The last military draft in 1945. Soldiers of the last call

« Stalin in a conversation with the American ambassador , speaking of the heroic resistance of the Red Army, dropped: “Do you think they are fighting for us, for the communists? No, they are fighting for their mother Russia.”

"It is known that certain categories of Soviet citizens were not subject to conscription into the active army during the Second World War.
But for me it was a revelation that a number of ethnic groups were not called to the front.
Below are two snippets from the Decrees of the GKO relating to 1943-1944.

Decree No. GOKO-4322ss dated October 13, 1943
Moscow Kremlin.

...
Conscripts of local nationalities are not subject to conscription:

Uzbek,
Tajik,
Turkmen,
Kazakh,
Kyrgyz,
Georgian,
Armenian and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics,
Dagestan
Chechen-Ingush,
Kabardino-Balkarian,
North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics and
Adyghe,
Karachaevskaya and

...

Source: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, file 163, ll.1-3.
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/4322.html

State Defense Committee
Decree No. GOKO-6784cs dated October 25, 1944
Moscow Kremlin.

On the call for military service of conscripts born in 1927.
The State Defense Committee decides:
...
2. From the call to release:
...
d) conscripts of local nationalities:
Georgian,
Azerbaijani,
Armenian,
Turkmen,
Tajik,
Uzbek,
Kazakh and
Kyrgyz Union Republics,
Dagestan
Kabardian,
North Ossetian Autonomous Socialist Republics,
Adyghe and
Circassian Autonomous Regions.
...
CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE I. STALIN
Source: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, file 324, pp. 106-116.
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/6784.html
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State Defense Committee
Decree No. GOKO-1575ss dated April 11, 1942
Moscow Kremlin.
...

a) 100,000 people due to the de-booking of those liable for military service who use deferrals for mobilization with the distribution of the number of those called up by the People's Commissariats, in accordance with Appendix No. 1; ...

c) 150,000 conscripts in 1922 and 1923 births and those liable for military service up to 30 years old inclusive from among the Central Asian nationalities (in Uzbekistan 100,000 people and Kazakhstan 50,000 people) ;...

3. Oblige t.t. Shvernik and Moskatov to mobilize, in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 13, 1942, 150,000 women to replace those drafted into the army, in accordance with paragraph 1 "a" and "e" of this decree ...
4. To oblige the head of the Glavupraform, comrade Shchadenko, to use the 500,000 people allocated in accordance with this decree for manning spare parts for the preparation of marching reinforcements and for resupplying rifle divisions withdrawn from the front, as well as for the formation of tank and other special units ...
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/1575.html

* * * * *

Original taken from service free conscripts of local nationalities are not subject to the call

Moscow Kremlin.
On the conscription for military service of conscripts born in 1926

…
CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE J. STALIN"

GKO resolutions in 1943.
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/gko1943.html
Decree No. GOKO-4322ss of October 13, 1943 TEXT
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/4322.html
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________________________________________ _____________________________________

Top secret.

State Defense Committee
Decree No. GOKO-6784cs of October 25, 1944
Moscow Kremlin.

On the call for military service of conscripts born in 1927.

The State Defense Committee decides:

1. To oblige NCOs (comrade Smorodinov) in November 1944 to call up for military service male citizens born in 1927 (including those located in the territory liberated from the enemy).

2. From the call to release:

a) workers of enterprises with qualifications of the 3rd category and above, and students of vocational schools and schools of people's commissariats specified in the annex;

b) students of all higher educational institutions and students of all technical schools;

c) students of the 10th grade of the secondary school and the 9th and 10th grades of special schools of the People's Commissariat of Education;

d) conscripts of local nationalities: Georgian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Turkmen, Tajik, Uzbek, Kazakh and Kyrgyz Union Republics, Dagestan, Kabardian, North Ossetian Autonomous Socialist Republics, Adyghe and Circassian Autonomous Regions.

3. To oblige the Head of the Chief Proforma Form of the Red Army Comrade Smorodinov:

a) send 60,000 people to staff the NKVD troops;

b) to concentrate the rest of the conscripts born in 1927 in reserve, training units and special schools and schools, setting a six-month training period for them.

4. Oblige the NKPS (comrade Kaganovich) and the Chief of Logistics of the Red Army (comrade Khrulev) to transport the contingents specified in this resolution at the points and times at the request of the Chief of the Chief Proforma Form of the Red Army Comrade Smorodinov.

Sent t.t. Beria (NKVD), Malenkov, Smorodinov, Antonov, Khrulev, Kaganovich, Chadayev - all; People's Commissars, Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the republics - respectively, comrade Smirtyukov.

The list of enterprises of industrial people's commissariats, whose workers from among the conscripts born in 1927, are exempt from conscription for military service ....

Right: Khryapkina

Reason: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, d.324, ll.106-116.

Top secret.

State Defense Committee
Decree No. GOKO-4322ss of October 13, 1943
Moscow Kremlin.

On the conscription for military service of conscripts born in 1926

The State Defense Committee decides:

1. To oblige NCOs (Comrade Smorodinov) to call up for military service until November 15, 1943, all male citizens born in 1926 (including those located in the territory liberated from the enemy), regardless of the place of work and positions held, with the exception of workers of enterprises NK Ammunition, NK Armament, NK Mortar Armament, NK Aircraft Industry, NK Tank Industry, NK Coal Industry, NK Oil Industry, NK Ferrous Metallurgy, NK Nonferrous Metallurgy, NK Power Plants, NK Electrical Industry, NK Heavy Machine Building, NK Machine Tool Building, NK Ways of communication, NK of the Sea Fleet, NK of the River Fleet and Glavsevmorput, having the qualification of 3rd category and above.

Conscripts of local nationalities are not subject to conscription: Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics, Dagestan, Chechen-Ingush, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics and Adyghe, Karachay and Cherkess Autonomous areas.

2. To oblige the Commanders of the Far Eastern Front (comrade Purkaev) within two months (November, December 1943) to allocate 100,000 people. trained privates and non-commissioned officers fit for military service, and transferred to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the head of the Glavupraform of the Red Army.

3. To oblige the Commanders of the Trans-Baikal Front (comrade Kovalev) within two months (November, December 1943) to allocate 35,000 people. trained privates and non-commissioned officers fit for military service, and transferred to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the head of the Glavupraform of the Red Army.

4. To oblige the Commanders of the Transcaucasian Front within two months (November, December 1943) to allocate 30,000 people. trained privates and non-commissioned officers fit for military service, and transferred to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the head of the Glavupraform of the Red Army.

5. To oblige the Commander of the Artillery of the Red Army (Comrade Voronov) within two months (December 1943 and January 1944) to allocate 30,000 people from the units of the Western and Eastern Air Defense Fronts and the Moscow Special Air Defense Army. trained privates and non-commissioned officers fit for military service, and transferred to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the head of the Glavupraform of the Red Army.

6. To oblige the head of the Glavupraform Comrade Smorodinov:

a) in exchange for the released privates and sergeants (paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 5), transfer before December 15, 1943: to the troops of the Far Eastern Front - 100,000 people, to the troops of the Trans-Baikal Front - 35,000 people, to the troops of the Transcaucasian Front - 30,000 people, in the air defense forces - 30,000 people, and in total - 195,000 recruits born in 1926;

b) to concentrate the rest of the conscripts born in 1926 in reserve, training units and special schools, setting a six-month training period for them, forbidding anyone to use them ahead of schedule to staff units of the army in the field.

7. Oblige the NKPS (comrade Kaganovich) and the head of the Logistics of the Red Army (comrade Khrulev) to transport the contingents specified in this resolution at the points and times at the request of the head of the Chief of the Chief Praform of the Red Army comrade. Smorodinov.

CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE I. STALIN

Sent t.t. Molotov, Smorodinov, Zhukov, Kaganovich, Khrulev - everything. Chadaev - 1. Far Eastern Command Troops. front - 2, 6a - acc. Komtroy Zabaikalsk. front - 3, 6a - acc. Komtroy of Transcaucasia. front - 4, 6a - acc. Voronov - 5, 6a - acc.

Reason: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, d.163, ll.1-3. http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/4322.html

________________________________________ ________________________________________ __

Top secret.

State Defense Committee
Decree No. GOKO-1575ss of April 11, 1942
Moscow Kremlin.

NGO issues

1. Allocate and transfer the Glavupraform in the period from April 15 to May 15 this year. d. 500,000 people fit for military service in the army, including:

a) 100,000 people at the expense of reserving those liable for military service who use deferrals for mobilization with the distribution of the number of those called up by the People's Commissariats, according to Appendix No. 1;

b) 100,000 people in 1922, 1923 births not drafted into the army;

c) 150,000 conscripts in 1922 and 1923 births and persons liable for military service up to 30 years old inclusive from among the Central Asian nationalities (in Uzbekistan 100,000 people and in Kazakhstan 50,000 people);

d) 65,000 people through a thorough review of those who are partially fit and previously released for health reasons from military service;

e) 50,000 persons liable for military service who are in the militia and paramilitary guards;

i) 35,000 people through a careful selection of children of migrants and migrants of military age.

2. Considering the most important task of the party and Soviet organizations of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to successfully carry out the conscription of 150,000 Uzbeks and Kazakhs, as outlined by this resolution, to oblige the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of Uzbekistan, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of Kazakhstan to ensure the correct political and organizational military recruitment leadership.

4. To oblige the head of the Glavupraform, comrade Shchadenko, to use the 500,000 people allocated in accordance with this decree for manning spare parts for the preparation of marching reinforcements and for resupplying rifle divisions withdrawn from the front, as well as for the formation of tank and other special units.

5. Oblige the NKPS (comrade Khrulev) to transport the specified contingents at the points and dates at the request of the head of the Glavupraform Comrade Shchadenko.

CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE I. STALIN

Statements sent: t.t. Shchadenko, Malenkov, Beria, Shvernik, Shaposhnikov - all; Chadayev, Moskatov, the Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, Khrulev and people's commissars - respectively.

APPENDIX to the resolution of the GOKO No. 1575ss of 11.IV.42

Narkomstroy - 6,000 people
Narkomaviaprom - 4.000 - "-
Narkomsredmash - 4.000 - "-
Narkomarmament - 3.000 - "-
Narkomtankoprom - 4.000 - "-
Narkomneft - 5.000 - "-
People's Commissariat of State Farms - 4.000 - "-
Narkomsudprom - 3.000 - "-
Drug munitions - 3.000 - "-
Narkomles - 3.000 - "-
Narkomtekstil - 3.500 - "-
Narkompischeprom - 3.500 - "-
Narkomzem - 14.500 - "-
NKPS - 13.500 - "-
NKVD - 10.000 - "-
Narkomelektroprom - 3.000 - "-
Narkomrechflot - 2.500 - "-
Narkomsvyazi - 2.000 - "-
Narkomlegprom - 1.500 - "-
Narkomzag - 1.500 - "-
Narkommyasomolprom - 1.500 - "-
Narkomstroymaterialov - 1.000 - "-
Narkomkhoz - 1.000 - "-
Narkommestprom - 1.000 - "-
Industrial cooperation - 1.000 - "-
Total: - 100.000 people

See Great Patriotic War. Anniversary statistical collection. M., 2015. 190 p.
http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/vov_svod_1.pdf

________________________________________ ______________________

"The co-chairman of the Immortal Regiment of Russia movement presented the report "The Documentary Basis of the People's Project" Establishing the Fates of the Missing Defenders of the Fatherland", within which studies were carried out on the decline in the population of the USSR in 1941-45. He changed the idea of the scale of the losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War war.

According to declassified data from the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the losses of the Soviet Union in World War II amount to 41 million 979 thousand, and not 27 million, as previously thought. This is almost one third of the modern population of the Russian Federation. Behind this terrible figure are our fathers, grandfathers, great-grandfathers. Those who gave their lives for our future. And, perhaps, the biggest betrayal is to forget their names, their feat, their heroism, which have developed into our common great Victory.

— The total decline in the population of the USSR 1941-45. - more than 52 million 812 thousand people. Of these, irretrievable losses as a result of the action of war factors are more than 19 million military personnel and about 23 million civilians. The total natural mortality of military personnel and the civilian population during this period could have amounted to more than 10 million 833 thousand people (including 5 million 760 thousand dead children under the age of four). The irretrievable losses of the population of the USSR as a result of the war factors amounted to almost 42 million people ... The information provided is confirmed by a huge number of original documents, authoritative publications and testimonies.
https://polkrf.ru/news/1275/parlamentskie_slushaniya_patrioticheskoe_vospitanie_bessmertnyiy_polk

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Direct link to the GKO Decrees for 1943
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/gko1943.html

State Defense Committee
Decree No. GOKO-4322ss of October 13, 1943
Moscow Kremlin. - download order scans
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/scans/4322-01-1.jpg
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/scans/4322-02-1.jpg
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/scans/4322-03-1.jpg

The original post for this post is located at

And it will be so, inevitably it will be.

An old man will appear on the stage in orders -

The last front-line soldier on the planet,

And people will stand in front of him in a fit:

Not someone in front of them - a front-line soldier!

An experienced old man will lead a story

How this earth was torn out of metal,

How did he save the sun for us...

The boys will be very surprised

The girls will sigh sadly -

How is it possible to die at seventeen,

How can you lose your mother as a child?

And he will leave in the dew of scarlet dawns,

In bouquets of roses and field poppies...

Memorize them before it's too late

As long as they live among the living.

Nikolay Rybalko. memorize them

The last military conscription is the conscription for military service, the last during the Great Patriotic War, conscripts born in 1926 and 1927.

By the end of 1944, the entire territory of the Soviet Union was liberated from fascist troops, but more than six months remained before the end of the war. In the first years of the war, the Red Army suffered significant losses, maintaining the number of combat-ready units through the mobilization of older ages. However, human resources are not unlimited. It should be noted that for the first time the country's leadership decided to deviate from the Law on universal conscription in the face of severe human losses and in the fall of 1943 to call for active military service over 700 thousand underage boys born in 1926. This experience was repeated in the next 1944 and 1945. And do not believe anyone who says that these teenagers sat at their desks during the war years. On October 25, 1944, the State Defense Committee announced the call for military service of conscripts born in 1927. Then 1 million 156 thousand 727 people were called (according to Wikipedia).

The generation of defenders of the Fatherland of the last military draft is a special category of people who, having barely reached the age of seventeen, were drafted in 1944 into the ranks of the Red Army and the Navy.

And all of them, in fact, were minors on the day of the call. Such an experience of conscription already took place in the First World War in 1915 in Russia. But then "an early conscription of young people born in 1895 was made, and young men who had not yet reached the age of twenty went to war." G. Zhukov mentions this in his book “G. K. Zhukov. Memories and reflections. "In 1944, the drafted young men were barely seventeen years old. Most of them persistently sought to go to the front in military units and on warships. And many fell to serve in units of the army. % consisted of soldiers born in 1926-1927 (Archive of the MOSSSR F396 OP243910, d.2, l.281).

