz-we (fra-zeo-lo-gi-che-you-ra-zhe-niya, go-o-we), i.e. re-pro-from-in-di- in the first form, the word-in-co-che-ta-niya and preposition-lo-zhe-niya, in some-ry integral meaning-to-mi-ni- roo-et over the sign-no-I-mi-become-la-yu-com-po-nent-t of them and is not-la-is-sya a simple sum of such sign- ny ( to fall into a mess, to be in seventh heaven, yab-lo-ko once-do-ra), ob-la-da-yut pain-shi-mi you-ra-zi-tel-us-mi-possible-but-sta-mi. You-ra-zi-tel-nost fra-zeo-lo-giz-mov define-de-la-et-sya:

1) their bright imagery, including mi-fo-lo-gi-che-sky ( the cat on-cry-kal, like a squirrel in a co-le-se, the thread of Ari-ad-na, yes-mo-clove sword, akhil-le-so-va heel);

2) from-not-sen-no-styu of many of them: voice in-pi-yu-shche-go in the desert, ka-nut into oblivion) or reduced-wife-nyh (time-thieves-nyh, simple-one-river-nyh: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, drive by the nose, pour on the neck, open the ears); b) to the range of language means with a lo-zhi-tel-no emo-qi-o-nal-no-ex-press-siv-color ( store the thread like a ze-ni-tsu eye - torzh.) or with ot-ri-tsa-tel-noy emo-qi-o-nal-but-ex-press-siv-color (without the king in the head-lo-ve - not approved, small fry - pre-not-bre-lives.).

14. Sti-li-sti-che-ski painted-shen-naya lek-si-ka

For effort-le-ning, you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti in the text-ste can use all the ranks of style-li-sti-che-ski colored-shen- noah lek-si-ki:

1) emo-qi-o-nal-no-ex-press-siv-naya (assessment-night-naya) lek-si-ka, including:

a) words with a lo-zhi-tel-noy emo-qi-o-nal-but-ex-press-siv-noy assessment: tor-s-s-stven-nye, exalted-shen-nye ( including sta-ro-sla-vya-niz-we): breath-but-ve-nie, coming, father-of-stvo, cha-i-niya, co-blood-vein-ny, not-fluctuating-le-my; voz-vy-shen-but-po-e-ty-che-skie: without-my-tezh-ny, lu-che-zar-ny, charm, la-zur-ny; approving: bla-go-rod-ny, you-yes-y-y-shchy-sya, iz-mi-tel-ny, from-important; las-ka-tel-nye: sol-nysh-ko, go-lub-chik, do-chen-ka

b) words with ot-ri-tsa-tel-noy emo-qi-o-nal-but-ex-press-siv-noy assessment: not-approving: before-we-sat down, pre-pi-rat-sya, eye-le-si-tsa; pre-not-bre-zhi-tel-nye: you jump, de la ha; contemptible: ball-demon, tooth-ri-la, pi-sa-ni-na; swearing/

2) function-qi-o-nal-no-sti-li-sti-che-ski colored lek-si-ka, including:

a) book-naya: on-uch-naya (ter-mi-ny: al-li-te-ra-tion, co-si-nus, in-ter-fe-ren-tion); ofi-qi-al-no-de-lo-vaya: no-under-pi-sav-shi-e-sya, to-treasure-naya; public-li-qi-sti-che-sky: re-port-age, in-ter-view; hu-do-same-same-but-po-e-ti-che-sky: la-zur-ny, eyes, la-ni-you

b) once-go-vor-naya (ob-move-but-be-that-vaya): dad, boy-ka, hwa-stu-nish-ka, healthy-ro-woo-shchi

15. Lek-si-ka ogran-ni-chen-no-go use

For effort-le-niya, you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti in the text-ste can also use all sorts of lek-si-ki ogra-no-chen-but th use-requirement, including:

Lek-si-ka dia-lect-naya (words that somehow use-require-la-yut-sya live-te-la-mi of any place: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Lek-si-ka pro-sto-river-naya (words with brightly you-ra-female-noy decrease-feminine style-li-sti-che-color: fa-mi-lyar-noy, gr -fight, pre-no-bre-zhi-tel-noy, bran-noy, on-ho-dya-shchi-e-sya on the border or behind the pre-de-la-mi li-te-ra - tour norm: go-lo-d-ra-nets, for-bul-dy-ga, for-tre-schi-na, tre-patch);

