The concept of scientific and technological progress. The main directions of scientific and technological progress

If you try to look at the history of human development on a large time scale, you can see how much the living conditions of our civilization have changed under the influence of scientific and technological progress (STP). Science and technology have deeply penetrated into all spheres of human life, influenced his relationship with nature, gave him new methods and methods of production, and affected the level and style of people's lives. So, thanks to modern technology, people can move from one point of the globe to another in a few hours, communicate with each other at a distance of several thousand kilometers using telephone, radio and television communications, almost instantly learn about events taking place in other countries, or directly observe behind them via live broadcast. A person can today dive into the deepest points of the World Ocean, where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than atmospheric pressure, and work on other planets under the conditions of a cosmic temperature difference in the complete absence of an atmosphere. Optical and electronic technology helps us to study both the life of huge space objects and the structure of the smallest elements of a living cell, individual molecules and atoms. The creation of high-speed computers and developments in the field of cybernetics allowed a person to refuse direct participation in many production processes and entrust their execution to automata.

At the same time, it is important to note that most of these achievements of science and technology have been obtained in recent decades, over a period that is negligible compared to the entire previous history of mankind. Even at the end of the 19th century. - early 20th century many years passed before the scientist's discovery was introduced into technology or industry. The main way to improve and create new technology was the evolutionary path of searching, accumulating and developing practical skills, which led to the creation of most of the machines and tools used today, especially in everyday life and traditional industries.

A significant impetus to the development of the productive forces was given in the 19th century. thanks to the rapid development of natural science, which has managed to combine disparate knowledge about the surrounding world in the form of a single coherent scientific system that allows not only to explain many discoveries, but also to determine the priority areas of scientific research in the long term. This created the prerequisites for the rapid development of the natural sciences, the discoveries of which began to be actively introduced into technology and industry. At this stage, the scientific and technical progress began to acquire not an evolutionary, but a revolutionary character. The quantitative accumulation of both practical skills in the use and improvement of technical tools, and scientific knowledge about the world around us grew into a qualitative leap, which made it possible to ensure close, ever-accelerating interaction between science and technology. The peculiarity of this stage in the development of scientific and technical progress is that all significant technical achievements began to be based primarily not on the direct practical experience of mankind, but on scientific discoveries made on the basis of this experience. This, of course, does not mean that in the past science had no influence on the progress of technology. The discoveries of B. Pascal, A. L. Lavoisier, M. V. Lomonosov, J. K. Maxwell, I. Newton and many other scientists certainly helped inventors to choose the right directions for technical research. However, firstly, earlier there was no such rapid direct introduction of scientific achievements into technology, and, secondly, the interaction between science and technology was very weak. After all, it was only at a very high level of technology that it was possible to create such advanced means of scientific research as electron microscopes, radio telescopes, synchrophasotrons, nuclear reactors, powerful high-speed computers and other devices. Scientific research carried out with their help leads to new discoveries, which are introduced into new machines and devices, and thus provide a basis for new discoveries. Consequently, a kind of feedback arises: new technology contributes to an even deeper penetration of science into the secrets of nature, and this, in turn, gives rise to new, even deeper technical ideas, methods and processes. Of course, this does not mean that there is no room in science for purely theoretical research using "paper and pencil", but the practical implementation of scientific developments today is unthinkable without an appropriate technical experimental base. Thus, the modern development of mankind is determined by the ever-accelerating interaction of science and technology, which creates a qualitatively new stage in the development of productive forces. This process was called the scientific and technological revolution within the framework of scientific and technological progress.

From the point of view of a number of scientists, a qualitatively new stage of scientific and technical progress has recently begun, which will inevitably lead to new profound revolutionary shifts in the development of productive forces and in the life of society. These changes are caused by a number of problems, in particular, the possible significant depletion of the Earth's natural resources in the next century.

