The order of parsing the participle. Special verb forms

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

gerund - a special verb form that denotes an action that is additional in relation to the predicate, answers questions doing what? having done what? and combines the features of a verb and an adverb. In a sentence gerunds are the circumstances: Squealing, a heavy winch is crawling... (G. Ivanov).

Signs of the verb and adverb in the gerund

Verb Features	Adverb signs
Kind (perfect and imperfect): deciding- deciding by playing- having played.	Immutability (like an adverb, the gerund does not change and is associated with other words by way of adjunction).
Transitivity / intransitivity: reading(what?) book- doing.	Syntactic function (like an adverb, a gerund in a sentence is a circumstance).
Return / non-return: dressing- getting dressed.
The ability to be defined by an adverb: understand correctly- correctly understanding, understanding.

gerund does not have a category of time, but it expresses relative time: simultaneity with the action called the verb-predicate, or its precedence

Ranks of gerunds by meaning, the formation of gerunds

Participles imperfect form denote an additional action that occurs simultaneously with the main action, called the predicate: So the young rake thought, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin)

Participles imperfective forms are formed from the basis of the present tense of imperfective verbs with the help of a suffix -a (i): cry- crying, looking - looking, dancing jut - dancing (danceja]).

Verbs with suffix -va-, which falls in the present tense, this suffix is retained in the participle: recognized jut- recognizing-t - recognizing (recognizing [ j- a]).

Some imperfective verbs do not form gerunds: verbs in -ch (to preserve, bake, shear); verbs with suffix -well- (sour, freeze), some monosyllabic verbs (sew, sing, wait, lie and etc.).

Participles from verbs be and steal have a suffix -learn-: being, stealthily.

Participles perfect look denote an additional action preceding the main action, called the predicate: ... And, sitting under a pine tree, he eats porridge ... (A. Tvardovsky).

Participles perfective forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive of perfective verbs with the help of suffixes -in, -lice(with this suffix gerunds formed from reflexive verbs), -shi: say- saying wash up- wash up, get in- get in.

Participles perfect form can also be formed from the basis of the simple future tense using the suffix -a(s): will read- read, find- finding. Particularly common gerunds perfect view of -and I) in stable combinations: hand on heart; with folded hands; sleeveless, headlong, reluctantly and etc.

Features of the use of gerunds

gerund with dependent words forms participial turnover .

gerund and participial turnover, denoting an additional (accompanying) action, adjoin the verb-predicate, which names the main action in the sentence. But this additional action must necessarily be performed by the subject (person) who is named the subject of this sentence: The boys dispersed dogs, taking a young lady under her cover (A. Pushkin).

A common mistake is to use gerunds and adverbial revolutions, the additional action of which is performed by a person or object that is not the subject of the predicate in this sentence: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, I hat came off(A. Chekhov).

Participles and adverbial phrases can also be used in impersonal sentences, but only in those where there is a character indicated by the dative case: In preparation for the exam, I had to go to the library often.

The actor may not be named in the sentence, but it is indicated by the value gerunds and the predicate in this impersonal sentence.

Participles and adverbs

Participles may lose the meaning and grammatical features of the verb and turn into adverbs. In this case gerunds cease to be signs of an additional action, their qualitative meaning (the meaning of the attribute of action) is enhanced in them. For example: He sat bent over; She walked slowly ; Dmitry listened to him frowning(M. Gorky).

Some gerunds have already moved into adverbs, losing the value of the additional action: listened silently ; writes with walking, standing; reading lying down ; says chokingly(= incomprehensible, fast); answered without thinking(= fast); spoke slowly(= slowly); stood stretched out(= straight); answered reluctantly(= sluggish); lives playfully (- easy, carefree) speaks incessantly(= non-stop); said loving(= kindly).

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the selection of two permanent features (type, immutability). The gerund has no non-permanent signs, since it is an invariable form. Verbal signs (transitivity - intransitivity, recurrence - irreversibility) can be included in morphological analysis of the participle.

