Word order in a simple sentence. Direct and reverse word order

STYLISTIC USE OF WORD ORDER

Incomplete sentences

Complete sentences in Russian syntax are successfully competed by incomplete sentences that have a clear functional and stylistic fixation and bright expressive coloring. Their use is determined by extralinguistic factors and grammatical nature.

Thus, the appeal to incomplete sentences, which are dialogue replicas, is typical for colloquial and artistic speech. In PS, their use is limited, in other book styles it is impossible. Incomplete sentences - parts of the SSP and SPP are used in book styles, and above all - in the National Assembly. This is due to the desire to avoid the same type of structures: Geometry studies complex (continuous) quantities, and arithmetic studies discrete numbers.

Elliptical sentences act as a powerful means of creating the emotionality of speech. The main scope of their application is colloquial speech and CS. Ellipsis gives dynamism to the description: To the barrier! Back, home, to Russia! Full correlatives with such sentences are significantly inferior to them in expression.

Sentences with missing words that do not carry an informative load are common in the language of newspapers: K Your table, Just for you. Sofa shop.. In such sentences, only the target words of the utterance are indicated, everything else is replenished by the context, the speech situation. Various ellipses used in headings have become a syntactic norm in their structure. They formulate an idea in an extremely concise form, have a functional, stylistic and expressive coloring, attracting the reader's attention. But the fascination with such forms is dangerous because ambiguity and aesthetic inferiority may arise in them.

It is impossible to use elliptical constructions in ODS with its increased requirements for clarity and unambiguity of formulations.

In recent decades, knowledge about the dependence of word order on the semantic structure of a sentence has significantly expanded. A strong impetus to the study of this problem was the doctrine of the actual division of the statement, created in the late 40s by the Czech linguist V. Mathesius.

With actual division, the statement is usually divided into 2 parts: the first contains the previously known - t ema sentences, in the second - what is reported about it, new, - rheme . The combination of theme and rheme is the subject of the message. In direct word order, the topic comes first, the rheme comes second. Thus, the concepts of “direct” and “reverse” word order mean the sequence of arrangement not of sentence members, but of topics and rhemes. Reverse word order is often called inversion.

Inversion- a stylistic device consisting in a deliberate change in the order of words with the aim of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the statement.

If the direct word order usually has no stylistic meaning, then the inverse word order is always stylistically significant. Inversion is possible only in expressive speech. In NS and ODS, inversion is usually not used, because word order should emphasize the logical articulation of the text.

For the syntactic structure of the Russian language, the preposition of the subject is most characteristic. Most often it is the topic: Nikolai / took 2 letters. This word order is considered as direct. However, the prepositive subject can also be a rheme: Only chance saved him from falling. This word order is reversed. .

If the predicate comes first, it usually plays the role of a topic: There is / other means. This is typical for interrogative and exclamatory sentences: Will you shoot or not? How good is she now!

Inversion of principal terms is not possible in the following cases:

1) When the subject and direct object are expressed by nouns that have the same form in Im. And Vin. cases: Mother loves daughter. The paddle touched the dress. The truck crashed the bike. Inversion makes such sentences difficult to understand or gives them ambiguity.

2) When the sentence consists of a noun and an adjective agreed with it: Late autumn. When the word order is changed, the predicate turns into a definition.

3) In the so-called. sentences of identity, where both main members are expressed by Him. noun case: Father is a teacher. When inverted, the meaning changes.

4). In prdl, where one main member is expressed by the First case, and the other by the infinitive: Learning well is our mission. The meaning is changing.

The order of the members of the sentence in the sentence - SUBJECT - PREDICT - is usually called in grammar direct word order(the Direct Order of Words). Direct word order is the norm of an affirmative sentence in English:

Walking can be recommended as a good exercise.

Reverse word order

Putting the predicate before the subject is usually called reverse word order or, to use the common term, inversion(the Indirect Order of Words, Inversion).

Distinguish between complete and partial inversion.

At complete inversion the predicate, expressed in one word, is placed before the subject. Cases of complete inversion are few:

Is anyone at home? (as a semantic verb). Has anyone twenty dollars to lend me? (as a semantic verb).

Much more numerous cases partial inversion, i.e. setting the part of the predicate-auxiliary or modal verb, as well as the linking verb before the subject:

Has you received any new emails? Can walking be recommended as a good exercise? Is it cold today?

When forming a question with an auxiliary verb do like: At what time does the sun rise now? - in fact, there is no reverse order of words. The question indicator is an auxiliary verb do; the remaining members of the sentence are placed in the usual order: subject - predicate: Does the sun rise?

An indirect question in English is constructed as an affirmative sentence: Ask if he can come to see me tomorrow afternoon. I wonder what time it is. In Russian, there is a reverse word order, as well as the presence of a particle in the sentence: Ask if he can come to me tomorrow. Find out if the director has arrived.

Other cases of inversion

The predicate comes before the subject also in the following cases:

In design there is (are) and with all verbs preceded by a formal there: There is a meeting today. There must be a meeting today.

In exclamatory sentences expressing wishes: Long Live the King!

In conditional sentences beginning with verb forms: were, had, should: Were I in your place, I would act differently. Should the weather keep fine in September, come down to see us in the country.

When repeating an auxiliary or modal verb in sentences like: You are here, so am I.

Note: The subject takes its usual place if it refers to the same subject in both sentences: “You seem to be very pleased with your work,” said my friend to me. “So I am,” I replied.

In Russian, word order (more precisely, the order of sentence members) is considered free. This means that in the proposal there is no strictly fixed place for one or another of its members. For example, a sentence consisting of five significant words: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday- allows 120 options depending on the permutation of the members of the proposal.

