Word order in a German sentence is direct and reverse word order. Word order in a sentence, intonation, logical stress

STYLISTIC USE OF WORD ORDER

Incomplete sentences

Complete sentences in Russian syntax are successfully competed by incomplete sentences that have a clear functional and stylistic fixation and bright expressive coloring. Their use is determined by extralinguistic factors and grammatical nature.

Thus, the appeal to incomplete sentences, which are dialogue replicas, is typical for colloquial and artistic speech. In PS, their use is limited, in other book styles it is impossible. Incomplete sentences - parts of the SSP and SPP are used in book styles, and above all - in the National Assembly. This is due to the desire to avoid the same type of structures: Geometry studies complex (continuous) quantities, and arithmetic studies discrete numbers.

Elliptical sentences act as a powerful means of creating the emotionality of speech. The main scope of their application is colloquial speech and CS. Ellipsis gives dynamism to the description: To the barrier! Back, home, to Russia! Full correlatives with such sentences are significantly inferior to them in expression.

Sentences with missing words that do not carry an informative load are common in the language of newspapers: K Your table, Just for you. Sofa shop.. In such sentences, only the target words of the utterance are indicated, everything else is replenished by the context, the speech situation. Various ellipses used in headings have become a syntactic norm in their structure. They formulate an idea in an extremely concise form, have a functional, stylistic and expressive coloring, attracting the reader's attention. But the fascination with such forms is dangerous because ambiguity and aesthetic inferiority may arise in them.

It is impossible to use elliptical constructions in ODS with its increased requirements for clarity and unambiguity of formulations.

In recent decades, knowledge about the dependence of word order on the semantic structure of a sentence has significantly expanded. A strong impetus to the study of this problem was the doctrine of the actual division of the statement, created in the late 40s by the Czech linguist V. Mathesius.

With actual division, the statement is usually divided into 2 parts: the first contains the previously known - t ema sentences, in the second - what is reported about it, new, - rheme . The combination of theme and rheme is the subject of the message. In direct word order, the topic comes first, the rheme comes second. Thus, the concepts of “direct” and “reverse” word order mean the sequence of arrangement not of sentence members, but of topics and rhemes. Reverse word order is often called inversion.

Inversion- a stylistic device consisting in a deliberate change in the order of words with the aim of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the statement.

If the direct word order usually has no stylistic meaning, then the inverse word order is always stylistically significant. Inversion is possible only in expressive speech. In NS and ODS, inversion is usually not used, because word order should emphasize the logical articulation of the text.

For the syntactic structure of the Russian language, the preposition of the subject is most characteristic. Most often it is the topic: Nikolai / took 2 letters. This word order is considered as direct. However, the prepositive subject can also be a rheme: Only chance saved him from falling. This word order is reversed. .

If the predicate comes first, it usually plays the role of a topic: There is / other means. This is typical for interrogative and exclamatory sentences: Will you shoot or not? How good is she now!

Inversion of principal terms is not possible in the following cases:

1) When the subject and direct object are expressed by nouns that have the same form in Im. And Vin. cases: Mother loves daughter. The paddle touched the dress. The truck crashed the bike. Inversion makes such sentences difficult to understand or gives them ambiguity.

2) When the sentence consists of a noun and an adjective agreed with it: Late autumn. When the word order is changed, the predicate turns into a definition.

3) In the so-called. sentences of identity, where both main members are expressed by Him. noun case: Father is a teacher. When inverted, the meaning changes.

4). In prdl, where one main member is expressed by the First case, and the other by the infinitive: Learning well is our mission. The meaning is changing.

The order of words in a sentence is the arrangement of its members in it. It is believed that word order in Russian is free. However, it is not. It is relatively free due to the structural connectivity of the components of the sentence and their semantic significance. Those. Russian is a language with a flexible word order.

The word order is determined by the structure and semantics of the preceding sentences, the communicative task, etc. So the word order depends on the context. It plays an important role in the actual articulation. Actual division is the adaptation of the grammatical structure of the sentence to the tasks of communication.