Those who among them had a chance to fight on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War showed courage and steadfastness, fighting against the fascist invaders. Not all of them lived to see the Great Victory Day. Having passed the course of a young soldier at an accelerated pace, already at the beginning of 1945, many were sent to the front, many a little later in the same 1945 - to the Far East to participate in the war with Japan. Not from a good life, our country was forced to fight with children's hands. 280,000 young Soviet soldiers remained forever on the battlefields of European countries, which they, along with their older brother-soldiers, had to liberate from fascism. Among the participants of the Great Patriotic War of the last military conscription, 15 people received the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Most of the last military conscription did not reach the front, but their service at that time did not differ much from the front. The protection of military facilities and camps, the "cleansing" of the liberated territories were, as a rule, a terrible and bloody affair. They did not fight at the front, but were next to it, with weapons in their hands they participated in the liquidation of bandit Bandera gangs, cleared the liberated territories on land and at sea, escorted German prisoners of war, carried out border and guard duty. After the end of the war, they were in constant combat readiness, without taking off their overcoats for months, and served in the Red Army for more than three terms prescribed by law.

The special merit of these young men was that they were responsible for strengthening the defense power and security of our Motherland, when there was a mass dismissal of the older ages of privates, sergeants and foremen after the end of the war.

Many trials and difficulties fell on the lot of young soldiers of the last military draft. Military service for them was extended to 7 - 9 years. There were no mass military conscriptions for service either in 1945 or in 1946, until 1949 in accordance with the decision of the Supreme Military Council under the chairmanship of Stalin. -s. And all this time, from 1944 to the 50s, the generation of the last military conscription served, ensuring the security and defense of our country. And at the same time, no one grumbled, did not show dissatisfaction with the lengthened service three times without holidays.

And even before being called up for war in 1944-45, the young men managed to work for 2-3 years in the national economy, where only women, old people and children worked at that time. And everyone worked without rest and holidays, giving all their strength to the common cause of the Victory. All soldiers of the last draft were awarded the medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." and anniversary medals.

Soldiers of the last call

We want to talk about the soldiers of the last draft - our countrymen, residents of the village of Glubokoe.

Ivan Avdeevich Filtsov(23.08.1927 - 03.11.2016)

On January 27, 1997, a public organization was created in the village of Glubokoye - the Council of Veterans of the last draft of the Great Patriotic War. Ivan Avdeevich Filtsov was elected Chairman of the Council. His childhood ended at the age of 13 when the war began. He worked as a shepherd on a collective farm, as a trailer on a tractor. After the liberation of his native Milyutinsky district from the Germans in January 1943, he was enlisted in the special. the formation of the NKVD - a fighter battalion. The soldiers of the battalion lived in the barracks, guarded the weapons and ammunition abandoned by the Germans, participated in clearing the fields from shells and mines, in detaining the Germans leaving the Stalingrad encirclement. And in January 1945, Ivan Filtsov was taken to the Red Army. He was 17 and a half years old. He served in the reserve regiments of the North Caucasian Military District, where he was both a mortar, an artilleryman, and a reconnaissance officer. From 1947 to 1951 he served in the Far East, and in total his service lasted 7 years. He returned to civilian life in 1951, he had neither education nor civilian profession. He went to work on the railroad, graduated from the school of working youth, then in absentia from a technical school and institute. Ivan Avdeevich devoted his whole life to the railway - he was both a train foreman and a workshop foreman, head of the reserve of the FDA and head of the car depot. The railway is a well-oiled mechanism, work on it is very responsible and requires a lot of effort from a person. And yet, Ivan Avdeevich Filtsov managed to devote much attention to public work, mainly devoted to preserving the memory of the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. On his initiative, a monument was built on the territory of the carriage depot Glubokaya to the railway workers who died at the front and in the rear. The monument was solemnly opened on May 9, 1975 and dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Great Victory. Later, when the depot was closed in the 90s, the monument was moved to the forecourt of Glubokoy station. It hosts such events as the "Memory Watch", the laying of flowers on the eve of Victory Day, meetings of schoolchildren with veterans. Ivan Avdeevich has always been an active participant in these meetings.

As chairman of the Council of Veterans - Railway Workers of the Glubokoy station, he takes the initiative to write the history of the station, which would cover everything - the military and labor feat of our countrymen railway workers during the war and in peacetime, the development of the road itself and its services, the fate of people who dedicated it and their native station your life. And such a booklet was created. Its name is symbolic - "Road of Life". Many people took part in its creation - members of the Council of Veterans, employees of the department of culture of the administration of the Kamensky district, the department of education, the editorial office of the regional newspaper "Earth", the Intersettlement Central Library, residents of the village of Glubokoe. But most of the materials and photographs for the booklet were collected by I. A. Filtsov. The circulation of the publication is small, but it is an invaluable local history material, a gift from a veteran railway worker to future generations. In 2010, the Kamensk administration and the District Assembly of Deputies for outstanding professional success and many years of conscientious work in the patriotic education of young people, Ivan Avdeevich Filtsov was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of the Kamensky District.

Vasily Ivanovich Volchensky

Called for military service in 1944. He served as a driver, graduated from the military school of auto mechanics in 1945. He was a sergeant, squad leader, deputy. platoon leader. He was demobilized in 1951 as a specialist in wheeled vehicles.

Nikolai Grigorievich Gaidarev

He was called up on May 10, 1943, then he was not yet 17 years old, at first he was taught shooting, military affairs. After he got into the 42nd rifle regiment of the NKVD, where tactical exercises continued. After studying, there was the first baptism of fire in 1944 - the Caucasian operation. Then again the order and participation in the enhanced protection of the Chinese border. The situation there was complicated. The Chinese (Kuomintang) constantly made provocations to start a war. In 1945, the Chinese calmed down, and the regiment, where Nikolai Grigorievich served, was transported to Western Ukraine, to the Drogobych region, to the Medyka station. When Medyka went to Poland, Gaidarev found himself in the city of Mostyska in the Lvov region. Until 1950, he fought against Ukrainian nationalists in western Ukraine. Has government awards. He served seven and a half years.

Nikolai Vlasovich Grigoriev

Called up in November 1944. He served as a mechanic - the driver of the T - 31 tank. He was demobilized in May 1951.

Genrikh Vasilyevich Korablin

Genrikh Vasilyevich Korablin was born in the village of Markinskaya in the Tsimlyansk region in 1928. At the age of 15, he went to work at MTS as a trailer operator. They took him to the army at the beginning of 1945, at the end of February he was already in the 83rd rifle regiment in Novocherkassk. Two weeks later, Korablin was sent to the signal troops in the village of Vorontsovo - Aleksandrovka, Stavropol Territory. He had 7 classes of education, but there was no certificate, they did not have time to issue it - the war began. He passed a kind of exam in the army - they gave the Constitution of the USSR in his hands - read. I read it tolerably. In units they learned to climb poles, studied telephone sets, including the new induction phonics, which then came from America. He remembers, when they learned about the Victory on May 9, 1945, the deputy commander of the regiment for political affairs, Churkin, jumped out of the headquarters, hugged the sentry.

The service went more calmly, but there was a lot of work - they restored communication from Mineralnye Vody to Vorontsovo - Aleksandrovka. They began to receive government assignments - 200 km of a new telephone connection from Baku. The poles were carried on buffaloes, hooked, lifted, everything was done by hand. It was very difficult to dig holes for poles - the ground in the mountains is rocky. We finished this line - loaded a part of it into wagons and transported it to Tbilisi. From the observation deck across the pass, the one where Pushkin met the convoy with the body of Griboyedov, they began to build a communication line. Before that, there were crooked poles with one wire - and this was the government connection to Kirovokan. For the replacement of this line, the regiment commander received the Order of the Red Star, and the signalmen were given 15 days of vacation. Heinrich Korablin was then a junior sergeant, he was transferred to Krasnodar to a regimental school as a squad leader. Then, already from Krasnodar in 1948, he went on his first vacation. For the first time after four years of service he was then at home.

