Word order after dann in German. Relative clauses in German

Purpose clauses answer the question "Wozu?" (For what?) and „Zu welchem ​​Zweck?“ (For what purpose?).

If both parts of the sentence refer to the same subject, then the subordinate clause of the goal is associated with the main clause with the union "um", after which all other members of the sentence stand, and the infinitive with "zu" appears at the end of the sentence.

Ich(= me) = ich(= me)

• Ich lerne fleissig Deutsch. Ich will in Deutschland students.
  I study German diligently. I want to study in Germany.
• Ich lerne fleissig Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu students.
  I study German diligently in order to study in Germany.

• Zwei Škoda-Automechaniker fahren in ein einsames, österreichisches Alpendorf, um Ski zu fahren.
  Two auto mechanics from Škoda go to a secluded Austrian alpine village to go skiing.

In a sentence with "um…zu" the modal verb "wollen" is not used.

• Laura sieht sich oft Filme an. Sie will mit den Freunden darüber reden.
  Laura often watches films. She wants to talk about it with her friends.
• Laura sieht sich oft Filme an, um will mit den Freunden daruber zu reden.
  Laura often watches movies to talk about it with her friends.

If both parts of the sentence have different subjects, then the target clause (Finalsatz) is linked to the main clause with the conjunction „damit“. The conjunction is followed by a subordinate clause (subject + other members of the sentence + predicate at the end).

Ich(= me) ≠ my Chef(= My boss)

• Ich lerne fleissig Deutsch. Mein Chef soll zufrieden sein.
  I am studying German. My boss should be pleased.
• Ich lerne fleißig Deutsch, damit mein Chef zufrieden ist.
  I am learning German to keep my boss happy.

After studying the material in this lesson, you will be able to:

• ask for a restaurant recommendation
• ask where you can have lunch (dine)
• find out where the restaurant (cafe) is located
• ask when the restaurant (cafe) is open

Learn words and expressions for dialogue

zu Mittag (zu Abend) essen have lunch (dine)	Wo essen wir heute zu Mittag? Where are we having lunch today?
Das Restaurant restor a n restaurant	Mochten Sie ins Restaurant gehen? Do you want to go to a restaurant?
Das Cafe cafe uh Cafe	Ich esse im Café zu Abend. I'll have dinner at the cafe.
empfehlen empf e(and): flax recommend	Was empfehlen Sie mir? What do you recommend to me?
Schnell shnel fast	Sie spricht sehr schnell. She speaks very fast.
einen Imbiß zu sich nehmen have a bite to eat	Nehmen Sie einen Imbiß zu sich! Have a bite!
die Gaststatte G a stshtete restaurant, cafe, canteen	Gehen wir in die Gaststatte! Let's go to the cafe!
selbst selpst myself	Ich mache das selbst. I do it myself.
bedienen bad and: nan service	Wer bedient hier? Who is serving here?
Dann Dan then; then, then	Gut, dann rufe ich Sie an. Okay, then I'll call you.
offnen yo fnen open	Wann ist das Café geoffnet? When is (this) café open?
glauben ch a uben think; count, suppose	Ich glaube, Fred ist Chemiker. I think Fred is a chemist.
schließen shl and:sen close	Diese Gaststatte ist geschlossen. This restaurant is closed.
die Kuche to Yu heh kitchen	Wo ist die Kuche? Where is the kitchen?
namlich n uh:mlich exactly; as	Ich gehe. Es ist nämlich schon spat. I'll go because it's getting late.
der Hunger X at n(g)a hunger	Ich habe Hunger. I am hungry.

Pay attention to the form and use of words

Verb empfehlen"recommend" just like sprechen, nehmen and etc. (see Lesson 1, Lesson 4 and Lesson 5, Lesson 1) changes in the 3rd person singular. numbers root vowel -e on the -i:

1. Adverb namlich"precisely" can act in another sense, expressing the reason for what was said in the previous sentence. In this case, it is translated "because", "the fact is that ...":

   Ich muß jetzt gehen. Es ist namlich sehr spat.
   I must leave now, as it is very late.

   In the expression einen Imbiß zu sich nehmen"snack", "snack" pronoun sich changes in the 1st person singular. numbers on mir:

   Er nimmt einen Imbiß zu sich, but: Ich nehme einen Imbiß zu mir.