Lek-si-ka pro-fes-si-o-nal-naya (words that are used in professional speech and are not included dyat in si-ste-mu general-li-te-ra-tour-no-go language: kam-buz - in the speech of mo-rya-kov, duck - in the speech of zhur-na-listov, window - in the speech of pre-da-va-te-lei);

Lek-si-ka hot-gon-naya (words peculiar to hot-go-us - mo-lo-dezh-no-mu: tu-owl-ka, on-in-ro-you, cool; com-pu-ter-no-moo: brains - pa-myat com-pyu-te-ra, clave - cla-vi-a-tu-ra; sol-dat-sko-mu: dem-bel, cher-pak, perfume; heat-go-well pre-step-no-kov: brother-va, ma-li-na);

Lek-si-ka is tired-roar-shay (is-that-riz-we are words that have gone out of use in connection with the disappearance of knowing-cha-e-myh by them before-me-tov or yav-le-ny: bo-yarin, oprich-ni-na, konka; ar-ha-from-we - obsolete words, na-zy-va-yu-schi before-me-you and understanding, for some new ones appeared in the language on-name-no-va-nia: forehead - forehead, wind-ri-lo - sail); - new lek-si-ka (neo-lo-giz-we are words that have not yet entered the language and have not yet lost their newness: blog, slogan, t-ne-jer).

26.3 PHI-GU-RA-MI -RA-MI SPEECH) N-ZY-VA-YUT-XIA STI-LI-STI-CHE-SKY PRI-E-WE, os-but-van-nye on special co-che-ta-ni-yah words that go beyond the usual practical-th-th-th-th-th-th-requirement-le-tion, and having the goal of strengthening you-ra-zi -tel-no-sti and image-ra-zi-tel-no-sti text-hundred. To the basic fi-gu-rams of speech from-no-syat-sya: ri-to-ri-che-question, ri-to-ri-che-vos-cli-tsa-nie, ri-to-ri-che-ob-ra-sche-tion, re-second, sin-so-si-che-sky par-ral-le-lizm, many-so-yu-zie, demon- so-yu-zie, el-lip-sis, in-version-sia, par-cel-la-tion, an-ti-te-za, grad-da-tion, ok-syu-mo-ron. In contrast to lek-si-che-sky means, this is the level of pre-lo-zhe-niya or several pre-lo-zh-ny.

Note: In the tasks-yes-ni-yah there is no clear form-ma-ta opre-de-le-niya, indicat-y-va-yu-sche-go on these funds: they are on -zy-va-yut and syn-so-si-che-ski-mi means-mi, and by reception, and just by means of you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti, and fi-gu -Roy. In task 24, fi-gu-ru speech indicates the number of the pre-lo-zhe-niya, given in brackets.

16. Ri-to-ri-che-sky question- this is fi-gu-ra, in some swarm in the form of a pro-sa contains a statement. Ri-to-ri-che-question does not require from-ve-ta, he uses-use-zu-et-sya to intensify emo-qi-o-nal-ness, you -ra-zi-tel-ness of speech, draw attention to chi-ta-te-la to one or another phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to slander-no-no-no-things, Why did he believe in the words and caresses of false ones, He, from a young age, comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Ri-to-ri-che-vos-kli-tsa-nie- this is fi-gu-ra, in some-swarm in the form of re-cli-tsa-niya contains a statement. Ri-to-ri-che-sky vos-cli-tsa-niya usi-li-va-yut in co-general you express certain feelings; they are usually from-whether-cha-ut-sya not only especially-bout emo-qi-o-nal-no-stuy, but also solemnly-stvenno-no-stuy and under-ny- then-stu:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit be-re-zy. (A. K. Tol-stand);

Alas! before the power of a stranger, the mountainous country leaned. (M. Yu. Ler-mon-tov)

18. Ri-to-ri-che-about-ra-sche-tion- this is a sti-li-sti-che-fi-gu-ra, with-st-I-scha in underline-well-that about-ra-sche-nii to someone-be-or-nothing- be for the effort-le-niya you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti of speech. It serves not so much for naming ad-re-sa-ta speech, but for expressing from-no-she-tion to what one is talking about in-rit-Xia in the text-sta. Ri-to-ri-che-sky ob-ra-sche-tions can create solemnity and pa-te-tic-ness of speech, ex-ra-reap joy, co- zha-le-nie and others from-ten-ki on-stro-e-niya and emo-qi-o-nal-no-go so-sto-i-niya:

My friends! Pre-kra-sen our union. He, like a soul, is unretainable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. On-second- this is a sti-li-sti-che fi-gu-ra, co-hundred-i-scha in the second-re-nii of a member of the pre-lo-same (word) , parts of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them -mania.

