Adolescent behavioral responses. Behavioral reactions of the body: properties of nervous processes that determine the individual characteristics of behavior

emancipation reaction. This is a desire to free oneself from the care of parents, educators and, in general, all adults. This reaction is facilitated by petty guardianship, deprivation of independence, constant pressure, attitude towards a teenager as an unintelligent little child. The reaction of emancipation is manifested by hidden resistance to the order or attempts to get out of the control of adults. In the first case, this is ignoring advice, instructions and instructions, not accepting help, stubborn attempts to do everything on their own, rejecting the rules and norms established by adults. In the second case, these are attempts to arrange an independent life.

Grouping reaction is carried out by the creation of informal groups of peers and adolescents, a few older or younger in age. These groups are usually distinguished by a certain persistence. Teenagers who are neglected and neglected are most inclined to unite. The activity of such groups is often anti-social in nature (hooliganism, fraud, theft).

Entrainment reactions are closely related to the inclinations, inclinations, interests of the individual and are manifested by the satisfaction of certain needs, motives. Allocate informative

communicative hobbies (satisfaction of the thirst for new information, the need for contacts that allow the exchange of new information); hobbies based on the satisfaction of a sense of excitement (arising from various games, especially for money or other "interest"); egocentric hobbies that allow you to be in the spotlight (participation in amateur performances, sports performances); hobbies caused by passion for hoarding (different types of collecting); hobbies based on the desire for bodily-manual improvement (bodybuilding, body-building); hobbies based on the desire for leadership (search for situations where you can lead); intellectual and aesthetic hobbies (associated with a deep interest in modern or classical music, drawing, radio engineering, modeling). These hobbies can be one of the reasons for the violation of behavior, since for the sake of fulfilling one’s “passion”, studies are abandoned, dubious acquaintances are made, illegal exchange operations, sales, etc. are carried out. hobbies allow these reactions in some cases to be considered as overvalued formations (implementation of overvalued ideas). The painful nature of these hobbies is also confirmed by the absurdity of the goal that the teenager sets for himself (to make a collection of animal excrement, insect paws, fragments of dishes), the unproductive hobby (there are no completed results of what years can be spent on), neglect of one's duties as a family member, student, friend and lack of attention to their health, appearance, career, good name.

Behavioral disorder caused by a reaction to one's physical condition. Assessing his body, a teenager, faced with his physical unusualness, draws a conclusion about his social inferiority. You may want to compensate for your shortcomings in another area or try to correct them. Rapid growth during puberty leads to a disproportionate elongation of the limbs, a delay in the formation of the neuromuscular apparatus, which disrupts the coordination of movements and manifests itself in clumsiness. Hints or reproaches of others about a peculiar appearance or awkwardness cause violent affects, distort behavior. Lagging behind in development, thin and undersized boys (retardants) appear to others as immature and unadapted. They feel the need for guardianship, show rebelliousness. In order to change the unfavorable impression of themselves, they are forced to constantly show ingenuity, enterprise, "courage", be in sight and prove their usefulness and even indispensability in the group to which they belong with their "achievements". Such activity leads to communication difficulties and emotional stress, which create conditions for disturbed behavior. Early maturing adolescents have little time to adapt to a new physical appearance, resulting mental state and position among peers and in the family. Reactions to body features are different in boys and girls.

Behavioral disorders due to emerging sexual attraction. The pace, time, complexity of puberty affect behavior.

With precocious puberty in some cases, affective disorders occur, in others - psychopathic-like behavioral disorders such as disharmonic infantilism, behavioral disorders (pretentiousness, irascibility, aggressiveness), disorder of drives, especially sexual.

With delayed sexual development slowness, lack of concentration, uncertainty, clumsiness, lethargy, impulsiveness and difficulties in adapting to a new situation appear. Teenagers become unassembled, unsure of themselves.

Older children may experience unusual cruelty (sadism), peeping at naked people, cross-dressing, self-exposing, cooperative masturbation, forcing other teenagers and children to nude, perverted interest in urination and defecation, seduction of younger children. Adolescents also have sexual fantasies with masturbation, discussions on erotic themes, exhibitionistic games (with undressing each other), early heterosexual contacts, homosexual oral-genital and anal-genital contacts, promiscuity. Sexual desires can lead to aggression.