The order of words, depending on the actual articulation, is

1. direct (Mathesius - objective) - the theme of the rheme

Father will arrive / tomorrow.

2. reverse = inversion (Mathesius - subjective) - rheme theme

Tomorrow / father will arrive.

There is no sentence without a rheme.

Direct word order is called neutral, and as a result of inversion, meaningful word order occurs. The function is to put emphasis. The inversion is emphasized intonationally - the logical stress highlights the rheme.

Word order can also have a purely grammatical meaning. Then it serves to formalize the syntactic relations between the members of the sentence. Moscow is the capital of our country. The capital of our country is Moscow. The role of the subject and predicate is determined only by word order. Changing the order of words does not lead to stylistic shifts in the sentence.

This is broken when quality adjectives appear. A beautiful city - Moscow.

The word order in sentences like June is sultry has grammatical significance. Sultry June is already a nominative proposal. The place determines the function of the adjective or participle. A reassured girlfriend left or a girlfriend left reassured.

Word order determines the grammatical significance of homonymous noun forms. Day follows night. Mother loves daughter.

The order of the members of the proposal.

§ theme = mean, rheme = tale => mean narration, otherwise - inversion

§ theme = tale, rheme = mean => narration is mean, otherwise - inversion

§ indivisible sentences => tale is mean

§ interrogative sentences => tale is mean

§ direct word order: determ skaz is mean, if the subject is the first - inversion

§ agreed terms before defined words, otherwise - inversion

§ managed - after managers, otherwise - inversion

§ adjoining - before and after the dominant word, depending on the method of expression and the transmitted meaning

§ first indirect addition, then direct, otherwise - inversion

§ dependent infinitive after the word to which it refers, otherwise - inversion

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Question No. 54 Word order in Russian and its functions

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Order of words in a sentence

In fact, here we will talk not just about the direct and reverse order of words (but about it too), today we will try to analyze many aspects of the German sentence with you.

1) Direct and reverse word order

What it is? In German, one cannot compose sentences as our soul wants. It doesn't work like that) There are special rules, we need to follow these rules. Let's start with the simplest: Direct word order

Direct order:

In the first place - the subject (answers the questions who? what?)

In third and subsequent places - everything else

Example: Ich fahre nach Hause. - I'm driving home .

In the first place - the subject (who? - me)

In second place is the predicate (what am I doing? - food)

In third place - everything else (where? - home)

That's it, it's very simple

What then is reverse word order?

In the first place - some additional member of the sentence (as a rule, these are adverbs (when? how? where?))

In second place is the predicate (that is, the verb: what to do?)

In third place is the subject (answers the questions who? what?)

In the following places - everything else

Example : Morgen fahre ich nach Hause. - Tomorrow I will go home.

In the first place - an additional member of the proposal (when? - tomorrow)

In second place is the predicate (what will I do? - I will go)

In third place - the subject (who? - me)

In fourth place - everything else (where? - home)

What is reverse word order? In our opinion, he decorates the speech. Speaking using only direct word order is boring. So use different designs.

2) ruleTEKAMOLO

What is this rule? And I'll tell you: "Very cool rule!". We have dealt with the direct and reverse word order, and then what? We read and understand!

First, let's figure out what these letters mean.

TEKAMOLO

TE - temporal - time - when?

KA-causal - reason - for what reason? why?

MO - modal – mode of action – how? on what? how?

LO-local - place, where? where?

Sometimes this rule is also called in Russian KOZAKAKU. To be honest, we don't really like this option, but you can remember it that way. The Russian version is composed by the first letters of the questions.

KO - when?

FOR - why?

KA - how?

KU - where?

Great, figured out what these letters mean! Now why do we need them? So, if, for example, we compose a large sentence that does not consist of two or three words, then this rule will come in very handy for us! Consider with you the direct word order and the following sentence: I will go to Berlin by train tomorrow in connection with the exam.

