To make your speech in a foreign language expressive, correct and varied, as well as to learn to understand what other people say (write), you need to know English pronouns. A table (and more than one) will be presented in this article with the necessary explanations to facilitate the assimilation of grammatical material.

What is a pronoun and what is it for?

This part of speech is used in any language to avoid tautology, to enliven dry statements, and also to make them more logical. Pronouns in English are called Pronouns, which translates as "instead of nouns."

This service component acts as a substitute for those parts of speech that have already been mentioned in oral or written text. Nouns and adjectives can be replaced, a little less often - adverbs and numerals. Pronouns help us to maintain the logic and clarity of the presentation of thoughts, but at the same time not to repeat ourselves, naming the same people, objects, phenomena, signs, etc. again.

What are the pronouns in English

English pronouns, like Russian ones, change in person, gender, and number. In addition, they must be consistent with the part of speech that they replace. For example, agreement on the basis of gender: girl (girl) - she (she). In the same way, coordination is carried out in the number: boys (boys) - they (they).

Now let's take a closer look at what each variety is and how this service part of speech manages to simplify English.

Personal Pronouns

They have their name because they replace nouns - animate and inanimate. There are seven in total.

• I - I;
• you - you (you);
• he - he;
• she - she;
• it - it;
• we - we;
• they - they.

Pay attention to the following features:

1. You is used in both the singular and the plural. It is translated accordingly: “you”, “you” (appeal to one person) or “you” (appeal to a group of people).

2. It denotes not only inanimate objects, but also animals.

The above personal pronouns are given in the nominative case. But what if you need to say: “you”, “me”, “about us”, etc.? What is transmitted in Russian by other cases (dative, genitive, prepositional, etc.), in English is called in one word - the subjective case. Such pronouns replace words that are not subject in the sentence. The correspondence table is shown below.

Who? What?	Whom? What? To whom? What? By whom? How? About whom? About what?
	me - me, me, me, etc.
	you - you (you), you (you), etc.
	him - to him, him, etc.
	her - her, her, etc.
	it - to him, him, etc.
	us - us, us, etc.
	them - them, them, etc.

Start practicing using the subjective case when you thoroughly understand and learn the forms of the nominative. Otherwise, you just run the risk of getting confused. In general, remembering pronouns is quite simple, and the more often you study a foreign language, the more confident you will become to speak.

Possessive Pronouns

This group is the second most frequently used. But do not rush to get scared when you see new English pronouns. The table below shows the correspondence between personal and possessive types.

Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
you - you (you)	your - your (your)

As you can see, the basis of almost all pronouns is the same, and the differences are most often only in one letter.

It is recommended to learn and work out in the exercises first personal pronouns, then possessive ones, and then practice in mixed tests, where you need to choose the option that is suitable in meaning and grammar: you or your, etc. So you will firmly learn everything and will never confuse these two superficially similar groups.

Demonstrative Pronouns

We continue to study pronouns in English and now we are moving on to the variety that helps to navigate in space, show a certain object, direction and place. They do not change according to persons and genders, but they have forms of the singular and Further in the table you will see demonstrative English pronouns with translation.

For example, if a picture hangs on the wall in the distance, then they say about it: That is a picture. And if there are pencils nearby on the table, this can be indicated as follows: These are pencils.

There is another function for this group of service parts of speech. They can replace individual words or even entire expressions. This is done to avoid repetition. For example: Air quality in the village is better than that in the city - The air quality in the village is better than (air quality) in the city.

Relative Pronouns

This variety can often be found in complex sentences to connect the main and subordinate parts. Such an English pronoun with translation and understanding of foreign speech can create difficulties. Therefore, it is necessary to understand this issue well. The following relative pronouns exist:

• that - what, which (used to refer to both animate and inanimate objects);
• which - which (only to designate objects or phenomena);
• who - who, who (indicates people only);
• whom - to whom, who, whom (not found in colloquial language, used only in official speech as a speech cliché).

Interrogative Pronouns

As you might guess, this type is used in interrogative sentences. If you are already familiar with the topic “Special Questions”, then you know these English pronouns well. All of them are notable for the fact that they begin with the letter combination wh:

• what? - what? which? which?
• which? - which? which one (of the two)?
• who? - who?
• whom? - to whom? whom?
• whose? - whose?

Sometimes the suffix -ever can be added to them, and then combinations of whatever (any, anything), whoever (any, anyone), etc. are obtained.

Pay special attention to the following features.

Who is used in the singular and assumes the verb form is, as well as the ending -s in the present simple tense.

Who is there? Who likes this film?

The exception is when the plural personal pronoun is used (you, we, they), if the answer involves naming several people, objects, phenomena, etc.

Who of you live in this house? - We do. (Which of you lives in this house? - We.)

(Indefinite Pronouns)

Often there are situations when the information is not entirely clear, or the speaker is not sure of its veracity. For such cases, there is a special group of service words. Below you can see all indefinite English pronouns with translation.

Animated objects	inanimate objects
anyone, anyone - anyone, anyone	anything - anything, anything
everybody, everyone - everyone, everyone	everything - everything
no one, nobody - no one	nothing - nothing, nothing
someone - someone	something - something
other - other either - any (when choosing from two) neither - none (when choosing from two) each - each

Please note that all the pronouns listed in the table are singular (even if translated into Russian they refer to many objects or people).

The plural of indefinite pronouns is represented by the following words:

• any - any;
• both - both;
• several - several;
• others - others, others;
• many - few;
• few - few.

Reflexive Pronouns

Used to refer to actions that are performed on oneself. These English pronouns are related to the varieties you already know - personal and possessive. Only in this case the particle -self (singular) or -selves (plural) is added.

• (I) I - myself;
• (you) you - yourself;
• (he) he - himself;
• (she) she - herself;
• (it) it - itself (about animals and inanimate objects);
• (we) we - ourselves;
• (you) you - yourselves;
• (they) they - themselves.

How to translate This is best understood with examples.

Sometimes it can be translated as "yourself", "yourself", etc.

“Why?”, she asked herself - “Why?” she asked herself.

We arranged a great holiday for ourselves - We arranged a great holiday for ourselves.

In some cases, you can translate such pronouns with reflexive particles -s and -sya.

A cat washed itself - The cat washed itself.

Where are you hiding yourself? - Where are you hiding?

In cases where the fact that the action was performed by someone on their own is emphasized, reflexive pronouns can be translated with the words “himself”, “herself”, etc.

He has built this house himself - He built this house himself.

Reciprocal pronouns (Reciprocal Pronouns)

This variety includes only two representatives: each other and one another. They are synonyms.