Adolescents have insufficiently conscious and increased sexual desire. Gender identification has not yet been completed. Therefore, deviations in sexual behavior easily occur. Adolescents with accelerated and delayed maturation are especially susceptible to them. For the former, a strong sexual desire arises long before social maturity, for the latter, there is a desire to assert themselves, overtaking peers in sexual activity. In addition, those who are lagging behind in development may become the object of seduction by their older comrades. Sexual deviations in adolescents depend on the situation and are transient. Among them may be visionism (peeping at the naked), exhibitionism (demonstration of one's nudity), manipulation of the genitals of younger children or animals. As they grow older and during the transition to a normal sexual life, deviations disappear completely. In unfavorable cases, they become

they become a bad habit and persist along with normal sexual behavior or resume in the absence of a normal sexual life, seductive influence. If masturbation appears before puberty, reaches a high frequency, is accompanied by neurotic symptoms or depressive experiences due to one's behavior, it should be considered as a deviation. Petting, i.e. mutual caresses without sexual intercourse, to achieve orgasm, is used by adolescents in order to avoid defloration and pregnancy. It can be considered deviant if practiced before the age of puberty. The emergence of sexual relations before full physical maturation can be considered as a deviation. Adolescent promiscuity (repeated change of partners and frequent sexual intercourse) is a sexual deviation. It is often combined with alcoholism, which in some disinhibits drives, while in others leads to passive submission. Transient adolescent homosexuality is usually situational. Often it manifests itself in closed educational institutions, where adolescents of the same sex are concentrated. In younger adolescents, this deviation may be due to corruption, imitation and coercion. This deviation is more often found in male adolescents than in girls. The possibility of transient homosexuality is explained by the insufficient maturity of sexual desire. Unlike true homosexuality, an object of the opposite sex is always attractive.

Behavioral disorder due to psychological characteristics. In younger adolescents, there are disproportions in the level and pace of personality development. The emerging sense of adulthood leads to an overestimated level of claims. Emotionality becomes unstable, characterized by sharp mood swings, rapid transitions from exaltation to a depressed mood. When a teenager encounters a lack of understanding of his aspirations for independence, as well as in response to criticism of physical abilities or external data, flashes of affect occur. The most unstable mood is noted at 11-13 years old in boys and at 13-15 years old in girls. The most pronounced stubbornness falls on the same age. In older adolescents, physical maturation is completed, emotional instability becomes less pronounced. They are concerned about the right to independence, they are looking for their place in life. There is a differentiation of abilities, interests, a worldview is developed, a psychosexual orientation is determined. However, purposefulness and perseverance at this age still coexist with impulsiveness and instability. Excessive self-confidence and categoricalness are combined with sensitivity and self-doubt. The desire for wide contacts coexists with the desire to be alone, arrogance with shyness, romanticism with pragmatism and cynicism, the need for tenderness with sadism. The development of the personality of a teenager occurs under the influence of the culture and society that educates him, is associated with the socio-economic status and gender. Puberty in modern adolescents ends before the onset of social maturity. The existing freedom of choice of life path lengthens the time of adaptation. At the same time, social maturation occurs unevenly and depends on the completion of education, material independence or the onset of adulthood. A teenager in some areas of life may be unadapted and it is hard to experience his failure. For example, having authority in a group of athletes, a teenager may be completely immature in relationships with people of the opposite sex. During the life of a teenager, the range of social roles expands: a student, an amateur participant, a member of a sports team, etc. However, their development is difficult, which can lead to great emotional stress and behavioral disorders. The subjective significance and correlation of different roles and relationships is changing.

ACCENTUATIONS OF CHARACTER

The behavior of children and adolescents is determined by what the characteristics of their psyche are, because, as the bearer of previous experience and innate, as well as acquired ways of responding to life circumstances, it actually organizes a system of relations with the environment. It is not enough to evaluate behavior as a separate process; one should study the carrier of this process - the personality. Otherwise, the activity will be studied in isolation from the actor. Personality is revealed in every activity, being determined in every reaction by the history of its past. Therefore, for a correct explanation of the activity performed, knowledge of the personality and its characteristics is necessary. Personality is a dynamic organization in the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine its integral adaptation to its environment (Allport G.). Personality acts as a united set of internal mental conditions through which all external influences are refracted.

People differ from each other in such distinctive features that give them individual traits. These individual traits, according to K. Leonhard (1976), belong to the sphere of orientation of interests and inclinations, to the sphere of feelings and will, and to the sphere associated with intelligence (interest, desire for orderliness). The accentuated traits are nowhere near as numerous as the varying individual ones. Accentuation is, in essence, the same individual traits, but with a tendency to move into a pathological state. With great severity, they leave an imprint on the personality as such and, finally, can acquire a pathological character, destroying the structure of the personality. Accentuated personalities are not pathological. Among them are individuals with a pronounced original mental warehouse.

Accentuated personalities potentially contain both the possibility of socially positive achievements and a socially negative charge. V. M. Bekhterev (1886) wrote about the transitional degrees between psychopathy and the normal state and about such a weak severity of psychopathy that under normal conditions it is not detected. This also includes "easily losing balance", discordant-normal, "latent psychopaths" [GannushkinP. B., 1933].

