The last palace coup of the year. The last palace coup in Russia

15. A conspiracy against Servius Tullius, organized by Tarquinius the Proud, and a conspiracy against Andronicus-Christ, organized by Isaac Angelos In the Roman version, the young and hot Tarquinius the Proud, encouraged by the support of the nobility, proceeds to active actions against King Servius

Vasina Anna Yurievna Lesson "The last palace coup in the history of Russia"

Teacher: Our lesson is devoted to the last palace coup in Russia. In order to understand the circumstances of this case, remember: what are palace coups; Why did the number of pretenders to the Russian throne increase in the 18th century?

(Students answer questions).

Teacher: Let's turn to the worksheet of the lesson and complete tasks aimed at developing memory.

(Assignments are attached).

Teacher: At the beginning of the 19th century, the last palace coup took place in Russia. You have already familiarized yourself with what exactly happened on the night of March 11-12, 1801 by listening to audio cassettes (audio cassettes with a recording of educational material prepared by the teacher are distributed in the amount of 3-5 pieces per class 5-7 days before the study this topic). Tell me about it.

(Student's story).

Teacher: We have to find out:

1. 
   Reasons for the crime.
2. 
   List of participants.
3. 
   Consequences of this coup for the development of Russia.

Why do you think the conspirators committed this crime?

Why did the policy pursued by Paul I cause discontent? After all, Paul I stayed on the Russian throne for only 4 years 4 months 4 days. For such a short period of time, he issued 2179 decrees. Why were his efforts not appreciated?

Teacher: Now you have to work as experts. An envelope came to our school containing a very curious document.

Task: Read it and think, could Paul I have compiled this document?

Who do you think is the author of this document?

Students: Paul I could not write this document, since his policy was directed against the nobles. This document was compiled by Catherine II, as she cared about the privileges of the nobility.

Teacher: Testify what decrees of Paul I were directed against the nobility.

(Homework checked).

What can be said about the foreign policy pursued by Paul I?

(Student's story).

Teacher: The despotism of Paul I, the dissatisfaction of the nobles with the domestic and foreign policy pursued by the emperor, led to a palace coup. Now we are ready to answer the first two questions of the memo:

1. 
   Causes (dissatisfaction with the nobles of the domestic and foreign policy pursued by the emperor).
2. 
   The composition of the conspirators (nobles).

Teacher: We found out the reasons for the conspiracy, the composition of the conspirators, but one more person involved in the murder remained in the shadows. Who is this?

Students: Alexander, son of Paul I.

Teacher: Why did Alexander end up in the camp of the conspirators? Perhaps, Alexander's letter will help us to partially understand this.

FROM THE LETTER OF GRAND DUKE ALEXANDER PAVLOVICH (1797)

“My father, having ascended the throne, wanted to reform everything ... Everything is immediately turned upside down. This only increased the disorder of the already too great degree in affairs ... My unfortunate fatherland is in a position beyond description. The farmer is offended, trade is constrained, freedom and personal well-being are destroyed.

Questions for the document:

How did his son Alexander assess the reign of Paul I?

Did Paul trust Alexander?

Teacher: Paul and Alexander did not trust each other. In many ways, the reasons for distrust lie in Catherine II's attitude towards both of them.

Video (5 minutes) Pavel I

Questions after watching the movie:

Teacher: How did Catherine II treat Alexander?

How did you feel about Paul?

(Students answer the questions).

Teacher: I propose to solve a logical puzzle. There are three figures in front of you: Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I. They are arranged in chronological order (home-made figures are on the study table).

Task: Arrange these figures in a logical order.

Students: Catherine II, Alexander I, Paul I.

(Explain why they arranged the figures the way they did.)

Teacher: What colors do you associate with the reign of Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I?

However, let's start in order.

Teacher: Catherine II?

Student: red color (because Catherine II herself was a bright, intelligent, gifted, outstanding, strong personality, and during her reign Russia became a powerful power. Catherine forced Europe to reckon with the opinion of Russia, and the Russians themselves were proud of their newly won glory and respect yourself).

Teacher takes a brush, red paint and draws a red oval on a piece of paper under the inscription “Catherine II”.

Teacher: Pavel I?

Student: ???

Teacher: The great Russian historian V. O. Klyuchevsky will help us to understand this.

Here is how he characterized the reign of Paul I:

“The reign of this emperor was extremely controversial. On the one hand, the relief of the peasants, on the other hand, the restriction of the rights and privileges of the nobility, which amounted to open repressive measures. Against the backdrop of unpredictability, irascibility and suspicion of the emperor himself.

That is, Paul I is changeable like the sea: either calm or storm.

What color appears before you?

Students: Shades of blue.

Teacher: Quite right. This is how the color of the sky changes from azure on a sunny morning to lead blue before a storm.

Teacher takes a brush, blue paint, and draws a blue oval on a sheet of paper under the inscription “Paul I”.

Teacher: We will get acquainted with the development of Russia during the reign of Alexander in detail in the following lessons. But let's assume what will be the policy of Alexander I, based on the conditions for the formation of his personality?

Student: Alexander is the favorite grandson of Catherine II. Perhaps he will continue her policy, but he is the son of Paul I, which means that he will combine red and blue, and this will lead to the birth of a new color.

Teacher: Let's test it and see what happens.

Teacher takes a brush, and on a piece of paper, under the inscription "Alexander I" mixes red and blue colors:

The result is a purple oval.

Teacher: Purple is an ambiguous color.

What character traits could develop in such a person?

Students: The desire for change, but at the same time duplicity, hypocrisy, cunning, which did not allow him to complete any of the things he started.

Teacher: Give, please, the statement of contemporaries about Alexander I.

(Students read homework).

Statements about Alexander I

1. 
   “In politics, Alexander is as thin as the tip of a pin, sharp as a razor, false as the foam of the sea.” (Swedish diplomat Lagerbilke).
2. 
   “A republican in words and an autocrat in deeds” (Turgenev A.I.).
3. 
   “He does everything by half” (Speransky M.M.).
4. 
   “The emperor loved the external form of freedom, how can one love a performance ... but apart from the forms of appearance, he did not want anything, and was in no way disposed to endure that they turned into reality” (Czartorysky A.).
5. 
   “Crowned Hamlet, who was haunted by the shadow of his murdered father all his life” (Herzen A.I.), etc.

It's time to take stock. Let's go back to the note:

What consequences did the last palace coup have for Russia?

Students make a conclusion and write in a notebook:

“As a result of a palace coup, Alexander I ascended the throne. Probably, Alexander’s policy will be of a noble nature, but Alexander cannot do without reforms, since Russia lagged behind the countries of Europe in socio-economic development, and Alexander was brought up by Catherine II and was an enlightened monarch ".