Raz-but-kind-but-stya-mi in a second-ra yav-la-yut-sya ana-fo-ra, epi-fo-ra and under-grip.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - rise-de-ne, rise), or unite-but-on-cha-tie, - this is a second-re-word or group of words in na- cha-le lines, stanzas or pre-lo-zh-ny:

Le-ni-vo breathes half-day misty,

Le-ni-vo ka-tit-sya river.

And in the solid fi-men-noy and chi-stand

Le-ni-vo are melting ob-la-ka (F. I. Tyut-chev);

Epiphora(in the lane from Greek - add-on, ko-nech-noe pre-lo-same-pe-ri-o-da) - this is a second-re-word or group of words in end of lines, stanzas or pre-lo-zh-ny:

Though man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, che-lo-eternally.

What is a day or a century

Before that the devil-to-something-but?

Though man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, che-lo-everyday(A. A. Fet);

They got to bu-han-ka light-lo-th bread - joy!

Se-year-nya movie ho-ro-shi in the club - joy!

Two-volume-nickname Pa-at-stov-sko-go to the bookstore brought-brought-li- joy!(A. I. Sol-zhe-ni-tsyn)

Undergrip- this is a repetition of someone from a cut of speech (pre-lo-zhe-niya, verse-creative line) in na-cha-le following-du-yu- sche-th after him co-from-the-st-stvo-th-sche-go from-cut speech:

He-wa-lil-sya on cold snow,

On the cold snow, like so-sen-ka,

As if so-sen-ka in a damp forest (M. Yu. Ler-montov);

20. Para-ral-le-lizm (sin-so-si-che-sky par-ral-le-lizm)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of a text hundred: next to standing lo-zhe-ny, verse-creative lines, stanzas, some-rye, co-from-no-syas, create a single image:

I look at the future with bo-yaz-nyu,

I look at the past with melancholy... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was a ringing string for you,

I was blooming for you in spring,

But you don't want flowers,

And you didn’t hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often with the use of-pol-zo-va-ni-em an-ti-te-zy: What is he looking for in the country yes-le-coy? What did he throw in the native land?(M. Lermontov); Not a country - for a business-not-sa, but a business-nes - for a country (from a newspaper).

21. Inversion(in translation from Greek - pe-re-sta-nov-ka, pe-re-vo-ra-chi-va-nie) - this is from me-not-usually in a row- ka words in the pre-lo-zhe-nii with the aim of underlining the meaning of the meaning of the meaning of any element of the text-hundred (words , pre-lo-zhe-niya), giving the phrase a special sti-li-sti-che-coloring-shen-no-sti: tor-same-stvenno-no-go, you-so- some sound or, on-o-bo-mouth, once-th-vor-noy, somewhat reduced-female ha-rak-te-ri-sti-ki. In-ver-si-ro-van-ny-mi in the Russian language, the following are considered-du-yu-co-che-ta-nia:

So-gla-so-van-noe opre-de-le-nie stands after opre-de-la-e-my-th word: I am sitting at the re-shet-coy in anyway raw(M. Yu. Lermontov); But do not be-ha-lo swell on this sea; not str-il-sya soulful air-spirit: on-z-wa-la thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

To-full-of-non-niya and circumstances-I-tel-stva, you-ra-wife-nye-ess-stuff-tel-us-mi, stand in front of the word, to someone-ro- mu from-no-syat-sya: Hours one-but-one-time battle(one-but-about-time-th fight of hours);