Such pronouns are used in cases where two objects perform the same action directed at each other.

We love each other - We love each other.

They hugged and kissed one another - They hugged and kissed.

On Christmas day the friends gave each other presents - On Christmas day, friends gave each other gifts.

In cases where it is necessary to designate a group of people performing the same action in relation to each other, it is necessary to use the form one another. For example:

We are a united family and always help one another. We are a friendly family and always help each other.

People of different generations have difficulties in understanding one another - People of different generations have difficulty understanding each other.

This is what the pronoun system looks like in English. There is nothing complicated in it, since some groups of functional words are formed from others: reflexive and possessive - from personal, mutual - from indefinite, etc.

Having studied and understood the theory, start practicing in various types of exercises. The more often you do this, the sooner you will achieve a noticeable result: you will start using English pronouns in your speech without hesitation.

Greetings, dear reader.

At the beginning of learning English, you can encounter so many things that are frightening and incomprehensible that it is not difficult to beat off all the desire to learn. But if you approach the issue correctly, you can achieve significant success. Today, so that the desire to learn does not run away, the lesson will be devoted to the topic from the very “basics”: “Pronouns of the English language”.

With experience, I came to the conclusion that any information needs to be sorted out. Therefore, I will give you everything in a table, with translation and even pronunciation.

Let's start, perhaps.

Personal pronouns

The first thing you should get acquainted with when learning a language is personal pronouns. This is what we use in speech every day. I, we, you, he, she, them, us, you... - all this forms the basis of any proposal. At the initial stage, 50% of your offers will begin with them. The rest will, of course, be nouns. You can see them clearly in the table below.

Possessive pronouns

« What's mine is mine! ”- or a story about how to understand what kind of word such “possessive” pronouns are. Mine, hers, his, theirs, ours - that's what is hidden behind this word. By the way, another 20% of your words will begin with these words: my mother- my mother,her dog- her dog.

By the way, if you thought that everything would end so easily, then you were cruelly mistaken, because we have not yet discussed absolute possessive pronouns.

You probably have a question, what is the difference. And the difference is that after these pronouns we do not use nouns. Let's look at an example:

It is my pen . - This is my pen.

The pen is mine. - This pen my.

The ball is his. - This ball his.

And notice that in sentences with possessive pronouns, the logical stress shifts to them side! The importance of who owns the thing comes first here!

Demonstrative pronouns

Often in speech it is necessary to use demonstrative pronouns. That, those, these, this - all these forms of pronouns are very often used both in written and in oral speech. Let's take a closer look at how we can use them.

reflexive pronouns

What are reflexive pronouns, probably, not everyone has heard. Somewhere in 3rd grade shocked schoolchildren begin to clutch their heads in search of an explanation. It is understandable, because in Russian we rarely use them, in principle, and after all, we are just starting to learn English.

If you still have questions that I could not answer in this tutorial, ask them in the comments. I if your thirst for knowledge requires more - subscribe to my newsletter. You will find regular and professional help in learning the language. For both children and adults, I have the most valuable and useful information from my experience.

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The study of any topic begins with its basics. The same goes for English pronouns. Yes, you can immediately rush into the pool with your head, studying all the subtleties of this topic. However, if you do not know how this or that pronoun is translated or pronounced, immediately combining the word with other members and making sentences with them will be at least difficult, and at most impossible. Therefore, if you are just starting your acquaintance with this topic, let's look at English pronouns with translation and pronunciation in order to avoid problems in their further development.

English pronouns types

To begin with, it is worth noting that pronouns in English are divided into 9 types:

1. Personal Pronouns or Personal Pronouns
2. Possessive Pronouns or Possessive Pronouns
3. Reflexive Pronouns or Reflexive Pronouns
4. Reciprocal Pronouns or Reciprocal Pronouns
5. Interrogative Pronouns or Interrogative Pronouns
6. Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns or Relative and Connective Pronouns
7. Demonstrative Pronouns or Demonstrative Pronouns
8. Quantitative pronouns or Quantitative pronouns
9. Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns or Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns

Each species has a limited number of words that you need to remember to express your thoughts. These words, as a rule, consist of a small number of letters and do not contain sounds, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties at the initial stage. Let us dwell on each type in more detail and study the pronouns of the English language with transcription and translation.

English pronouns with translation and pronunciation: meaning and transcription

1. The main place among English pronouns is occupied by Personal Pronouns (Personal pronouns). This is the only group in which English allows for case inflection. Table for clarity:

face and number	Nominative	Objective case
1 l., units	I(ah) - me	me(mi) - me / me / me
1 l., pl.	we(wee) - we	us[ʌs] (as) - us / us / us
2 l., unit	you(yuu) - you	you(yu) - to you / by you
2 l., pl.	you(yuu) - you	you(yu) - you / you / you
3 l., unit	he(hee) - he she[ʃi:] (shi) - she it(it) is/it	him(him) - his / him / them her(hyo) - her / her it(it) is
3 l., pl.	they[ðei] (zei) - they	them[ðem] (zem) - them / them / them

1. The second most important group is Possessive Pronouns or the group of possessive pronouns. It also has two forms: attached and absolute. They both answer the same question (“whose?”), but differ in that the first requires a noun after itself, while the second does not. Compare:

As you can see, these forms have something in common, but they are written and pronounced differently. Consider the full list of possessive pronouns:

Attached form	Absolute form
my (May) - mine	mine (mine) - mine
your (yo) - yours	yours (yors) - yours
his (his) - his	his (his) - his
her (hyo) - her	hers (hyos) - her
its (its) - his	its (its) - his
your (yo) - your	yours (yors) - your
our (oue) - our	ours (owers) - our
their [ðeə(r)] (zea) - their	theirs [ðeəz] (zeirs) - their

1. Reflexive Pronouns or reflexive pronouns - a group of pronouns, which is translated into Russian in the meaning of "himself (a)" and "yourself" depending on the situation:

The second part of these pronouns may remind you of the famous word "selfie" (selfie), which just came from the word "self" (himself). The first parts repeat the pronouns of the two above-mentioned groups.

1. Reciprocal Pronouns or reciprocal pronouns in English is the group that will probably take the least time to memorize. It consists of two words with the same meaning:

Pronoun	Translation	Transcription	Pronunciation
each other	each other	[ˌiːtʃ ˈʌðə(r)]	ich aze
one another	[ˌwʌnəˈnʌðə(r)]	one enase

1. The group of Interrogative Pronouns or the group of interrogative pronouns is more extensive. These pronouns, as the name implies, are used to form questions:

Pronoun	Translation	Transcription	Pronunciation
what	what / what		wat
who	who will win		hu
which	which / which		wich
whom	whom / to whom		hum
whose	whose		hus
how	as		how
why	why		wye
when	when		van
where	where / whither		vea

1. Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns or relative and connective pronouns are used in complex sentences. There are not so many of them, but you need to know these words:

Some words of this group and the group of interrogative pronouns are similar, but their functions and meanings are different.