They differ in the direct word order, determined by the type and structure of the sentence, the way the syntactic expression of this sentence member, its place among other words that are directly related to it, as well as the style of speech and context, and about br a t n y
order, which is a deviation from the usual order and most often performs the function
and n ver s and and, i.e., a stylistic device for highlighting individual members of a sentence by rearranging them. The direct order is typical for scientific and business speech, the reverse is widely used in journalistic and literary and artistic works; the reverse order plays a special role in colloquial speech, which has its own types of sentence construction.

The determining factor in the arrangement of words in a sentence is the purposefulness of the statement, its communicative task. Associated with it is the so-called actual articulation of the statement, which involves the movement of thought from the known, the familiar to the unknown, the new: the first (the basis of the statement) is usually enclosed in the initial part of the sentence, the second (the core of the utterance) is in its final part. Wed:

1) On April 12, 1961, Yu flew. BUT. Gagarin into space, the first in the history of mankind(the starting point, the basis of the statement is an indication of the date, i.e. the combination April 12, 1961, and the core of the statement is the rest of the sentence, which is logically underlined);

2) Flight Yu. BUT. Gagarin into space, the first in the history of mankind, took place on April 12, 1961(the basis of the statement is the message about the historical flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, and the core of the statement is an indication of the date, which is logically emphasized).

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate

In declarative sentences, the subject usually precedes the predicate, for example: Wires stretched from tree to tree...(Azhaev); Some left the village to work...(Gladkov); The earth revolves around the sun.
The mutual arrangement of the subject and the predicate may depend on whether the subject denotes a certain, known object or, conversely, an indefinite, unknown object. Wed: The train has come(definite). - The train came(indefinite, some).

The reverse order of the main members of the sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:

The setting of the subject in front of the predicate in such cases was found in old texts, for example: - Tell me, gossip, what is your passion for stealing chickens? - the peasant said to the fox, meeting with her(Krylov); - Do you know your grandfather, mother? son says to mother(Nekrasov); the rhythm of the verse is also taken into account;

3) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed...(Pushkin); Spring came(L. Tolstoy); It was a moonlit night(Chekhov);

4) in descriptions, in a story, for example: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly, creating fairy tales(Bitter);

5) as a stylistically given technique and inversion, in order to logically highlight one of the main members of the sentence, for example: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded beast is terrible, but the soul of a hunter, accustomed to dangers from childhood, swept away(A. Koptyaeva).

When setting adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, the subject often comes after the predicate, for example: Noise came from the street...(Chekhov). However, under these conditions, the direct order of the main members of the sentence is also found, for example: Uvarov and Anna arrived at the base at the hottest time of the day.(A. Koptyaeva).
In interrogative sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Will my grandfather or aunt intercede for me?(Pushkin); So will I give you this will, dear, short?(A. N. Ostrovsky).
In incentive sentences, pronouns-subjects preceding the verb-predicate strengthen the categorical nature of the command, advice, motivation, and following the predicate, they soften the tone of the command. Wed: You only pick me(A. N. Ostrovsky). - Do not crush me, old woman(Turgenev).
In colloquial speech, the copula is often put in first place, for example: I was young, hot, sincere, not stupid ...(Chekhov).
Putting the nominal part of the predicate before the subject serves the purpose of inversion, for example: Mysterious and therefore beautiful are the dark thickets of forests, the depths of the seas; the cry of a bird and the crackling of a tree bud bursting from the warmth are mysterious(Paustovsky).
The means of highlighting the predicate is also the setting of the nominal part before the link, for example: ... Both were left hungry(L. Tolstoy); Bor became deaf, gloomy(Seifullin). The same in a compound verbal predicate when setting the infinitive before the auxiliary verb, for example: So you, well, didn’t even think about sowing?(Sholokhov).

§ 179 Place of determination in a sentence

A concordant definition is usually placed in front of the noun being defined, for example: interesting plot, proofreading, verified quotes, third edition, our publishing house.
Putting an agreed definition after the noun being defined serves the purpose of inversion, for example: On all sides the mountains are impregnable(Lermontov).

A postpositive definition (that is, a definition after the word being defined) was often found in the works of writers and poets of the 19th century, for example: She had a strong influence on me.(Turgenev); Participation and unfeigned love were visible on Anna's face.(L. Tolstoy); The lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea(Lermontov); There is a short, but marvelous time in the initial autumn ...(Tyutchev).

Postpositive definitions are common, referring to a noun repeated in a given sentence, for example: This notion of a reflex is, of course, an old notion...(Academician I.P. Pavlov); Voropaev recalled his first meeting with Goreva - an amazing and rare meeting due to the peculiar front-line beauty(Pavlenko). Wed in journalistic and business speech: Such plans, bold and original plans, could only arise under our conditions; This decision is definitely the wrong decision, and is subject to reversal..

In stylized speech, post-positive definitions give the story the character of a folk narrative; cf. at Neverov: The moon came out on a dark night, looking lonely from a black cloud at deserted fields, at distant villages, at nearby villages..

Determinants expressed by possessive pronouns, being in a position after a definable noun, can give the statement an expressive coloring, for example: I remember your hands from the moment I became aware of myself in the world.

In neutral styles, it is not uncommon to have postpositive adjectives expressed by demonstrative pronouns, for example: This half-station ... was surrounded by a double shaft of thick pine logs(Kazakevich).

The means of semantic selection of the definition is:

a) its isolation, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(Bitter);

b) separating the definition from the noun being defined, for example: Rare in the ashen dawn sky swayed the stars(Sholokhov).