Even today, traditional sources of energy - coal, gas and oil - have been replaced by alternative ones: the energy of the atom, the sun and water. Rare and noble metals are gradually being replaced by special glass fibers, which are significantly superior to their predecessors in a whole range of physical and chemical properties; cast iron and high grades of steel used in mechanical engineering are giving way to ceramics and plastics; advances in the development of medicine and biology have led to the emergence of a whole new branch of science called bioengineering, it will help people get rid of serious illnesses and diseases. The combination of advances in biology, computer technology and cybernetics has led to the creation of modern super-powerful computers with elements of artificial intelligence that can not only replace a person in production and under extreme conditions, but also help him penetrate into the deep secrets of nature. The invention of the laser, which is increasingly being used in a wide variety of branches of human activity, has had a great influence on modern science and technology. With its help, new horizons were opened in communication technology, medicine, space research, and everyday life. It is still difficult to assess the impact on the development of mankind of a new branch of knowledge - informatics, but there is no doubt that it can have a huge impact on the prevailing stereotypes of scientific and industrial activity.

But scientific and technological progress, in addition to all the progressive significance that it has for modern civilization, also carries a number of problems. Here we can name the use of scientific achievements in the means of mass destruction of people, and the increasing psychological stress associated with a huge information flow, and the environmental problems of our planet (see the "Green" movement), and much more. All this requires the judicious use of major achievements of science and technology, which will make every person a truly happy inhabitant of the universe.

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Introduction

1. The essence of the concept of scientific and technical progress

1.1 Main forms of scientific and technical progress

1.2 Main directions of scientific and technical progress

4. State of scientific and technical progress in Ukraine

Conclusion

Introduction

introduction of technical economic

The subject of this work is scientific and technical progress as the main factor of economic growth.

The purpose of this work is to highlight and analyze the most important features, forms and types of scientific and technical progress, as well as the state of scientific and technological progress in Ukraine.

Based on the goal, the following work tasks can be distinguished:

To study the factors influencing the emergence and acceleration of STP,

Consider the general concepts of NTP,

The essence of NTP

Its types

The state of scientific and technical progress in Ukraine at a given point in time.

In my comprehensive work, I will focus on the disclosure of such a topic as the level of scientific and technical progress in Ukraine.

Scientific and technological progress is one of the factors determining economic growth in the state. Scientific and technical progress is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements and implementation of scientific knowledge. The basis of the effectiveness of the national economy of any modern country is, along with natural and labor resources, the scientific and technical potential of the country. Economic growth is achieved through the introduction of new equipment and technology into production, as well as the use of improved technologies for the use of resources, which in fact is the basis of scientific and technical progress. As a result of scientific and technological progress, all elements of the productive forces develop and improve: means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production.

The relevance of this topic is determined by the emergence of new external and internal factors that affect the state of the economic system.

Also, the relevance of the research topic led to the emergence of numerous works devoted to the problems of maintaining and developing scientific and technical potential. A great contribution to the development of this direction was made by domestic theorists, among them the following can be distinguished: Goncharova V.V., Zavlina P.N., Kazantseva L.E., Kortova V.S., Andreyanov V.D., Abramov, Malkova I.V. , Basovsky L.E. and others, whose works are widely represented in the literature.

1. The essence of the concept of scientific and technical progress

Scientific and technological progress (STP) is a continuous process of discovering new knowledge and applying it in social production, allowing you to combine and combine available resources in a new way in order to increase the production of high-quality end products at the lowest cost. It also acts as the most important means of solving socio-economic problems - improving working conditions and increasing its content, protecting the environment, and improving the well-being of the people. Scientific and technological progress is also of great importance for strengthening the country's defense capability.

In a broad sense, at any level - from the firm to the national economy - STP means the creation and implementation of new equipment, technology, materials, the use of new types of energy, as well as the emergence of previously unknown methods of organizing and managing production.

Scientific and technical progress is a gradual improvement and dissemination in the production of equipment and technological processes within the framework of existing scientific and technical principles.