22. Steam-target-la-tion(in translation from French - part-tsa) - sti-li-sti-che-sky reception, concluding in the dis-member-non-nii of a single syn- so-si-che-structure of pre-lo-zhe-niya on not-how-to-to-on-qi-on-but-meaning-lo-vy units - phrases. At the place of division of non-prepositions, they can use a point, re-cli-tsa-tel-ny and pro-si-tel-ny signs, many -something. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long-gim. Rat-nym. An arrow regiment was beaten. Our. In an un-equal battle(R. Rozh-de-stvensky); Why doesn't anyone bother? About-ra-zo-va-nie and health-in-protection-not-nie! The most important areas of society life! Do not mention-me-well-you in this do-ku-men-te in general(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state-su-dar-stvo remember the main thing: its civil-yes-not - not physical faces. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Bes-so-yu-zie and many-so-yu-zie- syn-so-si-che-fi-gu-ry, os-but-van-nye on a me-ren-nom pro-pus-ke, or, on-o-bo-mouth, co-know -tel-nom in the second-re-nii so-y-call. In the first case, with the omission of the so-y-call, speech is sta-but-vit-sya compressed, compact-noy, di-na-mich-noy. The depicted-ra-m-e-my actions and events here quickly, instantly-vein-but unfold-you-va-yut-sya, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Fight ba-ra-ban-ny, clicks, gnashing.

Thunder of cannons, clatter, rustle, groan,

And death and hell from all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When many-so-yu-zia speech, on-against, for-med-la-et-sya, pauses and second-ry-y-y-y-yut union you-de-la-ut words, ex-press-siv-but under- damn-ki-vaya their semantic meaning:

But and grandson, and great grandson, and great-great-grandson

Ras-here in me, while I myself am growing ... (P.G. An-to-kol-sky)

24.Pe-ri-od- a long, multi-membered preposition or a very widespread simple preposition, something from-li-cha- there is for-the-end-of-no-stu, the unity of the theme and the in-that-on-qi-on-nym races-pa-de-no-eat into two parts. In the first part of the syn-so-si-che-sky, the second one-but-type-y with-yes-exact-ny (or members of the pre-lo-zh-zhe) goes from on-race- ta-u-shim in-a-higher-ni-em in-to-on-tion, then - one-de-la-u-significant pause, and in the second part, where yes-there is a conclusion, the tone is go-lo-sa for-meth-but no-m-e-x. Such an in-it-on-qi-on-noe design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I limit my life at home around the circle, / When I should be a father, su-pru-gom, a pleasant zhre-biy ordered, / When if I was captivated by the family car-ti-nil, at least for a single moment, then, it’s true, I wouldn’t look for another besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. An-ti-te-for, or pro-ti-in-to-be-le-ning(in the lane from Greek - pro-ti-in-po-lo-same) - this is a turnover, in some rum it is sharply pro-ti-in-to-be-la-yut-sya about-ti-in-on-false in-nya-tiya, in-lo-zhe-niya, ob-ra-zy. For the creation of an-ti-te-zy, they usually use an-to-no-we - common languages and con-tek-stu-al -nye:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are pro-za-ik, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into the eyes,

And now - everything is ko-sit-sya in a hundred-ro-well,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All zha-vo-ron-ki now - in-ro-na!

I'm dumb and you're smart

Alive, and I'm dumb-be-not-barking.

O cry of women of all times:

“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsve-ta-e-va)

26. Gra-da-tion(in the lane with lat. - in a degree-pen-noe in-higher-tion, intensification) - a reception that is in the after-before-va-tel- nom race-by-the-same-words, you-ra-zhe-niy, tro-pov (epi-te-tov, meta-for, compare-not-ny) in a row of usi- le-tion (age-ra-ta-nia) or weakening (decreasing-va-nia) sign-ka. Rise-ras-ta-yu-shaya gra-da-tion usually use-use-zu-et-sya to strengthen-le-niya about-raz-no-sti, emo-qi-o-nal-noy you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti and influence -stu-u-sche-strength of the text-hundred:

I called you, but you didn’t look back, well, I shed tears, but you didn’t come down(A. A. Blok);

Light up, go-re-whether, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. So-lo-ukhin)

Nis-ho-dya-shaya gra-da-tion use-use-zu-et-sya less often and usually serves to strengthen the meaning of the content of the text and the creation of the image no-sti:

He brought death pitch

Yes, a branch with fade-shi-mi-li-hundred-mi. (A.S. Pushkin)

27. Ok-su-mo-ron(in the translation from Greek - ost-ro-um-but-glu-poe) - this is sti-li-sti-che fi-gu-ra, in some swarm so-one-nya-yut -sya usually not-co-me-sti-my-nya-tia, like right-vi-lo, about-ti-in-re-cha-shchy each other ( bitter joy, ringing ti-shi-na etc.); at the same time, there is a new meaning, and the speech is given a special expression: From that hour on, it was for Ilya sweet-worthy mu-che-nya, light-lo opa-la-yu-shchy soul (I. S. Shme-lev);