We know that the word order is direct: first the subject, then the predicate, and everything else. But we have a lot of everything else here, and it is according to this rule that we will arrange everything correctly with you.

I will go to Berlin tomorrow by train in connection with the exam.

Ich fahre - first step taken

Ich fahre morgen (time - when?) wegen der Pr ü fung (reason - for what reason? why?) mit dem Zug (mode of action - how? in what way?) nach Berlin (place - where?).

This is how the proposal will sound. Remember this rule, and everything will be okay. Of course, in a sentence, for example, there can only be time and place: I will go to Berlin tomorrow. Then what are we to do? Just skip the rest.

I will go to Berlin tomorrow.

Ich fahre morgen nach Berlin.

3) Known and unknown

Let's move on to the next point. I named it: known and unknown. We know that there are definite and indefinite articles in German. Definite articles are known. Indefinite articles are unknown. And here we also have a rule!

— If the sentence contains a word with a definite article, then it comes before "TIME"

Example: I will buy this chain tomorrow in Berlin (by the word "this" we can understand that we are talking about a specific item).

Ich kaufe die Kette morgen in Berlin.

We put with you the word " die Kette » before the time, and then comes the word order according to the rule TEKAMOLO.

— If the sentence contains a word with an indefinite article, then it comes after "PLACE"

Example: I will buy some chain tomorrow in Berlin (by the word “some” we can understand that we are talking about a non-specific subject).

Ich kaufe morgen in Berlin eine Kette.

We put with you the word " eine Kette" after the place.

4) Where to put place names?

And we all also analyze the word order in the German sentence. The next point is where to put the pronouns? Let's go figure it out! Here you need to remember only one thing - as a rule, pronouns are closer to the verb! That is, if we have a pronoun in a sentence, then we will put it immediately after the verb.

Example: I will buy you some chain tomorrow in Berlin.

Ich kaufe dir morgen in Berlin eine Kette.

Example: I will buy you this chain tomorrow in Berlin.

Ich kaufe dir die Kette morgen in Berlin.

5) But what aboutDativ und Akkusativ?

And the last point that we will analyze is the position of the dative and accusative cases. In fact, it will not be scary at all if you mess something up. But still, let's get acquainted with the rule.

— If Akkusative is something vague and Dative - specific, then Dative will stand before Akkusative.

Example: I give (this) man (some) a book.

Ich gebe dem Mann ein Buch.

This is the right choice!

That was the basic information on word order in a sentence! I wish you success in learning German!

Share this article with friends and colleagues. I will be very pleased)

In Russian, the order of words (more precisely, the members of a sentence) is considered free. That is, in the sentence there is no strict fixed place for one or another member of the sentence. For example, a sentence: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday– allows 120 construction options.
They are distinguished depending on the type, structure of the sentence, ways of expressing its members, style and context of speech direct and reverse word order . The reverse order most often serves to specifically highlight certain words by rearranging them, which is inversion, a special artistic technique. The direct order is characteristic, first of all, for scientific and business speech, the reverse - for journalistic and artistic speech, in colloquial speech, the sentence is built according to special laws.

Place of the main members, subject and predicate

In narrative In sentences, the subject usually precedes the verb: Some left the village to work.
The reverse order of the main members of the sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:
1) in author's words that break direct speech or stand after it, for example: "I'm not strange," the boy answered sadly.;
2) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of becoming, being, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed; Spring came; It was a moonlit night;
3) in descriptions, in a story: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly;
4) as an inversion: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded beast is terrible;
5) often when setting adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence: Noise came from the street.
In interrogative In sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Will the bookmakers deceive me?
In incentive In sentences, pronouns-subjects often precede the predicate, which enhances the categorical nature of the order, advice. And when they follow the predicate, they soften the tone. Compare: You finish this job today. - Finish this job today.
Compound predicate. In colloquial speech, a bunch of nominal predicate is often put in the first place: I was young, hot, sincere. Putting the nominal part of the predicate before the subject and the nominal part serves the purpose of inversion: The dark thickets of forests, the depths of the seas are mysterious and therefore beautiful, the cry of a bird and the crackling of a tree bud bursting from the warmth are mysterious (Paustovsky); Both were hungry.