Heinrich served in the army for 6 years and 1 month. He returned home as a sergeant in 1951 already in the village of Morozovskaya. The native village of Markinskaya no longer existed, in its place the Tsimlyansk reservoir was built. Genrikh Vasilievich became a conductor, soon became a senior conductor, then he was going to study as a driver. I studied in the 7th grade of an evening school, and then went to the Voronezh school of machinists. He was sent to train practice as a machinist at the Glubokaya depot. His future wife, a native of the village of Glubokoe, Valentina Zakharovna, worked as an instructor for Soyuzpechat.

During his career, Genrikh Vasilyevich drove steam locomotives, diesel locomotives and electric locomotives. He has 8 medals, in 1976 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, a war and labor veteran.

Evgeny Alexandrovich Koshelev

Called up in 1944, he served in a fighter detachment. He began his service in the 7th Infantry Training Regiment. He visited Iran in the city of Kozvin, in the 90th separate brigade, where he ended the war. Demobilized in 1951.

Vasily Ivanovich Krepeshkov

He was drafted in 1943. Corporal, served in the 42nd Infantry Regiment, then served as a cavalryman in the 30th, 89th, 7th border detachments on the border in Kazakhstan and Estonia. After demobilization, he worked as an assistant locomotive driver, a labor veteran.

Petr Nikolaevich Kucherov

Called up in November 1944. He served in the artillery until May 1945. “During this time,” recalled Pyotr Nikolayevich, “I had to sip not a single pound of dashing. Half the country was destroyed, everywhere cold, hunger, and the army endured the same ... After all, the requirements were harsh and strict - systematic exercises close to a combat situation. At any time of the day, a command arrives - “Combat alert!”, And here everything is strictly according to the charter: the division or regiment is removed and after 10-15 minutes it goes to the appropriate positions. I served in the artillery - the RTK regiment (reserve of the main command), which is armed with 122 mm and 152 mm howitzers and 100 mm anti-tank guns. It was instantly necessary to build shelters for guns and manpower, and everything was built using the method of shovels and crowbars. These maneuvers were carried out 3-4 times a year at any time of the year, regardless of the weather: rain, snow, heat or cold. So the calluses for service did not leave the palms, but there were also bloody ones ... After demobilization from the army, in a dream for another two years he continued to carry out the commands of commanders and demand from subordinates. But thanks to the willpower acquired in the army and strict requirements for myself, I still continue to live and benefit not only myself, but also those around me.

Dmitry Methodievich Nikishin

Called up in September 1944. He began his service in the 7th training rifle regiment in the city of Mozdok. After the end of the war, he was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet in the city of Sevastopol. Served for over 7 years. Demobilized in April 1951.

Alexander Matveevich Okuntsov

Called up in May 1944. He served in the 149th separate rifle battalion. Demobilized in 1949.

Veniamin Pavlovich Ostashko

He was drafted in November 1944 at the age of 17. He served in military unit 58105, for which he received two awards - the medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." and "For victory over Japan". Demobilized in 1953. Served 9 years in various reserve regiments.

Vladimir Sergeevich Polyakov

In March 1943, on a summons from the draft board, he was drafted into the army. Served in the fighter squad. They guarded trophy warehouses with weapons, minions of the Nazis - policemen and elders. Demobilized in April 1951.

Viktor Ilyich Radaev

Called up in September 1944. He graduated from the Kirovobad Aviation School, the Irkutsk Aviation School, served in the East Siberian Military District as an aviation mechanic, then as a senior aviation mechanic. He was demobilized due to illness in 1948.

Alexey Stepanovich Sokolenko

Called on November 29, 1944. He served in the 48th reserve artillery regiment as a senior intelligence officer. Demobilized in 1951.

Sergei Savelievich Tatarinov

Called up in May 1943. He served as a border rifleman in the 42nd border regiment. Demobilized in October 1952.

Ivan Ivanovich Chernoivanov

He began military service at the age of 16. He served in a fighter battalion at the district police department of one of the districts of the Rostov region. The soldiers of the battalion guarded state institutions, raided the forests, catching deserters and bandits. The battalion was in the barracks position, it had 3 platoons. In November 1944, Ivan was drafted into the Red Army. He ended up in the artillery battalion of the 61st training rifle regiment, and after training in the 181st artillery mortar regiment, after the disbandment of which - in 2014 - the anti-aircraft artillery regiment in the Far East - the Kuznetsovo station on the Suchan River. In 1947 he was transferred to Germany. Demobilized in June 1951. In the photo, Ivan Ivanovich is the first on the right, in a cap.

These are the rather meager information left to us about the soldiers of the last draft - our fellow countrymen. Few people knew about them, they were not written about in the newspapers. Only in recent years, I. A. Filtsov, being chairman of the Council of Veterans of Railway Workers and chairman of the Council of Veterans of the last draft of the village of Glubokoe, tried to draw attention to their considerable merits to the Motherland and to their needs. It was then in 2002 that his article “They were only seventeen” was published in the regional newspaper Zemlya.

The last military call - beardless gang boys,

The last victim of that country

Hungry for blood, war.

The last defensive line of courage that did not sniff gunpowder,

The last desperate step towards that victorious spring!

The boys in the photo are standing, just boys and bullies,

They laugh at something excitedly and are proud of their form.

And how many of those young messengers of peace will remain there,

At the end of this terrible war, boys, almost children ...

For those who have fallen, do not build houses and do not plant a garden,

And never know the sacred secret of love ...

They laugh, not knowing that bullets and rewards are waiting for them,

That the last terrible days await them for a righteous battle.

"Thank you" - I want to say for this boyish feat,

Which did not dream in a dream to fans of computer games!

Let them be scared at times, and yet, these are heroes!

We are grateful to them for the fact that we have had peace for 70 years!

They then protected us with ranks of thin shoulders,

Filling the beating of young hearts with the last strength!

The last military call ... The boys in the photo froze ...

They laugh excitedly at something ... And there among them is my father ...

Svetlana Lisienkova

References:

1. Zhukov, G.K. Memories and reflections [Text] in 2 volumes / G.K. Zhukov // M .: "Publishing house of the Novosti Press Agency", 1987.

2. Filtsov, I. A. The road of life [Text]: booklet / I. A. Filtsov // Glubokiy village / MUK "Department of culture, physical culture and sports of the administration of the Kamensky district", 2011. - 71p.

3. Filtsov, I. A. They were only seventeen [Text] / I. A. Filtsov // Earth. - 2002, April 19 (No. 44), April 24 (No. 45) - S. 2, 3.

4. Materials and photographs from the personal archive of a war veteran, chairman of the Council of Veterans of the last draft in the village of Glubokiy, I. A. Filtsov.

Electronic resources:

1. Last military draft [Electronic resource] Wikipedia

(https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_military_conscription), free. - Date of access 05/30/2016.

2. Kanasheva, L. The last military call. [Electronic resource] /

(http://www.proza.ru/2011/02/18/1281) Retrieved 05/30/2016.

3. Lisienkova, Svetlana. Last military call. [Electronic resource] / (http://www.stihi.ru/2015/02/21/9492) Accessed 05/30/2016.

4. Rybalko, N. Remember them [Electronic resource] / Newspaper of the Donbass State Machine-Building Academy http://www.dgma.donetsk.ua/~np/2010/2010_08/13.htm Accessed 30.05.2016.

5. Tambov soldiers of the last military draft. [Electronic resource] / State archive of social and political history of the Tambov region. (http://gaspito.ru/index.php/publication/35-statyi/491-prizyv) / Retrieved 05/30/2016.