1. Demonstrative Pronouns or demonstrative pronouns in English are also common in speech. Some of them have singular and plural forms:

	Pronoun	Translation	Transcription	Pronunciation
units h.	this	this / this	[ðis]	zys
plural	these	these	[ði:z]	zyz
units h.	that	that / that	[ðæt]	zet
plural	those	those	[ðəʊz]	zous
only ed. h.	such	such		sach
only ed. h.	(the) same	the same		diet

1. There are pronouns in English that denote quantity. They are called Quantitative pronouns or quantitative pronouns. These include:

Pronoun	Translation	Transcription	Pronunciation
much	many (with uncountable nouns)		match
many	many (with countable nouns)	[ˈmeni]	mani
little	little (with uncountable nouns)	[ˈlɪtl]	little
a little	a little (with uncountable nouns)	[əˈlɪtl]	e little
few	few (with countable nouns		phew
a few	several (with countable nouns)	[ə fjuː]	wow
several	some	[ˈsevrəl]	several

1. The most extensive group can rightfully be considered Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns or indefinite and negative pronouns. Most of them are formed by a combination of pronouns, which also independently perform the functions of this group, and other parts of speech:

Pronouns	Other parts of speech
thing [θɪŋ]	one	body [ˈbɒdi]	where
some	something (samsing) - something	someone (samuan) - someone	somebody (sambadi) - someone	somewhere (samvea) - somewhere
any [ˈeni]	anything (enising) - anything	anyone (eniuan) - someone	anybody (enibadi) - someone	anywhere (enivea) - somewhere
no	nothing (nasing) - nothing	no one (but one) - no one	nobody (nobadi) - nobody	nowhere (novea) - nowhere
every [ˈevri]	everything (eurising) - everything	everyone (evryuan) - all	everybody (evribadi) - everyone	everywhere (evrivea) - everywhere

And also pronouns:

Pronoun	Translation	Transcription	Pronunciation
other	another	[ˈʌðə(r)]	aze
another	[əˈnʌðə(r)]	enase

These were all English pronouns with translation and pronunciation. I would like to pay special attention to pronunciation. The fact is that the sounds of the English language are different from the sounds of Russian, so it is actually quite difficult to convey how pronouns are pronounced in English.

The variants presented are close to English pronunciation and have been added to make them easier to understand at an elementary level. With such a pronunciation, you will definitely be understood, however, for a more correct sound, study transcriptions in English. Listening to audio of native speakers and imitating their manner of speaking is also great for remembering the correct pronunciation.

Pronoun- a part of speech that denotes persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in speech or text, and replaces them. A pronoun is usually used in a sentence instead of a noun or an adjective, sometimes instead of an adverb or numeral. Thus, pronouns allow you to avoid repeating the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

English pronouns differ in person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person singular) and case. A pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to. Accordingly, if the noun is in the singular, then the pronoun that replaces it must be in the singular, and vice versa. If the noun is feminine, then the pronoun must also be feminine, and so on.

For example:
The train was late, it had been delayed.
A train was late is he stuck somewhere.

The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Trains were late they stuck somewhere.

Grammatically pronouns in English are divided into several types. They are presented in the table below. Each type of pronoun will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Type	Description	Examples
Personal Pronouns	They replace nouns when it is already clear from the context or situation who or what they are talking about.	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive Pronouns	Express belonging.	Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns	They show that the action returns to the one who performs this action.	Myself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourselves, yourself
Interrogative Pronouns	Used in questions.	Who, what, which, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns	They point to a specific object, place, etc.	This, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns	Used to connect the main and subordinate clauses.	Who, whose, which, that, etc.
Indefinite Pronouns	They point to unknown, indefinite objects, signs of quantity.	Some, any, something, nothing, nobody, etc.
Reciprocal pronouns (Reciprocal Pronouns)	They indicate that some action is performed together, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.	each other, one another

• Personal pronouns in English (Personal Pronouns)

- these are pronouns I, we, he, she, it, we, they. The main purpose of personal pronouns is to replace nouns, if it is clear from the context what or who is being discussed.

Pronouns I and we refer to the speaker, and correspond to the Russian pronouns "I" and "we". They are first person pronouns ( I has a singular form, we- plural form).

For example:
I am free now.
Now I free.

We have to go.
We must go.

Pronoun you refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, and is a second person pronoun. Note that in modern English you always has a plural form, and, accordingly, the verb after it always follows in the plural form. In Russian, it corresponds to both the pronoun "you" when referring to a group of people, or to one person (in a polite form), and the pronoun "you", depending on the context.

For example:
You are a good worker.
You you good worker.

You have completed your assignments successfully.
You successfully completed their tasks.

Pronouns he, she, it, they, are third person pronouns. All of them have the singular form, except for the pronoun they, which is plural. In addition, pronouns he and she are used to refer to male and female people, respectively, and the pronoun it denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, etc. (that is, it corresponds to the middle gender in Russian). Also it often used to refer to animals.

Pronoun they used to refer to both people and objects:

Pronoun it can also be used in relation to people when the speaker is trying to identify the interlocutor:

It used in disjunctive questions when the subject is expressed in words nothing,everything and all:

Everything is all right, isn't it?
It's all right, isn't it?

Nothing happened, did it?
Nothing happened, did it?

It can be used as an introductory subject or object in such sentences where the subject or object is actually expressed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. In Russian, in such cases, the pronoun it there is no equivalent.

For example:
It is not easy to solve this math problem.
It is not so easy to solve this mathematical problem.

It used as a formal subject without meaning in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, etc.:

It is raining.
It's raining.

It is six o "clock.
Six o'clock.

It is a cold day.
Cold day.

Personal pronouns in English have different forms, depending on the case. Distinguish nominative case of personal pronouns (Subject Pronoun), and subjective case of personal pronouns (Object Pronouns).

Nominative	subjective case
I	me - me, me, me, etc.
You	you - you, you, you, etc.
He	him - him, him, etc.
She	her - her, her, etc.
It	it - him / her, him / her, etc. (about inanimate objects)
We	us - us, us, us, etc.
They	them - them, them, them, etc.