Place of definition in a sentence

1. Agreed Definition usually placed in front of the noun it defines, for example: interesting story; verified quotes; our publishing house.
Putting an agreed definition after the word being defined serves the purpose of inversion: On all sides the mountains are impregnable (Lermontov).
Postpositive definitions referring to the noun repeated in this sentence are common: This notion of inflation is, of course, rather naive; Such plans, bold and original plans, could arise only under our conditions.
The means of semantic definition is:
- its isolation: People, amazed, stopped.
- separating it from the noun being defined: Rare stars shone in the ashen sky.
A detached definition (i.e. separated by commas) is usually postpositive: publication of letters received by the company's office; exhibition of paintings nominated for a prize.

2. If there are several coordinated definitions, their order depends on their morphological location.
- Definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech: on this solemn day, our future plans.
- Defining pronouns precede other pronouns: all these amendments, each of your remarks. But the pronoun MOST is placed after the demonstrative: these same possibilities, the same case.
- Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives are placed ahead of definitions expressed by relative ones: new historical novel; light leather binding; late autumn time.
- If heterogeneous definitions are expressed by qualitative adjectives, then one of them is placed closer to the word being defined, which indicates a more stable feature: huge black eyes; interesting new story.
- If heterogeneous definitions are expressed by relative adjectives, then usually they are arranged in ascending order of semantic gradation: daily stock reports, a specialized haberdashery shop.

3. Inconsistent definition placed after the word being defined: expert opinion; leather-bound book; novel with sequel. BUT definitions expressed by personal pronouns in the role of possessives stand before the word being defined: his objections, their statements.
Agreed definitions usually precede inconsistent ones: high mahogany bed. BUT inconsistent definitions expressed by personal pronouns with a possessive meaning usually precede the agreed one: his last performance, their increased demands.

The place of the complement in the sentence

Complement usually follows the control word (the word it depends on): read the manuscript, sign the contract, ready for the meeting.
Often the object expressed by the pronoun may precede the control word: I liked the work; This sight startled him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression.
It is common to put an addition before the control word with the meaning of a person in impersonal sentences: He needs to talk to you; Sister is unwell.
If there are several additions related to the same control word, a different word order is possible:
1) usually a direct object precedes others: Take the documents from the secretary; Discuss the issue with your employees;
2) the indirect object of the person, standing in the dative case, usually precedes the direct object of the subject: Tell us your legal address; This woman saved Bekoev's life. In the same way, the genitive case with the meaning of the actor (inconsistent definition) precedes the other case (in the role of an object): Arrival of the director to subordinates.
A direct object, coinciding in form with the subject, is usually placed after the predicate: Mother loves daughter; Laziness breeds carelessness. When the subject and object are interchanged, the meaning of the sentence changes or ambiguity arises: Daughter loves mother; Laws protect the courts.

Place of circumstance in a sentence

1. Circumstances of the course of action, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e, are usually placed in front of the predicate: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The pavement shone smoothly.
Some adverbs combined with few verbs are placed after them: walk, lie prone, walk barefoot, walk.
The place of the circumstance of the mode of action may depend on the presence of other secondary members of the sentence: The climbers moved slowly. The climbers walked slowly along the steep path.
The means of semantic selection of circumstances is their statement at the beginning of a sentence or separation from the words to which they adjoin: In vain he tried to make out people on the horizon; We were very friendly.
2. Circumstances of measure and degree stand before the word on which they depend: The director is very busy; I won't repeat myself twice.
3. Circumstances of time usually precede the verb-predicate: Little was said at dinner; In a month we plan to achieve success.
4. Circumstances of the place usually precede the predicate, and often stands at the beginning of the sentence: The factory was restless; Clouds were coming from the west.
If the adverb of place is at the beginning of the sentence, then it is often followed by the predicate, and then the subject: To the right rose the white building of the hospital.
If the sentence contains circumstances of both place and time, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverb of time in the first place, and the adverb of place in the second: Warm weather is expected in Moscow tomorrow. Another order is possible - adverb of time, subject, predicate, finally, adverb of place: Yesterday I met my friend on the street.
5. Circumstances cause and purpose often come before the predicate: Two girls were crying in fear; Some delegation deliberately entered the square.

Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions

1. Not being members of the sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they refer to the sentence as a whole: Unfortunately, he got sick. “Unfortunately, he got sick. “He got sick, unfortunately.
If the introductory word is related in meaning to one member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it: Our dilapidated boat sank, fortunately in a shallow place.
2. The appeal is also freely located in the sentence, but most often it is placed at the beginning, which is logically emphasized. Compare: Doctor, tell me what's wrong with my baby. “Tell me, doctor, what is the matter with my child. “Tell me what's wrong with my child, doctor.
Moreover, in appeals, slogans, orders, oratory speeches, official and personal letters, the appeal is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
3. Particles are in front of the word to which they refer. Compare: This book is difficult even for him. - This book even difficult for him. - Even this book is difficult for him.
4. Separation of a preposition from a controlled noun is undesirable: I will come with a few more comrades.(I will come with a few more comrades). You should also not put two prepositions in a row: Pay attention to outstanding work in every way(Pay attention to outstanding work in all respects).

WORD ORDER, a linear sequence of words and phrases in a natural language expression, as well as patterns that characterize such a sequence in any particular language. Most often they talk about the order of words in a sentence, but the order of words within phrases and coordinating structures also has its own patterns. The arrangement of words related to each other grammatically or in meaning, in the form of a chain, is a necessary consequence of the linear nature of human speech. However, the grammatical structure is very complex and cannot be fully expressed by the relation of linear succession. Therefore, word order expresses only a part of grammatical meanings; others are expressed using morphological categories, functional words or intonation. Violation of the rules of word order leads either to a change in meaning, or to a grammatical incorrectness of the linguistic expression.

The same basic meaning can be expressed using different word orders, and a change in order can express actualization, i.e. indicate those components of meaning that are most closely related to the relationship between the speaker and the listener. In English, for example, rearranging the personal form of the predicate to the left of the subject conveys the meaning of the question: He is intelligent"He's smart" but Is he intelligent? "Is he smart?" In Russian, word order is one of the means of expressing the so-called actual division of a sentence, i.e. its division into topic (originating point of the message) and rheme (reported), cf. [ father came] subject [at five o'clock]rheme and [ At five o'clock] subject [father came] rheme. In relation to a sentence, one often distinguishes between direct word order and reverse (or inverted) word order, which occurs under special conditions, usually when expressing actualization.

A language is said to have a rigid or fixed word order if the linear arrangement of words expresses syntactic relations between the members of a sentence. For example, in a simple affirmative sentence of the Romance and Germanic languages, the subject necessarily precedes the predicate, and in the literary Russian language, the definition expressed by the relative clause must immediately follow the noun being defined. If linear order is not used in such a function, then the language is said to have free (or non-rigid) word order. In such languages, the linear order usually expresses categories of actual articulation or similar communicative meanings (given and new, contrastiveness, etc., cf. And Ivanov at the head and And at the head Ivanov). Word order can be free for syntactic groups of words, but rigid for words within groups (for example, the Russian language approaches this type); examples of languages that have a rigid order for both words within groups and groups within a sentence are English, French, and Chinese. In languages with free word order, it is not uncommon for the components of syntactic groups to be separated by other words (for example, drinking warm milk). In languages with a fixed order, this is possible only in special cases, for example, when expressing a question, cf. English Who is he speaking to? "Who is he talking to?" when the addition group disconnects.