Photos from the archive of the participant of the Great Patriotic War Ivan Avdeevich Filtsov, and also provided by the newspaper of the Kamensky district "Earth". The library is especially grateful for the help of the newspaper's employee Elena Andreeva.

Let's honor a minute of silence for our fellow villagers who did not return from the war. Auschwitz. Newspaper special edition. My native land. Glory Square. Veterans of the Second World War. Aircraft designers. Tragedy and feat of the people. Fascism. The Great Patriotic War. Artillery. Front roads of Khabarovsk residents. I.V. Stalin. G.K. Zhukov. Weapon of victory. Weapon of war. Food card. Battle medal. Memorial with. Krasnorechenskoe.

"Briefly about the war 1941-1945" - How many nameless heroes there were. Defenders of Stalingrad. June. Sobyanin died a heroic death. generation of winners. 36 thousand schoolchildren were awarded orders and medals. Zina Portnova. Chuprov Alexander Emelyanovich. Leningrad blockade. Western Europe. Partisan detachments. Memory. Brest Fortress. Putilov Matthew. The Great Patriotic War. People. Twenty-seven million human lives were claimed by the war.

"The Course of the Great Patriotic War" - Stalin's Autograph: Victory at Stalingrad. Were there means to defeat Germany? But everyone understands that the war is lost. Italy, Romania, Hungary and Finland also entered the war against the USSR. The production of tanks, ships, and ammunition developed rapidly. The number of deserters is exceptionally high. Gko. country in the late 1930s. By its cruelty and furious depravity. On April 16, 1945, the battle began.

"The Great Patriotic War" - April-May. Situation. An impossible task. Everything for the front. The initial period of the war. Summer-spring campaign. Soviet troops. Summer-autumn campaign. Third period of the war. Yalta conference. War of the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany. political schools. occupation regime. Joseph Stalin. Last military call. The Great Patriotic War. End of the war. offensive actions. Moldavian SSR.

"History of the Second World War" - The results of the initial period of the war. Millions of Soviet citizens found themselves in the occupied territories. The beginning of the invasion. North direction. Since mid-June, vacations for personnel have been canceled. Was in the blockade of Leningrad. On the morning of June 22, the Finnish army entered the Aland Islands. Blitzkrieg. The Northwestern Front (commander F.I. Kuznetsov) was created in the Baltics. Central direction.

"Great battles of the great war" - Siege of Leningrad. Eternal glory to the heroes! Victory parade. Defense of the Brest Fortress. May 9 - Victory Day. In the name of the living - Victory! The victorious outcome of the Battle of Stalingrad was of great military and political significance. Victory! The Battle of Kursk lasted forty-nine days - from July 5 to August 23, 1943. The city is a hero. On July 12, the largest oncoming tank battle in history took place in the Prokhorovka area. In the photo, the crowning memorial is the 85-meter sculpture "The Motherland Calls".

And it will be so, inevitably it will be.

An old man will appear on the stage in orders -

The last front-line soldier on the planet,

And people will stand in front of him in a fit:

Not someone in front of them - a front-line soldier!

An experienced old man will lead a story

How this earth was torn out of metal,

How did he save the sun for us...

The boys will be very surprised

The girls will sigh sadly -

How is it possible to die at seventeen,

How can you lose your mother as a child?

And he will leave in the dew of scarlet dawns,

In bouquets of roses and field poppies...

Memorize them before it's too late

As long as they live among the living.

Nikolay Rybalko. memorize them

The last military conscription is the conscription for military service, the last during the Great Patriotic War, conscripts born in 1926 and 1927.

Soldiers of the last call

We want to talk about the soldiers of the last draft - our countrymen, residents of the village of Glubokoe.

Ivan Avdeevich Filtsov(23.08.1927 - 03.11.2016)

Vasily Ivanovich Volchensky

Nikolai Grigorievich Gaidarev

Nikolai Vlasovich Grigoriev

Called up in November 1944. He served as a mechanic - the driver of the T - 31 tank. He was demobilized in May 1951.

Genrikh Vasilyevich Korablin

Evgeny Alexandrovich Koshelev

Vasily Ivanovich Krepeshkov

Petr Nikolaevich Kucherov

Dmitry Methodievich Nikishin

Alexander Matveevich Okuntsov

Called up in May 1944. He served in the 149th separate rifle battalion. Demobilized in 1949.

Veniamin Pavlovich Ostashko

Vladimir Sergeevich Polyakov

Viktor Ilyich Radaev

Alexey Stepanovich Sokolenko

Called on November 29, 1944. He served in the 48th reserve artillery regiment as a senior intelligence officer. Demobilized in 1951.

Sergei Savelievich Tatarinov

Called up in May 1943. He served as a border rifleman in the 42nd border regiment. Demobilized in October 1952.

Ivan Ivanovich Chernoivanov

The last military call - beardless gang boys,

The last victim of that country

Hungry for blood, war.

The last defensive line of courage that did not sniff gunpowder,

The last desperate step towards that victorious spring!

The boys in the photo are standing, just boys and bullies,

They laugh at something excitedly and are proud of their form.

And how many of those young messengers of peace will remain there,

At the end of this terrible war, boys, almost children ...

For those who have fallen, do not build houses and do not plant a garden,

And never know the sacred secret of love ...

They laugh, not knowing that bullets and rewards are waiting for them,

That the last terrible days await them for a righteous battle.

"Thank you" - I want to say for this boyish feat,

Which did not dream in a dream to fans of computer games!

Let them be scared at times, and yet, these are heroes!

We are grateful to them for the fact that we have had peace for 70 years!

They then protected us with ranks of thin shoulders,

Filling the beating of young hearts with the last strength!

The last military call ... The boys in the photo froze ...

They laugh excitedly at something ... And there among them is my father ...

Svetlana Lisienkova

References:

1. Zhukov, G.K. Memories and reflections [Text] in 2 volumes / G.K. Zhukov // M .: "Publishing house of the Novosti Press Agency", 1987.

3. Filtsov, I. A. They were only seventeen [Text] / I. A. Filtsov // Earth. - 2002, April 19 (No. 44), April 24 (No. 45) - S. 2, 3.

4. Materials and photographs from the personal archive of a war veteran, chairman of the Council of Veterans of the last draft in the village of Glubokiy, I. A. Filtsov.

Electronic resources:

1. Last military draft [Electronic resource] Wikipedia

(https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_military_conscription), free. - Date of access 05/30/2016.

2. Kanasheva, L. The last military call. [Electronic resource] /

(http://www.proza.ru/2011/02/18/1281) Retrieved 05/30/2016.

3. Lisienkova, Svetlana. Last military call. [Electronic resource] / (http://www.stihi.ru/2015/02/21/9492) Accessed 05/30/2016.

4. Rybalko, N. Remember them [Electronic resource] / Newspaper of the Donbass State Machine-Building Academy http://www.dgma.donetsk.ua/~np/2010/2010_08/13.htm Accessed 30.05.2016.

"Washed in blood"? Lies and truth about losses in the Great Patriotic War Victor Zemskov

2. Manning the Armed Forces of the USSR. Personnel resources. Mobilization after the start of the war

Let us consider the features of manning the army and navy in the USSR in 1939–1941. Thanks to the introduction of the Law of the USSR "On universal military duty" of September 1, 1939 ("Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR", No. 32 (55), 09/23/39), as well as a number of other special measures (hidden mobilization fees in May-June 1941, an extraordinary spring conscription in 1941 of persons born in the 1st half of 1922 and others), the actual strength of the Armed Forces of the USSR increased from 1 596 400 people as of January 1, 1938 (“Strategic essay on the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945”, M.: Voenizdat, 1961, p. 116) to 5 082 305 people by June 22, 1941 (see table 27, paragraph 1 of sources of information).