Literature

1. 
   Valkova V.G. Valkova O.A. Russian rulers. – M.: Rolf, 1999.
2. 
   Vazhenin A.G. Summaries of lessons on the history of Russia in the 19th century: Grade 8: Methodological guide. – M.: Ed. VLADOS-PRESS, 2001.
3. 
   Encyclopedia for children. T - 5. History of Russia. From palace coups to the era of great reforms. M., 1997.
4. 
   Danilov A. A., Kosulina L. G. Tutorial. M., ed. “Center for Humanitarian Education”, 1998.

Level A

Subject:

Arrange in chronological order the rulers of Russia who came to power as a result of palace coups:

Catherine I

Catherine II

Elizaveta Petrovna

Rate yourself:

1. 
   If you didn't make any mistakes, give yourself a "4"
2. 
   If you made one mistake, give yourself a "3"
3. 
   If you made more than one mistake, give yourself a "2"

Level B

Subject: "Palace coups in Russia"

Exercise:

Match the names of the rulers with the dates:

Level C

Subject: "Palace coups in Russia"

Exercise:

In the cells on the left, write the name of the ruler who ruled in this period of time:

1. 
   If you made no mistakes, put yourself "5"
2. 
   If you made one mistake, give yourself a "4"
3. 
   If you made two mistakes, give yourself a "3"
4. 
   If you made more than two mistakes, give yourself a "2"

The era of palace coups

The era of palace coups is considered the time from 1725 to 1862 - approximately 37 years. In 1725, Peter I died, without transferring the throne to anyone, after which a struggle for power began, which was marked by a number of palace coups.

The author of the term "palace coups" is the historian IN. Klyuchevsky. He designated another time period for this phenomenon in Russian history: 1725-1801, since in 1801 the last palace coup in the Russian Empire took place, ending with the death of Paul I and the accession of Alexander I Pavlovich.

To understand the reason for the series of palace coups of the 18th century, one should return to the era of Peter I, or rather, to 1722, when he issued the Decree on the succession to the throne. The decree abolished the custom of transferring the royal throne to direct descendants in the male line and provided for the appointment of an heir to the throne at the will of the monarch. Peter I issued a Decree on the succession to the throne due to the fact that his son, Tsarevich Alexei, was not a supporter of the reforms he was carrying out and grouped the opposition around him. After the death of Alexei in 1718, Peter I was not going to transfer power to his grandson Peter Alekseevich, fearing for the future of his reforms, but he himself did not have time to appoint a successor.

N. Ge "Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof"

After his death, his widow was proclaimed empress Catherine I, which relied on one of the court groups.

Catherine I occupied the Russian throne for a little over two years, she left a will: she appointed Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich as her successor and outlined in detail the order of succession to the throne, and all copies of the Decree on succession to the throne under Peter II Alekseevich were confiscated.

But Peter II died, also without leaving a will and heir, and then the Supreme Privy Council (created in February 1726 with members: Field Marshal General His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, General Admiral Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin, State Chancellor Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin, Count Peter Andreevich Tolstoy, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn, Baron Andrei Ivanovich Osterman, and then Duke Karl Friedrich Holstein - as we can see, almost all the "chicks of Petrov's nest") were elected empress Anna Ioannovna.

Before her death, she appointed her successor John Antonovich, also describing in detail the further line of inheritance.

Deposed John Elizaveta Petrovna relied in substantiating her rights to the throne on the will of Catherine I.

A few years later, her nephew Pyotr Fedorovich was appointed Elizabeth's heir ( Peter III), after the accession to the throne of which his son became the heir PavelI Petrovich.

But soon after that, as a result of a coup, power passed to the wife of Peter III Catherine II, referring to the "will of all subjects", while Paul remained the heir, although Catherine, according to a number of data, considered the option of depriving him of the right to inherit.

Having ascended the throne, in 1797, on the day of his coronation, Paul I published the Manifesto on the succession to the throne, compiled by him and his wife Maria Feodorovna during the life of Catherine. According to this manifesto, which canceled Peter's decree, "the heir was determined by the law itself" - Paul's intention was to exclude in the future the situation of removal of legitimate heirs from the throne and the exclusion of arbitrariness.

But the new principles of succession to the throne for a long time were not perceived not only by the nobility, but even by members of the imperial family: after the assassination of Paul in 1801, his widow Maria Feodorovna, who drafted the Manifesto of Succession with him, cried out: “I want to reign!”. The manifesto of Alexander I on the accession to the throne also contained the Petrine wording: "and his Imperial Majesty's heir, who will be appointed”, despite the fact that, according to the law, Alexander’s heir was his brother Konstantin Pavlovich, who secretly renounced this right, which also contradicted the Manifesto of Paul I.

The Russian succession to the throne stabilized only after the accession to the throne of Nicholas I. Here is such a long preamble. And now in order. So, EkaterinaI, PeterII, Anna Ioannovna, Ioann Antonovich, Elizaveta Petrovna, PeterIII, CatherineII, PavelI…

EkaterinaI

Catherine I. Portrait of an unknown artist

PeterII Alekseevich

Emperor of All Russia, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Charlotte-Sophia of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, grandson of Peter I and Evdokia Lopukhina. He was born on October 12, 1715. He lost his mother at the age of 10, and his father fled to Vienna with the serf of his teacher N. Vyazemsky, Efrosinya Fedorovna. Peter I returned the recalcitrant son, forced him to renounce the right to the throne and sentenced him to death. There is a version that Alexei Petrovich was strangled in the Peter and Paul Fortress, without waiting for her execution.

Peter I did not care about his grandson, as he assumed in him, as in his son, an opponent of reforms, an adherent of the old Moscow way of life. Little Peter was taught not just “something and somehow”, but also anyone, so he practically did not receive education by the time he ascended the throne.

I. Wedekind "Portrait of Peter II"

But Menshikov had his own plans: he convinced Catherine I in her will to appoint Peter as heir, and after her death he ascended the throne. Menshikov betrothed him to his daughter Maria (Peter was only 12 years old), moved him to his house and actually began to run the state himself, regardless of the opinion of the Supreme Privy Council. Baron A. Osterman, as well as Academician Goldbach and Archbishop F. Prokopovich, were appointed to train the young emperor. Osterman was a clever diplomat and a talented teacher, he captivated Peter with his witty lessons, but at the same time set him up against Menshikov (the struggle for power in a different version! Osterman “put” on Dolgoruky: a foreigner in Russia, albeit crowned with the glory of a skilled diplomat, can manage its policy only in close alliance with the Russians). It all ended with the fact that Peter II removed Menshikov from power, taking advantage of his illness, deprived him of his ranks and fortune, and exiled him with his family, first to the Ryazan province, and then to Berezov, Tobolsk province.