It is characterized by the following features:

Development and widespread use of fundamentally new machines and systems of machines operating in automatic mode;

Creation and development of qualitatively new production technologies;

Discovery and use of new types and sources of energy;

Creation and widespread use of new types of materials with predetermined properties;

Wide development of automation of production processes based on the use of machine tools with numerical control, automatic lines, industrial robots, flexible production systems;

Introduction of new forms of organization of labor and production.

At the present stage, the following features of STP are observed.

There is an increase in the technological orientation of scientific and technical progress, its technological component. Progressive technologies are now the main link in scientific and technical progress both in terms of the scale of implementation and in terms of results. There is an intensification of scientific and technical progress: the volume of scientific knowledge is growing, the qualitative composition of scientific personnel is improving, the cost effectiveness of its implementation is growing, and the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress is increasing.

At the present stage, scientific and technical progress is becoming more and more complex, systemic. This is expressed, first of all, in the fact that scientific and technical progress now covers all sectors of the economy, including the service sector, penetrates into all elements of social production: the material and technical base, the process of organizing production, the process of training personnel and the organization of management. In quantitative terms, complexity is also manifested in the mass introduction of scientific and technological achievements. An important regularity of scientific and technical progress is the strengthening of its resource-saving orientation. As a result of the introduction of scientific and technological achievements, material, technical and labor resources are saved, and this is an important criterion for the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress. There is an increase in the social orientation of STP, which is manifested in the increasing impact of STP on the social factors of human life: the conditions of work, study, life.

There is an increasing trend in the development of science and technology to preserve the environment - the greening of scientific and technological progress. This is the development and application of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the introduction of effective methods for the integrated use and processing of natural resources, and a more complete involvement in the economic circulation of production and consumption waste.

1.1 Main forms of scientific and technical progress

Scientific and technological progress, in other words, the progress of science and technology, is accompanied by many factors that affect social development to one degree or another. The combination of these factors has led to two forms of scientific and technological progress: evolutionary and revolutionary.

The evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress is a relatively slow improvement of the traditional scientific and technical foundations of production. We are not talking about speed, but about the rate of growth of production: they can be low in a revolutionary form and high in an evolutionary one. For example, if we consider the growth rate of labor productivity, then, as history shows, rapid development can be observed in the evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress and slow development at the beginning of the revolutionary stage. At present, the revolutionary form prevails, providing a higher effect, large scale and accelerated reproduction rates. This form of scientific and technological progress is embodied in the scientific and technological revolution, or STR.

1.2 Main directions of scientific and technical progress

In the modern period of rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the realities of life complement its traditional directions with many significant things, both in general and in the sectoral context. However, traditional ones are constantly operating, remaining the basis for the development of the industry and increasing its efficiency.

The main areas of scientific and technological progress include:

1. The advanced development of science itself, as the basis of the technical revolution and technical progress.

2. Electrosaturation of production.

3. Electronization of production.

4. Large-scale use of computers and information technology.

5. Mechanization and automation of all production processes.

6. Rational chemicalization, supplemented by biological means and methods.

7. Modern and ultra-modern areas related to the use of the laser effect, space instruments, microbiology, bionics, bioengineering, genetic engineering, etc.

8. Creation of advanced technologies, taking into account the achievements of all the named areas of scientific and technological progress.

9. Improving the organization of production, labor and management is adequate to the introduction of new technology and other areas of scientific and technological progress.

All these areas of scientific and technological progress are very important. However, in real life, an adjustment for priority and opportunity is needed. In this regard, the most priority areas are new technologies, mechanization and automation of production processes. It is also necessary to reorient imports of products to the acquisition of technology.

2. Scientific and technological revolution and its consequences

Economists emphasize the "scientific and technological revolution" (NTR) - a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of society, a revolution in technology and production technology.

The scientific and technological revolution is a qualitative transformation of the productive forces, the transformation of science into a productive force, and a corresponding radical change in the material and technical base of social production, its form and content, the nature of labor, and the social division of labor.