To bring the Armed Forces of the USSR (hereinafter the Armed Forces of the USSR) up to the number of wartime states after the start of the war, it was necessary to additionally call on 4.887 million people as of the state of the Red Army on January 1, 1941 (“1941 - lessons and conclusions”, a team of authors, M. : Voenizdat, 1992, p. 109). The total resources of the military reserve as of this date were estimated as follows (TsAMO RF, f. 14-A, op. 113, d. 1, l. 189):

1. Conscripts for ordinary and junior commanding officers of the 1st and 2nd categories of all three categories from 1890 to 1921. inclusive (32 ages) - 20,024 thousand people.

2. Middle and senior commanding staff of the reserve - 893 thousand people.

3. Reserved for the national economy - 2781 thousand people.

4. The total resource of the military reserve was 23,698 thousand people.

5. Consisted in the ranks of the USSR Armed Forces of persons born in 1919–1921. – 3,679,200 people

6. Consisted in the ranks of the USSR Armed Forces of the cadre - 554,200 people.

It should be clearly understood that in the number of 23.698 million people. neither the size of the regular army by January 1, 1941, nor the resource of pre-conscription youth born in 1922, called up a few weeks before the start of the war, nor the resource of subsequent young ages born in 1922–1927, nor the resource of officially non-conscription 1886–1889, is included .r., also partially called up for the entire period of the war. Each age additionally gave a significant increase in the total recruitment resource indicated in paragraph 4 above, amounting to about 19 million people in total and missing in the figures given!

And the most interesting thing in this situation is that not a single historical source, even a priori respected, still gives a detailed decoding of the situation on June 22, 1941 with the resources of personnel, at least in such a primitive form:

a) this is our regular army at the beginning of the war - 5,082,305 people;

c) this is the size of the spring (1941) draft of boys born in 1922. (1st half year) – Y;

d) and this is our recruiting resource for boys 1922 (2nd half of the year) - 1927. births for the entire period of the war - Z.

What are these X's, Y's and Z's? We cannot find this information anywhere in published sources. The staffing of the army as a result of the organizational measures carried out by June 22, 1941 was increased, therefore, the need for personnel in the wartime staff increased. The resource figures published above for January 1, 1941, after two subsequent additions, were largely clarified, but have not yet been brought to public attention. In historical sources, there are either general words and no specifics, or, at best, general figures without detail. The above information on January 1, 1941 on the total resources of those liable for military service was published in the book “Strategic Outline of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.” (p. 113), published in the Military Publishing House in 1961 and until May 29, 1964, had the signature stamp “Owl. secret", then until May 27, 1993, the stamp "Secret". The circulation of the respected book is limited, each copy is numbered. In the book on p. 113 given only the number of command personnel of the army cadre on 06/01/41 at 568,300 people. Summary information on the "human" issue in TsAMO RF has just been classified again. Is it normal to understand the specifics of the situation 70 years after the events occurred?

By June 22, 1941, in the army, navy, in the border and internal troops of the NKVD, there were the following categories of military personnel of ordinary and junior commanding staff, undergoing active military service (TsAMO RF, f. 131, op. 12951, d. 10, ll .227–228):

- rank and file of the ground forces of the NPO and the internal troops of the NKVD from recruits born in 1918 (second half of the year), 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922 (1st half of the year), called up from the fall of 1939 to the spring of 1941, - with a service life 2 years;

- junior commanders of the ground forces of the NPO and the internal troops of the NKVD (sergeants and foremen), called up from autumn 1938 to autumn 1940 (from 1917 to 1921), - with a service life of 3 years;

- ordinary and junior commanders of the NKO and NKVMF Air Force units, the NKVMF coastal defense and the NKVD border troops, called up from the fall of 1937 to the spring of 1941 (from 1916 to 1922), - with a service life of 4 years;

- ordinary and junior commanding staff of units and ships of the Navy, called up from the fall of 1936 to the spring of 1941 (from 1915 to 1922), - with a service life of 5 years.

If we hadn’t had such a number (more than 4 million people) of trained young people by the beginning of the war as part of the USSR Armed Forces, and who knows how its events would have unfolded? Would you survive, would you survive?

Below will be described the features of the most obscure to the public processes of conscription of personnel in the Red Army and the RKVMF, which took place during the summer - early autumn of 1941.

a) covert mobilization, "... when, in the interests of the country's defense, it is required to carry out mobilization without making it known to the public and without disclosing the real purpose of the measures being taken";

b) open mobilization, “... when the decision to mobilize is brought to the public attention of the citizens of the Soviet Union and the mobilization of troops is carried out openly” (“Russian Archive: Great Patriotic War: Orders of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR”, volume 13 (2–1), M .: TERRA, 1994, p. 149).

The process of open mobilization in the USSR had the following features. Its first day was June 23, 1941. It took place over 7 days. For clarity, we will henceforth refer to it as the first wave of mobilization. During this period, according to the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 22, 1941, trained soldiers born in 1905–1918 were called up. reserve of the 1st category of the 1st stage, who have completed active military service. As a rule, they were sent to military units located in the same military district (including those in the NKVD) for deployment due to mobilization to the state of wartime, or to deployed military units in another military district, or to points , where, with the announcement of mobilization, new units began to form according to the MP-41 mobplan. As a result, by July 1, 1941, more than 5.35 million people liable for military service were called up, of which over 505 thousand reserve officers from a resource of 893 thousand people (“Strategic essay on the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”, Moscow: Voenizdat, 1961, 188, "1941 - lessons and conclusions", a team of authors, M.: Voenizdat, 1992, p. 114).

Not a single military reserve was called up, as they say, "just like that." If the formation left for the West before June 22, then these soldiers, assigned to it in the spring of 1941 and called up with the start of open mobilization, were sent in echelons after it to predetermined points that were indicated in the pre-war operational transport plan. This plan, as well as the MP-41 mobplane, was an integral part of the general strategic operational plan of the USSR, which was finally developed in March-May 1941 by the top political and military leadership of our country. The other part of the mobilized personnel was sent to the reserve rifle brigades, newly created with the outbreak of war in the military districts on the funds of divisions that had gone to the West, intended to recruit replenishment into units and formations that existed by June 22, 1941. The third part was determined to form new military units , intended to be created in the first month of the war. The fourth part was sent by interdistrict transportation to deploy military units in other military districts.

Each soldier sent to a military unit being deployed to the state of wartime or a newly formed military unit had a unique command number for each military district and unit according to the deployment scheme. The deployment scheme is the main document of any army in case of mobilization. There were no extra people who did not have mobilization orders in their hands. The “superfluous” were volunteers who besieged the military registration and enlistment offices after the announcement of mobilization. For all the nobility of their actions, it should be noted that they, in fact, prevented the military registration and enlistment offices from making a planned draft. There are many reports of military commissars in TsAMO of the Russian Federation with messages about volunteers and requests - what to do with them? On the other hand, it must be said that such a voluntary impulse of tens of thousands of people to join the army is always a sign of a healthy society, when a single member of it, in case of danger, tries to protect his country!