In reality, both absolutely rigid and absolutely free word order are rare (from well-known languages, word order in Latin is often considered as an example of the latter). Even in languages with free word order, the existence of some neutral (objective) word order and deviations from it is usually postulated; on the other hand, and in such, for example, a language with a rigid word order, like English, there are quite a few cases of inversion due to non-grammatical factors (for example, the optional setting of the subject after the predicate in narratives and reports or after the adverbs of time that open the sentence: “ Let's go», suggested John"Let's go," John suggested. On a hill stood a great castle.

The rigid word order directly reflects the syntactic structure of the sentence (subject - object - predicate; definition - defined; preposition - noun group controlled by it, etc.). Therefore, languages with a free order of both syntactic groups and words, such as some Australian ones, are considered to have no syntactic structure in the traditional sense of the word. Violations of the rigid word order, as a rule, are unacceptable for native speakers, as they form grammatically incorrect sequences; violations of the rules of free word order rather cause the impression of "irrelevance", i.e. inconsistency of the given word order with the accepted order of presentation or speech situation.

As shown by M. Dryer and J. Hawkins, with regard to word order, the languages of the world are divided into two types, approximately equal in the number of languages they are represented by: left-branching and right-branching. In right-branching languages, the dependent group of words usually follows the main word (vertex): the object follows the verb-predicate ( writes a letter), a group of inconsistent definition - after the noun being defined ( my father's house); the subordinating conjunction is at the beginning of a subordinate clause ( that he came); the nominal part of the predicate usually follows the link ( was a good son); subordinate explanatory - after the main verb ( want,for him to leave); syntactically complex circumstance - behind the verb-predicate ( came back at seven o'clock); standard of comparison - after the adjective in the comparative degree ( stronger,than he); the auxiliary verb comes before the full verb ( was destroyed); prepositional constructions are used ( on the painting). Right-branching languages include, for example, Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Semitic, Austronesian, etc. In left-branching languages, the dependent group precedes the main word: there are postpositional constructions (such as rare expressions in Russian for profit) and the word order opposite to right-branching is usually observed in all listed types of groups, for example. writes a letter,my father's house,he came that,was a good son etc. The left-branching languages include Altaic, many Indo-Iranian, Caucasian, etc. In both types of languages, the order of the adjective, numeral or demonstrative pronoun relative to the noun being defined does not matter. There are also some languages that cannot be defined in these terms, such as Chinese.

The classification of J. Greenberg is also widely known, which includes the division of languages according to the following parameters: 1) the position of the verb-predicate - at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence; 2) the position of the adjective before or after the noun; and 3) the predominance of prepositions or postpositions in the language. These signs are not completely independent: for example, the initial position of the verb entails the predominance of prepositions in the language, and the final position of the verb - postpositions. The brief formulas proposed by Greenberg for describing the order of words in a sentence (such as SOV, SVO, etc.) are actively used in linguistic literature; in Russian, sometimes in translation, i.e. P (subjective) - D (completion) - C (suggestive), etc.

There are other patterns of word order that can be traced in all or most languages. In coordinating constructions, the word order reflects the sequence of events ( sliced and fried; fried and sliced) or some hierarchy of objects ( men and women,president and prime minister); the topic of the message is usually located at the beginning of a sentence (at the end it usually appears under special conditions, for example, in Russian with a special intonation in sentences with the so-called "expressive inversion", cf. It was scary in the forest and It was scary in the forest); expressions of the condition also gravitate to the beginning of the sentence ( Come on time...). In many languages, there is an inseparability of the verb-predicate and its object (cf. in English He studies physics in Cambridge"He studies physics at Cambridge" when grammatically incorrect * He studies in Cambridge physics); in most languages there is a tendency for the subject to precede the object; clitics (i.e., words devoid of their own stress) are often located either after the first stressed word, or with the verb-predicate.