A. E. Lichko (1983) argues that with character accentuations, his features, as opposed to psychopathy, may not appear everywhere and not always. They can only be found under certain conditions. These features do not prevent satisfactory social adaptation, or its violations are transient. Each type of accentuation has its own “weak points” that are different from other types. So, for a hyperthymic character, the situation of isolation is difficult, and for a schizoid character, the need to establish informal emotional contacts is difficult. Under certain circumstances, the accentuator may find increased resistance. The schizoid easily tolerates loneliness, hyperthymia - an environment that requires increased activity. In connection with the foregoing, A.E. Lichko gives the following definition: character accentuations are extreme variants of his norm, in which certain character traits are excessively strengthened, which reveals selective vulnerability to a certain kind of psychogenic influences with good and even increased resistance to others.

The number of accentuated personalities in the population is 50%. Moreover, these data are valid for both adults and children. Among older adolescents, accentuants are found in 62% [Ivanov N. Ya., 1978]. The dependence of the frequency of occurrence of character accentuations on gender is noted. For example, in both younger adolescence and older, there are more accentuators among males, 52-42% and 52-51%, respectively.

A. E. Lichko (1977) describes the following main types of accentuations character: hyperthymic, cycloid, labile, asthenoneurotic, sensitive, psychasthenic, schizoid, epileptoid, hysteroid, unstable.

Hyperthymic type. It is characterized by high spirits, a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, inextinguishable optimism, only for a short time overshadowed by misfortunes and failures. An increased thirst for activity contributes to the achievement of production and creative success. Lack of sustained attention can lead to interesting associations. Hyperthymic individuals are brilliant conversationalists, always finding enthusiastic and appreciative listeners, yet they may miss things that need to be taken seriously. They are able to violate ethical norms without much remorse. They embark on dubious enterprises, often putting their property, position, and authority at stake. They take on a lot, but do not always bring the matter to the end. From childhood, they are noisy, sociable, overly independent, bold, prone to mischief, quick-tempered, easily enter into conflicts, always strive to lead, because of distractions and restlessness, they study unevenly.

Sexual feeling awakens early, so early manifestations of sexuality are possible.

The “weak point” of hyperthymia is intolerance to a monotonous environment, monotonous work, limited contacts, idleness, opposition to leadership attitudes.

cycloid type. This type is characterized by a change in hyper- and dysthymic states, which occurs without an apparent reason or in connection with certain events. The duration of these conditions ranges from several days to several weeks. In dysthymic states, lethargy, loss of strength, decreased mood are observed, communication becomes difficult, efficiency decreases, even minor troubles and experiences are hard to experience. Appetite decreases, sleep worsens, weakness is often noted in the mornings, complaints of boredom appear, there are thoughts about one's own worthlessness, suicidal intentions. In this phase, it is especially difficult to change the habitual routine of life, for example, the change of a strictly regulated life with parents to an independent existence outside the family.

The hyperthymic state in its characteristics approaches what is observed with hyperthymic accentuation.

Labile type. Carriers of this type react to life more violently than others. They are equally easily delighted with joyful events and despair with sad ones. Mood changes are less associated with selfish stimuli, more often they are motivated by altruistic urges. They develop strong attachments. To the depths of their souls, they are permeated with love for music, art, nature. These accentuators are extremely impressionable, compassion and pity for the offended and destitute can lead them to despair. Artistic talent is a frequent quality of labile personalities.

In childhood, they do not differ from their peers or turn out to be more neurotic. Sexual activity is usually limited to courtship. The drive remains insufficiently differentiated for a long time.

The "weak link" in this type of people is their emotional rejection by significant persons, the loss of loved ones or separation.

Asthenoneurotic type. Accents of this type are characterized by increased fatigue, irritability, a tendency to hypochondria, affective outbursts, and tearfulness.

As children, accentuants show signs of neuropathy: sleep disturbances, moodiness, tearfulness, fearfulness.

"Vulnerable point" - the realization of the impracticability of plans, the unreality of hopes and desires, resulting in neurasthenia or other psychogenic disorders.

sensitive type. The main features of this type are: excessive impressionability and a sense of inferiority. These accentuants reveal many shortcomings in the field of moral, ethical and volitional qualities. They are very attached to loved ones. They have a highly developed sense of duty, responsibility, unusually high moral requirements for themselves and others.

In childhood, they are shy, afraid of the dark, animals, loneliness, avoid too lively peers, do not like noisy games, timid and shy. They are afraid of exams, they are embarrassed by the answers at the blackboard. Sexual desires increase shyness and feelings of inferiority, especially when onanism appears. "Weak link" - a situation in which the accentuator is the object of ill will, ridicule and suspicion of unseemly behavior.

psychasthenic type. Representatives of this type are indecisive, hesitate for a long time at the beginning of any business, seek confirmation of the success of future activity, doubt. They are suspicious, afraid of everything new, constantly in doubt, fear of the bad, dangers, misfortunes, in connection with this, it is very difficult for them to wait. In childhood, they are timid, timid, motor awkward, prone to reasoning, "adult" intellectual interests and the development of phobias of strangers, new objects, darkness.