There is melancholy ve-se-laya in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But beauty-so-you them without-about-time-noy I soon ta-in-stvo in-stig. (M. Yu. Ler-mon-tov)

28. Al-le-go-riya- foreign-saying, re-re-da-cha from-attracting-no-thing through a specific image: Foxes and wolves must beat(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- on-me-ren-ny break of you-sa-say-va-niya, pe-re-da-u-schy excitement of speech and pre-la-ga-yu-shchy that chi-ta-tel do-ga-yes-et-sya about not-you-said-zan-nom: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to you-she-pe-re-number-len-syn-so-si-che means you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti in the tests meet-cha-ut-sya and next -yu-shchee:

-vos-kli-tsa-tel-ny pre-lo-zhe-niya;

- dialog, hidden dialog;

-in-quest-but-from-answer-th form from-lo-same-tion such a form from-lo-zhe-niya, with some-swarm che-re-du-ut-sya in-pro-sy and from-ve-you to questions;

-rows of one-native members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete pre-lo-same-nia- proposals, in some, some member is missing, not-about-ho-di-my for half-but-you structure and meaning- niya. From-the-existing-th-th-members of the pre-lo-zhe-tion can be re-stand-new-le-na and con-text-hundred.

Including el-lip-sis, that is, skipping the sk-zu-e-mo-go.

These p-nya-tia races-smat-ri-va-yut-sya in the school course of sin-tak-si-sa. Namely, but in this-mu, on-true, these means you-ra-zi-tel-no-sti most often in re-censorship on-zy-va-yut syn-so-si-che -ski-mi.

Avoid sentences with multiple nouns in the genitive case, for example: rises in the text the problem of conveying meaning public speeches to the listeners.

In such cases, the noun should be replaced by a verb: how convey meaning of public speaking to listeners?

At the same time, many students naively believe that with the help of a limited set of ready-made speech formulas, one can write a good essay. Remember that in any essay you should go from the text, from the logic of the author's thought, and not adjust the author's text to the template phrases you know.

So, the use of typical constructions requires the author of the composition to have certain skills. Let's try to give some advice.

1. Choose from the list of proposed constructions those that most accurately convey your thought or the thought of the author of the source text.

2. Correctly include information from the source text in ready-made speech formulas, change them if necessary (not forgetting the requirements of grammar and speech culture).

3. Think through logical transitions from one thought to another. Each paragraph of the essay should represent a relatively complete whole.

Task 19

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Lucy was gently persistent (1) and (2) although it was difficult to remember everything (3) gradually the old woman told (4) how it was.

Task 20

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding superfluous word. Write out this word.

Often works of art are autobiographical. It is known that, while creating the story "Flight to America", Alexander Grin wrote his autobiography.

Task 21

1) In developed Western countries, one desire is enough to get an education.

2) Only graduates of public schools are carriers of high culture, people of high moral standards.

3) In the negative, in evil, people are more inventive than in the positive.

4) The bar of requirements for oneself must be maintained at the expense of spiritual growth, ignoring, for example, the manner of dressing.

5) We are obliged to reconsider the attitude to each other and to ourselves, not only internally, but also externally.

(10) The same can be said about other means of influencing the consciousness, behavior of people, especially young people. (11) I mean the media, literature, television, cinema.

(According to L.G. Sailor*)

* Larisa Grigorievna Matros- lawyer by profession, Ph.D.

writer, literary critic.

Task 22

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 4−7 present the reasoning.

2) Sentences 1-3 list successive events.

3) Propositions 15−19 explain the content of Proposition 14.

4) In sentences 28−29, reasoning is presented.

5) Sentence 1-3 provides a description.

Task 23

What word is used in the text in a figurative sense?

Write out this word.

turned around (sentence 1)

aphorism (sentence 15)

meet (sentence 23)

blouse (proposal 27)

Task 24

Among sentences 4-9, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

Task 25

List of terms:

1) opposition

2) parceling

3) question-answer form of presentation

4) professional vocabulary

5) epithets

6) lexical repetition

7) interrogative sentence

8) comparison

9) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	AT	G