The concept of character is brief. General concept of character and its manifestations

Character (from the Greek character - trait, sign, feature) - a set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication and determines typical ways of perceiving reality, typical ways of behavior, as well as a person’s peculiar relationship to various aspects of reality. A character trait is understood as one or another feature of a person’s personality, which systematically manifests itself in various types of his activities and by which one can judge his possible actions under certain conditions.
character structure
The character of a person is not a purely random collection of various properties. Separate properties of character depend on each other, are connected with each other, form an integral organization. Such a holistic organization is called a character structure. Therefore, knowing one or more properties of a person's character, we can predict other traits of his character unknown to us. In the structure of the existing character, we must single out two sides: content and form. The content includes features that express the orientation of the individual (sustainable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), a system of relations to the surrounding reality and representing individually peculiar ways of implementing these relations. In different forms of character, ways of manifesting relationships, fixed emotional-volitional characteristics of behavior, temperament are expressed. People differ from each other in habits, manner of behavior. Intellectual, strong-willed and emotional traits of character belong to the form.
A. G. Kovalev, V. N. Myasishchev include the following pairs of properties in the character structure:
-poise - unbalance;
- sensitivity - aggressiveness;
- breadth - narrowness;
- depth - superficiality;
-wealth, richness - poverty;
strength - weakness.
Accentuation - a significant increase and extreme severity of individual character traits or their combinations. It manifests itself in the selective attitude of the individual to psychological influences of a certain kind, low resistance to them, with sufficient or even increased resistance to other types of influences. Various combinations of overly emphasized features give different types of accentuations. Character accentuations represent extreme variants of the norm, bordering on psychopathy, i.e. accentuated characters are located between normal and pathological characters. The following main types of character accentuations are distinguished:
1) cycloid - alternation of phases of good and bad mood;
2) hyperthymic - constantly high spirits, increased mental activity with a thirst for activity and a tendency not to finish the job;
3) labile - a sharp change in mood depending on the situation;
4) asthenic - fatigue, irritability, tendency to depression;
5) sensitive - increased susceptibility, timidity;
6) psychasthenic - high anxiety, suspiciousness, indecision, a tendency to introspection, constant doubts and reasoning;
7) schizoid - isolation, isolation, introversion, emotional coldness;
8) epileptoid - a tendency to an angry-dreary mood with accumulating aggression, manifested in the form of attacks of rage and anger, conflict;
9) stuck (paranoid) - increased suspicion and painful resentment, the desire for dominance, unpleasant opinions of others;
10) demonstrative (hysterical) - a pronounced tendency to oust facts and events that are unpleasant for the subject, to deceit, fantasy and pretense, in order to attract attention, characterized by adventurism, vanity;
11) dysthymic - a predominance of low mood, a tendency to depression, a focus on the gloomy and sad aspects of life;
12) unstable - a constant search for new experiences, the ability to easily establish contacts, which, however, are superficial;
13) conformal - excessive subordination and dependence on the opinions of others, lack of criticality and initiative, a tendency to conservatism.
Unlike "pure" types, mixed forms of character accentuation are much more common.

The character of a person is a set of stable properties of the psyche, with characteristic features and behavior. It includes many qualities that influence human behavior. Its formation depends on the nervous system, and its development depends on the social environment. Lifestyle has a great influence on the personality and habits of a person. Character is formed throughout life and its adjustment is influenced by how a person thinks, feels and acts in different situations.

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Character in psychology

Character is a set of psychological traits that influence behavior and leave an imprint on all aspects of life. Character traits are influenced by lifestyle and surrounding people. The static character is determined by the type of nervous system, and its dynamics - by the environment.

Psychology understands the definition of "character" as:

a system of stable motives;
ways of behaving;
ability to adapt in society;
balance of inner perception;
general behavioral personality type.

Character traits:

Character properties	Importance	Qualities
Moral	The concept of morality is determined by the relationship with the surrounding people: with the team and society as a whole. It is responsible for the moral	Honesty, respectful attitude, responsiveness, contempt, callousness, kindness, tact
Strength of will	The ability to control oneself, achieve success, not lose heart in the face of difficulties, resist despondency	Self-control, endurance, self-confidence, discipline, responsibility, determination
Intelligence	How thoughtful, reasonable and observant a person is. Whether he continues to develop or is content with little experience of knowledge	Low, medium high level of mental development
Emotionality	A reflection of the inner world, a source of inspiration for creativity. Necessary for the perception and expression of feelings. Emotional qualities affect the general mental appearance and form an emotional type of personality.	Balance, kindness (anger), lethargy or cheerfulness, cheerfulness and receptivity

1. To myself. For proper self-esteem, self-criticism, lack of pride, shyness and a small degree of egocentrism are important.
2. to material values. It is determined by the degree of greed, accuracy and carelessness.
3. To the team. Does he have respect for others, is he callous or compassionate, contemptuous or sympathetic.
4. To work (work). How responsibly a person treats his work, the degree of laziness, diligence and passivity.

The main properties of character make it possible to predict the actions and reactions of a person to the influence of the external environment. Considering character as a quality of personality, it is possible to identify the behavioral characteristics of a person.

People who have one or another dissimilar traits choose completely different ways of development and ways to achieve the goal. And they resort to their own tricks and methods. Character traits are clearly reflected in the behavior and actions of people.

How character is formed

Life circumstances and social conditions are of great importance in the formation of character. Groups such as family, class (school), friends, classmates and work colleagues influence a person's worldview.

Character is manifested in communication, activities, lifestyle and determines the model of behavior. It develops in close connection with temperament and the nervous system and depends on living conditions. With a certain type of temperament, some qualities are formed faster than others. It is easier for some to form communication skills, while for others it is difficult to cultivate responsibility or decisiveness.

Primary character traits are laid in preschool age. The character begins to form at the age of two or three and continues until the age of nine or ten. In school years (7-14 years), the attitude towards people is laid. Important factors are:

1. Volitional traits. They are fixed in adolescence (14-17 years). Associated with the education of conscious discipline, compliance with the regime and rules. Willpower affects sensation, perception, memory, imagination, thinking and speech. The development of these processes guarantees volitional control over them. Strength of mind is also brought up on overcoming difficulties.
2. Basic features. They continue to form throughout life. These include: compassion, responsiveness, sociability and curiosity. They determine morality, worldview, relationships with other people and society.

When the main character traits have developed, they are consolidated. After twenty years, there are some changes in character. They are affected by:

an example of significant people in a young person's life;
other people's opinions and judgments;
literature (Internet);
movies (the behavior of the protagonist);
culture and ideology of society.

By the age of thirty, a person becomes a mature personality, but still continues to form his character. This is a more meaningful stage, at which those character traits that are necessary to achieve success in the family, career, business and improve the financial situation are fixed. These include: purposefulness, responsibility, perseverance, discipline and endurance.

How to cultivate a strong-willed character

Willpower is nurtured by overcoming difficulties. To become a strong-willed person, one must cultivate character in oneself. Then temper it by setting a goal and achieving it. Overcoming obstacles and setting more and more new goals, a person becomes who he wants to see himself. If life teaches lessons, and people deliver disappointments, a strong-willed person will not break under such blows, but will only become stronger and more resilient.

To become a strong-willed person, you must:

1. Be able to sympathize with other people.
2. Rejoice in your achievements.
3. Cultivate leadership qualities in oneself (calmness, optimism, faith in one's decisions, confidence in one's actions).
4. Resist thoughtless impulses.
5. Boldly go to the intended goal.
6. Give preference to the golden mean.
7. Be a positive person and always stay calm.
8. Avoid conflict.

To not engage in a desperate argument is not to show weakness. This is a smart decision of a strong person - to always remain in his opinion and not listen to people who see things differently. Do not be afraid to start a new business, even if you have little experience. A strong person is not afraid of mistakes and draws the right conclusions from his failures. You can't despair and give up. Each new successful action is a big step towards the formation of a strong-willed character.

Types of temperament

Temperament is the individual psychophysiological characteristics of the personality. It has a huge influence on the formation of character. There are 4 types of temperament:

View	Temperament
Choleric	He is characterized by a quick reaction to events, acts impulsively and does not think about the consequences. Such a person is impulsive, passionate and unbalanced. Often harsh and rude. Subject to sudden mood swings and emotional outbursts.
melancholic	Has a sensitive nervous system. Poorly tolerates stress due to increased suspiciousness and reacts sharply to unpleasant situations
Phlegmatic person	Possesses a stable and enduring psyche. Usually calm, with a stable mood and desires. Looking at him, it is difficult to determine what he feels. Outwardly, he is calm and calm. It is difficult to unbalance him, and he compensates for his slowness in work with diligent work.
sanguine	Mobile, balanced, able to soberly assess the situation. He performs exceptionally deliberate actions and quickly reacts to various events.