In the briefly described picture of the first wave of mobilization in June 1941, which attracted to the army and navy, in addition to 5.08 million people of the USSR Armed Forces, in just 7 days over 5.35 million people (including in the NKVD), practically there were no improvisations. This whole process was rigidly planned for the period from August 1940 to early June 1941. From someone's suggestion, it is believed that the mobilization was nevertheless disrupted in several of the most western regions of Belarus and Ukraine. I must say that in fact it was not planned in the regions liberated in 1939, not a single person in them was subject to registration and was not assigned to any military unit (TsAMO RF, f. 8-A, op. 2729, d 28, pp. 17–30). The top leadership of the USSR did not trust them. Recruits who had been called up from there before the war were sent en masse to secondary units to the east, to internal military districts and to Central Asia (TsAMO RF, f. 131, op. 12951, d. 2, l. 26). Persons of other draft ages, if they did not manage to be taken to the east in July 1941 after the release of a special Directive of the General Staff, were called up only in 1944-45. after the liberation of the territory. In all other regions of the USSR, the turnout of conscription officers at recruiting stations after the announcement of mobilization was 99% or more! Even in Belarus and Ukraine, which fell into the combat zone, and in the Transcaucasian Military District - 99.5% (TsAMO RF, f. 209, op. 1091, d. 4, l. 219)! Of the small number of those who did not appear, more than half had so-called good reasons, and there were only a few obvious deviationists.

Due to the huge losses at the front in formations and people, the State Defense Committee of the USSR (hereinafter referred to as the GKO) was forced to prepare GKO Decree No. 48 of July 8, 1941 “On the formation of additional rifle divisions” (RGASPI, f. 644, op. 1, 1, pp. 154–155). From July 12–14, the second wave of mobilization began. It was not planned in the MP-41 mobplane either so soon or on such a large scale. She is was not planned at all. because no one could foresee such a catastrophic development of events. That is why the title of the Decree mentions the word "additional", which should be read as "additional to the MP-41 mobplane of rifle divisions." This step was forced by the general, unfavorable for us, course of the war. No one could have imagined that the command of the Western Special Military District in 4 days would not bring to the troops the Directive of the Main Military Council of the Red Army of June 18, 1941 on bringing them to a state of full combat readiness (“State Security Organs of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War war”, a collection of documents, M .: Publishing house “Rus”, 2000, vol. 2, book 1, p. 389), and a shower of bombs and shells will fall on the heads of the soldiers sleeping in the barracks in the very first minutes of the attack. No one could have imagined that the Western and Northwestern fronts would crack at the seams after the German attack in just 6 days, and the planned maximum retreat of our troops from the border to the line of fortified border regions would turn into their unrestrained flight to the deep rear, aggravated by the panic of the military , civil and party bodies and enemy sabotage (TsAMO RF, f. 208, op. 2513, d. 72, l. 64). No one could have imagined that the Germans would invest in a crushing first blow with an already mobilized force precisely against the Western Front. And if anyone had guessed, then his voice was drowned in a series of contradictory ones. No one could have imagined that the enemy would not allow us to have a mobilization period of 15-25 days for the deployment of troops to wartime states. All this radically changed and even completely canceled pre-war plans and forced them to invent new solutions on the go. In fact, by introducing an administrative order for the formation of new formations and units, the MP-41 mobilization plan was, if not canceled, then to a very large extent adjusted.

After the adoption of GKO Decree No. 48 and the signing of the Directives of the General Staff of the Red Army, the headquarters of the military districts received orders to call up several million people liable for military service from the remnants of military age, previously raised by mobilization or already serving in the regular army (born 1905–1921). After the distribution of outfits among the regional and republican military registration and enlistment offices, from July 12–14, 1941, work began again to alert, call up, recruit and send teams mobilized to the points of formation of new formations, as well as to reserve brigades, which also sent part of their personnel to the formed connections. In total, in July, the formation of unscheduled additional 59 rifle and 30 cavalry divisions of the NPO began instead of the planned 56 rifle and 10 cavalry divisions planned by GKO Decree No. 48. Of this number, 3 rifle divisions were created from those military reserve who were called up in the Moscow Military District on June 23-24 and assigned to deploy to the wartime state formations and units of the Baltic Special Military District, including six Baltic divisions (179 -184 sd), already fled by the end of June. Other formations retreated to the east, without submitting reports on their position and condition. There was no one to deploy. Therefore, trains with Russian personnel were stopped on the way from June 27, turned back and sent to new points for the formation of unscheduled formations of NPOs (242, 245, 248th rifle division) almost back to the Moscow military district in the years. Rzhev, Vyshny Volochek, Vyazma (TsAMO RF, f. 56, op. 12236, d. 7, l. 1). The same picture happened with the return from June 30 of tens of thousands of conscripts from the Oryol and Volga districts, the trains with which were deployed from the Gomel region and returned to Kursk, Yelets, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Tambov (ibid., fol. 9). They were also called upon to form unscheduled formations from 8 July 1941.

From July 2, the transfer of echelons with called-up assigned personnel from the internal military districts following the rifle and tank divisions that had departed to the West until June 22 and got involved in battles was canceled (“1941 - lessons and conclusions”, a team of authors, M .: Voenizdat, 1992, p. .114). During the battles, they were replenished from local resources or from the assigned staff of other formations who had time to arrive. And their assigned personnel were sent to other recipients, including 15 rifle divisions of the NKVD formed by a separate decision of the leadership from June 26–29, 1941. They were completed with the involvement of about 5–7% of the staff of the privates and up to 20% of the command staff from the personnel units of the NKVD troops (TsAMO RF, f. 221, op. 1364, d. 19, l. 36). The rest of the personnel for the NKVD divisions was called up from the reserve in the first and second waves of mobilization, which formed the formations of the NPO. In this regard, it is incorrect to call them in their pure form divisions of the NKVD, but these names will have to be left, since it has historically developed that the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs was their shaper.

Also, a significant part of the personnel from the reserve brigades, starting from July 10, 1941, departed for the front as part of marching battalions with a staff strength of 1000 fighters each. In total, for the period from July 10 to September 6, 1941, it was sent to the fronts 752 marching battalions(TsAMO RF, f. 56, op. 12236, d. 7, pp. 49, 52, 61, 63, 65, 69, 123; d. 48, pp. 83–92; op. 12234, d. 19, pp. 59–195). In August, the departure of the march battalions from the reserve brigades began on the 16th, after the signing of GKO Decree No. 459 of August 11 on the formation of new 85 rifle and 25 cavalry divisions and the start of the third wave of mobilization from August 18–22, 1941. In total, by September 6, 1941, 740 thousand trained soldiers went to the front as part of 752 marching rifle and machine-gun battalions - and this is in addition to those who, in the amount of more than a million people, were sent to deploy new 110 divisions. Subsequently, from September 10, replenishment from spare parts began to be sent only by numbered marching companies - shooters of 254 people each and specialists of 140 people (NGO Order No. (2–2), M.: TERRA, 1997, p. 83). This practice continued throughout the war.

In the third wave of mobilization, the remnants of the ages of 1905–1921 were called up. of both categories, including the untrained, and also for the first time raised the entire resource of those liable for military service of the 2nd category of the reserve born in 1904–1895. a total of 6.8 million people. (“1941 - lessons and conclusions”, a team of authors, M .: Voenizdat, 1992, p. 109). More than half of them had to be re-trained in spare parts in the wisdom of military affairs. In total, from the beginning of the war, by October 1, 1941, mobre resources of the military reserve of 24 ages from 1895 to 1918 were called up to the ranks of the Red Army. birth inclusive, and in some places, for example, from areas occupied by the enemy, and before 1890. During the period October-December 1941, people from 1890-1894 were drafted into the army en masse. birth, in particular, about 300,000 people. for the formation of 10 sapper armies (RGASPI, f. 644, op. 1, d. 12, pp. 118–119). In total, over 14 million people were mobilized in addition to the size of the regular army in 1941. Of these, over 2.246 million people were sent to the front as marching replenishment of the Center. (TsAMO RF, f. 56, op. 12236, d. 359, l. 224). The rest were additionally sent to form a huge number of new units or were recruited as reinforcements by the belligerent armies and fronts themselves. The total resource of persons in the Armed Forces in 1941 amounted to almost 19.1 million people. We will talk about this in great detail later when considering the resources of personnel and their losses.