A detached definition is usually postpositive, for example: publication of letters received by the editorial office; exhibition of paintings nominated for a prize. Putting such common definitions (without their isolation) in front of the word being defined is perceived as a kind of inversion; compare: publication of letters received by the editorial office; exhibition of nominated paintings.
If there are several agreed definitions, the order of their arrangement depends on their morphological expression:
1) definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech, for example: on this solemn day, our future plans, all the typos noticed, every fourth Tuesday. Putting pronouns after adjectives is an inversion, for example: In the morning this silver-opal hour slept the whole house(Fedin); The tanker struggled with his slow and long pain(L. Sobolev);

2) attributive pronouns precede other pronouns, for example: all these amendments, each of your remarks. But the pronoun most placed after the demonstrative pronoun, for example: the same possibilities, the same case;

3) definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives are placed ahead of definitions expressed by relative adjectives, for example: new historical novel, warm woolen linen, light leather binding, late autumn;

4) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by one qualitative adjectives, then one of them is placed closer to the noun being defined, which denotes a more stable feature, for example: huge black eyes, a pleasant light breeze, an interesting new story;

5) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by one relative adjectives, then, as a rule, they are arranged in ascending order of semantic gradation (from a narrower concept to a broader one), for example: daily weather reports, antique bronzes, specialist bookstore.
An inconsistent definition is placed after the noun being defined, for example: expert opinion, leather-bound book, sequel novel. But definitions expressed by personal pronouns in the role of possessives come before the word being defined, for example: his objections, their statements.
Putting an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in front of the word being defined is an inversion, for example: medium sized bear(Gogol); general Zhukov yard(Chekhov).

Prepositive inconsistent definitions, that is, those standing in front of the word being defined, were fixed in some stable turns, for example: watchmaker, senior lieutenant of the guard, kind-hearted person.

Agreed definitions usually precede inconsistent ones, for example: high mahogany bed(L. Tolstoy); old tobacco eyes(Sergeev-Tsensky). But an inconsistent definition, expressed by a personal pronoun with a possessive meaning, usually precedes the agreed definition, for example: his last performance, their increased demands.

§ 180. Place of the complement in the sentence

The complement usually follows the control word, for example: proofread the manuscript, correct typographical errors, ready to type.
An object (most often direct) expressed by a pronoun (personal, indefinite) can precede the control word without creating an inversion, for example: I liked the book; This sight startled him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression; I am glad to see you.

Putting the complement in front of the control word usually has the character of an inversion, for example: Apothecary, maybe we'll see(Chekhov); The soul reaches for the high(V. Panova). Wed in live conversation: Someone asks you; Forgotten all their friends; Can you fix a TV?

It is common to preposition an object with the meaning of a person in impersonal sentences, for example: He needs to talk to you; Sister is unwell; Everyone wanted to relax.
If there are several additions related to the same control word, a different word order is possible:
1) usually a direct object precedes other additions, for example: Take the manuscript from the proofreader; Discuss the issue with your employees; The person who entered offered his hand to everyone present.;

2) the indirect object of the person, standing in the dative case, usually precedes the direct object of the subject, for example: Tell us your address; The mother gave the child a beautiful toy; This woman saved Bekishev's life...(V. Panova).

Similarly, the genitive case with the meaning of the actor (inconsistent definition) precedes the other case (in the role of an object), for example: visit of the son to his parents, memorandum of the author for the editor.
A direct object, coinciding in form with the subject, is usually placed after the predicate, for example: Mother loves daughter; The oar touched the dress; Laziness breeds carelessness; Courts uphold laws. When the subject and object are interchanged, the meaning of the sentence changes ( Daughter loves mother; The dress hit the paddle) or there is an ambiguity ( Carelessness breeds laziness; Laws Protect the Courts). Sometimes in such cases of inversion, the desired meaning is preserved, which follows from the lexical meaning of the named members of the sentence ( The bicycle crashed the tram; The sun covered the cloud), but the correct understanding of such sentences is somewhat difficult, therefore it is recommended either to keep the direct word order, or to replace the actual turnover with a passive one ( The bike is broken by a tram; The sun is covered by a cloud).

§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence

Circumstances about the training, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e , are usually placed in front of the verb-predicate, for example: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The boy looked defiantly at us; Gavryushka blushed deeply and protested violently...(Gladkov); The train station was moving faster and faster…(G. Nikolaeva); Pavement smoothly whitened(Antonov).
Some adverbs that combine with few verbs are placed after them, for example: to walk, to lie prone, to walk barefoot, to fall on one's back, to walk.

Usually, the circumstances of the course of action are postpositive, expressed by a noun in an adverbial sense, for example: to scatter in waves, to disperse in circles.

The place of the circumstance of the mode of action may depend on the presence or absence of other secondary members in the sentence; compare: The climbers walked slowly. – Climbers slowly walked along a steep path.

The means of semantic highlighting the circumstances of the mode of action or measure and degree is to put them at the beginning of a sentence or separate from the words to which they adjoin, for example: In vain Grigory tried to see Cossack lava on the horizon.(Sholokhov); Twice experienced this feeling Nikita(Fedin); Yes, we were very friendly.(L. Tolstoy).
Prepositive circumstances of measure and degree, for example: The announcer repeated the figures given in the text twice; The director is very busy; The manuscript is well prepared for typesetting..
The circumstance of tense usually precedes the verb-predicate, for example: We didn't talk much over dinner.(Turgenev); Belikov died a month later.(Chekhov); In the evenings the doctor was left alone(V. Panova).
Often, however, the circumstance of time is postpositive, which contributes to its semantic separation, for example: My sister got up early; I came before dawn.
The circumstance of place is usually prepositive, and often appears at the beginning of a sentence, for example: The factory was unsettled...(Bitter); A cloud came from the west(Sholokhov).
If the adverb of place is at the beginning of a sentence, then the predicate often immediately follows it, and then the subject, for example: To the right was the white building of the hospital...(Garshin); Unfamiliar smells of herbs and flowers rushed from everywhere ...(Serafimovich). However, under these conditions, a direct order of the main members of the sentence is also possible, for example: Over the gray plain of the sea the wind gathers clouds(Bitter).