Thus, scientific and technical progress and scientific and technological revolution are interconnected and mutually conditioned, correlated as evolutionary and revolutionary forms of development of the material and technical base of society. The revolutionary form of scientific and technical progress means a transition to the use of qualitatively new scientific and production principles in production (and not only in its material sphere, but also in the service sector). Scientific and technological revolution transforms the entire technological mode of production, all its aspects and components.

The main features of the scientific and technological revolution:

Universality - covers almost all branches of the national economy and affects all spheres of human activity;

The rapid development of science and technology;

Changing the role of man in the production process - in the process of the scientific and technological revolution, the requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources are increasing, the share of mental labor is increasing.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following changes in the sphere of production:

First, the conditions, nature and content of labor are changing due to the introduction of the achievements of science into production. Machine-automated labor is replacing the former types of labor. The introduction of automatic machines significantly increases labor productivity, removing from production restrictions in speed, accuracy, continuity, etc., associated with the psychophysiological properties of a person. This changes the place of man in production. A new type of connection "man-technique" is emerging, which does not limit the development of either man or technology. In the conditions of automated production, machines produce machines.

Secondly, new types of energy are beginning to be used - atomic, sea ebb, earth's interior. There is a qualitative change in the use of electromagnetic and solar energy.

Thirdly, there is a replacement of natural materials with artificial ones. Plastics and PVC products are widely used.

Fourth, the production technology is changing. For example, the mechanical effect on the object of labor is replaced by a physical and chemical effect. In this case, magnetic-impulse phenomena, ultrasound, super frequencies, electro-hydraulic effect, various types of radiation, etc. are used. Modern technology is characterized by the fact that cyclic technological processes are increasingly being replaced by continuous flow processes. New technological methods also impose new requirements on the tools of labor (increased accuracy, reliability, the ability to self-regulate), on the objects of labor (exactly specified quality, a clear mode of supply, etc.), on working conditions (strictly specified requirements for illumination, temperature regime in the premises, their cleanliness, etc.).

Fifth, the nature of governance is changing. The use of automated control systems changes the place of a person in the system of management and production control.

Sixth, the system for generating, storing and transmitting information is changing. The use of computers significantly accelerates the processes associated with the development and use of information, improves the methods of making and evaluating decisions.

Seventh, the requirements for professional training of personnel are changing. The rapid change in the means of production poses the task of constant professional improvement, raising the level of skills. Professional mobility and a higher level of morality are required from a person. The number of intelligentsia is growing, the requirements for its professional training are increasing.

Eighth, there is a transition from extensive to intensive development of production.

3. Scientific and technological progress as a factor of economic growth

Economic growth is an important economic goal, as it contributes to the growth of prosperity and increase in national wealth. It allows solving socio-economic problems - implementing social programs, developing science and education, solving environmental problems, etc. Economic growth increases the production capabilities of the economy. Thanks to it, new types of resources are created, new efficient technologies of production processes that allow increasing and diversifying the production of goods and services, and improving the quality of life.

Among the intensive factors of economic growth, the most significant is scientific and technological progress (STP), based on the accumulation and expansion of knowledge, on innovations that serve as a form of implementation of scientific discoveries and inventions. It is scientific and economic progress that ensures the improvement of the quality of resources, the gradual improvement of technology and technological processes within the framework of existing scientific and technical principles and their dissemination in production. The evolutionary form of scientific and technical progress is constantly inherent in social production and involves the steady development of technology, an increase in the level of technical knowledge. The revolutionary form of scientific and technological progress - the scientific and technological revolution (STR) - is a qualitative leap in the development of science and the productive forces of society, a revolution in technology and production technology.

The beginning of the modern scientific and technological revolution is usually attributed to the mid-1950s. Its main characteristics:

Automation and computerization of production, the transformation of informatics into a new resource and element of technological progress;

Discovery and use of new types and sources of energy - nuclear, thermonuclear;

Creation and use of new types of materials, unknown to nature, with predetermined properties;

Discovery and application of new technologies (chemical, biological, laser, etc.), which come into life under the general name of "high technologies";

Formation of a new type of worker - cultured and educated, disciplined, capable of operating complex technical and information systems, thinking creatively.