Sexual development is often ahead of the physical.

Breakdowns are possible when experiencing a situation of increased responsibility.

Schizoid type. To assess reality, an accentuant of this type is more important than his own ideas than perceptions and sensations. He creates a picture of the world around him in accordance with his own judgments and on the basis of life experience. The more pronounced the accentuation, the more the person moves away from reality. Unexpressed introversion contributes to independence of judgment, and strong introversion favors the creation of an unreal world. Attempts to act in this regard lead to a collision with a reality that was not sufficiently taken into account when creating action plans. Accentuants are more thoughtful and less ready to act. Expressed immersion in one's own experiences leads to isolation from other people. Another reason for communication difficulties may be the weakness of emotional contacts. The latter is largely determined by the poverty of their effectiveness, the underdevelopment of instincts, the ability to empathize and the lack of intuition.

From an early age, these children prefer solitude, play alone, avoid noisy peer groups, preferring to them the company of adults whose conversations are of interest to them. They are not childishly restrained and lack lively efficiency.

Sexual activity is often not noticeable to others. Contempt for sexual life can be combined with persistent onanism and vivid erotic fantasies in reality and in a dream.

The need to quickly and easily enter into informal contacts creates an unbearable situation for schizoids.

epileptoid type. Accentuants of this type are characterized by the desire for affective relaxation, explosiveness, impulsiveness, discontent, violent and rude protests, and resolving conflicts with physical force. There is an underlying build-up of affect, cruelty. Thinking is heavy, detailed, stuck,

In childhood, this accentuation is rarely found, but if it is formed early, then excessive, inconsolable tearfulness, sadistic inclinations, frugality and petty accuracy unusual for age are observed.

Strong sexual desire, a tendency to sexual excesses, sadistic and masochistic tendencies are characteristic of epileptoids.

They do not tolerate disobedience, material losses, they are not able to limit their lust for power, curb jealousy, almost any affect can become uncontrollable and lead to cruel aggression.

hysterical type. They are characterized by egocentrism, capriciousness, demonstrativeness, intrigue, the need for

knowledge, overestimation, the desire to seem, and not be, self-praise, self-incrimination, slander of other people, fantasies, extravagant appearance and actions, self-pity, thoughtlessness of actions, lack of deep and sincere feelings.

From childhood, they can’t stand it when others are praised, toys are not so much played as they brag about. They strive to attract attention, solicit admiration and praise, for this they demonstrate their knowledge, skills, "talents".

Sexual attraction is not strong, sexual behavior is extravagant, defiant. They talk about "victories, adventures", present themselves as experienced, dissolute,

unstable type. Representatives of this type strive for pleasure, idleness, entertainment. In this regard, they soon obey those who offer to try smoking, drinks, psychoactive substances, they are looking for unusual adventures, including in sexual relationships. They are suggestible and carefree. They are indifferent to family members, neglect household duties. Close people are often seen as a source of funds for pleasure and entertainment. They are cowardly, lack initiative, and in this regard, they easily become the prey of criminal elements.

In childhood, they are naughty, restless, easily fall under the influence of others, and with difficulty learn the rules of behavior. Refusing to study. They are engaged and perform the regimen only under strict control.

Sexual attraction is not strong, under the influence of someone else's example, they begin their sexual life early, which becomes a source of entertainment for them.

The weak point of accents is leaving them to themselves without any control.

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Behavioral responses that increase or decrease the distance between the animal and the stimulus play a crucial role in the adaptation and survival of all living things. These opposite tendencies, which are called positive and negative reactions, or reactions of approach and avoidance, cover behavioral acts of varying complexity, ranging from stereotypical taxis of the simplest to the most complex human activity.

Behavioral responses during mating are initiated by triggering signals, and terminated by canceling signals associated with the eruption of sperm by the male.

Adaptive behavioral reactions develop with a lack of water in the body, which leads to the appearance of a feeling of thirst due to the activation of the hypothalamic zones located dorsolateral to the supraoptic nucleus.

Behavioral reactions of a labile type are mainly developed in the course of individual experience or (in the simplest version) are realized as a direct response to one or another stimulation. The ecological significance of these reactions lies in the fact that, arising in response to irregular, relatively short-term changes in conditions, they ultimately ensure the most adaptive character of behavior as a whole.

For agonistic behavioral responses to be most effective, they must be stereotyped for each species. Tinbergen has clearly demonstrated this in experiments with three-spined sticklebacks. In one series of experiments he showed that the menacing posture of the male is effective only if he is in a horizontal position with protruding pectoral fins and raised spines.

