Complete and incomplete sentence. Incomplete sentences in Russian

The difference between an incomplete sentence and one-part sentences is described in detail. The definition of elliptic sentences is given. The conditions for setting a dash in an incomplete sentence are listed. An exercise on a topic followed by a check.

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OK Incomplete sentences are sentences in which a sentence member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence, which is easy to restore from the previous context or from the situation

The omitted members of the sentence can be restored by the participants of the communication from the knowledge of the situation referred to in the sentence. For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming! ", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: The bus is coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues. For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's reply is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (cf .: My company is assigned to the forest tomorrow).

OK Out of the situation. At the bus stop: -Goes? (Is the bus coming?) From the previous context. -What is your name? -Sasha. (My name is Sasha.)

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences: Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a complex non-union sentence (I - to nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is omitted (cf .: I am not obedient to anything).

Note! Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena. In one-part sentences, one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning. For example, the plural form of the verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (they knocked on the door), not important (He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding (I was told a lot about you yesterday). In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: Mine; I - nothing).

OK incomplete one-piece 1. One of the main PE is missing 1. Any PE may be missing 2. The meaning of the sentence is clear even without the missing PE 2. Out of context and situation, the meaning of such a sentence is not clear.

In Russian, there is one kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even out of context, situations: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and to the left are swamps (Peskov). These are the so-called "elliptic sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot tell which predicate is missing. Wed: Behind the back is / located / a forest is visible. And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

OK Elliptic sentences This is a kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even out of context, situations: Behind the back is a forest. Right and left - swamps

OK Pay attention! Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominatives (Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, a pronounced indirect case of a noun or an adverb with a zero connective (All trees in silver). To distinguish between these constructions, it is necessary to take into account the following: 1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most typical are agreed and inconsistent definitions. spring forest; Entrance to the hall; 2) The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate - a noun or an adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state. Compare: All trees are in silver. All trees are silver.

OK Punctuation marks in an incomplete sentence The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is put in the letter: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and to the left - swamps (Peskov); Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin).

OK Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases: in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of a place, an addition, - only if there is a pause in oral speech: Outside the night window - fog (Block); in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (uniformity of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts: Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert (Fedin);

in incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts: For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits; in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

Fill in the missing dashes in the sentences. Justify the punctuation marks. Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad. Our job is to obey, not to criticize. The land below seemed like a sea, and the mountains like huge, petrified waves. The task of the artist is to resist suffering with all his strength, with all his talent. I love the sky, grass, horses, most of all the sea.

Let's check 1. Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i - pretty bad (incomplete sentence, predicate omitted; parallelism of constructions). 2. Our job is to obey, not to criticize (subject - noun in I. p., predicate - infinitive, zero connective). 3. The earth below seemed like a sea, and the mountains like huge, petrified waves (incomplete sentence, omitted SIS link; parallelism of constructions). 4. The artist's job is to resist suffering with all his strength, with all his talent (subject - noun in I. p., predicate - infinitive, zero connective). 5. I love the sky, grass, horses, most of all - the sea (the second part of a complex non-union sentence is an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate I love).

6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face. 7. Through the black huge branches of larch silver stars. 8. He won’t get up soon, and will he even get up at all? 9. The river turned blue and the sky turned blue. 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly during the day: one in the morning, another in the evening, a third at noon.

Let's check 6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face (the main part of the complex sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject omitted I). 7. Through the black huge branches of larches - silver stars (an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate is visible). 8. He won’t get up soon, and will he even get up at all? (the second part of the compound sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject omitted he; there is no pause, so there is no dash). 9. The river turned blue, and the sky turned blue (in the second sentence, the link became omitted; parallelism in the constructions of full and incomplete sentences). 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: in the morning - one, in the evening - another, at noon - the third (in a complex sentence, the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete, elliptical (subject and adverb of time); the part of the subject is also omitted - color; parallelism of constructions of incomplete sentences).

11. Who is looking for something, and the mother is always affectionate. 12. A tree is precious by its fruits, but a man by his deeds. 13. In big people I love modesty, and in small people I like my own dignity. 14. The business of the bakery was going very well, personally mine is getting worse. 15. Turkin further. Author following.

Let's check 11. Who is looking for something, and the mother is always affectionate (in the second part of the complex sentence, the predicate is looking for is omitted). 12. A tree is expensive with its fruits, and a person with deeds (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete, the predicate is omitted; the parallelism of the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 13. In big people I love modesty, and in small people I love my own dignity (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete; the predicate I love and the addition in people are omitted; the parallelism of constructions of full and incomplete sentences). 14. The affairs of the bakery were going very well, personally mine was getting worse (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete; the subject of the case and the predicate were omitted; the parallelism of the constructions of the complete and incomplete sentences). 15. Terkin - further. The author follows (incomplete elliptical sentences consisting of subjects and circumstances; in oral speech there is a pause between the circumstance and the subject, in writing - a dash).