• I and Me: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

• For example:
  I am a teacher (and NOT me).
  I- teacher.

  Give that to me(but not I).
  Give it to me.

  Sometimes it is difficult to choose the correct pronoun and speakers make mistakes when using them. choose between I / Me it is more difficult when these pronouns are paired with another pronoun or noun. In this case, they must be used in accordance with the rules for using the subject or object in the sentence.

  For example:

  How right?

  "It was I who did the homework." or "It was me who did the homework."
  This is I did homework.

  Simplify the statement:

  "I did the homework." So that"It was I who did the homework." is the correct option.

  me(but not I).
  The teacher gave homework to my friend and to me.

  If you don't understand why the above sentence is correct, just simplify it again. Break down the offer by participants.

  The teacher gave the homework to my friend.
  +
  The teacher gave the homework to me.
  =
  The teacher gave the homework to my friend and me.

  Personal pronouns in the nominative case in the sentence perform the function of the subject or nominal part of the predicate:

  Mike hasn't come back yet. He is still in his office.
  Mike hasn't returned yet. He is still at work. ( he replaces proper name Mike, and performs the function of the subject.)

  Personal pronouns in the subjective case in a sentence perform the function of a direct or indirect object:

  We called her to congratulations her.
  We called her to congratulate her. ( In this sentence, the pronouns her perform the function of a direct complement.)

  We apologized to him.
  We apologized to him. ( In this sentence, the pronoun him performs the function of an indirect complement.)

• Reflexive pronouns in English (Reflexive Pronouns)

Reflexive pronouns in English are formed from possessive pronouns with the addition of a particle -self for the singular and –selves for plural.

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
The only thing number	I	myself
	You	yourself
	He	himself
	She	herself
	It	itself
plural number	We	ourselves
	You	yourselves
	They	themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object in the sentence are the same person, or, in other words, when the action is directed at oneself.

For example:
Alice saw herself in the mirror.
Alice saw myself into the mirror.

John doesn't know what to do with himself.
John doesn't know what to yourself to do.

In Russian, recurrence can be conveyed by a particle of the verb -sya or -ss:

We had to explain ourselves to the teacher.
We had to explain myself in front of the teacher.

In addition, reflexive pronouns in English can be used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without outside help.

For example:
She herself admitted her mistake.
She is herself admitted her mistake.

The manager spoke to me himself.
Manager myself talked to me.

I myself cleaned the house.
I myself got into the house.

Reflexive pronouns can often be used instead of personal pronouns after words. as, like, but (for), and except (for):

These shoes are especially designed for fast runners like yourself(= like you).
This shoe is specially designed for such fast runners, how are you.

Everybody was happy except myself(= except me).
Everyone was happy, except for me.

Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. As a rule, such verbs coincide in Russian and in English.

For example:
Suddenly the door opened. (NOT Suddenly the door opened itself.)
Suddenly the door opened.

His books are selling well. (NOT His books are selling themselves well.)
His books are good sold.

I tried to concentrate. (NOT I tried to concentrate myself.)
I've tried focus.

However, some of these verbs in Russian and English do not coincide:

He washed and shaved in the morning.
In the morning he washed up and shaved.

She feels happy.
She is feels himself happy.

• Interrogative pronouns in English (Interrogative Pronouns)

Interrogative pronouns in English used to ask questions. Some of them can only specify people (for example, " Who") and some on objects and people (for example, " What"). They are not divided into singular and plural, therefore they have only one form. Interrogative pronouns introduce the so-called. special questions that cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no".

There are the following English interrogative pronouns:

who? - who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
what? - what? which?
which? - which? which?
whose? - whose?

For example:
What is her phone number?
Which does she have a phone number?

What do you want?
What you need?

As can be seen from the table, interrogative pronouns in a sentence can function as a subject, object, or possessive pronoun.

Subject	Addition	Possessive pronoun
who	whom	whose
which

Pronoun who refers to persons and is used without a subsequent noun or pronoun. When used who the predicate, as a rule, has the singular form.

The exceptions are those cases when the questioner knows that the answer to his question will be a noun in the plural.

Pronoun whom is the indirect form of the pronoun who and is used as a question word in the complement function, especially in formal style. In colloquial speech, these functions are performed by the pronoun who.

For example:
whom did you phone? (= Who did you phone?)
To whom did you call? ( The first option has a more formal connotation.)

For whom will you vote?
Behind whom will you vote? ( Official speech.)

Pronoun what has two meanings - "what?" and which?". Meaning "what?" pronoun what used separately, while in the meaning of "what?" pronoun what is a member of the question group leading the question.

For example:
What is your name?
how Your name is?

What film are you watching?
Which movie are you watching?

Pronoun which translated as "what?", "which?" and offers a choice from a limited number of items, unlike the pronoun what, which requires, rather, characteristics, or offers a choice from an unlimited number, not predetermined.

For example:
Which jumper do you like?
Which do you like the jumper? ( It means one of the several presented.)

What jumpers do you like?
What kind do you like jumpers? ( I mean in general, regarding coloring, models, etc.)

• What and Which: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns and Which, and What are used in interrogative sentences, and both translate as " which", "what kind", etc. Which can also be translated as " which", "which", etc.

What used in questions where the number of possible answers is not known in advance. The questioner knows that there are many answers to the question asked, and wants to hear from the respondent only options that interest him.

For example:
What movie did you go to see?
Which did you go to see the movie?

Which used in questions where the number of answers is already known in advance.

For example:
Which shoes should I wear with this dress – my blue ones or my black ones?
What kind Should I wear shoes with this dress - blue or black?

Often in the same situations, you can use and Which, and What, depending on what the speaker means.

For example:
Which bus goes to the centre?
Which does the bus go to the center?

What bus shall I take?
On the which do I need to take the bus?

Both suggestions are possible. In the first sentence, the speaker probably means fewer possible buses than in the second sentence.

Note: about pronouns What and Which You can also read in the section on interrogative pronouns.

Pronoun whose- "whose?" performs the functions of possessive pronouns in a sentence, expressing belonging. And can be used immediately before the noun to which it refers, or used alone, without a subsequent noun, similar to the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

For example:
Whose did you drive in?
AT whose did you drive the car?

Whose is this book?
Whose this is a book?

• Demonstrative pronouns in English (Demonstrative Pronouns)

As the name suggests, they are used to refer to something or someone.

Demonstrative pronouns can have singular and plural forms:

This(singular) and These near speaker.

That(singular) and Those(pl.) indicate an object or person that is on distance from the speaker.