Often people combine more than one type of temperament and are complex personalities with a combined degree of activity.

Types of accentuation

Accentuation is an excessive intensity of a person's individual character traits, which emphasizes the originality of a person's reactions to influencing factors or a specific situation. Accentuation is not a mental disorder, but often prevents a person from building normal relationships with other people.

One of the first to reveal this disorder was A. E. Lichko. He identified two degrees of pronounced accentuation:

1. The extreme degree of the norm (explicit). When accentuated character traits are noticeable throughout life. It exists for no apparent reason and in the absence of mental shocks.
2. The usual level of the norm (hidden). They appear with mental trauma and do not lead to maladjustment (partial or complete loss of the ability to adapt to the social environment).

Accentuation is not a personality disorder, it is an extreme version of the norm. It has an impact on the life sphere of a person, social adaptation and a sense of time.

Psychiatrists A. E. Lichko and K. Leonhard identified the main types of accentuations that are within the recognized norm and are not a deviation in the psyche:

Types	Characteristic
emotive	It has a strong vulnerability, is easily excitable and prone to phobias. Soft-hearted, compassionate, deeply worried about his own and other people's troubles. Often in a sad, depressed mood and well captures the state of mind of loved ones. Rarely enters into conflicts and holds grudges to himself
Demonstrative	A person is selfish and focused on their own interests. He is an opinionated braggart who uses lies and flattery to his advantage. Likes to be the center of attention
Labile	It has an easy and flexible character and the same psyche. Quickly converges with people and tolerates change well
Hyperthymic	A person is focused on success, there are many desires in him that push him to action. He is an optimist and tries not to lose heart
alarming	Has a submissive, anxious character. Timid in words and actions. Always passive and sad, not self-confident and experiencing failure for a long time. Non-confrontational and touchy
dysthymic	Focused on failure, inhibited and slow, always worried and afraid of failure. Introverted, laconic and uncommunicative. Prefers loneliness, but is friends with those who are ready to obey him
Pedantic	A boring person who loves to experience any moments and situations in detail. Makes a lot of comments and criticizes other people's actions. Indecisive, conscientious, prone to hypochondria. Dislikes responsibility and change
extravented	Sociable, talkative and dependent. Because of the talkativeness, he gets into awkward situations. Disorganized, but likes to obey and can produce good results under competent leadership. Follows orders without hesitation, is a follower in family relationships and friendship
Excitable	Hot-tempered, emotional, instinct-oriented. Prone to rapid excitability, sullenness, aggressiveness and incontinence. Uses flattery and disguises to get what he wants. He loves conflicts and is happy to participate in a dispute. In a team he is quarrelsome, but in a family he is despotic and cruel (hard)
stuck	Suspicious, touchy and conceited. Prone to a sharp change of mood: from recovery to despair. Resentful, vindictive, obsessed with his experiences and emotions. Intractable and conflict. Has a clear circle of friends and enemies. Likes to teach and comment
Exalted	An inspired person who prefers inspired feelings and a creative approach to everything. Amorous, with bright emotions and romantic dreams. Difficulties with concentration, as often hovering in the clouds
Infantile dependent	They do not like to take responsibility for their actions. Avoid errands and like to blame their problems on others

Accentuation has nothing to do with such diseases as paranoia, schizophrenia and epilepsy. It implies a psychotype and a "picture of personality".

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Sochi State University"

Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Sochi State University"

in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Region

Faculty: Management, tourism and physical culture

Discipline PSYCHOLOGY

Test

Topic: The concept of character. Character structure. Character accentuations

Nizhny Novgorod.

Introduction

Chapter 1

1 Definition of character

2 History of character teachings

Chapter 2 Character accentuations

1 Character structure

2 Types of character accentuations

Conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

Character is a certain style of relationships and human behavior that has developed and strengthened under the influence of life influences and upbringing. The character of this or that person expresses a certain warehouse of his needs and interests, aspirations and goals, feelings and will, manifested in the selectivity of his reality and behavior, in attitudes and manners of behavior. The following basic qualities are distinguished in the character: moral education, completeness, integrity, certainty, strength, balance. Moral education characterizes a person, both in terms of his relationships and forms of behavior, and is the leading and most socially valuable quality of character. Completeness characterizes the versatility of needs and interests, aspirations and hobbies, the diversity of human activities. Some people are distinguished by versatility, others by narrowness, one-sidedness and limited development. Integrity characterizes the internal unity of a person's mental make-up, the consistency of his relations with various aspects of reality, the absence of contradictions in aspirations and interests, the unity of word and deed. Certainty characterizes the firmness and inflexibility of behavior that constantly corresponds to established beliefs, moral and political ideas and concepts, the developed main direction that makes up the meaning of human life and activity. Strength characterizes the energy with which a person pursues his goals, the ability to get passionately carried away and develop a great effort of strength when meeting with difficulties and obstacles and overcoming them. Balance characterizes the most optimal or favorable ratio of restraint and activity for activity and communication with people. These basic properties are in a complex, sometimes contradictory relationship. Completeness, wholeness, certainty and strength of character are determined as a result of life influences and education. Character is formed in the process of continuous interaction of the individual with the surrounding people, in the process of reflecting the emerging circumstances of life and upbringing. The fullness and strength of their character depend on the range of impressions and the variety of people's activities.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CONCEPT OF CHARACTER

1.1 Definition of character

Character (from the Greek charaktkr - printing, chasing, notch) - a substructure of the personality, formed by an individually peculiar complex of stable personality traits (features, dispositions) that determine the typical forms and methods inherent in the personality of achieving goals (instrumental manifestations of character) and self-manifestation in communication with other people (expressive manifestations of character). Etymologically, the word "Character" is used in three meanings:

1.in relation to any objects and phenomena as denoting their "figurative originality", something "characteristic" for them;

2.in relation to animals and humans as denoting their spiritual (mental) originality;

.applied only to a person as characterizing him not only from the psychological, but also from the moral and ethical side (good or bad, strong or weak character, “with character” or characterless).

The formation of character is closely connected with the thoughts, feelings and motives of a person. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, his character is also formed.

Therefore, lifestyle, social conditions and specific life circumstances play an important role in the formation of character. The following basic qualities are distinguished in the character: moral education, completeness, integrity, certainty, strength, balance. Moral education characterizes a person, both in terms of his relationships and forms of behavior, and is the leading and most socially valuable quality of character. Completeness characterizes the versatility of needs and interests, aspirations and hobbies, the diversity of human activities.

Some people are distinguished by versatility, others by narrowness, one-sidedness and limited development. “Character,” wrote S. L. Rubinshtein, “determines the certainty of a person as a subject of activity, which, standing out from the environment, relates to it in a specific way.

To know a person's character is to know those traits that are essential for him, from which it follows, by which the whole mode of his actions is determined. Character traits are those essential properties of a person from which, with a certain logic and internal consistency, one line of behavior follows, some actions and which are excluded as incompatible with them, contradictory to them. 4 Thus, character is understood as the structure of persistent, relatively constant mental properties that determine the characteristics of the relationship and behavior of the individual. The static character is determined by the type of nervous activity, and its dynamics is determined by the environment.

Some features of the characters of people are due to their gender.

Sexual mental characteristics are associated not only with biological factors, but also with the historically established differentiation of male and female social roles, the division of labor according to gender, the difference in the traditional upbringing of girls and boys in accordance with cultural and historical stereotypes of femininity and masculinity.

Gender identification - the self-reference of an individual to a certain sex is associated with his sexual socialization, the development of the corresponding sexual self-awareness, and the mastery of a socio-gender role. An individual's sexual identity is formed in a social environment that reinforces "correct" sexual behavior and condemns possible deviations.

Gender-role norms, a system of male and female stereotypes of behavior form a person's "image of a man" or "image of a woman". Primary sexual self-identification is formed by the age of 2, and at 6-7 years of age, sexual attitudes are intensively formed, manifested in the choice of games, behavior, sexual segregation (the formation of communities of the same sex).

In adolescence, gender-role orientations are especially enhanced, they become leading in peer communication. (At the same time, traditionally masculine (male) features are somewhat overestimated compared to feminine features.)

Hormonal shifts cause at this age sexual changes in the structure of the body and pubertal * eroticism. Gender identity in adolescence is critically considered. (In this case, a dysmorphic syndrome may occur - the fear of sexual inconsistency.) Disharmony of physical and psychosocial development is acutely experienced, intense gender-role self-affirmation occurs, and a psychosexual orientation of the personality is formed. Defects in sex-role socialization, shortcomings in sex education can cause deviations in the behavior of an individual (transsexualism, homosexuality, etc.).

* From lat. pubertas - manhood, puberty.