Maintaining meaningful behavioral responses requires the constant attention of the management of the organization and the use of very significant resources.

To some extent, the bioelectrical activity of the brain correlates with the violation of behavioral reactions. At higher PES (more than 5 mW/cm2) these changes are not controversial, while at lower PES values ​​they are the subject of discussion.

Such structures of behavioral reactions of an organism are based on the principles of control described by cybernetics, common to a living organism and to a machine. The analogue of this neurophysiological structure of behavioral reactions is not a mechanical machine or a telephone switch, but an electronic computer that controls the operation of other machines or the production process according to a specific program.

The approach to the study of behavioral reactions from the point of view of Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity makes it possible to explain phenomena that seem contradictory from the point of view of behavioral theories. A number of authors of the Pavlovian school have been given an exhaustive analysis of the role of reinforcement conditions in the formation of complex behavior. A distinctive feature of this analysis is not only attention to the issues of partial reinforcement, but also consideration of the problem of the role of reinforcement conditions in general. The study of the problem of the role of the reinforcement condition in the formation of complex forms of behavior from the point of view of the teachings of I. P. Pavlov on the dynamics and correlation of nervous processes, the analytical and synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex and the mechanism of closing temporary connections allows us to explain not only the effect of partial reinforcement, but also such complex forms of behavior, such as the formation of chain conditioned reflexes, systems of chain conditioned reflexes with a conditioned inhibitory complex, reflexes to complex stimuli with a complex interconnection structure.

There is a gradation of the complexity of innate behavioral reactions, reflecting the complexity of the neural pathways involved in the organization of certain actions. Innate forms of behavior include bioorientation (taxis and kinesis), unconditioned reflexes and instincts. The latter can sometimes be extremely complex and include biological rhythms, territorial behavior, courtship, mating, aggression, altruism, social hierarchy and social organization. In plants, any form of behavior is innate.

1.Reaction of opposition or protest. At early preschool age, it can occur when the child’s activity is limited, with excessive or forced feeding, with premature or immoderately strict potty training. demands, unbearable workloads, loss or lack of attention, unfair or cruel punishments. 2.Reactions of active protest. Disobedience, rudeness, destructive actions, defiant or aggressive behavior. 3. Reactions of passive protest. Refusal to eat, leaving home, suicide attempts, refusal to speak (mutism), enuresis, encopresis, repeated vomiting, constipation, violent cough, disguised hostility to the "offender", withdrawal, violation of emotional contact. 4. Refusal reaction. Its most typical manifestations occur at an early age. It arises in connection with the child's loss of a sense of security, an unsatisfied need for communication with an emotionally significant figure. The most pronounced manifestations of this reaction are immobility, lethargy, lack of desire for communication, the disappearance of reactions to what is happening around. The desire to play, to enjoy sweets is lost. There are depression, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite. The weakening of somatic diseases contributes to the occurrence of this reaction. 5. Simulation reaction. It is characterized by copying the behavior of the most authoritative person for the child. The child can imitate the activity of an adult or the behavior of a reference group (an asocial company of children). Violation of behavior occurs when antisocial forms of behavior (foul language, hooligan acts, theft, vagrancy), addictive behavior (smoking, inhalation of volatile substances, alcohol consumption) are copied. This reaction is especially stubbornly repeated and leads to deeper maladaptation if it develops against the background of disinhibited drives or if it itself provokes the premature development of instinctive manifestations (for example, sexual ones). 6.Compensation reaction. It can arise as a form of psychological defense, in which children, disappointed by their failure in one area, strive to achieve great success in other areas. This reaction can form the basis of behavioral disorders if a child who has not been able to prove himself at school begins to strengthen his authority through antisocial behavior (hooliganism, theft, etc.). 7. Hypercompensation reaction. It differs from the previous one in that children overcome their inability or their defect due to super efforts in the most difficult area of ​​activity for them. If a fearful teenager tries to overcompensate for his fear by attacks on other teenagers or by dangerous riding a bicycle, motorcycle, car (stealing them from their owners), then this reaction will thus become a mechanism for the development of disturbed behavior. 8. Reaction of emancipation. This is a desire to free oneself from the care of parents, educators and, in general, all adults. This reaction is facilitated by petty guardianship, deprivation of independence, constant pressure, attitude towards a teenager as an unintelligent little child. The reaction of emancipation is manifested by hidden resistance to the order or attempts to get out of the control of adults. In the first case, this is ignoring advice, instructions and instructions, not accepting help, stubborn attempts to do everything on their own, rejecting the rules and norms established by adults. In the second case, these are attempts to arrange an independent life. 9. Grouping reaction. It is carried out by the creation of informal groups of peers and adolescents, somewhat older or younger in age. These groups are usually distinguished by a certain persistence. Teenagers who are neglected and neglected are most inclined to unite. The activity of such groups is often anti-social in nature (hooliganism, fraud, theft). 11. Fascination reactions. Closely related to the inclinations, inclinations, interests of the individual and are manifested by the satisfaction of certain needs, motives. Allocate informative and communicative hobbies(satisfaction of the thirst for new information, the need for contacts that allow the exchange of new information ); hobbies based on the satisfaction of a sense of excitement(arising from various games, especially for money or other "interest"); egocentric hobbies, allowing you to be in the spotlight (participation in amateur performances, sports performances), etc. Constant focus on hobbies, affective charge in the process of exercising your hobby allow these reactions in some cases to be considered as overvalued formations (implementation of overvalued ideas). The painful nature of these hobbies is also confirmed by the absurdity of the goal that the teenager sets for himself (to make a collection of insect paws, fragments of dishes), the unproductiveness of the hobby (there are no completed results of what years can be spent on.