So, the mighty Menshikov fell, but the struggle for power continued - now, as a result of intrigues, the princes Dolgoruky get the championship, who involve Peter in a wild life, revelry, and, having learned about his passion for hunting, take him away from the capital for many weeks.

On February 24, 1728, the coronation of Peter II takes place, but he is still far from state affairs. Dolgoruky betrothed him to Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruky, the wedding was scheduled for January 19, 1730, but he caught a cold, fell ill with smallpox and died on the morning of the proposed wedding, he was only 15 years old. So the Romanov family was cut off in the male line.

What can be said about the personality of Peter II? Let's listen to the historian N. Kostomarov: “Peter II did not reach the age when a person's personality is determined. Although contemporaries praised his abilities, natural mind and kind heart, but these were only hopes for a good future. His behavior did not give the right to expect from him in time a good ruler of the state. He not only disliked teaching and deeds, but hated both; nothing fascinated him in the state sphere; he was completely absorbed in fun, being all the time under someone's influence.

During his reign, the Supreme Privy Council was mainly in power.

Board results: decrees on streamlining the collection of poll tax from the population (1727); restoration of the hetman's power in Little Russia; promulgation of the Bill Charter; ratified a trade agreement with China.

Anna Ioannovna

L. Caravak "Portrait of Anna Ioannovna"

After the untimely death of Peter II, the issue of succession to the throne is again on the agenda. There was an attempt to enthrone the bride of Peter II, Catherine Dolgoruky, but she was unsuccessful. Then the Golitsyns, rivals of the Dolgoruky, put forward their own candidate - the niece of Peter I, Anna of Kurland. But Anna came to power by signing the terms. What is it - the "conditions" (conditions) of Anna Ioannovna?

This is an act that was drawn up by the members of the Supreme Privy Council and which Anna Ioannovna had to fulfill: not to marry, not to appoint an heir, not to have the right to declare war and conclude peace, introduce new taxes, reward and punish subordinate high officials. The main author of the conditions was Dmitry Golitsyn, but the document, drawn up immediately after the death of Peter II, was read out only on February 2, 1730, so the bulk of the nobility could only guess about its content and be content with rumors and assumptions. When the conditions were made public, there was a split among the nobility. On January 25, Anna signed the conditions proposed to her, but when she arrived in Moscow, she accepted a deputation of opposition nobles, concerned about the strengthening of the power of the Supreme Privy Council, and with the help of officers of the guards regiments, on February 28, 1730, she swore the nobility as a Russian autocrat, and also publicly refused from conditions. On March 4, she abolishes the Supreme Privy Council, and on April 28 she solemnly crowns herself and appoints her favorite E. Biron as chief chamberlain. The era of Bironovism begins.

A few words about the personality of Anna Ioannovna.

She was born on January 28, 1693, was the fourth daughter of Tsar Ivan V (brother and co-ruler of Peter I) and Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna Saltykova, granddaughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. She was brought up in an extremely unfavorable environment: her father was a weak-minded person, and she did not get along with her mother from early childhood. Anna was haughty and not of a high mind. Her teachers could not even teach the girl to write correctly, but she achieved "bodily well-being." Peter I, guided by political interests, married his niece to the Duke of Courland Friedrich Wilhelm, the nephew of the Prussian king. Their marriage took place on October 31, 1710 in St. Petersburg, in the palace of Prince Menshikov, and after that the couple spent a long time in feasts in the capital of Russia. But, as soon as he left St. Petersburg for his possessions at the beginning of 1711, Friedrich-Wilhelm died on the way to Mitava - as they suspected, due to immoderate excesses. So, not having time to be a wife, Anna becomes a widow and moves to her mother in the village of Izmailovo near Moscow, and then to St. Petersburg. But in 1716, by order of Peter I, she left for permanent residence in Courland.

And now she is the All-Russian Empress. Her reign, according to the historian V. Klyuchevsky, “is one of the dark pages of our empire, and the darkest spot on it is the empress herself. Tall and obese, with a face more masculine than feminine, callous by nature and even more hardened during her early widowhood amid diplomatic intrigues and court adventures in Courland, she brought to Moscow an evil and poorly educated mind with a fierce thirst for belated pleasures and entertainment. Her courtyard was full of luxury and bad taste and was filled with crowds of jesters, tricksters, buffoons, storytellers ... Lazhechnikov tells about her "amusements" in the book "Ice House". She loved horseback riding and hunting, in Peterhof in her room there were always loaded guns ready for shooting from the window at flying birds, and in the Winter Palace they specially arranged an arena for her, where they drove wild animals, which she shot.

She was completely unprepared to govern the state, besides, she did not have the slightest desire to govern it. But she surrounded herself with foreigners completely dependent on her, who, according to V. Klyuchevsky, "fell down into Russia, like cheese from a holey bag, stuck around the courtyard, sat down on the throne, climbed into all profitable places in management."

Portrait of E. Biron. Unknown artist

All affairs under Anna Ioannovna were run by her favorite E. Biron. The cabinet of ministers created by Osterman was subordinate to him. The army was commanded by Munnich and Lassi, and the yard was commanded by the bribe taker and passionate gambler Count Levenvold. In April 1731, a secret investigative office (torture chamber) began to work, supporting the authorities with denunciations and torture.

Board results: the position of the nobility was significantly facilitated - they were assigned the exclusive right to own peasants; military service lasted 25 years, and by a manifesto of 1736, one of the sons, at the request of his father, was allowed to stay at home to manage the household and train him in order to be fit for civil service.

In 1731, the law on single inheritance was repealed.

In 1732, the first cadet corps was opened to educate the nobility.

The subjugation of Poland continued: the Russian army under the command of Minich took Danzig, while losing more than 8 thousand of our soldiers.

In 1736-1740. there was a war with Turkey. The reason for it was the constant raids of the Crimean Tatars. As a result of the campaigns of Lassi, who took Azov in 1739, and Minikh, who captured Perekop and Ochakov in 1736, won a victory at Stauchany in 1739, after which Moldavia accepted Russian citizenship, the Belgrade peace was concluded. As a result of all these military operations, Russia lost about 100 thousand people, but still did not have the right to keep a navy in the Black Sea, and could only use Turkish ships for trade.