Setting the circumstance of the place after the predicate is the norm in those combinations in which the presence of the circumstance is necessary for the completeness of the statement, for example: The house is located on the outskirts of the city; His parents live permanently in the south.

If the sentence contains a time adverb and a place adverb, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverb of time in the first place, and the adverb of place in the second, for example: Tomorrow, warm weather without precipitation is expected in our city; By evening, everything calmed down in the house.. The statement of two circumstances side by side emphasizes their semantic role in the sentence. Their other placement is also possible: in the first place the adverb of time is put, then the subject, followed by the predicate and, finally, the adverb of place and other members of the sentence, for example: In early April, the river opened up along its entire length; Yesterday I met my old friend on the street.
Circumstances of cause and purpose and more often come before the predicate, for example: Due to rough seas, the ship arrived late.(Chekhov); Two girls were crying in fear(V. Panova); A man with a bag on his back ... for a laugh, he pushed the other with his shoulder(Malyshkin).
The statement of these circumstances after the verb-predicate usually leads to their semantic separation, for example: She woke up with fear; He does not go to work, allegedly due to illness; The train was sent to the depot for an annual repair.

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions

Not being members of the sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they refer to the sentence as a whole; compare: He seemed to be asleep. – He seemed to fall asleep. – He seemed to fall asleep.
At the same time, it should be noted that the semantic load of the introductory word in the above variants is not the same: to a greater extent it is noted in the first of them, where at the beginning of the sentence the word seemed in value it approaches a simple sentence as part of a non-union complex sentence; the last two options are equivalent.

If the introductory word is related in meaning to a separate member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it, for example: A real bird began to appear, game, according to the hunters(Aksakov); Our dilapidated boat bent over, scooped up and solemnly went to the bottom, fortunately, in a shallow place(Turgenev).

You should not put an introductory word between the preposition and the word that the preposition controls, for example: “The matter was in apparently right hands” (instead of: The case seemed to be in the right hands.).
Appeals are also freely located in the sentence, however, for their semantic and intonation allocation, the place they occupy in the sentence is not indifferent: the appeal at the beginning or at the end of the sentence is logically underlined. Wed: Doctor, tell me what's wrong with my baby. – Tell me doctor what's wrong with my baby. – Tell me what's up with my baby doctor.
In appeals, slogans, appeals, orders, oratory speeches, official and personal letters, the appeal, as a rule, is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

The same in poetic speech, and the appeal is often distinguished into an independent sentence, for example: A pale young man with burning eyes! Now I give you three testaments(Bryusov); My dear mother earth, my forest side, the land suffering in captivity! I will come - I just don’t know the day, but I will come, I will return you(Twardowski). Wed broken treatment with the main part at the end of the sentence: For blood and tears, thirsting for retribution, we see you, the forty-first year(Schipachev).
Particles, as a rule, stand before the word to which they refer in meaning. Wed:
a) This book is difficult even for him(we are talking about difficulties for a qualified person);

b) This book even difficult for him(the unexpectedness of the difficulty is emphasized);

in) Even this book is difficult for him(We are talking about an unprepared reader).

Particle still postpositive ( pretty insisted), but to emphasize the meaning, sometimes in colloquial speech it is placed before the verb, for example: The state adviser, although he himself disappeared, but still killed his comrade(Gogol); Elena said nothing, and I did lock her up this time too.(Dostoevsky).
The separation of the preposition from the controlled noun in constructions like: “I will come with a few more comrades” is unsuccessful (instead of: I will come with a few more friends); “Export volume has declined from about…; increased to about…” (instead of: … decreased from about …; increased to about...).
You should not put two prepositions in a row, for example: “In one of the letters received from you ...” (instead of: In one of the letters I received from you...); "Pay attention to outstanding work in all respects" (instead of: Pay attention to outstanding work in all respects).

In combinations of a noun with a numeral, denoting an approximate amount, the preposition is placed between the named parts of speech ( ten minutes later, twenty steps away), and not before the whole combination (“in ten minutes”, “in twenty steps”).

Direct, reverse (inverted) types of word order

The problem of direct and reverse types of word order inevitably affects the opposition of objectivity/subjectivity organically connected with it, which leads to the need for their parallel consideration.

The selection of these oppositions in the category of word order is based on two common traditions in the study of word order - "Greenberg" and "Prague". The first is based on the assumption that every language has a neutral, basic, unmarked word order. Another tradition is associated with the work of Czech linguists and explains the word order by "pragmatic" statuses "theme/rheme"

According to W. Mathesius, the objective word order is one in which the initial part of the sentence is taken as the starting point (the topic of the sentence), and its end is taken as the core of the statement (rheme), in this case, the thought moves from the known to the unknown. In subjective word order, the core comes first, and then the starting point of the sentence.

