Full and short form of the word educated. Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word? Which full adjectives have a special set of endings

Words denoting signs of an object and answering the questions “what?” and "whose?" in Russian are called adjectives. The name speaks for itself - this is what attached to something, namely to another word - to a noun. Without it, an explicit or implied noun, there can be no adjective at all. Otherwise, it loses the meaning of its presence in the sentence and may even turn into a noun itself (cf.: blind(which?) old man- adj. and sat (who?) blind- n.).

Accordingly, with a change in the word being defined, the dependent will adapt to it, assimilating its morphemic features. It is expressed by endings. Adjectives are always in the same gender, number and case as the noun they are related to.

Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in the spelling of the end of an adjective, one should:

1. find the noun to which it refers (attached);
   
2. put the question from the noun to the adjective. The ending of the question will prompt the desired ending of the adjective; for the most part they are in tune: weather(which?) warm; morning(which?) sunny; songs(what kind?) quiet; growth(what?) high; branches(what?) thin);
   
3. At the same time, it must be remembered that the question “what?” it is impossible to check the endings of adjectives of the initial form (adjectives in m.
   In these cases:
   • ending is written under stress -oh (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
     
   • no accent - -th / -th (pencil(which?) sharp, blue).
     
   In addition to those mentioned, adjectives also have other modifiable features:
   • degree of comparison;
     
   • full or short form.
     

Both of them are relevant only for quality adjectives!

What are quality adjectives?
According to their meaning, all adjectives are divided into three categories.

1. Quality. Answering the question "which one?" and indicate the quality of items: Colour ( yellow Red), the size ( big, small), the weight ( heavy, small), traits ( laughable, sullen), age ( young, old), taste qualities ( bitter, sour). Most of them can easily find antonyms ( big - small, sharp - blunt) or synonyms ( big - large, huge, enormous);
   
2. Relative. They also answer the question "what?", but define an object in relation to another object: its location ( street lamp, school yard), material ( paper snake, silk ribbon), destination ( ski suit, shoe brush), relation to time ( evening cool, early dinner);
   
3. Possessive. The only ones who answer the question "whose?", since characterize an object by its belonging to any living being (mother's apron, fox tail, Sashin scream).
   

Qualitative adjectives are significantly different from the rest. They alone can:

• form a short form, answering the question "what?", ( high - high, bitter - bitter);
  
• show signs of objects to a greater or lesser extent ( high - higher - even higher - highest - highest).
  

Strengthening of the sign, as can be seen from the example, is on the rise: from the initial, positive, takes the form of comparative and superlative degrees; which can be expressed in different ways:

• simple forms using suffixes: higher, highest;
  
• compound forms with the help of additional words: more (less, most, very, most...) high.
  

All adjectives are declined according to cases, numbers and genders (in singular). And only good ones have exceptions.

1. Short adjectives do not decline! That is, they do not change by cases, but only by numbers and by gender (in singular): hungry, hungry, hungry.
   
2. In general, qualitative adjectives in a comparative degree of a simple form do not change at all ( higher, lower, narrower, wider, faster…) and in the composite superlative degree built on its basis ( above - above all).
   

The rest of the qualitative adjectives decline in the same way as the relative ones. Depending on the last consonant in the stem, their endings can be in hard and soft versions ( -a-i, -o-e, -o-o, -s-i).

Also, adjectives agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of C. p. pl. hours, and for the masculine - and in units. hours (cf.: I see beautiful(what?) shoes and I see handsome(what?) girls).

Possessive adjectives decline differently. Their type of declension is called mixed. There is a special set of endings. They don't have to match. At the same time, in the declension of adjectives with the suffix -y- and adjectives with suffixes -un-/-in- or -ov-/-ev- there are differences.

Possessive adjectives with a suffix -y- necessarily in the middle of the word a soft sign is written ( dog, sable, marten, fox...); in all forms except for the initial one (m. s. h. I. / V. p.), in it the endings will be zero ( hare_, fox_, cat_, sable_).

The ranks of adjectives do not have clear boundaries, which allows them to move from one to another. Such changes depend on the context, usually when used in figurative meanings. So possessive adjective fox(whose?) Nora becomes relative when fox(what? what is it made of?) fur coat, and the relative adjective iron(which one? what is it made of?) tap turns into quality iron(what? i.e. strong) patience.

And finally, there are some special adjectives for colors ( beige, khaki, indigo, etc.), nationalities ( Khanty, Mansi, Urdu...) and clothing styles ( corrugated, flared, mini...), as well as words (weight) Gross Net, (hour) peak, which have their own characteristics: they are always unchanged and are always placed after the noun ( beige jackets, flared skirt).

Some qualitative adjectives in the modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much, which are also invariable.

§one. General characteristics of the adjective

The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
• inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:

sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has an ending -y.

Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.

Quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of quality adjectives are generating stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships

• synonyms: big, large, huge, huge
• antonyms: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - oh, oh, oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:

Singular

Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.

Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.

Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.

Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.

Plural

Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.

Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
• light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)

§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.

In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female In the modern language, as definitions, short adjectives are in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful girl, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
• Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
• Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: higher, less high, highest.

Among the simple forms in Russian, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.

Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • quality
   • relative
   • Possessive

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessive

4. Are relative adjectives derived?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessive

6. Do adjectives in full form change by case?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?

   • For full
   • For brief

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change by gender?

   • Not all

10. Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?

11. Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?

Right answers:

1. quality
2. For quality
3. Possessive
4. For full
5. Not all
6. Not all

In contact with

Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of ratios of the two forms and provides illustrative examples for fixing the material.

What are the forms of adjectives?