To keep the royal court in luxury, it was necessary to introduce raids, extortionate expeditions. Many representatives of ancient noble families were executed or sent into exile: Dolgorukovs, Golitsyns, Yusupovs and others. Chancellor A.P. Volynsky, together with like-minded people, in 1739 drew up a "Project for the Correction of State Affairs", which contained demands for the protection of the Russian nobility from the dominance of foreigners. According to Volynsky, the government in the Russian Empire should be monarchical with the broad participation of the nobility as the dominant class in the state. The next governmental instance after the monarch should be the senate (as it was under Peter the Great); then comes the lower government, from representatives of the lower and middle nobility. Estates: spiritual, urban and peasant - received, according to Volynsky's project, significant privileges and rights. All were required to be literate, and the clergy and nobility were required to have a broader education, the hotbeds of which were to serve as academies and universities. Many reforms were also proposed to improve justice, finance, trade, etc. For this they paid with execution. Moreover, Volynsky was sentenced to a very cruel execution: to put him alive on a stake, having previously cut out his tongue; to quarter his like-minded people and then cut off their heads; confiscate the estates and exile Volynsky's two daughters and son into eternal exile. But then the sentence was reduced: three were beheaded, and the rest were exiled.

Shortly before her death, Anna Ioannovna learned that her niece Anna Leopoldovna had a son, and declared the two-month-old baby Ivan Antonovich the heir to the throne, and before he came of age, she appointed E. Biron as regent, who at the same time received “power and authority to manage all state affairs as internal, as well as foreign ones.

IvanVI Antonovich: Biron's regency - Minich's coup

Ivan VI Antonovich and Anna Leopoldovna

Biron's regency lasted about three weeks. Having received the right to regency, Biron continues to fight with Munnich, and in addition, spoils relations with Anna Leopoldovna and her husband Anton Ulrich. On the night of November 7-8, 1740, another palace coup took place, organized by Munnich. Biron was arrested and sent into exile in the province of Tobolsk, and the regency passed to Anna Leopoldovna. She recognized herself as the ruler, but did not take an actual part in public affairs. According to contemporaries, "... she was not stupid, but she was disgusted with any serious occupation." Anna Leopoldovna constantly quarreled and did not speak to her husband for weeks, who, in her opinion, “had a good heart, but no mind.” And disagreements between spouses naturally created the conditions for court intrigues in the struggle for power. Taking advantage of the carelessness of Anna Leopoldovna and the dissatisfaction of Russian society with the continued German dominance, Elizaveta Petrovna enters the game. With the help of the guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment devoted to her, she arrested Anna Leopoldovna along with her family and decided to send them abroad. But the chamber-page A. Turchaninov made an attempt to make a counter-coup in favor of Ivan VI, and then Elizaveta Petrovna changed her mind: she arrested the entire family of Anna Leopoldovna and sent him to Ranenburg (near Ryazan). In 1744, they were taken to Kholmogory, and at the direction of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, Ivan VI was isolated from his family and, 12 years later, secretly transferred to Shlisselburg, where he was kept in solitary confinement under the name of a "famous prisoner."

In 1762, Peter III secretly examined the former emperor. He disguised himself as an officer and entered the casemates where the prince was kept. He saw “a rather tolerable dwelling, and sparsely furnished with the poorest furniture. The prince's clothes were also very poor. He was completely clueless and spoke incoherently. Either he claimed that he was Emperor John, then he assured that the emperor was no more in the world, and his spirit passed into him ... ".

Under Catherine II, his guards were instructed to persuade the prince to monasticism, but in case of danger, "kill the prisoner, and not give the living into the hands of anyone." Lieutenant V. Mirovich, who learned the secret of the secret prisoner, tried to free Ivan Antonovich and proclaim him emperor. But the guards followed the instructions. The body of Ivan VI was exhibited for a week in the Shlisselburg fortress "for news and worship of the people", and then buried in Tikhvin in the Bogoroditsky Monastery.

Anna Leopoldovna died in 1747 from childbed fever, and Catherine II allowed Anton Ulrich to leave for her homeland, since he did not pose a danger to her, not being a member of the Romanov family. But he refused the offer and stayed with the children in Kholmogory. But their fate is sad: Catherine II, after strengthening the dynasty with the birth of two grandchildren, allowed the children of Anna Leopoldovna to move to her aunt, the dowager queen of Denmark and Norway. But, as N. Eidelman writes, “ironically, they lived in their homeland - in prison, and then abroad - in freedom. But they yearned for that prison in their homeland, not knowing any language other than Russian.”

Empress Elizabeth Petrovna

S. van Loo "Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna"

PeterIII Fedorovich

A.K. Pfantzelt "Portrait of Peter III"

Read about it on our website:.

EkaterinaII Alekseevna the Great

A. Antropov "Catherine II the Great"

Empress of All Russia. Before the adoption of Orthodoxy - Princess Sophia-Frederica-Augusta. She was born in Stettin, where her father, Christian-August, Duke of Anhalt-Zerbst-Bernburg, at that time served as a major general in the Prussian army. Her mother, Johanna Elisabeth, for some reason disliked the girl, so Sophia (Fike, as her family called her) lived in Hamburg with her grandmother from early childhood. She received a mediocre upbringing, tk. the family was in constant need, its teachers were random people. The girl did not stand out for any talents, except for a penchant for command and for boyish games. Fike was secretive and prudent from childhood. By a happy coincidence, during a trip to Russia in 1744, at the invitation of Elizabeth Petrovna, she became the bride of the future Russian Tsar Peter III Fedorovich.

Catherine already in 1756 was planning her future seizure of power. During a serious and prolonged illness of Elizabeth Petrovna, the Grand Duchess made it clear to her "English comrade" H. Williams that one should only wait for the death of the Empress. But Elizabeth Petrovna died only in 1761, and her legitimate heir, Peter III, husband of Catherine II, ascended the throne.

Teachers of the Russian language and the Law of God were assigned to the princess, she showed enviable perseverance in learning in order to prove her love for a foreign country and adapt to a new life. But the first years of her life in Russia were very difficult, besides, she experienced neglect from her husband and courtiers. But the desire to become a Russian empress outweighed the bitterness of trials. She adapted to the tastes of the Russian court, only one thing was missing - an heir. And that is exactly what was expected of her. After two unsuccessful pregnancies, she finally gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I. But by order of Elizabeth Petrovna, he was immediately separated from his mother, showing for the first time only after 40 days. Elizaveta Petrovna herself raised her grandson, and Catherine took up self-education: she read a lot, and not only novels - her interests included historians and philosophers: Tacitus, Montesquieu, Voltaire, etc. Thanks to her diligence and perseverance, she was able to achieve respect for herself, with her not only well-known Russian politicians, but also foreign ambassadors began to be considered. In 1761, her husband, Peter III, ascended the throne, but he was unpopular in society, and then Catherine, with the help of the guardsmen of the Izmailovsky, Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, overthrew her husband from the throne in 1762. She also stopped attempts to appoint her regent under her son Pavel , which N. Panin and E. Dashkova sought, and got rid of Ivan VI. Read more about the reign of Catherine II on our website:

Known as an enlightened queen, Catherine II was unable to achieve love and understanding from her own son. In 1794, despite the opposition of the courtiers, she decided to remove Paul from the throne in favor of her beloved grandson Alexander. But a sudden death in 1796 prevented her from achieving what she wanted.