Mental states of people in extreme situations are diverse. At the initial moment, the reaction of people is predominantly of a vital orientation, due to the instinct of self-preservation. The level of expediency of such reactions is different in different individuals - from panic and senseless to consciously purposeful.

Sometimes people experience a state of psychogenic anesthesia (no feeling of pain) in the first 5-10 minutes after injuries, burns, while maintaining a clear consciousness and the ability to rational activity, which allows some of the victims to escape. In individuals with an increased sense of responsibility, the duration of psychogenic anesthesia in some cases reaches 15 minutes, even with the area of ​​burn lesions up to 40% of the body surface. At the same time, hypermobilization of psychophysiological reserves and physical forces can be noted. Hypermobilization in the initial period is inherent in almost all people.

E.A.Mileryan highlights the following types of human behavior in a state of emotional stress in extreme conditions: - tense (slowness, impulsiveness); -brake; - aggressively uncontrolled (with affective breakdowns, reduced control of consciousness over behavior); cowardly (avoidance of activities, actions according to habitual algorithms, a pronounced sense of fear); progressive type (improvement of performance, the presence of fighting enthusiasm).

Fear

Fear– negative emotion in a situation of real or imagined danger. The emotion of fear in itself causes fear, and the experience of fear further intensifies it, leading to an extreme stage of horror.

Horror- this is the maximum degree of the experience of fear, reinforcing itself due to the repeated circulation of this experience in the psyche.

As a philosophical concept, "fear" was introduced by S. Kierkegaard, who distinguished between empirical "fear-fear" of a specific danger and unaccountable metaphysical "fear-longing" specific to a person.

There are two main functions of fear:

· motivation of cognitive and behavioral acts;

adaptive motivation.

The primary function of fear is to motivate specific cognitive and behavioral acts that promote security and a sense of confidence. Fear also performs an adaptive function, forcing a person to look for ways to protect himself from possible harm. A premonition of fear can become an impulse to strengthen the "I", can encourage an individual to self-improvement.

Depending on the origin, 4 types of fear are distinguished.

biological fear- is caused by a situation that is directly life-threatening. The threat can come from outside or from within the body. As an expression of the disturbance of internal balance, fear arises when the body's metabolism is disturbed - the exchange of matter and energy with the environment. The main element of this exchange is oxygen. Oxygen deficiency, which most strongly affects the nervous system, excites a state of fear in myocardial infarction, acute circulatory failure, bronchial asthma, blood loss, etc., and its intensification depends on the degree of decrease in oxygen access (fear with a heart attack is stronger than with anemia ). In addition to lack of oxygen, fear can be caused by thirst and hunger. The units of time for oxygen deprivation are minutes, water - hours, food - days. The growth of fear depends on the length of the period: the shorter the period, the faster the fear grows.

social fear- a person cannot live and develop without interaction with other people, and his exclusion from the social world (social death) is equal to biological death.

moral fear- interaction with the environment, the performance of certain roles and norms of behavior, assessment of oneself according to the reactions of the environment affect in a stabilizing way the emotional attitude towards oneself. The sudden appearance of something contrary to this causes fear, which will increase in direct proportion to the exclusivity of the situation.

disintegration fear- the experience of fear is accompanied by a feeling of insecurity, insecurity, inability to control the situation.

There are a number of stimuli and situations to which we are biologically predisposed to respond with fear. As experience is gained, a person begins to experience fear when confronted with various situations, phenomena and objects. Most fear activators are associated with "natural signals" of danger.

Fear- this is a strong emotion that has a very noticeable effect on the perceptual-cognitive processes and behavior of the individual. There is a phenomenon of fear delayed in time, which is explained by the fact that in a situation of threat there are opportunities to avoid danger. Intense fear creates the effect of "tunnel perception", severely limiting the perception, thinking and freedom of choice of the individual. It stops the individual's freedom of behavior: a person ceases to belong to himself, he is driven by a single desire - to eliminate the threat, to avoid danger, but fear can be accompanied not only by a reaction of withdrawal or flight, but also by careful attempts to explore the frightening object, sometimes even a smile or laughter, which driven by motivation.