The definition that LES gives to these oppositions is as follows:

With an objective word order, the arrangement of the members of the sentence corresponds to the movement of thought, the subjective word order expresses the emotions and intentions of the speaker. [Mathesius 1967: 239-246]

Direct word order is such an arrangement of the components of a sentence that is generally accepted, most widely accepted in speech in a given language, in relation to which any other order is perceived as a permutation. With the reverse order of words (inversion), there is a violation of the usual arrangement of the words or phrases that make up the sentence, as a result of which the rearranged component of the sentence is highlighted and attracts attention (LES 1990: 388).

Both oppositions echo each other: if a certain arrangement of words in a sentence corresponds to the movement of thought, then it is generally accepted, and the component that attracts attention as a result of inversion clearly expresses the emotions and intentions of the speaker - inversion is always subjective. The formal expression of these oppositions also coincides: Sie hat keine Tranen (direct objective word order). - Tranen hat sie keine (Bredel) (reverse subjective word order).

Grammarians postulate the SVO order for the modern German language: the predicate has a strictly fixed position, and this feature is one of the main features of the structure of the German sentence (Deutsche Satzstruktur ...) Since some members of the sentence (namely the subject and objects) have a similar character in terms of valence , theoretically any of them can be in the first place in the sentence. Such possibilities of syntactic organization of the sentence give rise to the problem of direct and reverse word order.

How can we call the word order basic if it does not satisfy the needs of speech? After all, almost every sentence fulfills the condition that W. Engel calls consistency with the previous sentence (Anschlu? an den vorhergehenden Text):

Bettina ist gestern in Stuttgart gewesen. Dort hat sie die Staatsgalerie besucht.

Ich komme aus einer gröen Stadt. In dieser Stadt kenne ich mich aus.

The same problem is indicated by V. Jung: “It is a mistake to define the arrangement “subject - personal form of the verb” as “normal”, as opposed to inversion, the arrangement “personal form of the verb - subject”. The place of the nucleus (Kernstellung) is normal in a declarative sentence, i.e. finding a finite verb in the second place. It is preceded by a component that can be either the subject or another member of the sentence"

The current state of linguistics, which has significantly expanded its area of interest, directs the problem of direct, basic word order into a new direction. To be basic means to be natural. Of particular importance for choosing the sequence of words in a sentence are the cognitive processes that occur in the human mind, and hence its cognitive aspect.

Thus, relying on the spatio-temporal order of the external world and taking into account the universal strategy of discourse explains the existence of several natural word orders that can claim the status of a basic one.

Excessive emphasis on only one typology of word order - based on the concepts of subject and object - is not entirely justified. So very witty is the remark about the languages of the Uto-Aztecan family, where the word order follows the “indefinite - verb - definite” model: “if the first linguists were native speakers of the Odham language (Uto-Aztecan family), and if they were inclined to count that all possible languages operate on the basis of the same correspondences between functions and structures as their native language, then English would be regarded as a language with a "free" word order. "And indeed, definite and indefinite noun phrases in German can be in different parts of the sentence:

Der Duden ist ein Nachschlagewerk. - Einem Zigeuner liegt die Musik im

However, to say that the use of the definite and indefinite article in German has nothing to do with word order is unjustified. So, G. Helbig refers definite and indefinite articles to the number of morphological indicators that determine the order of words in German:

Ich schenke dem Kind ein Buch.

Ich schenke das Buch einem Kind.

Er borgt den Studenten Bucher.

Er borgt die Bucher Studenten.

By examples, a noun with a definite article precedes a noun with an indefinite article. It seems that the certainty/indefiniteness expressed by the article echoes the opposition famous/unknown, expressed by the pragmatic categories theme and rheme. So, in the sentence Kinder sind die Menschen, it is the presence of the definite article that makes it possible to recognize the known, that is, the topic of this statement, which in this particular case coincides with the subject, as a result of which the emotionally uncolored version of the sentence is defined as Die Menschen sind Kinder. Thanks to this, it is possible to recognize the true subject-object relationship and translate the sentence as follows: What kind of children are these people, and not Children are people.

The fact that a deviation from the prescribed word order can give a displaced element markedness (the more pronounced the deviation, the stronger the markedness) is noted in some German grammars.

W. Engel calls such situations selection (Hervorhebung):

Er meldete seinen Freund Dumitru in der Botschaft an.

Er meldete in der Botschaft seinen Freund Dumitru an.

Ich habe das gerne nicht gehabt.

Gerne habe ich das nicht gehabt.

The reverse process is also noted: initially, a rhematic element can be “thematized” due to a shift to the beginning of the sentence (ibid.):

Die Regierung kann mit finanziellen Zuschlussen die Machtverhaltnisse in jedem Land beeinflussen.

Die Regierung kann die Machtverhaltnisse in jedem Land mit finanziellen Zuschlussen beeinflussen.

The shift of any element in the foreground of the sentence causes its strongest emphasis:

Die Drogenkriminalitat konnte man mit der kostenlosen Angabe von Drogen an einen ausgewahlten Personenkreis eindammen.

The following laws can be traced in the location of the main members of the proposal:

1) In an independent sentence, the predicate can be divided into 2 parts, which will stand separately in different parts of the sentence and form a frame construction (brackets in the sentence). In a subordinate clause, both parts of the predicate will stand side by side.

2) In an independent sentence, the subject and predicate stand side by side; in the subordinate clause, on the contrary, where the verbale Rahmen is missing, it will be replaced by separating the subject from the predicate.

According to the location of the final verb, 3 forms of the sentence are distinguished: the second place of the verb (Kernform), the first place of the verb (Stirnform), the last place of the verb (Spannform).

The second place of a verb in a sentence can be found in declarative sentences, in questions, in open subordinate clauses: Er behauptet, der Zug kommt um 8.