Emperor of All Russia PavelI Petrovich

S. Schukin "Portrait of Emperor Paul I"

Lesson topic: The last palace coup in Russia.

Goals:

reveal the contradictory and inconsistent nature of the domestic policy of Paul I;

contribute to the formation of a personal attitude to this historical figure;

create conditions for the development of the ability to formulate one's own point of view, express and argue it;

to promote the development of the ability to analyze the material, work with historical documents, tables;

contribute to the education of tolerance, respect for a different point of view.

Equipment:

Handout, board

Lesson duration: 45 minutes

Advance task:

a group of students of 3-4 people is preparing a brief description of the personality of Paul I.

Lesson problem: who was Paul I, and why was he killed on the night of March 11-12, 1801?

During the classes:

I. Organizing time.

II. Main part.

Teacher. Our lesson is devoted to the last palace coup in Russia. In order to understand the circumstances of this case, remember: what are palace coups; Why in the 18th century increased the number of contenders for the Russian throne?

Teacher. At the beginning of the XIX century. The last palace coup took place in Russia. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, Paul 1 died. It was announced that the emperor had died of "apoplexy" (stroke). But we learned that it was a murder. We also know the participants in the conspiracy. In himaccording to various estimates, from 30 to 70 people took part. Masterminds of the coup, Count Nikita , Palen and Prince Platon Zubov, Catherine's former favorite, had personal reasons to hate Paul. and the group of direct executors was headed by and .

The crime was committed in the following way. At half past midnight, 12 conspirators broke into the emperor's bedroom. Not finding the emperor in bed, the conspirators were confused, Platon Zubov said that the bird had flown away, but “Bennigsen approached the bed with composure, felt it with his hand and said:“ The nest is warm, the bird is not far away. The room was searched and Pavel was found in a nightgown (according to another version, over the knee boots betrayed him). They took him out from behind the fireplace, put him to bed and demanded that he sign an abdication. Paul did not agree to this for a long time. The emperor was told that he was under arrest.The emperor refused to obey, and then Nikolai Zubov hit Paul in the temple with a heavy snuffbox, and one of the attackers squeezed the monarch's throat.

At the court at that time there was a gloomy joke: "Paul died from an apoplexy blow with a snuffbox to the temple."

Today we will conduct an independent investigation. We have to find out:

Reasons for the crime.
List of participants.
Consequences of this coup for the development of Russia.

Witness, therefore, a brief account of Paul's personality.

The story of the students is accompanied by a slide show depicting the personalities mentioned in the description. (Presentation slides #3-12 )

whiteboard writing .

Why do you think the conspirators committed this crime?
Why did the policy pursued by Paul I cause discontent? After all, Paul I stayed on the Russian throne for only 4 years 4 months 4 days. For such a short period of time, he issued 2179 decrees. Why were his efforts not appreciated?

Students answer questions .

Teacher. Now you have to work as experts. An envelope came to our school containing a very curious document.

Exercise

Complaint to the nobility

« BUT. About the personal advantages of the nobles.
It is not only useful for the empire, but it is also fair to eat, so that the respectful state of the noble nobility is preserved and affirmed unshakably and inviolably ...
12. Let not the noble judge besides his equals.
13. Let corporal punishment not touch the noble ...
17. We confirm for eternity in hereditary childbirth the freedom and freedom of the Russian noble nobility ...
B. About the assembly of nobles.
39. The meeting of the nobility in the governorship is allowed to elect the provincial marshal of the nobility of that province ... "

Students. Paul I could not write this document, since his policy was directed against the nobles. This document was compiled by Catherine II, as she cared about the privileges of the nobility.
Teacher. Testify what decrees of Paul I were directed against the nobility.

Domestic policy of Paul I

Changing the local government system

City councils are closed.

The civil and criminal courts are merged.

The number of provinces has been reduced.

Local self-government bodies have been returned to Ukraine and the Baltic states.

A number of colleges have been restored.

Politics towards the nobility

Mass distribution of state peasants into private hands

Return to Compulsory Service

Establishment of a tax from nobles

Auxiliary Bank Establishment

Restriction of the right of elections and assembly

Limitation of transition from military service to civilian service

Princely and county awards

Restriction of representation rights

Introduction of corporal punishment

Policy towards the peasants

Recruitment cuts

Termination of the transitions of the peasants of the Don region

Forgiveness of peasant arrears in the amount of 7.5 million rubles

Order of uncomplaining obedience of peasants to landlords

The prohibition of the sale of peasants without land

Restriction of corvée to three days

Resolution of peasant complaints

Transformations in the army

Introduction of Prussian orders

Dismissal of all dissatisfied

Improvement of soldiers' grubs

Equalization in the punishments of lower and higher ranks

Homework is checked .

What can be said about the foreign policy pursued by Paul I?

Upon accession to the throne, Paul, in order to emphasize the contrast with his mother, declared peacefulness and non-interference in European affairs. However, when in 1798 there was a threat of the restoration of an independent Polish state by Napoleon, Russia took an active part in organizing the anti-French coalition. In the same year, Paul assumed the duties of the Master of the Order of Malta, thus challenging the French emperor, who had captured Malta.

In 1798-1800, Russian troops successfully fought in Italy, and the Russian fleet fought in the Mediterranean, which caused concern from Austria and England. Relations with these countries finally deteriorated in the spring of 1800. At the same time, rapprochement with France began, and a plan for a joint campaign against India was even discussed. Without waiting for the signing of the corresponding agreement, Pavel ordered the Don Cossacks to set out on a campaign, which were already stopped by Alexander I.

Student's story.

Teacher. The despotism of Paul I, the dissatisfaction of the nobles with the domestic and foreign policy pursued by the emperor, led to a palace coup. Now we are ready to answer the first two questions of the memo:
Reasons: dissatisfaction of the nobles with the domestic and foreign policy pursued by the emperor.
The composition of the conspirators - the nobles.

Records are kept in notebooks.