In Russian, full and short forms of adjectives are distinguished. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of a qualitative adjective:

• Full adjectives- attributive, inflected forms (change by gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences, they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
• Short adjectives- predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, do not decline by cases), differ in book value. In sentences, as a rule, they act as a nominal predicate. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.

Full and short adjectives are studied at school in grade 5.

Types of ratios of full and short forms of adjectives

Not all words of this part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. According to the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:

• Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the basis of the adjective -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) and zero (cute - cute, strong - strong).
• Adjectives that have only the full form. These include - adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming animal colors (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (foreign, former).
• Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, happy).

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Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives in certain morphological features (they do not change by case, they have only the form of gender and number) and the syntactic role (they are predicates in a sentence). For example: Molchalin used to be so stupid! (Gr.). In the role of definitions, short adjectives act only in individual phraseological phrases (in the wide world; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art (good fellow, beautiful girl).

Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change in cases and acting, as a rule, in the role of a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that is different from the meanings of full adjectives.

Adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, able and capable, etc. can become different in meaning. Moreover, such adjectives as much, necessary, glad, and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda-man, what quitrent do you need? (P.), But is the handsome Lel really good at songs? (A. Ostr.).

The adjective must in separate phraseological turns is used in the full form: to the right extent, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, generic endings are: for the masculine gender - zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for the feminine, the ending is -a (strong, new, skinny); for the middle gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, skinny). There are no gender differences in the plural: all short adjectives end in -s, -i (strong, new, skinny).

If the stem of a full adjective has two consonants at the end, then when short masculine adjectives are formed, a fluent vowel o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives into -ny and -ny (-enny, -anny). In the masculine gender, they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - muddy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).

If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles into -ny, then it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (confident - sure, second-hand - second-hand).

There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the -en form, the -enen forms are also used (natural and natural, related and related). The -en forms are more productive for the modern Russian language.

In modern Russian, they do not have short forms:

• 1. Qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-building connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, gift, combat, draft, advanced, etc.
• 2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
• 3. Some polysemantic adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of "pleasant, good": Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning of "full": The second misfortune of the prince was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of "unfortunate": Nothing, Fields, you are laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of "unfortunate": Oh, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will love you (A. Ostr.) and some others. The same adjectives, acting in a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the sense of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and glorious ... (P.); round in the meaning of "having the shape of a ball": She [Olga] is round, red-faced ... (P.); bitter in the meaning of "sharply unpleasant in taste": Without me, jumble begins in the house: that is not so; the other is not for you; either the coffee is bitter, or the dinner is late ... (A. Ostr.); poor in the sense of "having a lack of something": Her [Gorchakova's] low voice was deaf and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of "inexpensive, miserable": The candle is dull and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its environment is poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
• 4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the forms of the past tense of the verb: I used to, grew thin, lagged behind, knew how. With the loss of connection with verbs, adjectives get the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
• 5. Separate adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with prefixes pre- and raz- and with suffixes -usch-, -yusch-, -enn-: kind, clever, cheerful, thin, hefty and other.

Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Compare, for example: The fields were covered with a gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the stem, in the sentence it performs the function of a definition (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the stress falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.

Every student knows about it. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules of this part of speech, as well as which groups it is divided into, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old armchair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mother's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:

• relative;
• quality;
• possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any sign, action or object through its relation to another sign, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookcase, children's fun, destructive power, brazil nuts, double whammy, religious beliefs, etc.

Quality adjectives

Such a group has its own characteristics, namely:

• Indicates signs of objects: age (old), the size (sick), speed (fast), Colour (blue), human properties (evil), score (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
• Forms such as excellent ( strongest, thinnest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
• have short forms (for example, fast, fat, mighty etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all qualitative ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of this group answer the question "whose?", and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( dad's wallet, Petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -y, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; father - fathers, etc.

short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:

• brief;
• full adjectives.

Moreover, the first are formed by a kind of reduction of the second. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing a text or in an oral conversation.

endings

Adjectives in the short form in the singular have the following generic endings:

• Feminine - ending -a. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, thin, etc.
• Masculine - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, thin, new, beautiful, etc.
• neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, bad, skinny, etc.).

In the plural, there are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -and or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined by gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give an example: She is very smart. In this case, the word "smart" is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "wretched, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have a full form. Such words include should, glad, love and much.

What is the difference from full?

They have a short form only. Their difference from the full ones lies in the definition of morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but is declined only in number and gender. In addition, short adjectives differ from full ones in their syntactic role. So, in a sentence, they act not as a definition, but in or as part of it. Although in some cases they are still referred to as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological turns or in works of folk art (for example, n and a bare foot, in broad daylight, a beautiful girl, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling of short adjectives

To correctly use the short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules for their spelling.

Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

• zero or male;
• medium (-e or -o);
• feminine (-i or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these forms formed? These rules are very simple:

The ratio of full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, 3 types of ratios of short and full forms of adjectives are distinguished:

1. Coincident in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. Coincide only in individual values:

• "Fake" means "fake". In this case, there is no short form.
• "Fake" in the meaning of "insincere". In this case, the short form will be "false".
• "Poor" in the meaning of "unfortunate". In this case, there is no short form.
• "Poor" in the meaning of "poor". In this case, the short form would be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full one in its meaning:

• the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the long form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
• the short form indicates an excessive manifestation of a trait (for example, old grandmother or old grandmother);
• the full form indicates an irrelevant sign, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, dress tight and dress narrow).
• in some cases, the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words (for example, the purpose of the journey was quite clear and the weather was clear).