Scheme of morphological analysis of gerunds. I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form (indefinite form of the verb). 2. Permanent signs: 2) immutable form. III. syntax function. Tumbleweeds ran along and across the steppe, stumbling and jumping... (A. Chekhov)	An example of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. stumbling- gerund, a special form of the verb, as it denotes an additional action. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to stumble. 2.Permanent signs: 1) imperfect view; 2) immutable form. III. syntax function. In the sentence, it is a circumstance of the course of action: ran (in what way?) Stumbling.

The scheme of morphological analysis of the participle as a special invariable form of the verb is simpler than that of the participle.

Special difficulties usually do not arise. The participle does not have an initial form and does not change, it combines the features of a verb and an adverb. Permanent signs can be determined when the verb from which this participle is formed is established. The form of the verb can be found out by the questions: what are you doing? having done what?

PLAN FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GENERAL PARTICIPLE

1. Part of speech and general grammatical meaning.

2. Morphological features:
Permanent (P.p.):
- kind (perfect or imperfect),
- return (returnable or non-returnable),
- transitivity (transitive or intransitive).
Volatile (N.p.): An immutable form.

3. The syntactic role of the participle (a separate circumstance expressed by a participial turnover or a single participle).

For examples, let's take sentences from the autobiographical story of the writer-naturalist Georgy Skrebitsky "Chicks grow wings."

Examples of parsing gerunds

1) I already had a real hunting rifle, went hunting with adults and at the same time often, walking alone in the garden or in the forest, played hunting with myself.

1. Walking - gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb gulya (yut) + Ya.

2. Morphological features:
Permanent (P.p.):
- imperfect species,
- irrevocable
- intransitive.

3. Played (when? doing what?) while walking alone in a garden or forest (a separate circumstance expressed by a participle).

2) - Mom, will you let me and the guys go fishing with an overnight stay? I asked quickly, hurrying to take advantage of this opportune moment.

1. Hurrying - gerund, because denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb spesh (at) + A.

2. Morphological features:
Permanent (P.p.):
- imperfect species,
- irrevocable
- intransitive.
Volatile (N.p.): immutable.

3. He asked (why? what while doing?) hurrying to take advantage of such a suitable minute (a separate circumstance expressed by a participial turnover).

3) - I'll let you go, and I'll let you go with an overnight stay, - my mother answered happily smiling 3.

1. Smiling - gerund, because denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb smile(yut)sya + I.

2. Morphological features:
Permanent (P.p.):
- imperfect species,
- returnable,
- intransitive.
Volatile (N.p.): immutable.

3. Answered (how? What are you doing?) Smiling happily (a separate circumstance expressed by a participial phrase).

4) Mom listened, opening 3 eyes wide, smiling and shaking her head every minute.

1. Revealing - a gerund, because denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb reveal + V.

2. Morphological features:
Permanent (P.p.):
- perfect view,
- irrevocable
- transitional.
Volatile (N.p.): immutable.

3. Listened (how? What did you do?) Wide-eyed (isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover).

5) - This is a student overcoat, - he said, returning 3.

1. Having returned - a gerund, because denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb return + lice.

2. Morphological features:
Permanent (P.p.):
- perfect view,
- returnable,
- intransitive.
Volatile (N.p.): immutable.

3. He declared (when? What did he do?) Having returned (a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund).

On views on the nature of participles. For adults and high school students. For others.

Interpretations of gerunds are different. Some authors believe that the participle is a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if a textbook falls into your hands in which you see a characteristic that is unusual for you. Deciding which point of view to adhere to depends on the answers to some questions:

How many parts of speech are there in Russian?
Which of the forms - the indefinite form of the verb or the gerund - should be considered the initial form?
What are the boundaries of the verb word, how many and what forms does the verb have?

§2. General characteristics of the participle

1. Meaning: additional action. Remember, extra. So, is there a main one? Yes. And both actions are carried out by one person or a group of people.

2. Morphological features. The peculiarity of gerunds is that they have the features of both a verb and an adverb.
The morphological features of the verb are constant features: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity.

Signs of an adverb: immutability and adverbial role in a sentence.

For more information about the morphological features of the verb, see Chapter 11. Morphology. Verb

3. Syntactic role in the sentence- circumstance.

Ivan sat thinking.