What psychological characteristics are associated with the gender of an individual? Scientific data on this problem is still extremely scarce. Some researchers believe that girls in general are superior to boys in speech abilities, boys have an advantage in visual-spatial abilities, men are more aggressive and unstable than women, their intellect is more analytical. Girls and women do better in routine monosyllabic activities. The perception of human appearance by women is more detailed. Women are more emotionally sensitive. The psyche of a woman is more determined by heredity, the psyche of men - by the influences of the environment.

Opinions are expressed about gender differences in suggestibility, anxiety, competitiveness and dominance. For women, an emotionally expressive style of behavior is more characteristic, for men - an object-instrumental one.

Higher levels of cultural development of society are characterized by a tendency to overcome the opposition of men and women. The equality of men and women in social production, the mastery of "male" professions by women leads to the formation of appropriate mental qualities in them. However, this gives rise to some uncertainty in gender-role expectations, breaking the traditional stereotypes of gender roles, which can cause conflict in interpersonal relationships.

The images of the "ideal man" and "ideal woman" are currently less defined.

In connection with the emancipation of women in progressive social conditions, the spheres of joint activity of men and women are expanding more and more. This also leads to a decrease in mental differences between them. In different spheres of life, the manifestation of sexual mental differences is not the same. These differences are more noticeable in the psychophysiological sphere - the characteristics of sensorimotor reactions, the features of emotional and volitional manifestations.

2 History of character teachings

Characterology is a branch of personality psychology (sometimes considered as an independent psychological science), the subject of which is character.

The doctrine of character - characterology has a long history of its development. The most important problems of characterology for centuries have been the establishment of types of character and their definition by its manifestations in order to predict human behavior in various situations. Since character is a lifetime formation of a personality, most of its existing classifications proceed from grounds that are external, mediated factors in the development of a personality.

One of the most ancient attempts to predict human behavior is the explanation of his character by the date of birth. A variety of ways to predict the fate and character of a person are called horoscopes.

No less popular are attempts to link a person's character with his name. Recently, this branch of characterology has received a new impetus for development. It is believed that people with the same names are similar to each other. Significant influence on the development of characterology was exerted by physiognomy - the doctrine of the relationship between the external appearance of a person and his belonging to a certain type of personality, due to which the psychological characteristics of this type can be established by external signs.

Already Aristotle and Plato proposed to determine the character of a person, looking for features of similarity with some animal in his appearance, and then identified his character, as in the eastern horoscope, with the character of this animal. So, according to Aristotle, a nose as thick as a bull's meant laziness, a wide nose with large nostrils, like a pig's, - stupidity, a nose like a lion's - importance, hair thin, like wool from goats, sheep and hares, timidity , hard hair, like that of lions and wild boars - courage.5 The most famous was the physiognomic system of Johann Casper Lavater, who considered the study of the structure of the head, the configuration of the skull, facial expressions, etc. to be the main way of knowing the human character. When determining the character of a person, physiognomists used identifying a variety of features. So, in addition to the nose, attention was paid to the human mouth. A. Delestre noted that the degree of clenching of the lips is directly proportional to the hardness of character; relaxed lips are a sign of possession female character traits (softness, courtesy), and the more - the more pronounced (for a stupid person, for example, his mouth is generally open).

However, the most important indicator of character was the eyes of a person. Aristotle pointed out that large, good-natured, but bulging eyes are a sign of stupidity. Currently, under these facts, they are trying to sum up scientific evidence. American psychologists J. Glive and E. Clery, after a five-year study of the character traits of about 10 thousand children, proved that children with dark eyes have more life, initiative and a more restless character than children with light eyes. In adults, some deviations are possible. The authors argue that people with dark blue eyes are very persistent, but tend to be sentimental.

They easily give in to moods, remember grievances for a long time, are capricious, sometimes their actions are unpredictable. People with dark gray eyes are stubborn and courageous, they are persistent and achieve their goal, despite various difficulties. They are quick-tempered and vindictive. Jealous, mostly monogamous.

Those who have dark brown eyes are cheerful, witty, quick-tempered, but quick-witted. They are amorous, but not very constant.

As a rule, they are sociable, love humor, easily converge with people. Owners of light brown eyes are shy, prone to solitude, dreamy, hard to endure the offense inflicted on them. Hardworking, diligent, you can rely on them - they will not let you down.

Blue eyes indicate romantic inclinations, but at the same time selfishness and conceit. The blue-eyed ones are easily amenable to impulses, but quickly cool down. Their undeniably positive feature is truthfulness. As for people with green and gray-green eyes, then, according to J. Glaive and E. Clery, in most cases they have a strong will, resolutely and rigorously go towards their goal.

They are persistent. They are tough and intractable.

As a separate direction of characterology, one can single out the determination of the individual characteristics of a person by his posture, body position. According to some psychologists, the character is most clearly revealed in the posture of a person: how he stands, how he walks. how he sits and even in what position he falls asleep. Palmistry has no less famous and rich history than the physiognomic trend in characterology.

Palmistry is a system of predictions of a person's character traits and his fate according to the skin relief of the palms. Palmistry has been known since ancient times, but the greatest dawn falls on the 16th-18th centuries, when there were departments of palmistry in many universities in Europe.

In its origins, palmistry is closely related to astrology, since the main signs of the hand that are taken into account are 7 hills in the palm of your hand, called the names of the Sun and planets: Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury, Mars and the Moon. Until recently, scientific psychology has consistently rejected palmistry, but the study of the embryonic development of finger patterns in connection with heredity gave a new impetus to the emergence of a new branch of knowledge - dermatoglyphics. In particular, it was shown that the formation of the pattern of the palms of each person, as well as the development of the brain, occurs at 3-4 months of intrauterine development and is due to the same influence of the gene set of the parents or chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus.

Therefore, palmistry should be considered rather as an anatomical or physiological feature of the organism, and it can be put on a par with the constitutional direction of characterology, of which E. Kretschmer was a prominent representative. Kretschmer considered character in connection with the structure of the body as the mental constitution of a person, corresponding to his bodily constitution, and explained character, ultimately, by innate, primarily endocrine factors. However, at present, neither anthropology, nor anatomy, nor psychology have any reliable data that a person’s character depends on the structure of the body, facial configuration, eye color, etc. Does it follow from this that the definition of a person’s character on the basis of studying his appearance is impossible? The connection between the appearance of a person and the warehouse of his character is clearly seen both in literary works and in the image of the great masters of portraiture.

However, scientific psychology proceeds from the position that the relationship between the habitual facial expression of a person and the warehouse of his character is not unambiguous. This or that facial expression, folds, wrinkles can have a variety of causes.

And here one cannot but agree with A. V. Petrovsky that the cause of a slightly ajar mouth can be not only the stupidity of a person, but also deafness, and a sick nasopharynx, and strained attention. The most vivid, clear idea of a person's character can be obtained by knowing the specifics of his actions, behavior, and activities.

Movements and actions, the implementation of which becomes a need under certain conditions, as you know, are called habits. Habitual actions of a person, repeating themselves, become character traits, making up his being, influencing the position of a person in public life and the attitude of other people towards him.

In this regard, graphology can be considered more valuable in diagnostic terms - a science that considers handwriting as a kind of expressive movements that reflect the psychological properties of the writer. Graphological information, accumulated over the centuries, established a connection between a series of facts - the features of handwriting and character.

CHAPTER 2. STRUCTURE AND ACCENTUATIONS OF CHARACTER

2.1 Character structure

Character structure - these are personality traits that are part of a person's character:

Personality properties that determine the actions of a person in choosing the goals of activity. Rationality, prudence, or the opposite qualities may appear here.

Features that are aimed at achieving the set goals: perseverance, determination, consistency, and others, as well as alternatives to them (as evidence of a lack of character). In this regard, character approaches not only temperament, but also the will of a person.

Purely instrumental traits directly related to temperament: extraversion-introversion, calmness-anxiety, restraint-impulsivity, switchability-rigidity, etc.

Thus, Jung singled out two main types of character: extroverted - characterized by the orientation of the personality to the surrounding world, the objects of which, like a magnet, attract the interests, vital energy of the subject, in a certain sense, leads to a belittling of the personal significance of the phenomena of his subjective world. He is characterized by impulsiveness, initiative, flexibility of behavior, sociability.

And introverted - is characterized as fixing the interests of the individual on the phenomena of his own inner world, to which he attaches the highest value, uncommunicativeness, isolation, a tendency to introspection, difficult adaptation. Kretschmer also described only two types: cycloid and schizoid. Over time, the number of types has increased. In Gannushkin we already find about seven types (or "groups") of characters; Leonhard and Lichko have ten or eleven.