First place in the verb clause (Spitzenstellung). The subject follows the predicate.

The first place of the verb in a sentence can be found in interrogative, imperative, exclamatory (Ist das Wetter aber herrlich!), some types of subordinate clauses (in (open subordinate clauses, concessive clauses, subordinate clauses, in den Satzen der Redeeinkleidung, which follow direct speech (Entschuldige! Sagte er), in the main clause that follows the subordinate clause (Als ich auf die Stra?e trat, war es schon dunkel.)

The last place of the verb is expressed through the location of the verb at the end.

Er fragte, ob der Zug um 8 kommt.

The last place of a verb in a sentence is used in subordinate clauses and in "pseudo-subordinate" clauses which, due to their form, function as exclamatory clauses. The subject and predicate are separated from each other.

The use of unusual positions of the verb for the sentence form is acceptable only from the point of view of style. In addition to the above cases, there are others.

In prose, instead of placing the verb in second place, in the following sentence, the same verb will already be in first place.

Denn es regnete. Regnete ununterbrochen. (W. Bochert, Preu?ens Gloria)

For some writers (z. B. L. Feuchtwagner, W. Bochert) this will be a hallmark of style.

As an exception, the initial position of the verb with a separable prefix comes across. The prefix can stand both separately with the verb, and together.

Auf tut sich der weite Zwinger (F. Schiller)

Auf steiget der Mond und wieder sinkt die Sonne. (W. Raabel)

Damage to the position of the subject in the construction of the sentence occurs if the subject from the usual position 1 or 3 of the member in the sentence is transferred to the end. The emphasis is on the subject, which is in the final position as a result of the tension growing at the end of the sentence, which begins to weaken at the end. This is typical only for prose:

Auf dem Pferde dort unter dem Tor der siegreichen Einmarsche und mit Zugen steinern und blitzend ritt die Macht. (H. Mann, der Untertan)

Da fielen auf seine Hande Blumen. (H. Mann, Die kleine Stadt)

compared to simple inversion: Da fielen Blumen auf seine Hande.

Selbst zart, selbst bla?, geduldig, immer lachelnd, immer etwas zerstreut mitten in diem Wirbel von Kopfen und den Wolken von Kohldampf stand sie, seine Tochter; die Tochter des Generals. (B. Kellermann, Der 9. November)

Gegenuber, auf dem Dache gegenuber, wehte im frischen Wind lustig, wie die selbstverstandlichste Sache der Welt; hoch oben - eine blutrote, blutrot leuchtende Flagge! (ebd.)

QUESTION 1. Direct and reverse word order in a sentence (inversion).

Grammatical syntactic norms regulate the correct construction of phrases, sentences, text.

In the texts of the official business style, there are often constructions that cause difficulties in the preparation of documents (sentences with prepositions, sentences with options for connecting the subject and predicate, sentences containing participial and adverbial phrases, etc.).

RULE 1:

The correctness of speech is largely determined by the order of words in a sentence.

Word order, i.e. the syntactic sequence of the components of a sentence is relatively free in Russian. There are direct (objective) and reverse word order or inversion (inverse word order).

Inversion in logic - reversal of meaning, replacement of "white" by "black".

Inversion in literature (from lat. inversio - turning over, rearranging)- violation of the usual order of words in a sentence.

Inversion (dramaturgy) is a dramatic technique that demonstrates the outcome of the conflict at the beginning of the play.

In direct word order, the given precedes the new: Petrov's testimony was verified.

With inversion, a different arrangement of parts is possible:

Hydrogen peroxide stain test positive

The inversion word order is used for the purpose of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the sentence.

RULE 2 Direct word order

But it must be remembered that the last word in the sentence is stressed (carrying a semantic load), therefore, in order to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity in the text, normative inversion is used only in artistic and journalistic speech.

The norm of the modern Russian literary language of official business style is direct word order, which obeys a few general rules:

1. The subject usually comes first (in preposition): Judicial debate was resumed.

If adverbial words are at the beginning of a sentence, a predicate may be in preposition:Traces from the tread of a Volga car were found on a country road.

2. For secondary members of the sentence, the following placement within the phrase is recommended: agreed words precede the core word, and controlled ones follow it: He gave his (agreeable word) car (core word) to a neighbor (controlled word).

3. Agreed definitions are usually placed before the word being defined: material values; civil marriage;

4. Separate definitions are placed after the word being defined: a quarrel that arose earlier; evidence available in the case;

5. Addition, as a rule, follows the management: sign the application; execute the decision.

Thus, the direct word order in Russian implies the following of the predicate after the subject, the definition before the word being defined, the main members of the sentence before the secondary ones.

AT from a direct word order, for example: A lone sail turns white in the blue fog of the sea ...
and here is the familiar inversion: A lonely sail turns white in the fog of the blue sea ...

Inversion- Unusual word order. This is one of the visual means of the language.
Inversion helps to highlight the most important word, as well as the stylistic and emotional coloring of speech.

Tasks:

Very often poets and writers use inversions in their works.

Exercise 1.

Let us turn to an excerpt from the story of L. N. Tolstoy “Prisoner of the Caucasus”.

There was once a strong thunderstorm, and the rain poured for an hour like a bucket. And all the rivers were clouded; where the ford was, there the water went three arshins, the stones were turned over. Streams flow everywhere, the rumble is in the mountains.
That's how the storm passed, everywhere in the village streams run. Zhilin begged the owner for a knife, cut out a roller, planks, feathered the wheel, and attached dolls to the wheel at both ends.

All sentences begin with different members of the sentence (1 - verb-predicate, 2 - conjunction, 3 - adverb-adverb, 4 - demonstrative pronoun-adverb, 5 - noun-subject).