   Noun die Gaststatte has the general meaning of a public catering establishment and is translated in different ways: "restaurant", "cafe", "canteen", etc.

Remember the following ways of word formation (1,2,4)

selbst + die Bedienung = die Selbstbedienung self-service
das Frühstück + en = frühstücken have breakfast
zu Mittag essen = das Mittagessen lunch
zu Abendessen = das Abendessen supper

Practice reading single words

Ich möchte zu Mittag essen

S.	Konnen Sie mir ein Restaurant oder ein Cafe empfehlen?	to yo nen zi: mi:ah ain restor a n about: yes ain caf uh empf e: linen?
N.	Wenn Sie schnell einen Imbiß zu sich nehmen möchten, so gehen Sie in eine Gaststätte mit Selbstbedienung.	wen zi: shnel a inen and mbis tsu zih n e: maine m yo hten, zo: g e: en zi: in a ine g a stshtete mit z e lpstbadi:nun(g).
S.	Ich habe im Hotel gefrühstückt und möchte jetzt zu Mittag essen.	uh x a: bae im hot uh le gafr Yu: piece:kt unt m yo hte yetst tsu m and So uh sen.
N.	Dann empfehle ich Ihnen die Gaststätte "Berlin".	given empf e: le ich and: nen di g a stshtete ba(r)l and: n.
S.	Ist sie jetzt geoffnet?	east zi: yetst ge yo fnet?
N.	Ich glaube, sie ist noch nicht geschlossen. Die Küche dort ist recht gut.	ih ch a ube, zi: ist noh niht geshl about sen. di k Yu he dort ist rekht gu:t.
S.	Das ist sehr schön. Ich habe nämlich Hunger. Wo liegt diese Gaststatte?	das ist ze:a sho:n. uh x a: bae n e: mlich x at n(g)a. in:whether:qt d and: ze g a stshtete?
N.	Hinter dem Hotel.	hinta dem hotel.

Grammar explanations

In German, as in Russian, there are subordinate clauses. However, while in Russian the word order in the main and subordinate clauses is the same, in German the subordinate clauses have a certain word order, namely:

a. the predicate is located at the end of the sentence;

b. the inflected part of the predicate (auxiliary verb in the perfect, modal verb, linking verb) is in the very last place;

in. the separable prefix is ​​written together with the verb.

There are different types of subordinate clauses. In this lesson, you got acquainted with the subordinate clause of the condition, which is introduced by the union Wenn"if". In this case, the main sentence often begins with the word so or Dann followed by the predicate of the main clause:

Wenn er mich an ruft, so sage ich ihm das.
Wenn er kommen mochte, Dann muß er mich anrufen.
Wenn es schon spat ist, muß ich nach Hause gehen.

You already know that a predicate can be expressed in German with the linking verb sein and a noun or adjective. (see lesson 2, lesson 2). Participle II can also act as a nominal part of the predicate. Such sentences express the result of a completed action;

Das Formular ist ausgefullt. The form (form) is filled out, etc.

The predicate in German can be expressed by a set phrase. In this case, the verb is placed in the second (in the question and in the imperative sentence - in the first) place, and the rest - at the end of the sentence:

zu Mittag essen-ich essay heute im Hotel zu Mittag. usw.

Word order in a subordinate clause

Wenn er heute abend kommt, (dann) ruft er mich an.
Wenn er morgen abreist, gibt er mir seinen Reisepaß.
Wenn er heute kommen kann, (so) sagter uns das.
Wenn er das Fobmular ausgefüllt hat, liegt es im Hotel.
Wenn er nach Berlin gekommen ist, besucht er uns bald.
Er ruft mich an, Wenn er morgen abreist.

1. You are asked if you did what you promised. Answer yes to the question. Ask a similar question to the interlocutor.

2. You will be able to fulfill the request under a certain condition. Tell me about it. Ask if the interlocutor will be able to fulfill your request.

3. The interlocutor is interested in what cases you go to a cafe. Answer the question. Ask the interlocutor about the same.

4. Explain to the interlocutor why you are going to a cafe. Ask the interlocutor where he is going now.

After unions aber - but, und - and, but, sondern - but, but, denn - because, oder - or, or subordinate clauses use direct word order.

Die Eltern fahren nach Italien fur die Kinder

Parents go to Italy, and aunt will look after the children

Reverse word order

In subordinate clauses after conjunctions darum, deshalb, deswegen, sonst, trotzdem, dann, folglich used reverse word order. That is, the subject and predicate in the subordinate clause are reversed.