Fear may be the result of a cognitive assessment of the situation as potentially dangerous. Thought processes constitute the largest, most common class of fear activators. Its source is a person, object or situation.

The list of indicators of fear includes such phenomena as an instant cessation or gradual extinction of the actions performed, prolonged numbness, alertness, a reaction of avoidance or withdrawal from the stimulus, a serious or frightened facial expression, etc.

Indicators (expressive and motor acts):

1. Watchful and intense look directed at the object;

2. Mimic manifestations specific to fear;

3. Mimic manifestations may be accompanied by trembling or crying;

4. Pantomimic complexes, such as cowering and attempts to escape;

5. Desire to contact with a potential defender;

6. Complete lack of movement.

Fear- the most toxic, the most pernicious emotion. If the individual does not have the ability to eliminate the threat, the experience of fear, having a powerful effect on the nervous system and the functioning of vital organs, can increase the danger. Excessive activation of the autonomic nervous system creates a serious burden on the vital organs, working on the verge of failure.

Emotion researchers believe that facial expressions are the most reliable and accurate indicators of fear. Internal tension during fear can go to the muscles, increasing their tone, the face can become “dead”, immobile, and fear experiences are not always constant and can manifest themselves in seizures. With a developed mimic expression of fear, the eyebrows are raised and slightly reduced to the bridge of the nose, as a result of which the horizontal wrinkles in the center of the forehead are deeper than along the edges. The eyes are wide open, the upper eyelid is sometimes slightly raised, as a result of which the white of the eye between the eyelid and the pupil is exposed. The corners of the mouth are sharply retracted, the horn is usually ajar.

Prolonged experiences of fear cause changes throughout the body - heartbeat, rapid pulse, tachycardia attacks. There is a feeling of squeezing in the chest, suffocation, abdominal pain, intestinal spasms, flatulence, urination disorder, diarrhea, muscle twitching, trembling.

Affect

The group of primary emerging, emotionally saturated and psycho-traumatic states that manifest themselves in extreme conditions includes affect. Affect (from lat. affectuctus - emotional excitement, passion) is a strong and relative short-term emotional experience, accompanied by pronounced motor and visceral manifestations.

The affect arises on the occurred event and is shifted to its end. Any emotion (positive or negative) and feeling (positive or negative) can be experienced in an affective form. Outwardly, affect manifests itself in pronounced movements, violent emotions, accompanied by changes in the functions of internal organs, loss of volitional control.

An acute conflict situation leads to the emergence of affect, in which an individual must act to save his life, but does not know how and what to do. The same situation, with equal preparedness of people or surprise for them, in one person causes an affect, in another it does not violate mental activity.

agitated state. In response to stimuli signaling a danger to life, anxiety and anxiety come to the fore. Excitation is expressed in fussiness, the ability to carry out only simple automated acts under the influence of random stimuli that have fallen into the field of vision. Agitation is characterized by strong erratic motor activity. The ability to understand the complex relationships between phenomena, which requires judgments and conclusions, is impaired, mental processes are slowed down. A person has a feeling of emptiness in the head, there is a lack of thoughts. Vegetative disorders appear in the form of pallor, palpitations, shallow breathing, sweating, hand tremors. The perception of time and the surrounding reality is disturbed, which makes it difficult to understand the situation as a whole. The process of choosing actions is complicated, the logic and consistency of thinking are violated. As a result, conditions are created for the "release" of stereotyped, automated actions that do not correspond to the current situation. An agitated state is regarded as prepathological within the boundaries of the psychological norm and can be perceived as confusion.

state of stupor. In life-threatening conditions, stupor is characterized by a sudden stupor, freezing in place in the position in which the person was at the time of receiving the news of an accident, catastrophe, natural disaster, etc .; while intellectual activity is preserved. Stupor is manifested in the tense stiffness of posture, movement and speech.

In the literature, the state of affect is divided into three characteristic aspects: 1) the "charge" of affect (the energy component of instinctive attraction); 2) the process of "discharging"; 3) perception of the final "discharge" (sensation, emotion, feeling). At the same time, the “charge” of affect has a quantitative assessment of intensity, and the process of “discharge” is felt or perceived by a person in qualitative categories.

K. M. Gurevich and V. F. Matveev came to the conclusion that the state of passion in emergency situations is closely related to the individual characteristics of the nervous system: persons who do not have sufficient strength of the excitation process or with a predominance of the inhibitory process are most likely to be incompetent in complex and extreme situations.