Teacher. We found out the reasons for the conspiracy, the composition of the conspirators, but one more person involved in the murder remained in the shadows. Who is this?
Students. Alexander, son of Paul I.

Teacher. Why did Alexander end up in the camp of the conspirators? Perhaps, Alexander's letter will help us to partially understand this.

From a letter from Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich (1797)

“My father, having ascended the throne, wanted to reform everything ... Everything is immediately turned upside down. This only increased the disorder of the already too great degree in affairs ... My unfortunate fatherland is in a position beyond description. The farmer is offended, trade is constrained, freedom and personal well-being are destroyed.

Questions for the document

How did his son Alexander assess the reign of Paul I?
Did Paul trust Alexander?

Teacher. Paul and Alexander did not trust each other. In many ways, the reasons for distrust lie in the attitude of Catherine II towards them.

On December 12, 1777, 201 cannon shots thundered over St. Petersburg in honor of the birth of the first son of the then Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna. Experiencing immense joy on this occasion, the reigning grandmother Catherine II named her firstborn in honor of Alexander Nevsky and Alexander the Great with the legendary name Alexander.As soon as Alexander was born, the sovereign grandmother immediately took him to her and from the very first days she herself began to educate the Grand Duke. Catherine II carefully selected the staff of educators and teachers for her grandson, many of whom were outstanding people of their time. Among them, the first place undoubtedly belongs to the Swiss Friedrich-Caesar Laharpe. La Harpe sought to inspire his student with the ideas of liberalism, to explain the advantages of a constitutional form of government. Unfortunately, the broad educational and upbringing plans of Catherine and La Harpe were crumpled and were not brought to the end. The queen was finally convinced that her son Pavel would not continue her course. Therefore, expressing the concern of the nobility about the prospects for the future reign that were not bright for him, the empress intended to deprive Paul of the throne in favor of her beloved grandson Alexander. The future crowned bearer was distinguished by his beautiful appearance: tall, slender, with a bewitching smile on his angelic face, with kind blue eyes. As for the character of the future crowned bearer, the abnormal relations that developed between his father were reflected in the most unfavorable way.Pavel Petrovich and the reigning grandmotherCatherine II . They didn't love each other. These were not just two faces, but two special worlds, between which lay a moral and political abyss.

Alexander had to rush about and act, trying to adapt either to the requirements of the empress-grandmother, or to the disgraced father, who created a barracks-Prussian atmosphere in his Gatchina Palace. In addition, the father looked at his son as a political competitor. The son, in turn, was forced to prove to his father that he did not seek to take the throne. Alexander had to be on his guard all the time and play the hypocrite, maneuvering between his relatives. Cunning and secrecy forever remained traits of his character. Even in his mature years, he prepared his exits in society in front of a mirror, rehearsing gestures, smiles, phrases. Sometimes the king himself ceased to distinguish - where is the game, and where is his true face. As an emperor, he effectively used the most graceful poses of ancient statues. Alexander I surprisingly combined a penetrating mind, great versatile abilities, magnificent wit - with laziness, a desire for idleness, amusements. If from his grandmother and from La Harpe Alexander took a respectful attitude to education, sciences and arts, then Paul instilled in his son a passion for military affairs. Love tofront, maneuversand military parades remained with Alexander until the end of his days.

How did Catherine II treat Alexander?
How did you feel about Paul?

The students answer the questions.

Teacher. I propose to solve a logical problem. Before you are three figures: Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I. They are arranged in chronological order.

Teacher. What colors do you associate with the reign of Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I?
Let's start in order: Catherine II?
Student. Red color, since Catherine II herself was a bright, intelligent, gifted, outstanding, strong personality, and during her reign, Russia became a powerful power. Catherine forced Europe to reckon with the opinion of Russia, and the Russians themselves - to be proud of their newly won glory and respect themselves.

The teacher takes a brush, red paint and draws a red oval on a piece of paper under the inscription "Catherine II".

Teacher. Pavel I?
Students. ???
Teacher. The great Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky.
Here is how he characterized the reign of Paul I:

“The reign of this emperor was extremely controversial. On the one hand, the relief of the peasants, on the other, the restriction of the rights and privileges of the nobility, which amounted to open repressive measures. Against the backdrop of unpredictability, irascibility and suspicion of the emperor himself.

That is, Paul I is changeable, like the sea: either calm or storm.
What color appears before you?

Students. Shades of blue.
Teacher. Quite right. This is how the color of the sky changes from azure on a sunny morning to lead-blue before a storm.

The teacher takes a brush, blue paint and draws on a piece of paper
under the inscription "Paul I" is a blue oval.

Teacher. We will get acquainted with the development of Russia during the reign of Alexander I in detail in the following lessons. But let's assume what will be the policy of Alexander I, based on the conditions for the formation of his personality?
Students. Alexander is the favorite grandson of Catherine II. Perhaps he will continue her policy, but he is the son of Paul I, which means that he will combine red and blue, and this will lead to the birth of a new color.
Teacher. Let's test it and see what happens.

The teacher takes a brush, and on a piece of paper under the inscription "Alexander I"
mixes red and blue colors.
The result is a purple oval.

Teacher. Purple is an ambiguous color.
What character traits could develop in such a person?
Students. The desire for change, but at the same time duplicity, hypocrisy, cunning, which did not allow him to complete any of the things he started.
Teacher. Give, please, the statement of contemporaries about Alexander I.

Students read homework.

Statements about Alexander I

"In politics, Alexander is as thin as the tip of a pin, sharp as a razor, false as the foam of the sea." (Swedish diplomat Lagerbilke )
Republican in words and autocrat in deeds. (A.I. Turgenev )
"He does everything by half." (MM. Speransky )
“The emperor loved the external form of freedom, how can one love a performance ... but apart from the forms of appearance, he did not want anything and was in no way inclined to endure that they turned into reality.” (A. Czartoryski )
"Crowned Hamlet, who was haunted all his life by the shadow of his murdered father." (A.I. Herzen )

Teacher. But let's get back to the events on the night of March 11-12, 1801. It is known that during the assassination attempt, Pavel's body was severely mutilated. To hide the traces of the crime, it was decided to make up the corpse of Pavel. In the Mikhailovsky Castle, the people hastily said goodbye to him. So Paul I went down in history, who ruled our country for 4 years 4 months 4 days. The era of Paul I ended with the last palace coup in Russia.
It's time to take stock. What were the results of the investigation? What are the motives for the crime? What is the extent of Alexander's guilt?
What consequences did the last palace coup have for Russia?