Präsens (Present)

Ich habe keines Auto. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

Ich habe keines Auto, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I don't have a car, so I take the bus to work.

Perfect (Past tense)

In this case auxiliary (haben/sein) stand on first place after the union third form verb leaves In the end adjunctive proposal.

Ich hatte keines Auto. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

Ich hatte keines Auto, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't have a car so I took the bus to work

Inversion

In subordinate clauses after conjunctions dass (what), weil (because), wenn (if, when), falls (in case), während (yet), bevor (before; before), nachdem (after so), obwohl (though) - used inversion . I.e verb in a subordinate clause goes to the end .

Präsens(Present)

Keynes Auto. Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I do not have a car. I go to work by bus

Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Arbeit, keines Auto

I go to work by bus because I don't have a car.

Ich weiss, in der Schule

I know that he is in school

Präteritum (Past tense)

Keynes Auto. Ich fuhr mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't have a car. I went to work by bus

Ich fuhr mit dem Bus zur Arbeit, keines Auto

I took the bus to work because I didn't have a car.

Perfect (Past tense)

In this case both verbs subordinate clause go to the end , but on last place put auxiliary or any other that was with the subject.

Ich habe ein Auto nicht gekauft. mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't buy a car. I went to work by bus

Ich habe ein Auto nicht gekauft, mit dem Bus zur Arbeit

I didn't buy a car because I took the bus to work.

If a subordinate clause with a union Wenn stands before the main sentence, the main thing often begins with the words so or Dann :

mein bald, ins Kino

If my friend comes soon, then we will go to the cinema

WENN or ALS

Wenn in the meaning of "when" is used if the action in the main and subordinate clauses occurs simultaneously. Also Wenn in the meaning of "when", used to emphasize multiplicity actions:

nach Moskau, mich unbedingt

When he comes to Moscow, he visits me without fail

Als also translated "when", but used in the past tense when single action:

meine Freundin am Sonnstag im Theater

We met my friend when we were at the theater on Sunday

UM...ZU and DAMIT construction

Union um … zu + Inf. and damit expresses goal .

Ergeht nach Deutschland, Deutschland

He is going to Germany to learn German.

Ich schenke ihm ein Lehrbuch der deutschen Sprache, er deutsche Sprache

I give him a German textbook so that he can learn German.

Construction (AN)STATT ... ZU

Anstatt seine Hausaufgaben zu machen, sieht das Mädchen fern

Instead of doing her homework, the girl watches TV

Design OHNE ... ZU

Sie geht, ohne sich zu verabschieden

She leaves without saying goodbye

Inversion with DER(DIE, DAS, DESSEN)

Union der (die, das, dessen, den, dem ) expresses the definition.

Ich fahre in der Stadt, in meine Verwandten

I'm going to the city where my relatives live

First of all, you need to indicate the conjunctions that form additional subordinate clauses and relative clauses of reason:

• ass- what
• ob- whether
• weil- because
• da- as

And now the fun begins. In the main clause, everything is as usual, but in the subordinate clause, the word order changes in a special way. The subject comes right after the conjunction, and the inflected part of the predicate takes the last place:

• Ich weiß, dass er in zwei Wochen nach Deutschland fahrt. - I know that he is going to Germany in two weeks.
• Ich möchte wissen, ob wir am Samstag Unterricht haben. - I would like to know if we have classes on Saturday.
• Sie kommt heute nicht, weil sie krank ist. - She won't come today because she is sick.

It looks even more original if a complex tense form, a construction with a modal verb, etc. appears in the sentence:

• Ich weiß, dass er vor zwei Wochen nach Deutschland gefahren ist. - I know that he left for Germany two weeks ago.
• Ich weiss nicht, ob sie das Auto gekauft haben. - I don't know if they bought the car.
• Sie lernt Englisch und Deutsch, weil sie zwei Fremdsprachen beherrschen will. - She studies English and German because she wants to speak two foreign languages.

If we compare this with the direct word order: "Er fährt ...", "Sie ist ...", "Sie will ...", then you can see the frame construction, where the frame is formed by the subject (at the beginning of the subordinate clause) and " predicate set from "(at the end).