In addition to indicating distance in space, pronouns this, these, that, those, can indicate distance in time. This and these can indicate something that has already happened, or is about to happen, pronouns that and those may indicate something that has just happened, or some time ago.

For example:
Listen to this. It's going to be interesting.
Listen This. It will be interesting.

watch this. It's worth seeing.
look This. It's worth seeing.

Did you see that? That was wonderful!
You This seen? This is it was wonderful!

Who said that?
Who This said?

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns in English can act not only as independent words (as described above), but also as definitions for nouns. In this case, they are also called demonstrative adjectives.

For example:
This book is mine.
This my book.

What is that noise?
What This for noise?

These flowers are very beautiful.
These flowers are very beautiful.

Those days were the best.
Those the days were the best.

This horse is faster than that horse.
This horse faster than that horse.

Sometimes pronouns that and those can be used to avoid repeating the same words:

The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
The streets in Mumbai are busier than the streets in Paris.

In the example above, the pronoun those used to avoid repeating words the streets. In the singular in such cases, the pronoun is used that.

• Relative pronouns in English (Relative Pronouns)

Relative pronouns in English (who, whom, that, which) are used to enter subordinate clauses, and introduce additional information about someone or something already said.

For example:
I know the book that you are describing.
I know the book you are talking about. ( In this offer that replaces the previously specified word book, and enters additional information.)

In a subordinate clause that introduces relative pronouns, they can act as the subject. In this case, pronouns can be used who, which, that. Who used to refer to people which- to designate things that can refer to both people and objects.

For example:
The boy who stole the watch was punished.
Boy, which stole a watch, was punished.

It is a book which will interest children of all ages.
This is a book, which will interest children of all ages.

The people that/who live next door keep having all-night parties.
People, which live in the neighborhood, continue to have night parties.

These are the keys that open the front and back door.
These are the keys which open the front and back doors.

Also pronouns who, whom, which and that can perform the function of an object in a subordinate clause. In this case, the pronouns who and whom interchangeable, but whom bears a somewhat formal connotation.

• Who and Whom: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronoun Who used as a subject (about other uses of the pronoun Who see That, Which and Who). In simple terms, anywhere in a sentence where pronouns can be used I, she or he, you can also use Who.

In interrogative sentences Who used when talking about a person or group of people who did something, or when someone's name is asked. Factual, in informal speech and writing pronoun Who used very often.

Pronoun whom used in formal language as the complement of a verb or preposition.

note

Pronoun whom rarely used in questions.

For example:
To whom do you wish to speak? ( Sounds old-fashioned, pompous and unnatural.)
With by whom do you want to talk?

Attention

If you can't decide what to use, try the test " he or him" - try rewriting the sentence using pronouns he or him.

For example:
"He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores." – "He adores he." sounds wrong. So it will be right"He adores him."

From the above, it follows that they serve two purposes: they serve as the subject or object of the subordinate clause, and at the same time, they connect the main clause with the subordinate clause.

For example:
I have found the car keys. You were looking for them.
I found the car keys which you were looking for.
I found my car keys you were looking for.

This is Mr. Peter. You met him last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.

Indefinite Pronouns in English (Indefinite Pronouns)

Indefinite pronouns in English indicate unknown, indefinite objects, signs, quantities. They do not point to specific objects or people, but are used to describe them in general, as a whole.

For example:
None of them have come yet.
None of them have not yet arrived.

Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Some great are born, and some become great.

Nobody came to his rescue.
None did not come to his rescue.

Somebody has let the cat in.
Someone let the cat in.

Few escaped unhurt.
few managed to get out intact.

Indefinite pronouns can take the form of the singular, plural, and can change their form of the number depending on the context.

Below is a table with all indefinite pronouns, which indicates what form they can take.

Singular		Plural	singular or plural
anybody- anyone	anyone- someone	several- some	all- all
anything- anything	each- everyone	both- both	more- more
either- any (of two)	everybody- all	others- other	some- some
everyone- all	everything- all	few- Little	most- majority
much- lot	nobody- none	many- lot	none- nobody, nothing
neither- none (out of two)	no one- none	any- any
nothing- nothing	one- one
other- another	somebody- anyone
someone- someone	something something

Many indefinite pronouns in English can be used as adjectives:

one day my prince will come.
My prince will come one day.

He is man of few words.
He is a man of few words.

some milk was split.
Some milk was spilled.

• Any and Some: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronouns Any and Some are determinants. They are used when talking about indefinite quantities, numbers, in cases where the exact amount or number is not important. Mainly, Some used in declarative sentences Any- in interrogative and negative. into Russian Some and Any are usually not translated.

For example:
I asked the barman if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, have you got any sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have any.
I asked the bartender if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, do you have sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have it.

note

Sometimes Some can be found in interrogative sentences, and Any- in affirmative sentences.

Some used in interrogative sentences if the question is an invitation, a request, or if a positive answer to the question is expected.

For example:
Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you "re at the shops?
Buy me some gummy bears, please, while you're at the store.

Any can also be used in affirmative sentences if it comes after a word that has a negative or restrictive connotation.

For example:
"She gave me some bad advice." "Really? She rarely gives any bad advice."
She gave me bad advice. - Seriously? She rarely gives bad advice.

Note: pronouns Any and Some belong to the type of indefinite pronouns. Such pronouns are discussed in more detail in the section on indefinite pronouns.

• Much and Many: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Adverbs Much and Many are used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences in the sense of " lot". There are also synonyms for these adverbs - a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, large amounts of, etc., depending on the context.

Interrogative sentences

How much (how much = how much) ... + uncountable nouns

For example:
how much sugar do you take in your coffee?
How much do you put sugar in your coffee?

how much money do you want for this?
How much(money) do you want it?

Do you have much work to do?
By you lot work?

How many (how many = how many) ... + countable nouns

Negative sentences

In negative construction sentences Not Much and not many usually translated as " few", "Little".

For example:
He doesn't earn much money ( noun money- uncountable).
He earns few (= Little) of money.

Not many people have heard of her noun people- countable).
Few heard about her.

Barbara doesn't have many friends.
Barbara few (= Little) friends.

• Each and Every: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns have the same meaning - "everyone". The general rule for using these pronouns is that each used when talking about two or more objects or things, Every- when it comes to three or more objects or things.

For example:
The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. (NOT …every half.)
The orange was divided into two parts, and each part was given to them.

Pronoun use each it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented separately, the use of the pronoun Every it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented as a whole.

For example:
each boy in the class was given a present.
To every boy The class was given a gift. ( To each separately.)

Every boy in the class went on a picnic.
Every boy (= all boys) went on a picnic in class. ( All boys as one.)