2.2 Types of accentuation

character man personality stereotype

The main types of character accentuation include:

§excitable;

§affective;

§unstable;

§anxious;

Sometimes accentuation borders on various types of psychopathy, therefore, in its characterization, typology, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the "Pathocharacteristic Diagnostic Questionnaire" (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and the MMPI personality questionnaire (the scales of which include zones of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).

Accentuation of character according to A. Lichko

According to the level of manifestation of character traits, characters are divided into medium (normal), pronounced (accentuated) and beyond the norm (psychopathy).

The central, or pivotal, relations of the individual are the relation of the individual to those around him (the team) and the relation of the individual to work. The existence of central, core relationships and the properties conditioned by them in the structure of character is of great practical importance in the upbringing of a person.

It is impossible to overcome individual character flaws (for example, rudeness and deceit) and cultivate individual positive qualities (for example, politeness and truthfulness), ignoring the central, core relationships of the personality, namely, the attitude towards people. In other words, it is impossible to form only a certain property, it is possible to educate only a whole system of interrelated properties, while paying the main attention to the formation of the central, pivotal relations of the individual, namely, relations to others and work.

The integrity of character, however, is not absolute. It's related to that. that the central, core relationships do not always completely and completely determine the rest. In addition, the degree of integrity of character is individually peculiar. There are people with a more holistic and less holistic or contradictory character. At the same time, it should be noted that when the quantitative expression of one or another character trait reaches the limit values and turns out to be at the border of norms, the so-called accentuation of character arises.

Character accentuation is the extreme version of the norm as a result of strengthening individual features. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is wrong to identify it with pathology. Character properties are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social (social factors).

The physiological basis of character is an alloy of traits such as higher nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, the systems of temporary connections play a more important role, since the type of the nervous system can form all the social qualities of the personality. But, firstly, the systems of connections are formed differently in representatives of different types of the nervous system and, secondly, these systems of connections manifest themselves in a peculiar way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can be brought up both in a representative of a strong, excitable type of nervous system, and in a representative of a weak type. But it will be brought up and manifested differently depending on the type.

Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been repeatedly made throughout the history of psychology.

All typologies of human characters have proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.

The main ones are the following:

§ the character of a person is formed quite early in ontogenesis and manifests itself as more or less stable throughout the rest of his life;

§ those combinations of personality traits that enter into a person's character are not accidental. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.

Most of the people in accordance with this typology can be divided into groups.

One of the curious character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.

Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits (Fig. 6), in which there are deviations that do not go beyond the norm in the psychology and behavior of a person, bordering on pathology. Such accentuations as temporary states of the psyche are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “... under the action of psychogenic factors addressing “the place of least resistance, temporary adaptation disorders, deviations in behavior may occur.” As the child grows up, the features of his character that manifest themselves in childhood remain quite pronounced, lose their sharpness, but with age they can again appear clearly (especially if a disease occurs).

In today's psychology, from 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character are distinguished.

They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.

Harmonious character types are characterized by a sufficient development of the main character traits without isolation, isolation, without exaggeration in the development of any one trait.

Disharmonious ones are manifested with the identification of different character traits and are called accentuated or accentuated.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so pointed that there is a “skew” of character - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts appear.

The severity of accentuation can be rachtic: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think about whether there is no illness - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining the intellect of a person), as a result of which relationships with people around are sharply violated. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations appear inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out, approach the norm. Accentuations of character are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since it is these periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of originality, and individuality. Then accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.

Rice. 1. Character accentuation scheme according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle

We can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) character types (according to K. Leonhard's typology) and describe their positive and negative qualities that can affect a person's professional activity - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in terms of a person's characterological properties.

Hyperthymic type

It is almost always distinguished by a good mood, high vitality, splashing energy, unstoppable activity. Strives for leadership, adventures. It is necessary to be reserved about his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Features attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.

For the people around him, it is unacceptable: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.

The conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work related to constant communication. These are organizational activities, household services, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and jobs.

Dysthymic type

The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they do not closely converge with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They greatly appreciate those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

People around like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team" repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.

Conflicts are observed in situations that require violent activity. For these people, a change in their usual way of life has a negative impact. They are good at jobs that do not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions, they tend to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in persons of melancholic temperament.

Cycloid type

The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically changing periods of ups and downs in mood. During the period of mood rise, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the period of decline - with dysthymic. During the recession, they perceive troubles more acutely. These frequent changes in mental state tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to changing profession, place of work, interests.

excitable type

This type of people have increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, intemperance, gloom, boredom, but flattery, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with superiors, are quarrelsome in a team, are despotic and cruel in a family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, accurate and show love for children.

People around do not like their irritability, irascibility, inadequate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people are well affected by physical labor, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Because of their quarrelsomeness, they often change jobs.

stuck type

People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings, thoughts. They cannot forget insults and "settle scores" with their offenders. They have official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In the conflict, they are most often the active side and clearly define the circle of friends and enemies for the day. They show dominance.

The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, the thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have features that repel others: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.

A conflict is possible with hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.

Pedantic type

These people have a pronounced "tediousness" in the form of experiencing the details, in the service they are able to torture them with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

For others, they are attractive conscientiousness, accuracy. seriousness, reliability in deeds and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift decision-making to others.

Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsession, psychasthenia.

For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, “paperwork”, are preferred. They are not inclined to change jobs.

alarm type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, timidity, timidity, self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, unfair accusations.

People around like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But timidity, suspiciousness sometimes serve as a target for jokes.

Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, as they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.

emotive type

A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worried about the slightest trouble. He is sensitive to comments, failures, so he most often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.

Rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. Resentment does not splash out, but prefers to keep them in himself. Those around him like his compassion, pity, expression of joy about other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensitivity, tearfulness repel others from him.

Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness, he perceives tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

Demonstrative type

This person strives to be in the spotlight and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to others with courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. He has features that repel people from him, these features contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict with such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, he is overthrown from the “pedestal”. These situations cause him hysterical reactions.

exalted type

People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in amorousness.

Such traits as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and attachment to friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically, such people are prone to neurotic depression.

Their environment of existence is the sphere of arts, artistic sports, professions associated with proximity to nature.

introverted type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only if necessary, most often immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even to their loved ones, they are cold and reserved. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.

These people love solitude and prefer to be alone rather than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal.

They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

The people around them like them for restraint, degree, deliberateness of actions, the presence of strong convictions and adherence to principles. But the stubborn upholding of their unrealistic interests, views and the presence of their own point of view, which differs sharply from the opinion of the majority, repel people from them.

Such people prefer work that does not require a large circle of communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.

Conformal type

People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinions and do not strive to stand out from the crowd.

These people are not organized and tend to obey others. In communication with friends and family, they give way to leadership to others. Surrounding in these people like their willingness to listen to another, diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads", subject to someone else's influence. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.

These people have easy adaptability to a new job and do an excellent job with their job responsibilities when tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, character is understood as the structure of persistent, relatively constant mental properties that determine the characteristics of the relationship and behavior of the individual. The static character is determined by the type of nervous activity, and its dynamics is determined by the environment. Secondly, there is a doctrine of character called characterology.

This doctrine originated in the time of Aristotle and Plato. The doctrine of human character developed thanks to such scientists as Johann Kasper, A. Delestre, J. Glaive and E. Clery, E. Kretschmer, A. V. Petrovsky and others. Thirdly, several types of human character are distinguished in psychology.

Character is not a frozen formation, it is formed throughout a person's life path. At the same time, it is obvious that a person himself participates in the development of his character, since the character is formed depending on the worldview, on the beliefs and habits of moral behavior that he develops in himself, on the deeds and actions that he performs, depending on his whole conscious activity in which character, as said, is not only manifested, but also formed.

In this paper, the most famous typologies of characters according to E. Kretschmer, according to K. Leonard, according to A.E. Lichko, according to E. Fromm, according to K. Jung. All existing concepts of character types have one very significant drawback. The fact is that each person is individual and can not always be attributed to a certain type. Very often, a variety of character traits are quite developed in the same person. Therefore, the question arises, to which there is still no satisfactory answer: what to do with those people who do not fit into the classification and cannot be assigned unambiguously to any of the proposed types? Such an intermediate group of people makes up a fairly significant part - up to half of all people.

Character is a multifaceted phenomenon, and it is likely that new, more accurate scientifically based typologies will appear in the near future.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1.Kovalev A. G. Psychology of personality, ed. 3. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.

.Kretschmer E. Body structure and character: Psychology of individual differences: Texts. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2008. pp. 219-247.

3.Levitov N.D. Psychology of character. - M., 2009. - S. 18 - 26, 42 - 54.

4.Levitov N. D. Psychology of character, ed. 3. M., "Enlightenment", 2009

.Maklakov A.G. General psychology: A textbook for universities - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. - 567-581 p.: ill. - (Series "Textbook of the new century").