The negation in the subordinate clause comes before the predicate or before the invariable part of the predicate - in a word, not in the last place, because the last place is always “reserved” behind the variable part of the predicate:

• Ich habe gehört, dass er nach Deutschland nothing fart. - I heard that he is not going to Germany.
• Ich habe nicht geantwortet, weil ich diese E-Mail nothing bekommen habe. - I didn't reply because I didn't receive that e-mail.

Separable prefixes and verb components in subordinate clauses are not separated:

• Ich denke, dass ich mitgehe. - I think I will go with you.
• Wir wissen nicht, ob er mitfährt. - We don't know if he's coming with us.
• Ich habe die Lampe ausgeschaltet, weil ich fernsehe. - I turned off the lamp because I am watching TV.

The reflexive pronoun sich is in the subordinate clause after subject, if the subject is expressed by a pronoun:

• Ich habe gehort, dass Sie sich mit diesen Problemen beschäftigen. - I heard that you are dealing with these issues.

But if the subject in the subordinate clause is expressed by a noun, then sich usually stands before subject to:

• Ich weiss, dass sich unser Freund mit diesen Problemen beschäftigt. - I know that our friend is dealing with these problems.

Additional subordinate clauses can be introduced not only with the union dass, but also with a question word:

Ich habe nicht gehort, was er gesagt hat. - I didn't hear what he said.

Ich weiss nothing, wann er commt. - I don't know when he will come.

Konnen Sie erklaren, warum Sie sich immer verspaten? - Can you explain why you are always late?

Wissen Sie, Herr Doktor, was ich heute Morgen geschossen habe? - Do you know, doctor, what I shot this morning?

Ja, das weiss ich. Ich habe ihn heute Mittag behandelt. - Yes I know. I looked at it during the day.

play a role in such proposals and pronominal adverbs. They are formed by adding wo(r)- or da(r)- to the corresponding suggestion:

• Erfahrt mit dem Bus. - Womit farther? - Erfahrt damit. - He rides the bus. - What is he driving? – On it (= on the bus).
• Ich interessiere mich fur Fremdsprachen. - Wofur interessieren Sie sich? - Ich interessiere mich dafur. - I am interested in foreign languages. - What are you interested in? - I'm interested in it.
• Sie warten auf den Zug. - Worauf warten sie? - Sie warten darauf. - They are waiting for the train. – What are they waiting for? They are waiting for him (= train).

Pronominal adverbs can introduce additional subordinate clauses:

• Er fragment, wovon ich das weiss. - He asks how I know this.
• Man hat mich gefragt, womit ich mich beschäftige. - I was asked what I do.

Union da - as usually introduces a subordinate clause if it comes before the main one. That is, in this case, all our argumentation begins with the conjunction da. The variable parts of the predicate in the main and subordinate clause tend to each other and are located at the junction:

Da er ein junger Wissenschaftler ist, hat er ein Forschungsstipendium bekommen. - Since he is a young scientist, he received a research scholarship.

Da er dies Stipendium bekommen hat, fahrt er nach Deutschland. - Since he received this scholarship, he is going to Germany.

The word order in the main sentence in both compound and complex sentences, with the exception of some nuances, coincides with the word order of a simple sentence.

Compound sentences

As in Russian, a compound sentence in German consists of two equal sentences connected by a coordinating union. The word order in all sentences is the same as the word order of a simple sentence. Coordinating conjunctions such as und, aber, denn, oder, sondern do not take up space in the sentence and do not affect the word order of the sentence they enter:

Die Eltern fahren nach Italian und die Tante sorgt fur die Kinder. The parents are leaving for Italy, and the aunt will look after the children.

After these unions, as in any simple sentence, inversion can be observed:

Die Eltern fahren nach Italien und fur die Kinder sorgt die Tante. — The parents are leaving for Italy, and the aunt will look after the children.

However, there are coordinating conjunctions that affect the word order in the sentence they lead, since they take place in the sentence, i.e. are its full members. These unions include : darum, trotzdem, folglich, dann, anderseits, sonst and some others. Since they are an equal member of the sentence, in the sentence they enter they can occupy not only the very first position, but also the position following the conjugated part of the predicate:

Franz hatte sich sehr beeilt, trotzdem cam er zu spat. Franz was in a hurry, but still he came too late.

Franz hatte sich sehr beeilt, er cam trotzdem zu spat. Franz was in a hurry, but he still came too late.