Students make a conclusion and write in a notebook:

“As a result of a palace coup, Alexander I ascended the throne. Probably, Alexander’s policy will be of a noble nature, but Alexander cannot do without reforms, since Russia lagged behind the countries of Europe in socio-economic development, and Alexander was brought up by Catherine II and was an enlightened monarch ".

Homework:

Lesson grades.

Appendix

Paul I was born on September 20, 1754 and was the only son of Peter III and Catherine II.

Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who passionately awaited his birth, brought 100 thousand rubles to the mother of the newborn on a golden platter, and immediately took the boy to her half and took up his upbringing.

He talked with his parents no more than once or twice a week and, in fact, did not really know them, however, like they did not know him.

According to contemporaries, little Pavel was a smart and responsive child, he quickly learned to write and read, showing particular success in mathematics.

In 1760, when Pavel was not even six years old, Elizaveta Petrovna appointed Nikita Ivanovich Panin as the educator of the future heir to the throne. He was a supporter of education and absolute monarchy. Under the influence of these ideas, young Paul's worldview was formed.

What happened in the summer of 1762 remained in Paul's memory for the rest of his life. On July 28, raised in the middle of the night, not understanding anything, terribly frightened, the boy was taken to the Winter Palace to take the oath to his mother, the new Russian Empress Catherine II.

Paul later learns that his mother has ascended the throne, overthrowing his father, and that his father was murdered by his mother's drunken lover. The images associated with this death will cause in him premature anxiety, suspicion and consciousness of his humiliating, dependent position.

In the meantime, the upbringing of the heir continues, new educators are invited, including Semyon Poroshin. It was he who awakened in the boy the desire to match the image of an ideal knight. Orthodoxy was taught by the outstanding theologian Archimandrite Platon, who raised Paul as a deeply religious person.

Paul's education continued until the age of 19, until he married the Darmstadt princess Wilhelmina. However, this marriage was short-lived and unhappy. Pavel's wife died after 3 years due to difficult childbirth, and the child also died. Marriage in those days meant coming of age, but the power-hungry Catherine removed the heir from government. Moreover, she allowed her entourage to openly humiliate her son, demonstrate a dismissive attitude towards him, and spread rumors about his inability to engage in public affairs.

The hostility between mother and son grows into hatred. And then the empress, as a skillful and subtle politician, plays the role of a caring and tenderly loving mother, finding a worthy match for her son in the person of the Princess of Württemberg, who received the name Maria Feodorovna. The marriage turned out to be happy, Catherine is supportive of the young. But it doesn't last long. The mother again inflicts a cruel blow on her son: she takes away the first-born Pavel Alexander and brings him up herself.

Soon Catherine gives Pavel Gatchina. There comes a painful time of isolation from state affairs.

The impatient thirst for activity finds a way out in the creation of its own army in Gatchina, in which Prussian training and drill flourish. The character of the Tsarevich deteriorates. He becomes rude, petty, suspicious, quick-tempered, despotic.

Paul's outlook is changing. The French Revolution played a huge role in this. The execution of Louis XVI killed in him the constitutional dreams instilled in him by Panin.

The desire to follow the ideals of a medieval knight with his ideas of nobility, honor, courage, service to the sovereign becomes one of the characteristic features of Paul's worldview.

By 1796, relations between Catherine and Paul deteriorated to the limit, she firmly decided to leave her son without a throne and transfer the crown to Alexander. Only death does not allow Catherine to carry out her plans. At the age of 42, Paul becomes emperor.

One French woman wasRussia at the time of the coronation of Alexander I in the Assumption Cathedral and saw how he walked along the Cathedral, surrounded by the old nobles of Catherine II, Paul I and his young friends. "He walked through the Cathedral, preceded by his grandfather's murderers, surrounded by his father's murderers, and apparently accompanied by his own murderers," she wrote.

The last palace coup in Russia

The material can be used in preparing a lesson on the topic
"The era of palace coups".
7th grade.

In recent years, many teachers are trying more often to use non-traditional teaching methods in their work when conducting lessons. Experience shows that conducting a lesson in the form of a lecture does not give a long-term memorization effect, and most students forget up to 80% of the studied material after a while. Therefore, as a teacher, I have to constantly come up with something new in order to achieve the maximum effect of assimilation and memorization of the material. They say that a good lesson is a lesson of questions and doubts, insights and discoveries. I want to talk about some of these developments that I used using the example of this lesson.

Family tree of the Romanov family
from Peter I to Alexander I

Teacher. Our lesson is devoted to the last palace coup in Russia. In order to understand the circumstances of this case, remember: what are palace coups; Why in the 18th century increased the number of contenders for the Russian throne?

Students answer questions.

Teacher. Let's turn to the worksheet of the lesson and complete tasks aimed at developing memory.

Teacher. At the beginning of the XIX century. The last palace coup took place in Russia. You have already familiarized yourself with what exactly happened on the night of March 11-12, 1801 by listening to audio cassettes (audio cassettes with a recording of educational material prepared by the teacher are distributed in the amount of 3-5 pieces per class 5-7 days before studying this topic ). Tell me about it.

Catherine II

Alexander I

Lithography. 1825

Teacher. We have to find out:

Reasons for the crime.
List of participants.
Consequences of this coup for the development of Russia.

Writing on the board.

Why do you think the conspirators committed this crime?
Why did the policy pursued by Paul I cause discontent? After all, Paul I stayed on the Russian throne for only 4 years 4 months 4 days. For such a short period of time, he issued 2179 decrees. Why were his efforts not appreciated?

Teacher. Now you have to work as experts. An envelope came to our school containing a very curious document.

Exercise

Complaint to the nobility

"BUT. About the personal advantages of the nobles.
It is not only useful for the empire, but it is also fair to eat, so that the respectful state of the noble nobility is preserved and affirmed unshakably and inviolably ...
12. Let not the noble judge besides his equals.
13. Let corporal punishment not touch the noble ...
17. We confirm for eternity in hereditary childbirth the freedom and freedom of the Russian noble nobility ...
B. About the meeting of nobles.
39. The meeting of the nobility in the governorship is allowed to elect the provincial marshal of the nobility of that province ... "

Students. Paul I could not write this document, since his policy was directed against the nobles. This document was compiled by Catherine II, as she cared about the privileges of the nobility.
Teacher. Testify what decrees of Paul I were directed against the nobility.

Homework is checked.

What can be said about the foreign policy pursued by Paul I?

Teacher. The despotism of Paul I, the dissatisfaction of the nobles with the domestic and foreign policy pursued by the emperor, led to a palace coup. Now we are ready to answer the first two questions of the memo:
Reasons: dissatisfaction of the nobles with the domestic and foreign policy pursued by the emperor.
The composition of the conspirators - the nobles.