A behavioral response can be classified based on a combination of two features:

1) the degree of consumer involvement in the purchase - the degree of his energy costs when choosing a product. With high attraction, there are significant energy costs through the significance of the purchase, the complexity of the choice and the frequency of the purchase of goods, the price. With low involvement, energy costs are low due to a high degree of familiarity with the product and the routine of buying. To increase involvement, it is necessary, first, to form associations among consumers for solving problems with the product: Colgate toothpaste and caries prevention, the aroma of morning coffee and awakening. Secondly, to form an emotional reaction among consumers regarding personal values: buying a subscription to the gym and a perfect figure. Thirdly, to increase the significance of the purchase through the improvement of the product (dry breakfast is enriched with vitamins);

2) the form of influence on the consumer of motivating factors of marketing - the ratio of rational or irrational in the promotion of goods. Intellectual influence is based on logical arguments. Emotional is aimed at sensations, intuition, experiences. These two forms of influence complement each other, however, for certain products, one of them becomes dominant.

On the basis of these features, a consumer behavioral response matrix was built by Foot, Cone, Belding (Fig. 10.2).

Rice. 10.2. in the involvement of the consumer in the purchase / the form of influence on the consumer of the motivating factors of marketing

It can be seen that the form of influence on the consumer of motivating factors of marketing is plotted horizontally, and the degree of involvement in purchases is plotted vertically. Four successive stages of reaction are possible.

1) The upper left quadrant "Education" - is characterized by a high degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and the intellectual form of influence of marketing incentives on him. This behavioral reaction of the consumer occurs when purchasing expensive goods, the functional characteristics of which are important.

2) The upper right quadrant "Emotionality" - is characterized by a high degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and the emotional form of exposure to marketing motivating factors. This behavioral reaction of the consumer occurs when acquiring status goods.

3) The lower left quadrant "Routine" - is characterized by a low degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and an intellectual form of influence of marketing motivating factors on him. This behavioral reaction of the consumer occurs when purchasing goods, the main thing in which is the basic functional purpose.

4) The lower right quadrant "Hedonism" - is characterized by a low degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and the emotional form of exposure to marketing motivating factors. This behavioral response of the consumer occurs when purchasing inexpensive goods that bring joy and for which an important component of pleasure.

Also, the behavioral response of the consumer is classified based on a combination of two features:

1) the degree of consumer involvement in the purchase;

2) differences between brands.

On the basis of these features, the following matrix of the consumer's behavioral response was built (Fig. 10.3).

Rice. 10.3. in

It can be seen that the degree of consumer involvement in the purchase is plotted horizontally, and the differences between brands are plotted vertically. Four successive reaction steps are possible

1) The upper left quadrant "Complex Purchasing Behavior" is characterized by a high degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and significant differences in brands. This behavioral reaction of the consumer occurs with rare purchases of expensive goods. Manufacturers of products whose purchase requires a high degree of consumer involvement should be aware of how seriously they will collect information about the proposed purchase and evaluate it Marketers need to develop strategies to help consumers understand the relative importance of product features and inform buyers about the difference between one brand and another .

2) The upper right quadrant "Choice-oriented shopping behavior" is characterized by a low degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and significant differences in brands. This behavioral consumer response occurs when market leaders seek to support habitual buying behavior by increasing the share of their products on store shelves and intensive advertising. In turn, competitors, trying to increase their market share, offer special prices, coupons, free samples, and run ads that convince the buyer to try something new.

3) The lower left quadrant "Purchasing Behavior, Smoothes Out Dissonance" - characterized by a high degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and minor differences in brands. This behavioral response of the consumer occurs when purchases are risky, through the high cost of goods and infrequent purchases. At the same time, the consumer does not always notice the differences between similar products of different brands. Therefore, he will visit several stores to compare options, but he will make a purchase quickly enough, focusing on price levels and service. The marketing strategy should be aimed at providing the consumer with information that would justify his choice.

4) The lower right quadrant Habitual Buying Behavior is characterized by a low degree of consumer involvement in the purchase and minor differences in brands. This behavioral response of the consumer occurs when purchasing inexpensive everyday goods. Therefore, there is no need to actively search for information about various brands, evaluate their characteristics and carefully consider the purchase decision.

Consumers passively perceive information. Therefore, repeated repetition of brand advertising leads to the fact that they only get acquainted with it, but are not convinced of the need to purchase, there is no stable relationship to the brand; they choose her because they know her. After the purchase, they cannot evaluate their choice due to weak involvement in the process. Thus, the low-involvement buying process begins with the formation of brand belief through passive learning. Then, buying behavior is formed. After this, evaluation can follow. Producers of these types of products with small differences between brands effectively use the practice of discounts and sales to increase sales, as buyers do not attach much importance to the brand. Advertising should describe the main features of the product and use bright visual or figurative symbols associated with the product brand. An advertising campaign should be aimed at repeated repetition of short messages. In this sense, television is more effective than print advertising.