You can combine a number of statements into a complex sentence. And if they are in union und and the subject of these sentences is the same, it may not be repeated. But if the subject in the statement is not in the first place, which happens with inversion, then its use is necessary:

Here the subject in the second sentence can be omitted:

Er h ö rte nur kurz zu und war sofort dagegen. - He only This

Here the subject in the second sentence is necessary:

Er h ö rte nur kurz zu und sofort war er dagegen . — He only This listened, and was at once against it.

In general, all the rules for the word order of a simple sentence are equally valid for each of the parts of a compound sentence with any unions, but it is only necessary to remember about the unions that are full members of the sentence they introduce.

Complex sentences

Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses dependent on it. Subordinate clauses form a single whole with the main clause and, as a rule, are not used separately from it.

Grammatically, subordinate clauses are complete, i.e. they always have a subject and a predicate. Even if the subject of the subordinate clause is the same as the subject of the main clause, it cannot be omitted.

The subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the help of subordinating conjunctions that give the sentence a certain meaning.

The main types of subordinate clauses in German, together with their corresponding conjunctions
Type of subordinate clause	major alliances
adverbial clauses of time	wenn, als, während, solange, bevor, nachdem, sobald, bis sei, seitdem
adverbial clauses of cause	weil, da, zumal
conditional clauses	wenn, falls
subordinate clauses of the corollary	so-dass; so..., dass
concessive clauses	obwohl, obgleich, obschon, wenn … auch noch so
adverbial clauses of mode of action	wie, als; je …, desto; indem
clauses of purpose	damit; um…zu
relative clauses	der, wem, wesse, etc.

In subordinate clauses, the subject usually follows the conjunction, and the conjugated part predicate is at the end of the sentence. The order of the other members of the sentence is the same as in a simple extended sentence:

Die Zerstorungen waren so groß, so dass das Land andrere Nationen um Hilfe gebeten hat . — The destruction was so great that the country asked for help from other countries.

Relative clauses can be placed after or before the main clause.

The subordinate clause comes after the main clause:

Er schrieb seiner Tante, als er Geld brauchte. He wrote to his aunt when he needed money.

The subordinate clause comes before the main clause:

Als er Geld brauchte, schrieb er seiner Tante. When he needed money, he wrote to his aunt.

If the subordinate clause precedes the main clause, then in the main clause the conjugated part of the predicate is immediately after the decimal point, and the subject is in third (or fourth) place. In this case, the subordinate clause is, as it were, one member of the main clause in the first place, and thus inversion takes place in the main clause.

As well as in a simple sentence, the pronoun in the subordinate clause is, if possible, at the beginning of the sentence - immediately after the union:

Wenn dir die Wohnung nicht gef ä llt , brauchst du sie nicht zu nehmen. If you don't like the apartment, then you have no reason to agree to rent it.

Relative clauses can also refer not only to the main clause, but also to another subordinate clause or infinitive group:

Er ärgerte sich, weil sie ihn nicht begrüßtte, als er ankam. He was angry because she didn't say hello to him when he came in.

Der Besucher fürchtet, die Gastgäber zu kränken, wenn er das Hammelfleisch zurückweist. - The guest is afraid that he will offend the host if he refuses a lamb dish.

Infinitive turns

There are special infinitives in German um … zu, ohne … zu, anstatt … zu, which are independent subordinate constructions and largely determine the meaning of the infinitive phrase they introduce.

Infinitive turnover um…zu calls the goal, intention, desire:

Ich fahre nach Munich, um dort zu studieren - I'm going to Munich to study there

Infinitive turnover ohne…zu means that the expected action does not occur or did not occur:

Er verließ die Party, Ohne sich zu verabschieden. He left the party without saying goodbye.

Infinitive turnover anstatt … zu means that someone is behaving differently than they usually do:

Er ging ins Ausland, anstatt das Geschäaft seines Vaters zu übernehmen - He went abroad instead of taking over his father's business.

Such infinitives do not have their own subject. They refer to the designation of a person or thing in the main clause that acts as the subject. They can be both before the main clause and after the main clause:

Er verließ seine Heimat, um im Ausland zu studieren - He left his homeland to study abroad.

um im Ausland zu studieren verließ er seine Heimat - To study abroad, he left his homeland.

But if the subject of the main and subordinate constructions are different, then not an infinitive turnover is used, but a full-fledged subordinate clause with conjunctions damit, ohne ... das, anstatt ... dass.

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