Every, but not each, can be used with abstract nouns:

You have every reason to be happy. (NOT You have each reason to be happy.)
You have every reason to be content.

The same way, Every(but not each) can be used with nouns with cardinal numbers:

Buses leave every ten minutes. (NOT …each ten minutes.)
Buses run every ten minutes.

• Little and Few, A Little and A Few: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Like an adverb Little, so is the adverb Few means " few", "a small amount of something". The difference is that Little used with not, a Few- with countable nouns.

For example:
They have very little money.
They have very few of money.

There seems little hope.
Seems like hope few.

Heate very little at lunch.
He ate a lot few at lunch.

Only few people can afford to pay such prices.
Few who can afford such prices.

I know few places that I could recommend to you.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you.

note

Adverbs Little and Few have a somewhat negative connotation.

For example:
I know few places that I could recommend to you. = I would like to be able to recommend more places, but unfortunately there aren't more.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you. = It’s a pity that I can’t recommend you more places, but unfortunately there are no other places.

If before adverbs Little and Few the indefinite article is used a, they take on a positive connotation, and have a meaning similar to the word some – "some", "some amount", "Little" etc.

A Few used with countable nouns.

For example:
We need to get a few things in town.
We need something pick up in the city.

We've got a few cakes left over from the party. = We've got some cakes left over from the party.
We have left from the evening some cakes.

A Little used with .

For example:
With a little training Mike could do very well.
A little with practice, Mike will succeed.

• The use of the pronoun all in English

Pronoun all in English It can be used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. All means "all", "all", "all", etc.

Often all used with uncountable nouns, and with plural nouns (in this case, the described objects should be more than two).

For example:
All children need love.
To all children need love. ( Pronoun all children. )

I love all music.
I like all (= any, different) music. (Pronoun all used with an uncountable noun music. )

All the invitees turned up.
All invitees came. ( Pronoun all used with a plural noun invitees. )

If a all used with a plural noun, the verb usually also has a plural form. After an uncountable noun, the verb is singular.

For example:
All cheese contains fat.
Any (= all) cheese contains fat.

All the lights were out.
All fires were extinguished.

Pronoun all followed by a noun is not normally used as a subject with a verb in the negative form. In this case, as a rule, the construction is used not all + noun + positive verb.

For example:
not all birds can sing. (NOT All birds cannot sing.)
Not all birds can chirp.

All or All of

Before a noun without a determiner (articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc.), use all:

All children need love.
All cheese contains fat.
All lights were out.

Before a noun with a determiner (for example: the, my, this, etc.) can be used as all, and all of:

All the lights were out. = All of the lights were out.
All fires were extinguished.

I have invited all my friends to my birthday party. = I have invited all of my friends to my birthday party.
I invited all my friends to my birthday party.

Used before a personal pronoun all of:

All of us love music. (NOT All us love music.)
We all love music.

I have invited all of them. (NOT …all of them.)
I invited them all.

Using all with nouns and pronouns

Pronoun all can define both nouns and pronouns, and is usually placed before the word it defines.

For example:
I have invited all (of) my friends.
I invited all my friends.

All of us love music.
We all love music.

I love all of you.
I love you all.

All of us are going to the movies.
We all go to the cinema.

All can be used after a defined pronoun if it performs the function of an object:

I love you all. (= I love all of you.)
I love you all.

Give my love to them all. (= Give my love to all of them.)
Say hi to them all for me.

I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.)
I have prepared food for all of you.

Using all with verbs

All can be used with a verb that acts as the subject of a sentence.

If the verb consists of only one word, and is not a form be(i.e. is, am, are, was, were), all any used in negative and interrogative sentences, and can be connoted with doubt, incredulity, or denial. into Russian pronoun any usually not translated.

For example:
Is there any water in the bottle?
There is in the bottle water?

Have you got any friends?
You have friends?

Are there any witnesses?
There is witnesses?

Do you need any help?
Help need?

I haven't got any money.
I do not have of money.

I have hardly any food in the larder.
I have in my closet almost no food.

You never give me any help.
You to me never don't offer help.

Also any often used after union if:

If you need any help let me know.
If a you will need help, let me know.

Any, no, not any

Note that the pronoun itself any has no negative value. It takes a negative value only together with a particle not.

For example:
See that you don't do any damage. (NOT See that you do any damage.)
Try not to do any damage.

Instead of a combination not any you can use the pronoun no, which means the same thing, but has a more expressive connotation.

For example:
He has got no friends. Him no (no) friends. (More expressive than He hasn't got any friends. )

Any and any of

Before a pronoun and a noun with a determiner (for example, the, this, my, your, etc.) the form is used any of.

For example:
Do any of these books belong to you?
belongs to you at least one of these books?

I don't think any of us want to work tomorrow.
It seems to me, none of us does not want to work tomorrow.

She doesn't like any of my friends.
None of my friends she does not like.

It should be noted when the noun after any of has a plural form, the verb following the noun can also take the plural form, or it can take the singular form.

For example:
If any of your friends is interested, let us know. ( formal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know. ( informal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know.

Using any with singular countable nouns

Pronoun any is the equivalent of the article a/an, but in the plural. It is often used before plural nouns and uncountable nouns.

"Which is your boy?" " The one in the blue shirt."
Which child is yours? - The one in the blue shirt.

"I"d like to buy a magazine." " This one?" "No, that one."
I want to buy a magazine. - This? - No, that one is over there.

"Can you lend me a pen?" Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a pen? Sorry, I don't have a pen.

I "ve already read this book, I" m going to get a new one.
I have already read this book and I am going to buy a new one.

As you can see from the examples above, one can be used as a substitute for a specific noun (when it is clear what exactly is being discussed) - in this case one used with a definite article, or with a demonstrative pronoun, and to replace a common noun - in this case one used either without an article or with an indefinite article if an adjective precedes the noun.

To replace a plural noun, use ones.

For example:
Green apples often taste better than red ones.
Green apples are often tastier than red ones.

In what cases one / ones can be omitted

Substitute words one / ones can be omitted immediately after superlative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite pronouns ( either, neither, another), as well as after some other determinant words ( which, which ever, and etc.).

For example:
I think my dog ​​is the fastest (one).
I believe that my dog ​​is the fastest.

Either (one) will suit me.
Any will suit me.

let us have another (one).
Let's take one more.

"Which (one) would you like?" "That looks the nicest."
What would you like? - That one is the best.

Substitute word one not used immediately after possessive pronouns ( my, your, etc.), indefinite pronouns some, any, both, and also after the numbers.