That is, those in which one of the members is omitted are often found both in colloquial and literary speech. Not only secondary, but also the main members of the sentence - the subject or the predicate - may be absent in them.

Their semantic load is easily restored both from the context (from the sentences that precede the given), and from the knowledge of the situation by the interlocutor or reader.

An example of an incomplete sentence:

Where is your brother?

Here "left" is an incomplete sentence consisting of one word. The subject is omitted in it, but it can be understood from the previous statement who exactly is being discussed (about the brother).

A certain difficulty is the distinction between incomplete and one-part sentences in which either the subject or the predicate is omitted. Here you can use the following criterion. For example, from the sentence “Berries are picked in the forest”, it is completely incomprehensible who exactly performs the action. Let's take another example: “Where are your girlfriends? "Berries are picked in the forest." The subject is omitted here, but from the context it is easy to determine who exactly performs the specified action (friends). This means that in the first case we are dealing with a one-part sentence, and in the second - with an incomplete two-part sentence, although the list of words in them is exactly the same.

It should be noted that dialogue with incomplete sentences is the most frequent, characteristic situation of their use. When studying such examples in educational practice, it is enough for a teacher to simply create in students an idea of an incomplete sentence as a variety of a complete one - in contrast to one-part sentences, where one of the (mandatory!) main members is not omitted, but simply impossible. To do this, you can also compare complete and incomplete sentences. In incomplete, all members retain the same grammatical forms and functions as in full. In turn, they can also be incomplete if the word that is missing in them can be easily restored from the context:

What is your name, girl?

Incomplete sentences (examples can be found below) can be of two types, depending on how their meaning is restored: contextual or situational. Inside the first allocate:

Knowledge is power.

As for punctuation marks in incomplete sentences, dashes are often put in them. Its role in this case, as mentioned above, is to replace the missing word, usually the predicate.

I came home from class early, and my sister came late.

In this example, the dash replaces the word "came", avoiding incorrect, unnecessary repetition.

On the table are bread and fruit.

In this example, a dash is used instead of a missing predicate (an elliptical sentence).

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence.

The missing members of the sentence can be restored by the participants in communication from knowledge of the situation or context.

For example, if in the subway one of the passengers, looking at the path, says: “It’s coming!”, All other passengers will easily restore the missing subject: the train is coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very often observed in dialogues.

For example: - Your vestra performs a song tomorrow? Alyosha asked Maxim Petrovich. - My. Maxim Petrovich's answer is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (For example: My sister is performing a song tomorrow).

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:

Everyone is available to her, but she is available to no one. The second part of a complex non-union sentence (it is to no one) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is omitted (For example: It is not available to anyone).

Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.

One-part sentences do not have one of the main members of the sentence, but the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself has a certain meaning.

For example, the plural form of the verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (They knocked on the window), it is not important (He was killed near Moscow) or is hiding (I was recently told a lot about her).
In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of the situation or context, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (For example, out of context: Mine; She - to no one).

Behind is a field. Left and right are swamps.

Such sentences are called "elliptical sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and often we cannot say which predicate is missing.

For example: Behind the back is / located / visible swamp.

Most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part nominatives (bog) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed in the indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective (All trees in gold). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be considered:

1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain circumstances, because the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most frequent are agreed and inconsistent definitions.

Winter forest; Office entrance;

2) The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate - a noun or an adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state.

For example: All trees are in gold. All trees are golden.

The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech is marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is put on the letter:

Behind is a field. Left and right - swamps;

The most regular dash is placed in the following cases:

In an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of place, an object, only if there is a pause in oral speech:

Behind the high hill is the forest;

In an elliptical sentence - with parallelism, i.e. the same type of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc. structures or their parts:

In incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts:

Skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs, Young families - benefits;

In an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when a member is omitted, this predicate is usually restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

The nights have become longer, the days shorter (in the second part, the bond of steel is restored).

Incomplete sentence parsing plan

A) Indicate the type of offer (full - incomplete).
b) Name the missing part of the sentence.

Sample parsing

Warriors are for weapons.

The offer is incomplete; omitted predicate seized.

1. The concept of an incomplete sentence.

2. Types of incomplete sentences.

3. Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech.