Of course, the use of high technologies makes it possible to better meet the needs of society with a more gentle impact on the environment, determines the increasing efficiency of the production of final products, and contributes to the achievement of economic growth goals. However, economic growth alone cannot solve all the economic, social, environmental and other problems of human society. Recently, experts studying the problems of economic growth have come to the conclusion that the continuation of unbridled economic growth on the existing basis will lead humanity to a catastrophe that threatens its existence. This conclusion is based on a number of interrelated arguments.

First, while maintaining the existing production conditions, the resource component of production may be exhausted in the short term.

Secondly, the technologies and social relations prevailing today are capable of leading humanity to an ecological catastrophe. Ever since the beginning of the 20th century. humanity began to face a number of growing problems of a planetary nature, called global. If back in the 60s and 70s. The main problem was considered to be the prevention of a world nuclear war, but now experts put the environmental problem in the first place. Industrialization and economic growth give rise to such negative phenomena as pollution, industrial noise, emissions, deterioration of the appearance of cities, etc.

Thirdly, the growing social stratification of society poses a serious danger. The problem of income inequality and, as a consequence, the problem of poverty is becoming more and more acute. Approximately 2/3 of the world's population is constantly eking out a beggarly existence or dangerously approaching it. Today, developing countries account for almost 80% of the world's population and about 40% of world GDP.

Fourth, rapid economic growth, especially the technological upgrades that underlie it, creates anxiety and uncertainty among people about the future. Workers at every level fear that the skills and experience they have accumulated may become obsolete as technology advances rapidly.

4. State of scientific and technical progress in Ukraine

Ukraine is in the top 20 leaders of scientific and technological progress.

In the first half of November, at least three events became significant for the Ukrainian scientific community. Firstly, on November 1, Time magazine published a list of the best inventions of 2012, in which the development of the Ukrainian team "Enable Talk Gloves" took 7th place out of 25 possible. (Enable Talk is a student project, the main goal of which is the translation of sign language into speech. The presented concept of the project included two, equipped with sensors, gloves and a mobile device, where the recognition itself took place). Secondly, on November 12, the 100,000th patent for the invention was registered. According to the press announcement of the State Intellectual Property Service of Ukraine, on November 20, the applicant will be issued a title of protection for a period of 20 years for a method to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy for malignant tumors. And, finally, within the framework of the international PCT system for 2011, Ukraine ranked 7th in the TOP-15 middle-income countries in terms of the number of applications filed for patents. At the same time, according to the dynamics of the number of applications for registration of innovations, Ukraine was in the top 20 leaders of scientific and technological progress.

According to ICIS, from 1992 to 2012, 203,294 patents were registered in Ukraine. There are over 2,000 inventions per million inhabitants. With this indicator, according to the "Global Innovation Ranking-2012", Ukraine, together with China and India, was in the group of "beginners". As noted in the report, despite a weak economy with low and middle incomes of citizens, the state has seen an increase in achievements in the field of innovation. This is facilitated by the improvement of the institutional structure, the availability of qualified specialists and close integration into the global financial market. Based on statistics published on the website of the State Intellectual Property Service of Ukraine, it can be calculated that in 2012 the state earned more than 35.3 million hryvnias on the registration of inventions, utility models and industrial designs. The main part of this amount, about 33.4 million hryvnia, is made up of annual fees for maintaining patents.

Conclusion

Having studied the proposed topic, it should be concluded that the scientific and technical potential of any country is the main engine of the economies of countries and its development is one of the most relevant for the economy at the present time. In this comprehensive work, the main issues that reveal the essence of scientific and technical progress as the main factor in economic growth were considered.

Based on the results of this work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Scientific and technological progress is one of the factors determining economic growth in the state.

Scientific and technical progress is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements and implementation of scientific knowledge.