Records are kept in notebooks.

Teacher. We found out the reasons for the conspiracy, the composition of the conspirators, but one more person involved in the murder remained in the shadows. Who is this?
Students. Alexander, son of Paul I.

Teacher. Why did Alexander end up in the camp of the conspirators? Perhaps, Alexander's letter will help us to partially understand this.

From a letter from Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich (1797)

“My father, having ascended the throne, wanted to reform everything ... Everything is immediately turned upside down. This only increased the disorder of the already too great degree in affairs ... My unfortunate fatherland is in a position beyond description. The farmer is offended, trade is constrained, freedom and personal well-being are destroyed.

Questions for the document

How did his son Alexander assess the reign of Paul I?
Did Paul trust Alexander?

Teacher. Paul and Alexander did not trust each other. In many ways, the reasons for distrust lie in the attitude of Catherine II towards them.

Watching the video film "Paul I". 5 minutes.

Movie questions

How did Catherine II treat Alexander?
How did you feel about Paul?

The students answer the questions.

Teacher. I propose to solve a logical problem. There are three figures in front of you: Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I. They are arranged in chronological order (home-made figures are on the study table).

Exercise

Arrange these figures in a logical order.

Students. Catherine II, Alexander I, Paul I. (They explain why they arranged the figures in this way.)
Teacher. What colors do you associate with the reign of Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I?
Let's start in order: Catherine II?
Student. Red color, since Catherine II herself was a bright, intelligent, gifted, outstanding, strong personality, and during her reign, Russia became a powerful power. Catherine forced Europe to reckon with the opinion of Russia, and the Russians themselves - to be proud of their newly won glory and respect themselves.

The teacher takes a brush, red paint and draws a red oval on a piece of paper under the inscription "Catherine II".

Teacher. Pavel I?
Students. .
Teacher. The great Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky.
Here is how he characterized the reign of Paul I:

“The reign of this emperor was extremely controversial. On the one hand, the relief of the peasants, on the other, the restriction of the rights and privileges of the nobility, which amounted to open repressive measures. Against the backdrop of unpredictability, irascibility and suspicion of the emperor himself.

That is, Paul I is changeable, like the sea: either calm or storm.
What color appears before you?

Pavel I

S.S. Schukin. 1797

Students. Shades of blue.
Teacher. Quite right. This is how the color of the sky changes from azure on a sunny morning to lead-blue before a storm.

The teacher takes a brush, blue paint and draws on a piece of paper
under the inscription "Paul I" is a blue oval.

Teacher. We will get acquainted with the development of Russia during the reign of Alexander I in detail in the following lessons. But let's assume what will be the policy of Alexander I, based on the conditions for the formation of his personality?
Students. Alexander is the favorite grandson of Catherine II. Perhaps he will continue her policy, but he is the son of Paul I, which means that he will combine red and blue, and this will lead to the birth of a new color.
Teacher. Let's test it and see what happens.

The teacher takes a brush, and on a piece of paper under the inscription "Alexander I"
mixes red and blue colors.
The result is a purple oval.

Teacher. Purple is an ambiguous color.
What character traits could develop in such a person?
Students. The desire for change, but at the same time duplicity, hypocrisy, cunning, which did not allow him to complete any of the things he started.
Teacher. Give, please, the statement of contemporaries about Alexander I.

Students read homework.

Guard parade in the reign of Paul I
on the parade ground of the Gatchina Palace.

Statements about Alexander I

"In politics, Alexander is as thin as the tip of a pin, sharp as a razor, false as the foam of the sea." (Swedish diplomat Lagerbilke)
Republican in words and autocrat in deeds. (A.I. Turgenev)
"He does everything by half." (M.M. Speransky)
“The emperor loved the external form of freedom, how can one love a performance ... but apart from the forms of appearance, he did not want anything and was in no way inclined to endure that they turned into reality.” (A. Czartoryski)
"Crowned Hamlet, who was haunted all his life by the shadow of his murdered father." (A.I. Herzen)

Teacher. But let's get back to the events on the night of March 11-12, 1801. It is known that during the assassination attempt, Pavel's body was severely mutilated. To hide the traces of the crime, it was decided to make up the corpse of Pavel. In the Mikhailovsky Castle, the people hastily said goodbye to him. So Paul I went down in history, who ruled our country for 4 years 4 months 4 days. The era of Paul I ended with the last palace coup in Russia.
It's time to take stock. Let's go back to the note:
What consequences did the last palace coup have for Russia?

Students make a conclusion and write in a notebook:

Catherine II, Paul I and
Alexander I in a medallion

From an engraving by Boldt

“As a result of a palace coup, Alexander I ascended the throne. Probably, Alexander’s policy will be of a noble nature, but Alexander cannot do without reforms, since Russia lagged behind the countries of Europe in socio-economic development, and Alexander was brought up by Catherine II and was an enlightened monarch ".

Drawings and developing tasks on the topic
"Palace coups in Russia"

Level A

Exercise
Arrange in chronological order the rulers of Russia who came to power as a result of palace coups:

Peter II
Catherine I
Catherine II
Elizaveta Petrovna

Rate yourself
If you didn't make any mistakes, give yourself a "4".
If you made one mistake, give yourself a "3".
If you made more than one mistake, give yourself a "2".
Grade:

Level B

Exercise
Match the names of the rulers with the dates:

Peter II
A. 1730-1740

Anna Ioannovna
B. 1727-1730

Catherine I
B. 1725-1727

Catherine II
G. 1761-1762

Peter III
D. 1762-1796

Elizaveta Petrovna
E. 1741-1761

Rate yourself


Grade:

Level C

Exercise
On the left, write the name of the king or queen who ruled during this period of time:

1730-1740
_____________ 1727-1730
_____________ 1725-1727
_____________ 1761-1762
_____________ 1762-1796
_____________ 1741-1761

Rate yourself
If you made no mistakes, put yourself "5".
If you made one mistake, give yourself a "4".
If you made two mistakes, give yourself a "3".
If you made more than two mistakes, give yourself a "2".
Grade:

LITERATURE

1. Valkova V.G. Valkova O.A. Russian rulers. M. Rolf, 1999.
2. Vazhenin A.G. Summaries of lessons on the history of Russia of the XIX century. Grade 8: Methodological guide. M. VLADOS-PRESS, 2001.
3. Encyclopedia for children. T 5. History of Russia. From palace coups to the era of great reforms. M. 1997.
4. Danilov A.A. Kosulina L.G. Tutorial. M. Center for Humanitarian Education, 1998.

Irina SINAISKAYA,
history teacher,
NOU "Lomonosov School",
Moscow