6.General Psychology: Textbook / Ed. Tugusheva R.Kh. and Garber E.I. - M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2006. - p. 379-391.

.Psychology: Textbook for higher. ped. textbook establishments. - 2nd ed., stereo type. - M.: Academy Publishing Center. Higher School, 2011. p. 457-459.

.Strakhov I.V. Psychology of character. - Saratov, 2010. - S. 3 - 80.

Theme: "Character"

Introduction

The concept of character

character structure

Factors influencing the formation of character

Character typology

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

When we talk about a person's character, we assume that we are talking about something quite stable, peculiar (characteristic) only for a particular person. In other words, if a person has a character, then, firstly, it is manifested in him almost always and in almost everything, and secondly, a person can always be recognized by his character. If we are described the actions that a certain person performs, and if we are faced with the task of recognizing him by his actions, then we can do this.

The character of a person is always manifested in human relationships. It is unlikely that anyone will demonstrate their character if no one is watching and appreciating this. On the contrary, the more attention people around pay a person, the more he has a desire to show his character. A person's demonstration of his character often aims to make a certain impression on other people, to achieve a very definite result in communicating with them.

Such an understanding of character in psychology did not develop immediately. In its very first use, which to some extent is still preserved in non-scientific literature and in everyday language, the word "character" is used as close enough in its meaning to the word "personality". This is not accidental: character is indeed the basis of the human personality.

There was a time when the term "character" defined any individual characteristics of a person, not necessarily related only to his personality, including both the characteristics of mental processes and the characteristics of mental states. It is in this, expanded sense of the word that the term is sometimes used now, when they talk about something characteristic of a particular person.

1. The concept of character

In psychology, the concept of "character" (from the Greek. charakter - printing, chasing) means a set of individual mental properties that develop in activity and manifest themselves in modes of activity and forms of behavior typical for a given person.

Character is an individual combination of the most stable, essential, acquired personality traits, manifested in human behavior, in a certain respect:

to oneself (the degree of exactingness, criticality, self-esteem);

to other people (individualism or collectivism, selfishness or altruism, cruelty or kindness, indifference or sensitivity, rudeness or politeness, deceit or truthfulness, etc.);

to the task assigned (laziness or diligence, accuracy or carelessness, initiative or passivity, perseverance or impatience, responsibility or irresponsibility, organization, etc.);

willingness to overcome obstacles, mental and physical pain, the degree of perseverance, independence, determination, discipline (volitional qualities).

Character is expressed as stable ways of behaving in different situations. Character, as they say, is transsituational, i.e. in different situations, human behavior is quite typical for him.

A character has certain properties. The most common properties of character are located along the axes: strength - weakness; hardness - softness; integrity - inconsistency; breadth - narrowness. If strength of character is understood as the energy with which a person pursues goals, his ability to get passionately carried away and develop a great effort of strength when meeting difficulties, the ability to overcome them, then weakness of character is associated with the manifestation of cowardice, indecision, "asthenicity" in achieving the goal, instability of views, cowardice, etc. Firmness of character means rigid consistency, perseverance in achieving a goal, defending views, etc., at the same time, softness of character is manifested in flexible adaptation to changing conditions, achieving a goal through some concessions, finding reasonable compromises. The integrity or inconsistency of character is determined by the degree of combination of leading and secondary character traits.

Among the properties of character, one should distinguish between general (global) and private. The former affect a range of behavioral manifestations. There are 5 global character traits:

) self-confidence - uncertainty;

) consent, friendliness - hostility;

) consciousness - impulsiveness;

) emotional stability - anxiety;

) intellectual flexibility - rigidity.

Among the particular properties of character that affect local situations, the following can be distinguished:

) sociability - isolation;

) dominance (leadership) - subordination;

) optimism - despondency;

) conscientiousness - dishonesty;

) courage - caution;

) impressionability - thick skin;

) gullibility - suspicion;

) daydreaming - practicality;

) anxious vulnerability - calm serenity;

) delicacy - rudeness;

) independence - conformism (dependence on the group);

) self-control - impulsiveness;

) passionate enthusiasm - apathetic lethargy;

) peacefulness - aggressiveness;

) active activity - passivity;

) flexibility - rigidity;

) demonstrativeness - modesty;

) ambition - unpretentiousness;

) originality - stereotyping.

Separate properties of character depend on each other, are interconnected and form an integral organization, which is called the structure of character.

Each person must have central properties of character, they are called deep. They are associated with the most important core relationships of the personality. So, for example, they include a conscientious attitude to work, respect for people, mutual assistance, mutual assistance, discipline.

Character is a lifetime formation and can be transformed throughout life. The formation of character is closely connected with the thoughts, feelings and motives of a person. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, his character is also formed. An important role is played by social conditions and specific life circumstances in which a person's life path passes.

The formation of character occurs in various groups (family, friendly company, class, sports team, work team, etc.). Depending on which group is the most important for the individual, and what values this group supports and cultivates, a person develops appropriate character traits.

Character is one of the main manifestations of personality. It acts as a means of expressing the personality, but not the personality itself, in essence. The difference between character and personality lies in the fact that character includes those features that relate to the “way” of expressing personality, but not to content. The character is subordinate to the personality, enters into it and depends on what goals and positions are expressed in the personality. Crucial to the understanding of character is the relationship between what is important for society and for the individual himself. Every society has its own major challenges. Every person participates in them to the best of their ability. Therefore, character is not just any manifestation of firmness and perseverance, but a focus on social significance. It is the orientation of the personality that underlies the unity, integrity, strength of character. The orientation of the personality determines the goals, the life plan of a person, the degree of his life activity. The character of a person implies the presence of something significant for him in the world, in life, something on which the motives of his actions depend, the goals of his actions, the tasks that he sets himself. Character can only be understood as a definite unity of direction and mode of action.

The main condition for the formation of character is the existence of life goals. A spineless person is characterized by the absence or dispersion of goals.

character structure

As, we have already found out, the individual properties of character depend on each other, are interconnected and form an integral organization, which is called the structure of character. It contains certain groups of features.

A character trait is understood as certain features of a person’s personality that are systematically manifested in various types of his activities and by which one can judge his possible actions under certain conditions. For example, courage or cowardice is manifested in a situation of danger, sociability or isolation - in a situation of communication.

The main, leading character traits include those that set the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations (stable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), and the secondary ones are those that are determined by the main ones. If the leading and secondary features are in harmony, if there are no contradictions in aspirations and interests, then such a character is called integral, but if they contrast sharply, then contradictory. If they want to highlight a property that testifies to the versatility of a person’s aspirations and hobbies, the diversity of his activities, then they talk about the breadth and completeness of character.

Among the traits, one can single out primary and secondary traits, business and communicative traits, motivational and instrumental traits. Separately, they also consider normal and abnormal character traits, as well as those occupying an intermediate position between them - accentuated traits of a person's character.

Primary character traits are those that appear earlier than others in the process of individual development of a person and on the basis of which other character traits are formed and developed. Sometimes primary character traits are called basic, like similar personality traits. Due to the fact that the character of a person is the basis of his personality, the same names are often given to both personality traits and character traits.

Secondary character traits are those that form and develop later than primary traits, moreover, on the basis of other character traits already formed in a particular person. Usually those character traits that developed at school or at a later age act as secondary ones.

If primary character traits can arise by themselves, then some kind of basis is necessary for the formation of secondary character traits of a person.

The difference between secondary character traits and its primary traits also lies in the fact that primary character traits change little and remain stable throughout a person’s life (therefore, they are often confused with the properties of temperament). Secondary character traits may change during a person's life. There are many classifications of character traits. In domestic psychology, two approaches are most often encountered. In one case, all character traits are associated with mental processes. Because character is the result of personality development in ontogenesis in connection with the consolidation in the behavior of the individual of various manifestations of mental processes: cognitive, emotional and volitional, then in connection with the genesis of character, 3 groups of traits are distinguished:

intellectual traits (criticality, observation, daydreaming, thoughtfulness, ingenuity, resourcefulness, curiosity, etc.);

emotional traits (sensitivity, vanity, honesty, impulsiveness, impressionability, ardor, indifference, responsiveness, etc.);

volitional traits (purposefulness, adherence to principles, perseverance, independence, self-control, determination, activity, organization, etc.).

In another case, character traits are considered in accordance with the orientation of the personality. Moreover, the content of the orientation of the personality is manifested in relation to people, activities, the world around and oneself. Let us consider in more detail the structure of character according to the types of relationships that have developed in a person:

In relation to other people (at the same time, one can distinguish such character traits as sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tact - rudeness, kindness - spitefulness, modesty - impudence, simplicity - cunning, generosity - pettiness, justice - injustice, etc. .).

In relation to oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, pride - humiliation, conscientiousness - shamelessness, modesty - boasting, selfishness - selflessness, etc.).