§3. Formation of gerunds

Participles occur only in personal verbs.
The participles are NSV and SV.

The gerunds NSV are formed from the verbs NSV: decide - deciding, read - reading, think - thinking.
The gerunds NSV are formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of the suffixes -а-, -я-: breathe → breathing, draw - drawing.

The gerunds SV are formed from the verbs SV: decide - having decided, buy - having bought.
The gerunds SV are formed with the help of suffixes: -v-, -lice-, -shi-: shout → shouting, shouting. The suffixes -in- and -lice- are synonymous, the suffix -lice- is colloquial. Bring → bring.

The participles have no endings. Therefore, the syntactic connection of the gerund with the predicate is adjunction.

§4. Participial turnover

A gerund with dependent words is called a participle turnover.

He sat dangling his legs. He was sitting (how?, what is he doing?), dangling his legs. He sat dangling (what?) with his feet.

For the punctuation of sentences with gerunds and participles, see A20. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

How many actions performed by the same person should be named in a sentence with a gerund?
- At least 2
- Lot
Is it correct to consider the gerund as an inflected form?
What are the constant signs of gerunds: verbal or adverbial?
- Verbs, i.e. peculiar to verbs
- Adverbial, i.e. characteristic of adverbs
Are forms of gerunds possible for impersonal verbs?
From what verb stem do the gerunds NSV come from?
- From the basis of present tense
- From the stem of the indefinite form of the verb
From what verb stem are the gerunds SV formed?
- From the basis of present tense
- From the stem of the indefinite form of the verb
What is the syntactic connection of a gerund with a verb as a predicate?
- Coordination
- Control
- adjoining
Do the gerunds retain constant verb features?
What verbs form the gerunds NSV?
- From NVS verbs
- FROM CB verbs

1. As already noted (see paragraph 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the participle is characterized differently in linguistics.

Some linguists consider gerunds as a special form of the verb, others as an independent part of speech. In this guide, we adhere to the latter point of view.

gerund- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of the verb and adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the verb-predicate is performed.

The participle answers questions doing what? having done what? There may also be questions as? why? how? when? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with dependent words is called participle turnover.

Leaving for the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing his brother.

The main signs of the participle

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples
This is the designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the verb-predicate is performed.	Standing at the window, he carefully read the note given to him.
B) Morphological features	Examples
A combination of the features of a verb and an adverb in one word.
Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following features of verbs: transitivity, recurrence.	Wed: think(imperfect aspect, irrevocable) - thinking; think(perfect form, irrevocable) - thinking; ponder(perfect form, reversible) - in thought
The participles are distributed like verbs.	Thinking about mother - thinking about mother; think about the future - think about the future; quarrel with mother - having quarreled with mother..
The participles have the following signs of adverbs:
gerunds - unchangeable words;	Reading, reading, deciding.
the gerund depends on the verb-predicate.	After handing over the note, he stepped aside.
B) Syntactic signs	Examples
In a sentence, the participle depends on the verb-predicate.
In the sentence, the participle and the adverbial turnover play the role of a circumstance.	[When?] Passing a note, he stepped aside.

2. Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes - -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:

gerunds imperfect form are formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -а, -я:
be silent: be silent - at → silently;
decide: decide - ut → deciding;
gerunds perfect look are formed from the base of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up - be → hushed up;
solve : solve - be → deciding;
to do: busy - be-sya → taking up;
bring: brought - ti → bringing.

3. Single gerunds may lose the signs of a verb and move into the category of adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verb forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? having done what?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.

For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov).

Closing- gerund, as it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf .: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).

Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context cannot be compared as equal actions: listened to and was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened to).

4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:

Parsing plan for participles

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form. Morphological features:
	A	Permanent morphological features:
		1	view;
		2	recurrence.
	B	Variable morphological features(invariant word).
III	Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the participle in this sentence).

He hurt himself by falling off his horse.(Turgenev).

having fallen

The participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions when? having done what?
N. f. - having fallen. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) perfect appearance;
2) irrevocable.
B) Non-permanent morphological features (unchangeable word).
Forms a participial phrase with the form of a noun from a horse; in the sentence, the adverbial turnover is a circumstance of time.