All sentences are constructed in different ways (1 - compound, 2 - complex with different types of connection, 3 - complex non-union, 4 - complex, 5 - simple with homogeneous predicates).

The words are in an unusual order.

Note that the predicate comes before the subject, the definition after the word being defined. This is not typical for the Russian language.

Exercise: Find such examples in the text.

(answer: There was a thunderstorm, the rivers were cloudy, a thunderstorm passed, a strong thunderstorm).

Task 2.

Swap the subject and predicate to get the author's text.

The forest drops your crimson attire,
Frostrebrite withered field,
The day will glimpse, as if involuntarily,
And over the edge disappear district mountains.

The forest drops its crimson dress,
The withered field is silvered by frost,
The day will pass, as if involuntarily,
And hide behind the edge of the surrounding mountains.

Reverse word order in interrogation protocol.

Sometimes observed inversion(reverse word order) control and controlled words, mainly verb-predicate and object, for example:

Interviewed in the case, the accused Spiridonov pleaded not guilty.

The combination "guilty of myself" often has additions (for example, guilty of murder), but even then, as a rule, it is placed before the predicate. This is due to the fact that the verb-predicate (not) recognized is often used with a homogeneous verb, indicating an additional action of the testifier.

For example, Savina pleaded guilty to stealing household appliances and said during interrogation that ...

Reverse word order should be avoided in cases where the phrase "guilty myself" has many dependent words. In such sentences, the predicate is so far removed from the subject that the reader is forced to return to the beginning of the phrase in order to understand its meaning.

for example: Badma-Khalgaev admitted that he was guilty of giving a bribe in the amount of 120,000 rubles to Ivanov for illegally enrolling a student in a university and fully confirmed the above circumstances. This sentence can be modified by replacing the chain of dependent words with a subordinate clause. The order of the words in the sentence will change. Badma-Khagaev pleaded guilty to giving a bribe in the amount of 120,000 rubles to Ivanov for illegal admission to the university, and fully confirmed the above circumstances. The reverse word order is justified in those cases where the meaning expressed by the addition is more important than the meaning of the predicate: when it is necessary to emphasize not so much that the accused pleaded guilty, but rather what acts he confessed to.

RULE 3: Subject-verb connection

When formalizing official business texts, there are often difficulties in using sentences containing variants of the connection between the subject and the predicate. You must remember the following rules:

1. With a masculine noun naming a profession, position, title, but denoting a woman, the predicate in official business speech is put in the masculine form: A competent lawyer should help in resolving this issue;

2. With a subject expressed by the combination of a common noun + a proper noun, the predicate is consistent with the latter: Petrova's lawyer should help resolve this issue;

3. If the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination ("a lot", "a lot", "several", etc.), the predicate can be used in the singular and in the plural: Seven people are registered at the place of residence.

4. If time, space, measure, weight are indicated, or the clarifying words "only", "total", "only" the predicate is used in the singular: two days have passed; There were only ten people in the house.

QUESTION 2. The main difficulties in the use of participial and participle constructions in Russian.

A prerequisite for the use of participial phrases is that two actions, one of which is expressed by a verb-predicate, and the other by a participle, must be carried out by the same person (or refer to the same person).

An error in the use of the adverbial turnover was made in the following sentence: After working for only two months, he had complications with the head of the shop. It would be correct to say: After working for only two months, he ruined relations with the foreman.

1. The construction of a participial turnover is also possible in an impersonal sentence, if the predicate contains an indefinite form of the verb, with which the participle corresponds.

Considering the facts of the caseneed to make a fair decision.

Recognizing non-fulfillment of labor duties as “repeated”, several factors should be taken into account that enable the employer to comprehensively analyze the violations committed by the employee and make the right, informed decision.

2. The adverbial turnover should not be used if the action expressed by the predicate and the action expressed by the gerund belong to different persons or if the impersonal sentence has a logical subject expressed in the indirect case:

Coming out of the entrance, a strong wind hit him in the face.

After considering the circumstances of the case, a fair decision was made.

REPEAT MATERIAL:

The formation of adverbial revolutions and their isolation

Participles (germs with dependent words) and single gerunds are always isolated, regardless of the location of the main verb:

Upon reviewing the submitted document, he was forced to testify truthfully.

At the bus station, they boarded bus number 5 and, getting off at the bus stop "Institute", went along Kurortnaya Street to the beach.

worrying he began his story.

REMEMBER : if the adverbial turnover refers to one of the homogeneous predicates connected by the union AND, a comma before the union

And not set:

He stopped and looking around, remembered.

Do not separate:

* Single words silently, sitting, lying, standing, joking, not looking, because they are similar in meaning to adverbs:

He listened in silence.

* Participle turns represented by phraseological units:

He ran headlong across the road.

Tasks

Exercise 1. In the sentences taken from the work of A.F. Koni "Moral principles in the criminal process", place the missing punctuation marks. Find adverbial phrases, comment on the rules for their isolation using the example of these sentences.

1. Judicial statutes, creating the prosecutor-prosecutor and indicating to him his task, also outlined moral requirements that facilitate and elevate his task, taking away its formal callousness and soulless diligence from the execution.

2. Although, under the dominance of the search, investigative process, the judiciary itself collects evidence, but having collected them, it does not give the judge the right to freely compare and compare them guided by inner conviction, but indicates to him a ready-made immutable measure for this.

3. Sometimes, without thinking deeply into the meaning of the judicial activity of jurors, they want to see in them representatives of public opinion in this case.