In relation to things (generosity - greed, thrift - sloppiness, frugality - wastefulness, accuracy - slovenliness, thriftiness - mismanagement, etc.).

In relation to duty (consciousness - fanaticism, conviction - formality, diligence - negligence, fidelity - infidelity, reliability - unreliability, devotion - treachery, etc.).

In relation to nature (tourist - homebody, naturalist - naturophob, zoophile - zoophobe, heliophile - heliophobe, aquaphile - aquaphobe, etc.).

In relation to hobbies (sportsman, collector, musician, dancer, poet, philosopher, hunter, etc.).

In relation to excesses (glutton - abstinent, smoker - non-smoker, coquettish - non-coquettish, moral - immoral, verbose - silent, reckless - not gambling, etc.).

This category of traits characterizes the life orientation of the personality, i.e. material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the personality determines the goals, life plans of a person, the degree of his life activity. In the formed character, the leading component is the system of beliefs. Conviction determines the long-term direction of a person's behavior, his inflexibility in achieving his goals, confidence in the justice and importance of the work that he performs.

It should be noted a certain conventionality of this classification, the close relationship and interpenetration of these relations. The leading ones in this classification are relations that are formed in labor and activity. This refers not only to the attitude of a person to a specific type of work performed, but also to activities in general. The relationship of a person with other people is decisive in their attitude to activity, giving rise to increased activity, tension, rationalization or, on the contrary, calmness, lack of initiative. The attitude to other people and to activity, in turn, forms the attitude of a person to his own personality, to himself. It follows from this that the attitude towards other people is not only an important part of character, but also forms the basis for the formation of a person's self-awareness.

Factors influencing the formation of character

As noted, character is a lifetime formation. This means that it is formed after the birth of a person. The origins of a person's character and the first signs of its manifestation should be sought at the very beginning of life. It can be stated that by about 2-3 years the child has its own character. However, the first manifestations of character are not yet convincing evidence that the character of the child is fully formed. Rather, they act only as the beginning of its formation. At preschool age, the foundations of character are only laid. The development of character continues for at least another 10-15 years after the signs of the first character traits began to really manifest themselves in the child's behavior.

There are several factors under the influence of which character traits are formed.

Very important for the formation of the character of the child is the style of communication of adults with each other, as well as the way adults treat the child himself. First of all, this refers to the treatment of parents, and especially mothers, with a child. The way the mother and father act towards the child, after many years, becomes the way he treats his children, when the child becomes an adult and acquires his own family.

Initially, the emerging character of the child is influenced by how adults treat him.

A sensitive period for the formation of character can be considered the age from two or three to nine or ten years, when children communicate a lot and actively both with surrounding adults and with peers. During this period, they are open to outside influences, they readily accept them, imitating everyone and in everything. Adults at this time enjoy the boundless trust of the child, have the opportunity to influence him by word, deed and action, which creates favorable conditions for consolidating the necessary forms of behavior.

If people caring for a child often communicate with him, communication is emotionally positive, and the basic needs of the child are constantly and completely satisfied, then positive character traits begin to form in him from early childhood, such as openness and trust in people. If adults who care for an infant do not pay proper attention to him, rarely communicate with him, do not show positive emotions, do not fully satisfy his basic needs, then the child may develop opposite character traits, such as isolation and distrust of people.

Before others, such traits as kindness, sociability, responsiveness, as well as their opposite qualities - selfishness, callousness, indifference to people, are laid in the character of a person. There is evidence that the beginning of the formation of these character traits goes deep into preschool childhood, to the first months of life and is determined by how the mother treats the child.

In the future, when the child masters speech and learns to determine exactly why he received this or that encouragement or punishment, approval or disapproval from the people around him, the system of rewards and punishments used in the process of education begins to have a decisive influence on the formation of character. Those character traits that are most clearly manifested in work - diligence, accuracy, conscientiousness, responsibility, perseverance - are formed somewhat later, in early and preschool childhood. They are formed and fixed in the games of children and the types of domestic work available to them. Stimulation by adults adequate to the age and needs of the child has a strong influence on their development. In the character of the child, mainly such traits are preserved and fixed that constantly receive support (positive reinforcement from the adults around him). Those psychological qualities and properties for which the child is punished usually disappear soon after their first manifestation.

With age (in the primary grades of the school), character traits are formed that manifest themselves in relationships with people. This is facilitated by the expansion of the sphere of communication of the child with others due to the many new school friends, as well as teachers. If what a child as a person has acquired at home receives support at school, then the corresponding character traits are fixed in him and most often remain throughout his later life. If the newly gained experience of communicating with peers and teachers does not confirm as correct those forms of behavior that the child acquired at home, then a gradual breakdown of character begins, which is usually accompanied by pronounced internal and external conflicts. The resulting restructuring of character does not always lead to a positive result. Most often, there is a partial change in character traits and a compromise between what the child was taught at home and what the school requires of him.

In adolescence, strong-willed character traits are actively developed and consolidated, and in early youth, the basic moral, worldview foundations of the personality are formed. In addition to adults, the developing character of an older student is also influenced by the media: print, radio, television, and the Internet. By the end of school, a person’s character can be considered basically established, and what happens to him in the future almost never makes a person’s character unrecognizable to those who communicated with him during his school years.

It should be noted that the character is not a frozen formation, but is formed and transformed throughout the life of a person. As a certain way of life is formed, the person himself is also formed. An important role is played by social conditions and specific life circumstances in which a person's life path passes.

General factors influencing the character of a person determine the typical changes that can and do occur with age in the characters of all people without exception. Specific life circumstances, individual and peculiar for a given person, determine changes in character characteristic of him personally, which are not observed in most other people.

Character is not fatally predetermined. Although it is conditioned by the objective circumstances of a person's life path, these circumstances themselves change under the influence of a person's actions. Therefore, after graduating from an educational institution, the character of a person continues to form or change. At this stage, a person himself is the creator of his character, since the character is formed depending on the worldview, beliefs and habits of moral behavior that a person develops in himself, on the deeds and actions that he performs, on all his conscious activity. This process in modern psychological literature is considered as a process of self-education.

The most effective means of character formation is labor. Strong characters are people who set themselves great tasks in their work, persistently achieve their solution, overcome all the obstacles that stand in the way of achieving these goals, and exercise systematic control over the implementation of the planned. Therefore, we have the right to assert that character, like other personality traits, is formed in activity.

Character typology

Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been repeatedly made throughout the history of psychology.

One of the most famous and earliest of them was the one that, at the beginning of our century, was proposed by the German psychiatrist and psychologist E. Kretschmer. Somewhat later, a similar attempt was made by his American colleague W. Sheldon, and nowadays - E. Fromm, K. Leonhard, A.E. Lichko and a number of other scientists.

Consequently, the typology of characters, as a rule, is based on the existence of certain typical features. Typical are traits and manifestations of character that are common and indicative for a certain group of people. Accordingly, the type of character should be understood as an expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people.

It should also be noted that all typologies of human characters, as a rule, proceed from a number of general ideas.

A person's character is formed relatively early in ontogenesis and manifests itself as a more or less stable personality formation throughout the rest of life.

The combinations of personality traits that make up a person's character are not random.

Most of the people in accordance with their main character traits can be divided into typical groups.

As an example, consider some of the classifications.

Typology of characters according to E. Kretschmer. The German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer is known as the creator of the typology of constitutions (the structure of the human body), in which three main types of constitution were identified: asthenic, picnic and athletic.

E. Kretschmer, as a doctor, was primarily interested in the innate tendency of people with different types of constitution to various kinds of nervous and mental illnesses, but, while dealing with many patients in the clinic, observing them, he noticed that there are certain differences in the characters of people with different body structure types. In his works, Kretschmer expresses and substantiates the hypothesis that asthenics, picnics and athletics are characterized by typical and different character traits. Asthenics, Kretschmer attributed the following character traits: an analytical mind, a penchant for in-depth introspection, love for philosophy, for the exact sciences, for religion, a limited, selective circle of contacts, a tendency to a lonely lifestyle, relative indifference to people around him, weakly expressed emotionality. Picnics, according to Kretschmer, on the contrary, are quite emotional people, sociable, with a penchant for various kinds of arts: painting, music, theater, literature. They like to have fun, have fun, enjoy life, and are often the soul of various kinds of companies. Athletes are people with a fairly strong will, persistent, purposeful, stubborn. According to Kretschmer, they do not differ in any other abilities. German psychiatrist K. Leonhard and Russian psychiatrist A. Lichko in the middle of the 20th century. offered their own typologies of people's characters.

Typology of characters K. Leonhard. K.Leonhard identified 12 types of accentuated characters, which are often found in people with various neuroses (Table 1).