For example:
Take your coat and pass me mine. (NOT ... my one.)
Take your coat and hand me mine.

I need some matches. Have you got any? (NOT…any ones?)
I'd like some matches. You have?

"Are there any grapes?" "Yes, I bought some today." (NOT ... some ones today.)
Are there grapes? Yes, I bought it today.

However, note that one will be used in all of the above cases if an adjective is used.

For example:
"Are there any mangoes?" "Yes, I bought some sweet ones today."
Is there a mango? Yes, I bought sweet mangoes today.

"Has the cat had her kittens?" "Yes, she had four white ones." (NOT ... four white.)
Has the cat already given birth to kittens? – Yes, she gave birth to four white kittens.

One not used to replace uncountable and abstract nouns.

For example:
If you haven "t got fresh cream I will take tinned cream. (NOT ... tinned one.)
If you don't have fresh cream, I'll use canned.

The Dutch grammatical system is very similar to the English system. (NOT … the English one.)
The Dutch grammar system is very similar to the English grammar system.

Substitute word one and pronoun it

To replace a noun that has been very clearly marked, the pronoun is used it, not a word one.

Compare:
"Could you lend me a bicycle?" "Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a bike? Sorry, I don't have a bike.

"Could you lend me your bicycle?" "Sorry, I need it."
Can you lend me your bike? Sorry, I need him.

One as an indefinite pronoun

Pronouns one or you can be used to describe people in general.

For example:
One / you should not do such an unkind thing as that.
There is no need to do such bad deeds.

One / you should love one "s / your country.


Note that the pronoun one has a more formal connotation than you.

Pronoun one not used to describe people in general unless the speaker is one of them, pronoun you not used to describe people in general unless the interlocutor is one of them.

For example:
One / you must believe in something.
A person needs to believe in something.

In the sixteenth century people believed in witches. (NOT ... one / you believed in witches, since this pronoun does not include either the speaker or the interlocutor.)
In the sixteenth century people believed in witches.

In American English, in sentences where one, in order to point to one, often used pronouns he, him, his, himself. In British English, the possessive form is usually used in this case. one – one's and oneself.

Compare:
One should love his country. ( AmE)
One should love one "s country. ( BrE)
Everyone should love their country.

• Reciprocal pronouns in English (Reciprocal Pronouns)

English reciprocal pronouns (one another, each other- each other, one another) indicate that some action is performed together, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.

For example:
Peter and Mary kissed each other.
Peter and Mary kissed each other.

With the help of reciprocal pronouns, the same idea can be expressed twice as short and simpler.

For example, a proposal

On their wedding day John gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave John a gold ring.
On the wedding day, John gave Mary a gold ring, and Mary gave John a gold ring.

using a reciprocal pronoun each other can be expressed more simply:

On their wedding day Mary and John gave each other gold rings.
On their wedding day, Mary and John gave each other gold rings.

Differences between pronouns each other and one another no. However, when it comes to more than two people or objects, the pronoun is more often preferred. one another.

For example:
The students in this classroom help one another.
The students in this class help each other.

- such a topic, without which it is impossible and even difficult to express the simplest English sentence. Therefore, it is worth studying this whole thing a little and reinforcing yourself with a couple of new words, or if you already know a basic level of English, you can subtract something new for yourself.

The author of this article did not want to write a lot about the entire grammar of pronouns in the English language in order to free your mind from unnecessary classifications and other heresy, so the most “meat” that is most often used in the English language is posted here.

Starting with the basics of the English language, let's remember what we knew or did not know, the pronouns that answer the question "Who?". There are not so many of them, only 7 pieces.

№	Pronoun	Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation	Example
1	I	I		ah	I love to eat
2	You you	You		Yu	You took $5
3	We	We		vii	We work every day
4	They are	They	[ðei]	zey	They went to sleep
5	He	He		hee	He is a doctor
6	She is	She	[∫i:]	shea	She likes to dance
7	He she it	It		it	It ran to the guys

In graphic format:

Let's look at a couple of nuances:

• The pronoun "It" replaces all inanimate objects, as well as animals:

Where is the book? It is on the table. - Where is the book? She is on the table.

My cat is very funny. It runs and jumps all day long. – My cat is very funny. He runs and jumps all day.

Important: Do not replace people with "It". For third parties, only the pronouns "He", "She" and "They"!

• To the verbs that come after the pronouns "He", "She" and "It", in the present tense we add the ending "-s" or "-es" after the endings -ch, -x, -sh, -ss, -s, -o:

He love sme. - He loves me.

She open s the windows every morning. She opens the windows every morning.

The dog like s to bark. This dog likes to bark.

• In English, the pronoun "I - I" is always capitalized.
• The pronoun "You" can be used to refer to one person or to a group of people.
• The pronoun "You", when addressed in writing, is not capitalized (unless it is at the beginning of a sentence). To express respect for another person, other verbal expressions are used.

All these pronouns in English can bend. Namely, all of them can answer the question “Whom? To whom?":

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whom? To whom?	Pronunciation	Example
1	I	I	me, me	me	mi	give me money
2	You you	you	you, you	you	Yu	I love you
3	We	we	us, us	us	ace	They see us
4	They are	they	them, them	them	zem	Do it for them
5	He	he	him, him	him	chem	She go to him
6	She is	she	her, her	her	hye	I left with her
7	He she it	it	him, him, her	it	it	medicine helped it

To consolidate, let's take more detailed examples:

• I gave you key. - I gave you the key.
• They don't give me to train. They don't let me train.
• Do do you understand me? - You understand me?
• They will not understand us. They won't understand us.
• I helped them. - I helped them.
• I heard that you have a new notebook. Show me please. I heard that you have a new laptop. Show it to me please.

Also, all these 7 basic pronouns can decline and answer the question “Whose?” or "Whose?":

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whose? Whose?	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I	I	my my	my		May
2	You you	you	yours, yours	your		yoar
3	We	we	is our	our	[‘aΩə]	ave
4	They are	they	them	their	[ðεə]	zea
5	He	he	his	his		hiz
6	She is	she	her	her		hye
7	He she it	it	his her	its		its

For example (for example):

• Will I take your car? - Can I take your car?
• I bought their house yesterday. I bought their house yesterday.
• She will finish her project tonight. She will finish her project at night.
• The monkey did it's hands. The monkey did it with her own hands.
• This is my friends. - These are my friends.

The note; do not confuse "It's - it is" and its!