4. Elliptical sentences.

5. Use of incomplete and elliptical sentences.

In Russian, taking into account the structure of the sentence, incomplete sentences.

Incomplete is called a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure. Those or other members formally organizing it (main or secondary) without naming are clear from the context or speech situation.

The functioning of incomplete sentences is associated with the patterns of text construction.

For example, in a sentence: This juice is needed for linden, that for lily of the valley, that for pine, and that for ferns or wild raspberries. (Kuprin).

Only the 1st part is characterized by the completeness of the grammatical structure, and all the rest are incomplete, the omission of the main members in them is contracted - due to the context, i.e. their presence in the 1st part of the sentence.

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of these sentences is manifested in the use of words in the function of dependent members: the form of definition that(m. r., singular h., I. p.) is due to the form of the unnamed the juice, addendum form lily of the valley, pine, fern, raspberry(D. p.) - unnamed control predicate needed.

Thus, despite their absence, these members participate in the formation of incomplete sentences. The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, because the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.

Incomplete sentences in their structure are of the same types as complete sentences. They can be common and non-common, two-part and, as some linguists believe, one-part. But we take as a basis the point of view of linguists who believe that all one-part sentences are complete.

Single-component and incomplete sentences are completely different concepts. Incomplete sentences have missing members in their structure, one-part sentences do not have any one main member at all. In incomplete terms, missing members are usually restored. This can't be done in one piece. In addition, in incomplete sentences, not only main members, but also secondary ones can be omitted. Several members can be omitted at once, for example:

1) Here roads first time divided:

2) one went up the river,

3) another - somewhere right. (The 3rd sentence is incomplete, the subject and predicate are missing.)

Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational.

contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in the nearest sentences or in the same sentence if it is complex.

Ex: On one side of the breakthrough, arms folded, in a women's crimson beret - a figurant with blue eyes and a small black mustache over thin, serpentine lips curved into a Mephistopheles smile. On the other stood the chief, and everyone knew that the chief was now standing for the truth and would not hesitate for a single minute (Prishvin).

Predicate omitted in 1 sentence stood(in sentence 2 it is present), and in sentence 2 - part of the circumstance side(in 1 sentence, the same type of circumstance is given completely on one side).

situational incomplete sentences with unnamed members are called, which are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation.

For example: offer Goes! is complemented by the subject subject, depending on the situation of speech (train, teacher, bus, etc.)

-Vania! - faintly came from the stage.

-give yellow(the speech situation suggests that yellow light is meant).

- I - in a shop - I need flour and salt. No need for flour, no need for salt,” he said, “it’s damp and slushy in the yard.

- I put on rubber, said the young woman(meaning boots).

It should be noted that the division of sentences into situational and contextual is to a certain extent conditional, since the word context often denotes the situation of speech. In addition, in written speech, situational sentences acquire some properties of contextual sentences, since the situation of speech is described, receives a verbal expression, for example:

-How cute! - said Countess Marya, looking at the child and playing with him (L. Tolstoy)

Depending on the type of speech, incomplete dialogic and monologue sentences which can be both oral and written.

Dialogic incomplete sentences are interconnected replicas of the dialogue (dialogical unity).

For example:

- Go to the dressing.

-Will kill...

-Crawling…

- You won't be saved.

In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated.

In monologue speech, incomplete sentences can be distinguished, taking into account the level differences in syntactic units:

a) incomplete sentences in which part of a complex form of a word or part of a whole phrase that makes up one member of the sentence is not repeated, for example:

I decided to take up catching songbirds; it seemed to me that it would feed well: I I will catch, a grandma sell(M. Gorky).

b) incomplete sentences that are part of complex sentences of various types, for example:

Youth is rich in hopes, and old age is rich in experience.

Elliptical self-used sentences of a special type are called, the specificity of the structure of which is the absence of a verbal predicate not mentioned in the context, i.e. semantically not necessary for the transmission of this message. The predicate that is missing and does not need to be restored, however, participates in the formation of the structure of these sentences, because they contain secondary members of the predicate. In this respect, elliptical sentences are close to incomplete ones.

It should be noted that these sentences do not need a context or a situation in order to represent an action or state. It is expressed by the whole construction as a whole, the purpose of which is to inform about the place, time, method, characterizing the action or state, or to point to the object of the action.

PR: Behind the house is a garden bathed in the sun.

Wide native expanses. In the bowels of coal, gold and copper.

The lexical limitation of the missing verb-predicates is manifested in the uniformity of the construction of elliptic sentences: the members that make them up are not numerous.

Secondary members in them are either circumstances of place and less often time or reasons.