Table 1 Type of character accentuations according to K. Leonhard

Type of character accentuation Description Hyperthymic type. It is characterized by increased sociability, emotionality, violations of the logic of thinking (frequent deviations in the course of a conversation from the initial topic of communication), frequent conflicts with other people due to a frivolous attitude to their duties. The most common negative character traits of this type of people are as follows: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, increased irritability, projecting. At the same time, people of this type are characterized by the following positive character traits: energy, initiative, optimism. Distimous type He is distinguished by unsociableness, taciturnity, prevailing bad mood, avoids noisy companies, prefers to be alone, stay at home, lead a secluded life, rarely comes into conflict with people around. Along with this, he highly appreciates friendship, is serious, fair and conscientious. The cycloid type is distinguished by frequent, periodic changes in mood and manner of communicating with people. During periods of good mood, people of this type are sociable and kind, and during periods of bad mood they are closed and angry. Often irritable, sullen, unsociable. In the normal state, it has a number of positive character traits: conscientiousness, accuracy, loves animals and small children. In conflicts, he is often an active party, an initiator. Touchy, suspicious and vengeful. Sometimes overly arrogant, makes exorbitant demands on people. May have the following positive traits: justice, striving for good results at work. Pedantic type. Behaves like a bureaucrat, presenting people with many purely formal requirements. Sometimes he harasses the household with excessive claims to accuracy. His attractive character traits are conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability and responsibility in business. Rarely conflicts with other people, speaking in conflicts mostly in a passive role. Often has the following positive character traits: friendliness, self-criticism, conscientiousness, diligence. Such people, due to their insecurity, are often targets for jokes, “scapegoats”. Etiative type Excessively emotional, tearful. Has a rather narrow, limited circle of contacts. However, people with whom he communicates closely, such a person understands perfectly. Rarely comes into conflict with others, bears resentment in himself. Positive character traits: kindness, compassion for people, sense of duty, diligence. Demonstrative type Self-confident, has inflated claims, provokes conflicts, but at the same time he actively defends himself if he is attacked. It is characterized by ease in establishing contacts, the desire for leadership, a thirst for power and praise. Often selfish, hypocritical, boastful, shirks from work. It also has the following positive character traits: courtesy, the ability to captivate other people, artistry, eccentricity of actions and thinking. Exalted type It is distinguished by high contact and sociability, talkativeness and amorousness. Attached and attentive to friends and relatives. Often enters into disputes with people, but does not bring the matter to a conflict. Subject to momentary moods and panic. Other positive features: has good taste, shows compassion for people, has sincere feelings. Extrovert. type. Differs in high contact, has a lot of acquaintances and friends. Talkative, shows interest in everything. Rarely comes into conflict with other people, usually playing a passive role in them. Does not claim leadership, yielding it to other people, prefers to obey others and be in the shadows. Unpleasant character traits: frivolity, thoughtlessness of actions, susceptibility to the influence of other people, passion for entertainment, participation in the spread of rumors and gossip. Has such positive character traits as attention to people, readiness to listen, help, diligence. Introvert. type. It is distinguished by isolation, low contact, a tendency to philosophizing, divorced from reality. He loves loneliness, rarely comes into conflict with people around him, and only when someone tries to unceremoniously interfere in his life. Negative character traits: stubbornness, inflexibility of thinking, stubborn upholding of one's own, not always correct, ideas. It also has such attractive character traits as restraint, strong convictions, adherence to principles.

Classification of character accentuations A.E. Lichko. A.E. Lichko (1977) developed a classification of pathological characters, which he called "personality accentuations" (Table 2). This classification is based on observations of adolescents. Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, in which deviations in human behavior that do not go beyond the norm, bordering on pathology, are observed.

Table 2 Type of character accentuations according to A.E. Lichko

Type of character accentuation Description Hyperthymic "Explosive" character, seething energy, mobility, talkativeness, tendency to familiarity, always high spirits Cycloid Periodic mood swings, transition from periods of upsurge to depression, irritability and apathy are replaced by bouts of enthusiasm Labile Extreme mood variability under the influence of insignificant stimuli Astheno-neurotic Restless sleep, poor appetite , tearfulness, fatigue, irritability, a tendency to hypochondria (search for various diseases in oneself) the formation of obsessive fears, pedantry, formalism, impatience Schizoid Closure, isolation from the environment, coldness, inability to understand the feelings of others, a tendency to fantasies, unusual e hobbies, emphasized independence Epileptoid Tendency to outbursts of anger, inertia of thinking, sadistic tendencies, greed, accuracy, servility to superiors, “mundane” interests go with the flow", weak will, lack of perseverance, love of entertainment Conformal Willingness to obey, hypocrisy, compliance

There are other classifications of character types.

For example, the typology of character, built on the basis of a person's attitude to life, society and moral values, is widely known. Its author is E. Fromm, who called this classification the social typology of characters. According to the author of this concept, the social character determines the thinking, emotions and actions of individuals. Different classes and groups of people existing in society have their own social character.

Summarizing the observational data on the behavior of various people and correlating them with the practice of working in the clinic, E. Fromm deduced the following main types of social characters.

. A "sadistic masochist" is a type of person who tends to see the reasons for his successes and failures in life, as well as the reasons for observed social phenomena, not in the circumstances, but in people. In an effort to eliminate these causes, he directs his aggression towards the person who seems to him to be the cause of failure. Such a person is especially dangerous for those around him when he gains power over them: he begins to terrorize them, proceeding from “good intentions”.

. "Destroyer" - characterized by pronounced aggressiveness and an active desire to eliminate, destroy the object that caused frustration, the collapse of hopes in this person. Destructiveness as a means of resolving their life problems is usually addressed by people who experience a sense of anxiety and powerlessness, are limited in the realization of their intellectual and emotional capabilities.

. “A conformist is an automaton” - such an individual, faced with intractable social and personal problems, ceases to be himself. He unquestioningly submits to circumstances, society of any type, the requirements of a social group, quickly assimilating the type of thinking and behavior that is characteristic of most people in a given situation. Such a person almost never has either his own opinion or a pronounced social position. He actually loses his own "I", his individuality and is used to experiencing exactly the feelings that are expected of him in certain situations. The typology of the social characters of people proposed by E. Fromm quite truthfully reflects the types of characters of a significant part of people living in modern society, and therefore, despite the fact that it was developed almost 60 years ago, it is of interest today due to the fact that our Russian society is currently going through a historical stage of its development, similar to the one in which E. Fromm's typology of social characters was created.

character sensitive accentuation social

Conclusion

So, character is an individual combination of the most stable, essential, acquired personality traits, manifested in human behavior, in a certain relation: to oneself; to other people; to the task assigned; willingness to overcome obstacles, mental and physical pain, the degree of perseverance, independence, determination, discipline (volitional qualities).

The character is transsituational, i.e. in different situations, human behavior is quite typical for him.

A character has certain properties. Among the properties of character, one should distinguish between general (global) and private. General properties affect a range of behavioral manifestations. Private properties of character, affect local situations,

Each person must have central properties of character, they are called deep.

Separate properties of character depend on each other, are interconnected and form an integral organization, which is called the structure of character. It contains certain groups of features.

In domestic psychology, two approaches to the classification of character traits are most often encountered. In one case, all character traits are associated with mental processes and therefore, in connection with the genesis of character, 3 groups of traits are distinguished: intellectual traits; emotional traits; volitional traits.

Character is a lifetime education. This means that it is formed after the birth of a person. There are several factors under the influence of which character traits are formed. This is:

communication style of adults with each other;

the way adults treat the child himself;

a system of rewards and punishments used in the process of education;

mass media: print, radio, television, Internet;

social conditions and specific life circumstances;

Despite the fact that the character is attributed to the individual characteristics of the personality, in the structure of the character it is possible to distinguish common features for a certain group of people. Accordingly, the type of character should be understood as an expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people. Consequently, the typology of characters, as a rule, is based on the existence of certain typical features. Typical are traits and manifestations of character that are common and indicative for a certain group of people.

One of the most famous and early typologies is the typology proposed by the German psychiatrist and psychologist E. Kretschmer at the beginning of the 20th century. Somewhat later, a similar attempt was made by his American colleague W. Sheldon, and nowadays - E. Fromm, K. Leonhard, A.E. Lichko and a number of other scientists.

Bibliography

1. Averin V.A. Psychology of Personality: Textbook.- St. Petersburg: Publishing House of Mikhailov V.A., 2001.

Bavdurka A. M., Bocharova S. P., Zemlyanskaya E. V. B23 Psychology of management. - Kharkov: Fortuna-press LLC, 1998.

4. Nemov R.S. Psychology. General foundations of psychology: Proc. for stud. higher ped. textbook institutions.- M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2001.

5. Psychology for university students / ed. Professor E.I. Rogova. - Moscow: ICC "Mart"; Rostov n / a: Publishing Center "Mart", 2004.