NTP is characterized by:

Development and widespread use of fundamentally new machines and systems of machines operating in automatic mode;

Creation and development of qualitatively new production technologies;

Discovery and use of new types and sources of energy;

Creation and widespread use of new types of materials with predetermined properties;

The economic effect of scientific and technical progress is the result of scientific and technical activity. It manifests itself in the form of an increase in production, a decrease in production costs, as well as a decrease in economic damage, for example, from environmental pollution.

For Ukraine, the creative use of the experience of developed countries in implementing measures of state support for innovation processes in the economy has now acquired special significance, which will ultimately allow the formation of a domestic system for stimulating innovation. The effectiveness of innovation depends on a number of factors - this is efficiency. Any result obtained during the investment of investments and all resources (monetary, material, informational, labor) in a new product or operation (technology).

List of used literature

1. Economics of the enterprise. I.V. Sergeev. - M.: Phoenix, 2003.

2. Economics of the enterprise. Edited by Dr. E. n., prof. Karlika B.A. - M.: Nick, 2000.

3. Blyakhman L.S. Economics, organization of management and planning of scientific and technical progress. Moscow: Higher school, 2001.

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Classifications

the emergence and introduction of language into human activity and consciousness;
the invention of writing;
the invention of printing;
the invention of the telegraph and telephone;
the invention of computers and the advent of the Internet.

The recognized classic of the theory of post-industrialism D. Bell identifies three technological revolutions:

invention of the steam engine in the 18th century
scientific and technological advances in electricity and chemistry in the 19th century
creation of computers in the 20th century

Bell argued that, just as the industrial revolution brought about the assembly line, which increased productivity and prepared the mass consumer society, so now there must be a mass production of information that ensures appropriate social development in all directions.

“Gunpowder, compass, printing,” notes K. Marx, “three great inventions that precede bourgeois society. Gunpowder blows up chivalry, the compass opens up the world market and establishes colonies, and printing becomes an instrument of Protestantism and, in general, a means of reviving science, the most powerful lever for creating the necessary prerequisites for spiritual development. Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Professor G. N. Volkov in the scientific and technological revolution highlights the unity of the revolution in technology - with the transition from mechanization to automation of production processes, and the revolution in science - with its reorientation to practice, the goal of applying research results to the needs of production, in contrast to the medieval (see Scholasticism#Scholastic view of science) .

According to the model used by Northwestern University (USA) economist Professor Robert Gordon, the first scientific and technological revolution, which began in 1750 with the invention of the steam engine and the construction of the first railways, lasted until about the end of the first third of the 19th century. Second STD (1870-1900), when electricity and the internal combustion engine were invented three months apart in 1897. The third scientific and technological revolution began in the 1960s with the advent of the first computers and industrial robotics, it became globally significant in the mid-90s, when ordinary users massively gained access to the Internet, its completion dates back to 2004.

Russian historian L. E. Grinin, speaking of the first two revolutions in the technological development of mankind, adheres to established views, highlighting the agrarian and industrial revolutions. However, speaking of the third revolution, he refers to it as cybernetic. In his concept, the cybernetic revolution consists of two phases: the scientific and information phase (the development of automation, energy, the field of synthetic materials, space, the creation of controls, communications and information) and the final phase of controlled systems, which, according to his forecast, will begin from 2030-2040- x years. Agrarian Revolution: The first phase is the transition to manual farming and animal husbandry. This period began about 12 - 19 thousand years ago, and the transition to the testamentary stage of the agrarian revolution begins about 5.5 thousand years ago.