Eg: Everywhere the steppe; At five o'clock check.

or an addition with the value of the replacement item:

Ex: Silence instead of an answer.

Elliptical sentences are sometimes referred to as incomplete. However, some linguists consider such sentences to be incomplete only in historical terms and do not classify them as incomplete in modern Russian (Gvozdev A.N.)

Such sentences really cannot qualify as incomplete, because their incompleteness is a structural norm. These are typed constructions that do not need to restore any members of the sentence, they are quite complete (even out of context) in terms of their communicative task.

Incomplete and elliptical sentences are used mainly in the field of conversational styles. They are widely used as a sign of colloquialism in fiction or in the transmission of dialogue, and in descriptions. Different types of incomplete and elliptical sentences also have a specific stylistic fixation.

For example, the dialogue is dominated by incomplete situational and elliptical sentences with an object distributor:

They began to mend justice: someone by the hair, someone by the ears (G.).

Descriptions tend to be more elliptical sentences. Especially typical for remarks of dramatic works. You can give an example of how Gorky builds a description-remark: the description contains a brief description of the situation of the action:

Ex: In the left corner there is a large Russian stove, in the left - stone wall - the door to the kitchen, where Kvashnya, Baron, Nastya live ... Everywhere along the walls there are couples. In the middle of the rooming house there is a large table, two benches, a stool, everything is unpainted and dirty.

Some types of contextual incomplete sentences can be reproduced in scientific speech as well. Various types of incomplete and elliptical sentences as a fact of live colloquial speech have been widely used in the language of the newspaper in recent years. These designs provide rich material for developing the structure of headings, numerous ellipses here are already a kind of standard. The language of the newspaper strives for dynamism, catchiness. Ex: (examples from newspaper headlines) Scientists - Motherland.

Peace - Earth.

Radio - for schoolchildren.

test questions

1. What sentences are called incomplete?

In Russian, there are different principles for classifying sentences, and one of them is according to the completeness and incompleteness of a given syntactic unit. What exactly this means is explained in the Russian language lessons in the 8th grade. This topic is very important for understanding the principles of sentence formation and syntax in general.

Incomplete sentences: what is it and their varieties

Incomplete sentences are those in which one or more members are missing, which are necessary for the syntactic unit to be complete in terms of meaning and structure. You can restore the missing members of the sentence based on the surrounding context or knowledge of the situation in question, if this is oral communication.

To better understand what is meant, examples of incomplete sentences will help.

Is your class on school duty tomorrow? - Our.- in this dialogue, the response remark will be an incomplete sentence, the full meaning of which (yes, our class is on duty at school tomorrow) is clear from the context.

Most often, incomplete sentences are used precisely in interactive speech; also, one of the parts of a complex syntactic unit will often be an incomplete sentence.

Here is an example of such a proposal: Everyone is subject to me, I - to no one(the second part in full would sound like “I am not subject to anyone”).

The main feature of an incomplete sentence is that its meaning is not clear outside the context or situation of communication. According to the principle of where the listener or reader learns the missing information, they are divided into the following types:

situationally incomplete- sentences that are understandable only to the participants in the situation, those who communicate or observe the communication.
Context-incomplete- understandable to the reader who read the previous remark / part of the sentence.

If an incomplete sentence consists of more than one word, then a dash is usually put in place of the missing word or words. In oral speech, a short pause is made at this place to highlight the gap.

It is necessary to distinguish incomplete sentences from one-part sentences, since these are different phenomena. So, in a one-part sentence, despite the absence of one of the main members, the meaning is clear even without it.

Elliptic sentences as a special kind of incomplete sentences

In Russian, however, there are such incomplete sentences that all situations of communication or context are understandable, in addition, only one member of the sentence is always omitted in them - the predicate expressed by the verb. Such syntactic units are called elliptical. They also differ in that a dash is not placed at the place where such a predicate is skipped. As a rule, the standard structure of such a sentence is subject + object.

for example: Lunch on the table is an elliptical sentence in which the verb-predicate “is worth” is omitted. Usually it is not difficult to restore such a verb.

What have we learned?

In Russian there is a special kind of sentences - incomplete. that is, those whose meaning is incomprehensible without context or knowledge of the situation due to the omission of one or more semantic members. Depending on where you can restore the meaning of the sentence, they are divided into contextually incomplete and situationally incomplete. However, they should be distinguished from single-component proposals. A special type of incomplete sentence is elliptical. in which only the verb-predicate is always omitted, which is easy to recover even without knowledge of the situation or the surrounding context. If in ordinary incomplete sentences a dash is put in place of missing words, then in an elliptical sentence it is usually not required.