Stolyarenko L.D. Psychology: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Leader, 2007.

The concept of character

Usually, when they try to evaluate or characterize a particular person, they talk about his character (from the Greek snaga^er - printing, chasing). In psychology, the concept of "character" means a set of individual mental properties that develop in activity and manifest themselves in the ways of activity and forms of behavior typical for a given person.

The main feature of character as a mental phenomenon is that character always manifests itself in activity, in relation to a person to the surrounding reality and people. For example, the main character traits can be found in the characteristics of the activity that a person prefers to engage in. Some people prefer the most complex and difficult activities, it is a pleasure for them to seek and overcome obstacles; others choose simpler pursuits. For some, what matters is the results with which they performed this or that work, whether they managed to surpass others, while for others it may be indifferent, and they are content with the fact that they did the job no worse than others, having achieved mediocre quality. Therefore, when they determine the character of a person, they do not say that such and such a person showed courage, truthfulness, frankness, but that this person is brave, truthful, frank, i.e., the named characteristics of a person’s actions are attributed to the person himself. However, not all human features can be considered characteristic, but only essential and stable ones. For example, even very cheerful people can experience a feeling of sadness, but this does not make them whiners and pessimists.

character structure

To determine the structure or structure of a person's character means to single out the main components or properties in the character and establish the specific features due to them in their relationship and interaction.

In the structure of the existing character, we must single out two sides: content and form. The content includes features that express the orientation of the individual (sustainable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), a system of relations to the surrounding reality and representing individually peculiar ways of implementing these relations. In the content of the character, one or the other component can come to the fore, depending on the way of life, educational influences and the requirements of the surrounding reality. This or that orientation of the personality leaves an imprint on all human behavior, although it is determined by an integral system of relations.

In different forms of character, ways of manifesting relationships, fixed emotional-volitional characteristics of behavior, temperament are expressed. People differ from each other in habits, behavior. Intellectual, volitional and emotional character traits are related to form.

“In the system of personality, four groups of character traits are distinguished, forming symptom complexes. Snmptomocomilexes are systems of interrelated mental properties.

1. Features that characterize a person’s attitude to other people, to a team, to society (sociability, sensitivity, responsiveness, respect for other people and their opposite features - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people).

2. Features that show a person’s attitude to his day (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness, responsibility, initiative, perseverance and their opposite features - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsibility, passivity).

3. Features that show how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, pride, self-criticism, modesty and the opposite of them - conceit, arrogance, vanity, arrogance, resentment, shyness, selfishness, egocentrism).

4. Features that characterize a person's attitude to things

(neatness or carelessness, careful or careless handling of things) ".

“Depending on this or that structure of character, a person exhibits certain traits of behavior. The number of these traits is great. But it is possible to identify the main groups or types of character traits. These include:

a) moral (sensitivity, attentiveness, delicacy);

b) strong-willed (temper, passion, tenderness);

c) emotional (decisiveness, perseverance, firmness).

More clearly, one can define the main synthetic properties of a positive nature. “Among them are the following:

Moral upbringing of character. It characterizes a person in terms of direction and form of behavior.

Completeness of character. It testifies to the versatility of aspirations and hobbies of a person, a variety of activities, such people are distinguished by inner wealth and activity.

Wholeness of character. This is the unity of a person's mental make-up, the consistency of his relationship to various aspects of reality, the absence of contradictions in aspirations and interests, the unity of word and deed.

Character definition. It is expressed in the stability of behavior, which in all cases corresponds to established beliefs, moral and political ideas and concepts, the main direction that makes up the meaning of life and activity of the individual. You can tell in advance about such a person how he will behave in certain conditions of life.

Strength of character. This is the energy with which a person pursues the goals set for himself, this is the ability to get carried away passionately and develop a great effort of strength when meeting with difficulties and obstacles, this is the ability to overcome them.

Strength of character. It manifests itself in the sequence of actions and perseverance of a person, in the conscious upholding of views and decisions.

Balance of character. This is the most optimal ratio of restraint and activity for activity and communication with people, developed evenness of behavior.

These properties of character are in a complex, sometimes contradictory relationship. All these properties are not a natural gift, but the result of life influences, upbringing and self-education. But self-education is due to the corresponding motivation, which depends on mental processes and states.

So, character is a set of individually peculiar properties of a personality, determined by its relations and manifested in the ways of activity typical for a given personality.

In the character of each person one must see the unity of stable and dynamic properties.

"Character can mask one of the innate manifestations, enhance others, inhibit others due to the formation and strengthening of new reflex connections."

Consequently, from a natural-science point of view, character is an alloy of traits such as nervous activity and life impressions, fixed in the form of certain temporary nerve connections in the cerebral cortex.

Character is a consequence of the reflection of the complexity of life experiences, is formed in the process of active interaction between the individual and the environment.

Character finds its expression not only in deeds and actions, but also in speech, facial expressions and pantomime, and also leaves a seal on the external appearance of the individual and is reflected in a typical posture.

Character, reflecting life, in turn affects the way of life.

Character is of great importance not only for the individual, but also for society.

Character is a holistic formation, a system of properties of personalities that are in certain relationships to each other.

“In the structure of character, content and form are distinguished. Content of character reflects the social impact of influence, constitutes the life orientation of the individual, that is, her material and spiritual needs, interests, ideals and social attitudes. In different forms of character, ways of manifesting relationships, fixed emotional-volitional characteristics of behavior, temperament are expressed. People differ from each other in habits, manners of behavior.

The character is influenced by needs, intelligence and abilities, will, emotions, orientation, temperament.

The totality of distinctive essential, typical features forms a type of character that reflects the typical conditions of people's lives.

Traits

Character is an inseparable whole. But it is impossible to study and understand such a complex whole as character without highlighting individual aspects or typical manifestations (character traits) in it. Common traits of character are manifested in the relationship of the individual to social duties and duty, to people, to himself. The attitude to social duties and duty, first of all, is manifested in the attitude of the individual to social work. In this regard, such character traits as diligence, conscientiousness, perseverance, thrift, and the opposite of them - laziness, negligence, passivity, wastefulness are revealed. A person's attitude to work has a decisive influence on the formation of his other personal qualities. D. I. Pisarev wrote: "Character is tempered by labor, and whoever has never earned his own daily food by his own labor, for the most part remains forever a weak, sluggish and spineless person." Attitude towards people clearly appears in such character traits as sociability, politeness, goodwill, etc. The antipodes of these traits are isolation, tactlessness, malevolence. As V. Hugo stated, "every person has three characters: the one that is attributed to him; the one that he attributes to himself; and, finally, the one that is in reality." In order to clarify the essence of his character, it is useful for a person to know the opinion about himself of the team in which he works and spends a significant part of his life. And above all, how orderly his relations with people are, how much people need him, how authoritative he is among them. Attitude towards oneself is manifested in self-assessment of one's actions. Sober self-assessment is one of the conditions for personal development, helping to develop such character traits as modesty, adherence to principles, self-discipline. Negative character traits are increased conceit, arrogance and boasting. A person with these traits is usually quarrelsome in a team, involuntarily creates pre-conflict and conflict situations in it. Another extreme in a person's character is also undesirable: underestimation of one's own merits, timidity in expressing one's positions, in defending one's views. Modesty and self-criticism must be combined with a heightened sense of self-worth, based on the consciousness of the real significance of one's personality, on the presence of certain successes in work for the common good. Principle is one of the valuable personal qualities that give the character an active orientation. Volitional character traits. Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes the activity of a person and awakens him to act in a directed way. Will is the ability of a person to overcome obstacles, to achieve the goal. Specifically, she acts in such character traits as purposefulness, determination, perseverance, courage. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and anti-social goals. To do this, it is important to determine what the motive of a person's volitional behavior is. "A brave act, the motive of which is to enslave another person, to seize someone else's property, to promote oneself, and a brave act, the motive of which is to help a common cause, of course, have completely different psychological qualities." According to volitional activity, characters are divided into strong and weak. People with a strong character have stable goals, are proactive, boldly make decisions and implement them, have great endurance, are courageous and courageous. People in whom these qualities are weakly expressed or some of them are absent are classified as weak-character. They are characterized by a passive manifestation of their business and personal qualities. Often such people, having the best intentions, do not achieve significant results in work, study. Many of them sincerely experience their inability to act independently, persistently and decisively.

Volitional qualities can be cultivated in a person. IP Pavlov emphasized that a person is the only system capable of regulating itself over a wide range, that is, it can improve itself .. Weak-willed people with thoughtful pedagogical work with them can become actively active. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person, for example, his temperament. So, it is easier for a choleric person to develop activity and determination than for a melancholic person. A person himself must train his will from a young age, develop such qualities as self-control, activity, courage.