The cybernetic revolution is also characterized by:

Characteristics of NTR

Features of NTR Components of scientific and technological revolution

Science: increasing science intensity, increasing the number of researchers and research costs
Technology: Increasing production efficiency. Functions: labor-saving, resource-saving, environmental protection
Production:
- electronization
- complex automation
- restructuring of the energy sector
- production of new materials
- accelerated development of biotechnology
- cosmization
Management: informatization and cybernetic approach

The progress of modern science and technology is characterized by a complex combination of their revolutionary and evolutionary changes. It is noteworthy that over the course of two to three decades, many of the initial directions of scientific and technological revolution from radical ones gradually turned into ordinary evolutionary forms of improving production factors and manufactured products. New major scientific discoveries and inventions

The scientific and technological process of the New Age (hereinafter referred to as STP) is a rapid development of technology that began in the 18th century and continues to this day. The importance of technological innovations can hardly be overestimated in their impact on European civilization. Yes, all over the planet.

Industrial Revolution

The first stage of scientific and technical progress is the so-called, which began in England in the middle of the 18th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century. This stage of scientific and technological progress was characterized mainly by the mechanization of labor, which was previously manual.

Pioneers from the British Isle

It is traditionally believed that the NTP is the brainchild of this particular country. It is here that, since the 1760s, the most important changes have been achieved in some areas of both light and heavy industry. For example, the invention of the yarn loom led to England's dominance of the European as well as the American textile markets. The appearance of the first in this country led to the replacement of the English fleet with ships of a new type - high-speed and ergonomic. This further consolidated the already traditional advantage of the English fleet over the rest of the Europeans.

The achievements of the NTP were also manifested in

infrastructure development. An example is the appearance of steam locomotives, as a result of which the country was very soon entangled in a whole network of railways, which facilitated communication between different regions of the country, trade between them, and so on. Important transformations also took place in heavy industry. For example, the invention led to a significant leap in the development of mechanical engineering.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS (STP)- the progressive and interconnected development of science and technology, characteristic of large-scale machine production. Under the influence of the growth and complexity of social needs, scientific and technological progress is accelerating, which makes it possible to put more and more powerful natural forces and resources at the service of man, to turn production into a technological process for the purposeful application of data from natural and other sciences.

The continuity of scientific and technical progress depends primarily on the development of fundamental research, which reveals new properties and laws of nature and society, as well as on applied research and experimental design, which make it possible to translate scientific ideas into new equipment and technology. Scientific and technological progress is carried out in two interdependent forms: 1) evolutionary, meaning a relatively slow and partial improvement of the traditional foundations of science and technology; 2) revolutionary, proceeding in the form of a scientific and technological revolution, which gives rise to a fundamentally new technique and technology, causes a radical transformation of the productive forces of society. Under capitalism, scientific and technological progress is carried out in the interests of the bourgeoisie, is used by it to intensify the exploitation of the proletariat, for militaristic and misanthropic purposes, and causes mass unemployment.

Under socialism, scientific and technological progress contributes to the dynamic development of the productive forces and the steady improvement of the people's well-being. The 27th CPSU Congress set the task of accelerating scientific and technical progress in every possible way as a decisive means of qualitatively transforming the productive forces, transferring the economy to the tracks of all-round intensification, and decisively improving the quality of products. For the period up to the year 2000, measures have been outlined that will make it possible to bring the national economy of the country to the forefront of science, technology and technology through the effective use of the forms and methods inherent in socialism for the implementation of scientific and technical progress. A deep technical reconstruction of the national economy is being carried out on the basis of modern scientific and technological achievements.

The leading role in accelerating scientific and technical progress is played by mechanical engineering, which ensures the introduction of new generations of equipment, fundamentally new technologies. The industries on which the implementation of large-scale comprehensive programs in the strategic areas of scientific and technical progress and the technical renovation of production depend are developing more rapidly. The integration of science and production is growing, new effective forms of their interaction are emerging, organization is improving, and the time for developing and mastering technical innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions in the national economy is being reduced.
As a result of the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the historical vocation of socialism is realized more fully - to put the achievements of advanced science, the most perfect and powerful technology, and the growing force of creative collective labor into the service of communist construction.

The tasks of accelerating scientific and technological progress are carried out through a unified technical policy, restructuring of structural policy and investment policy (see also Scientific and technological revolution).

The concept of scientific and technological progress. The main directions of scientific and technological progress

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Characteristics of NTR