And let's summarize everything in a general table:

№	Pronoun (who?)	Pronoun (of whom? to whom?)	Pronoun (whose? whose?)
1	I - I	me - me, me	my - my, mine
2	You - you, you	you - you, you	your - yours, yours, yours
3	We - We	us - us, us	our - our
4	They - They	them - them, them	their - their
5	He - He	him - him, him	his - his
6	She - She	her - her, her	her - her
7	It - he, she, it (subject)	it - him, him, her (subject)	its - his, her (object, animal)

Analyze this block again. We know that in total there are 7 basic pronouns that can answer the question “Who?”, Or the question “Whom? To whom?”, or to the question “Whose? Whose?". And if you have well fixed this material, then we move on.

The pronoun "it" has several important functions in English:

First, we learned that the pronoun "it" is used to replace the names of all objects, animals, and any other animate or inanimate phenomena. In short, everything except people!

Secondly, the pronoun "it" means or is translated as "it". Example:

• It is very interesting - This is very interesting.
• It's Mike. Open the door! - This is Mike. Open the door!
• It's her new style. This is her new style.
• Who is it? - Who is it?

Well, in the third, the pronoun “it” is not translated at all, but is used simply to say about the weather, time, condition, etc. Example:

• It is frost - frost (on the street).
• It is bright day - a wonderful day.
• It will be windy - It will be windy.
• It's 5 o'clock - five hours
• It's was cool - It was cool.
• It will be very funny - It will be very fun.

In English, our basic pronouns answer the question "Whose?" or “Whose?”, can be converted into an absolute form in order to avoid repetition of the defined subject, namely:

№	Pronoun (whose? whose?)	Absolute pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	my - my, mine	mine - mine, mine		lane
2	your - yours, yours	yours - yours, yours		years
3	our - our	ours - our	[‘auəz]	avez
4	their - their	theirs - their	[ðεəz]	zeaz
5	his - his	his - his		hiz
6	her - her	hers - her		hez
7	its - him, her	its - him, her		its

Let's represent these pronouns graphically:

Example:

• Did you see my keys? - No, I didn't. But mine is here. (mine instead of my keys)

Have you seen my keys? No, but mine are here.

• Your tables are smaller than theirs . (theirs instead of their tables)

Your tables are smaller than theirs.

• Whose car is this? - It's hers. (hers instead of her car)

Whose car is this? - It is her .

Thus, this absolute form frees us from the repetition of objects and indicates the owner of these very objects.

And the last important transformation of our base pronouns is independent pronouns. How is it correct to say in English “self, self, self, self” and show independence of action? Let's take a look:

№	Pronoun (who?)	pronoun (himself)	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I - I	myself - myself		may-self
2	You - you, you (singular)	yourself - you yourself		yoa-self
2	You - you (plural)	yourselves - you yourself		ea-sales
3	We - we	ourselves - we ourselves	['auə'selvz]	ave-selvs
4	They - they	themselves - they themselves	[ðəm'selvz]	zem-selvs
5	He - he	himself - he himself		chem-self
6	She - she	herself - she herself		hyo-self
7	It - he, she, it	itself - it is itself		it-self

Example:

• I will do it myself - I will do it myself.
• It subsided itself - It subsided by itself.
• She will not do it herself - She will not do it herself.
• Will you call her yourself? Will you call her yourself?
• You can do it yourselves - You yourself can do it.
• They cope themselves - they can handle themselves

There are pronouns in English that, when combined with the words "thing, one, body, where", form another set of commonly used pronouns. Let's take a look at these pronouns:

• some - some;
• any - any;
• every - everyone;
• no - negative prefix;

All these pronouns, in combination with the above words, generate new words:

Union	Thing	Body		Where
some	something anything something	somebody anyone someone	someone anyone someone	somewhere somewhere somewhere
	anything anything any	anybody anyone any	anyone anyone any	anywhere somewhere everywhere
	nothing nothing	nobody none	no one none	nowhere nowhere
every	everything all	everybody all	everyone everyone	everywhere everywhere

In this table, if you notice, there are some pitfalls:

1. Combinations with the pronouns some and any are translated in the same way, but in the context they are used differently, since "any" means "any", and "some" means "some". In affirmative sentences, the pronoun "some" is almost always used,and in interrogative or negative sentences - any. For example:

• Is anyone here? – Is there anyone here?
• I feel someone was here. – I feel someone was here.
• I didn't see anyone there. “I didn't see anyone there.

2. Transforms with "-body" and "-one" are synonyms. It doesn't matter whether you say "everybody" or you say "everyone". Combinations with "-one" are more modern in American English and therefore you will hear them more often.

3. It would be possible to add the word "-time" here and also get a series of combinations (sometimes, anytime, everytime, no time). But in American English, only one is used - sometimes (sometimes). For others, there are analogues:

• instead of "no time" - never - never;
• instead of "everytime" - always - always;

It is important that it is not a mistake to use any combination with "-time". They are just rarely used. Moreover, “everytime” is more likely to be translated as “every time”, and it is perfect for strengthening the expression:

• You always clean your shoes - You clean your shoes always.
• Every time you clean your shoes - Everytime you clean your shoes.

There are also frequently used combinations with the pronoun "any":

• anyhow - as you like;
• anyway - in any case, however;
• anytime - at any time;

And simple examples with these pronouns:

• Sometimes I feel myself very good - Sometimes I feel very good;
• I know someone of you was in a club yesterday - I know that one of you was in the club yesterday;
• Nobody know about it - Nobody knows about it (in English there can be only one negation in a sentence);
• Call her and tell that I will be somewhere in the center about 8 o'clock - call her and tell her that I will be somewhere in the center around 8 o'clock;
• Everybody rest now. Come later - Now everyone is resting. Check back later

And now let's quickly go over the small pronouns.

Meet the pronoun "each other", translated as "each other." Can be combined with prepositions:

• for each other - for each other;
• with each other - with each other;
• without each other - each without a friend;
• about each other - about each other;

Example:

• They do it for each other - They do it for each other.
• Will you exchange with each other? - Do you trade with each other?
• We can't live without each other - We cannot live without each other.
• Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other - Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other.

Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
this - this	[ðɪs]	sis
that - that	[ðæt]	zet
these - these	[ði:z]	ziiiis
those - those	[ðəuz]	zous

In graphic format:

Example:

• I ran this morning - I ran this morning.
• We were there that evening - We were there that evening.
• These books are ours - These books are ours.
• She went there to ask those guys - She went there to ask those guys.

This is the whole foundation that must eventually be laid in each of us. A daily ten-minute habit of making new English sentences using pronouns will dispel fear and make you rise to a higher level in English. Learn a little, practice a lot, and smile more.

If you have something to add, or you want to ask something on this topic, then do not be shy - write to us in the comments.