4. That is why the law, protecting the freedom of opinion of jurors, establishes strict rules about the secrecy of their deliberations.

5. The legislator, guided by moral and social ideals, the needs of the state and the goals of the community, from a number of similar everyday phenomena, derives one typical concept, which he calls a crime, imposing a punishment defined in its extreme boundaries.

Task 2.

Set up punctuation marks. Comment on their setting.

The pilots of TU 134 informed the "ensemble" that there would not be enough fuel to reach London. Having started a short tantrum, the family nevertheless agreed to refuel in Finland. Convinced of the futility of repeated attempts to break into the cockpit, the Ovechkins demonstrated the seriousness of their intentions. Wanting to psychologically influence the crew members, they shot one of the stewardesses from a sawed-off shotgun. Following such a course that not only the uninitiated, but even an experienced pilot without a navigator did not immediately understand where he was (in the USSR or already in the country of Suomi), the plane began to descend over the Gulf of Finland. Landing TU 154 on a narrow fighter strip not adapted for aircraft of this class was successful.

Task 3.

Answer the question whether sentences with adverbial phrases are constructed correctly. Make the necessary corrections.

1. Arriving at the crime scene, it was very dark, only after three hours it began to get light. 2. Having received a new task, the employees of the department faced new difficulties. 3. Taking into account the comments, reducing the volume, making tables, the article was recommended for publication. 4. While in prison, his mother often visited him. 5. Having become acquainted with this case, new, hitherto unknown facts open up before me. 5. Arriving home, consciousness left him. 6. Arriving in Paris, he was invited to the embassy. 7. Doctors told him: "Without restoring your health, you will not be able to seriously engage in sports."

Task 2.

Restore the original text by making a synonymous replacement of subordinate clauses with separate definitions. Explain punctuation marks.

Sample:Peter sits on a rearing horse, which has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff. // Peter sits on a rearing horse that has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff.

The equestrian monument to Peter I in St. Petersburg was made by the French sculptor Etienne Maurice Falconet, who was invited to Russia by Catherine II. The name "The Bronze Horseman" was assigned to the monument thanks to the poem of the same name by A.S. Pushkin.

On August 7, 1782, on Senate Square, to the sound of cannon fire, a canvas cover was pulled off from the Bronze Horseman.

Peter sits on a rearing horse, which has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff. The horse is still on the move. The majestic landing of the rider, the gesture of his hand, which is stretched out towards the sea - all this speaks of a mighty will. The snake, which the horse trampled under its hooves, reminds of the defeated enemies of Russia. It symbolizes envy and intrigues of enemies. The pedestal of the monument was a granite rock, which was processed in the form of a sea wave. This stone block weighs about one hundred thousand pounds. Here, in St. Petersburg, to the building of the Winter Palace, she was brought from afar, putting on wooden skids that were upholstered in iron. The delivery of such a stone block in those days was an unparalleled technical achievement.

QUESTION 3. The use of homogeneous members of the proposal in the design of official business texts. Types of management.

Tasks

Exercise 1.

Pay attention to speech stamps in professional legal vocabulary and follow the nature of the errors in their use.

1. “The same acts committed repeatedly (how?) or by a person (by whom?) who previously committed rape”; “the same acts committed on a large scale (how?) or by a person (by whom?) Previously convicted” - heterogeneous disparate concepts, different members of the sentence.

2. "On the basis and in execution"; "on time and in order"; "in the amount, on time and in order"; "on the grounds and in order"; "in order and on the grounds"; “on conditions and within” - words that are not homogeneous members are connected by a coordinative connection; their grammatical form is different: “on the basis” - in the prepositional case; "in execution" - in the accusative case; "in time" - in the plural, in the accusative case; "okay" - in the singular, in the prepositional case etc.

Exercise 1.

In these combinations, synonymous words require the use of different cases. Transform the proposed options, make sentences with them.

to admire, bow down (courage)

despise, neglect (danger)

To be fond of, to love, to be interested in, to study (music)

Resent, be angry, be angry (disgraceful)

To be afraid, to be afraid (necessity)

To be, dissatisfied, disappointed (review)

reprimand, reproach (employee)

Understand, be aware of (need)

Among the errors and shortcomings associated with the use of complex sentences, direct and indirect speech, the most common are the following: incorrect construction of the sentence structure itself, the use of unnecessarily cumbersome structures.

1. One of the most common shortcomings is the clutter of a complex sentence with subordinate clauses.

Wed: The statement of representatives of foreign circles, ignoring the fact that trade relations, which have been steadily developing in recent years and are showing a trend of further growth, indicates that someone is still interested in maintaining the atmosphere of the cold war and eliminating the mass desire for friendship that has embraced the peoples of Europe and America, and this cannot but affect the actions of our state, which continues to count on the success of negotiations, although it understands that it will not be easy to achieve progress in such negotiations, but we are used to overcoming difficulties.

2 . In a complex sentence, structures are weighted due to the "stringing" of subordinate clauses: "The sail appeared in the sea as happy news that everything is in order with the fishermen and that the girls will soon be able to hug their parents, who were delayed at sea because there was a strong storm ".

3. The use of the same type of subordinate clauses in sequential submission: "Walking along the shore, I saw two girls who were sitting on an overturned boat, which was lying on the shore with a keel."

4. In some cases, the same situation can be expressed using both complex and complex sentences.

Wed: He entered and we got up; When he came in, we got up.

At the same time, cases of “structural failure” are often observed in speech: a sentence that begins as a complex sentence ends as a complex one, and vice versa. It is unacceptable!

Wed: When Murka was tired of messing with kittens, and she went somewhere to sleep.