The description of the three waves of open mobilization in the summer of 1941 would not be complete without a brief description of the process of covert mobilization carried out at the end of May - June 10, 1941 under the guise of "Great training camps". 755,859 people were drafted into the army by personal summons, without public announcements and solemn farewells, to covertly increase the number of military units to sizes close to wartime states. The 1st category of the military reserve of trained private and junior command personnel and 46,279 people of commanding and political structures (M.V. Zakharov “On the Eve of the Great Trials”, M .: Voenizdat, 1968, p. 249). This amounted to 24% of assigned personnel according to the MP-41 mob plan (“1941 - lessons and conclusions”, a team of authors, M .: Voenizdat, 1992, p. 82). Additionally, about 56,000 people. was sent to engineering units with their redeployment to military construction near the western borders.

Almost all regular rifle, artillery, tank units, with the exception of some border units, were in summer field camps. The mobilized assigned to them were sent there at the end of May - June 1941. De jure, the military units remained in peacetime states and numbers, and in states 2–2.5 times smaller in number than the border formations were kept, and in fact, after the recruitment of assigned staff, they turned out to be in numbers exceeding them. For example, rifle divisions were brought up to almost 12,000 people (TsAMO RF, f. 157, op. 12790, d. 47, pp. 18, 19, 25, 50, 83, 87). All the necessary stocks of weapons, equipment, ammunition according to the wartime states were already in the emergency depots (hereinafter referred to as NZ) in each unit, as well as in the forward and head depots of the armies near the state border. It was enough to distribute them according to the time sheets and the availability of personnel. Only 2,500 men for each of the 99 such deployed rifle divisions were short of a full wartime staff. Their arrival was planned, and in most cases happened with the announcement of open mobilization, which, as you know, was not long in coming.

It is even difficult to imagine how even more difficult the events of the initial period of the war would have unfolded if our leadership had not taken such a step as covert mobilization in advance. Its implementation was disguised as a "Great Training Camp". Accordingly, all of the above military reserve were quietly called up not by mobilization, but by personal summons for training, about which a corresponding note was made in their military cards, registration cards and record cards (TsAMO RF, f. 135, op. 12462, d. 14, sheet 17). In a huge number of military registration and enlistment offices, subsequently, when compiling the books of conscription (mobilization), these people remained “overboard” of the account, since they were not formally mobilized, and their registration cards were destroyed ...

70 years have passed since the beginning of the war, but not a single official work of the military department has published, at least as briefly as above, information about the four waves of mobilization for the first summer of 1941. But there were two more waves in the fall of 1941. There were two more in early 1942. The account in each of them went to millions of people. Where are the specifics, because we still will not see anything but general phrases in the published. Until now, information has not been declassified about the availability of resources for military service at the beginning of the war of all those recruited from June 23, 1941, ages born 1890–1918, conscripts and recruits born 1919–1927, as well as information about the number of those booked in production and de-booking during the war years. There is no data on the size of the replenishment sent during the war years with spare parts. These are the cornerstones of the entire historical analysis of the period of the war years, inaccessible to researchers. For all 70 years, we have been treated to stories without revealing real numbers. However, a drop wears away a stone!

I must say that the accounting for the movement of personnel (incoming and outgoing) in many spare parts and their divisions was proper, with numerous ordered lists of personnel accounting and other documents located in the TsAMO RF. The reporting of the brigades by authority, as a rule, is detailed. The documents of the headquarters of the military districts contain almost all summary data from them, indicating the numbers of marching battalions and companies, the dates of their formation, loading and dispatch to the front, as well as their destinations and recipients. But no one will see consolidated figures even at the level of military districts, not to mention the entire Red Army. Consolidated archival documents are classified, but there are no publications.

A weighty layer of information that has fallen out of consideration not only by the top military leadership, but also by local military authorities, is data on the inhabitants of a particular area who went to fight, but did not return. We are talking about the consolidated lists of soldiers taken into account by the former village councils (village administrations), whose names can often be seen on monuments and steles at their place of residence in the village. This information is preserved by fellow countrymen both in the available documentation of the former village councils, and in the most detailed household books, drawn up as of 1940 and located in the regional archives, by the way, for the most part - in secret storage! Comparison of these lists with the data of the call books, depending on the territory, can lead to unexpected results. About 5-8% of the people who are considered by the village councils as called up for mobilization and definitely died (missing) and in respect of whom the families have an official document about the fate or about whom no information about the fate has appeared since the moment they left for the war, may be absent in the surviving books of conscription of military registration and enlistment offices. For example, due to the negligence of the performers who filled them out from the registration cards of the mobilized military reserve in 1949–1950. Moreover, a notice about the fate of a soldier from a military unit could very often bypass the military registration and enlistment office. This happened in connection with the publication in 1942 of the Orders of NGOs that changed the procedure for sending notices (NGO Orders No. 10 dated 14.01.42, 0270 dated 04.12.42, 214 dated 07.14.42 - "Russian Archive: Great Patriotic War: Orders of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR”, volume 13 (2–2), M.: TERRA, 1997).

It should be further explained where these 5-8% came from: in the period 1993-2008. the author of these lines, together with colleagues, sent over 19,000 inquiries about the fate of military personnel to the TsAMO RF, to which answers were received with archive certificates attached; of these, from 5 to 8% of the answers, depending on the area of the Arkhangelsk region where the warrior was born, contained the following words: “In the card indexes of accounting for the irretrievable losses of privates and sergeants, such and such DOES NOT APPEAR.” The same applied to information on officers and other categories of soldiers. Given the large sample size, its regularity with a well-known assumption on a smaller bar can be fully used in assessing the general population, which is the total number of participants in the Great Patriotic War. Looking ahead, let’s say that the share of 5% of the approximately 35 million people who “put on their overcoats” is 1.75 million people. And the search practice at the battlefields every field season confirms with its nominal finds the sad pattern of the absence of credentials of dozens of identified soldiers in military command and control bodies in the presence of information in families and household books.

Following the receipt of the notification, the family might not need to apply for and receive a pension. And the military unit, which managed to send a notice to the family, could not send a report of losses to the authority, and then the soldier would be absent from the centralized account of personal losses. As a result, we have the fact that a soldier may not be registered either by conscription or by fate in the military registration and enlistment office and the archive of the Ministry of Defense, but he is known and remembered in the family and in the village council of the territory.

As you know, according to the famous Federal Law No. 131-FZ of October 6, 2003 “On the General Principles of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, in 2004 the administrative division of Russia was completely redrawn. New enlarged rural settlements appeared, which included from 1 to 5-6 territories of the former village councils. Boundaries have changed, and a lot of confusion about the past has inevitably been added. Documents of the former territories of the village councils are well preserved, at least in the regional archives. And if not?

In addition, many military registration and enlistment offices also in 2008-2009. were enlarged and subsequently reorganized. Now the military registration and enlistment office is called a department of the regional military registration and enlistment office in “such and such” district and serves the territories of 2–3 districts. There were no military positions left, except that there are two positions in the regional military registration and enlistment office - a military commissar and his deputy. The heritage of the abolished military registration and enlistment offices for the Great Patriotic War is not prescribed for the new structures to be preserved by any regulatory document of the RF Ministry of Defense. Also, no instructions were given on the transfer of their cases relating to wartime (accounting for resources, conscription, fate notices, demobilization records, correspondence to establish destinies, etc.) to local archives or local history museums. The management of many museums, realizing the value of documents, at their own peril and risk, agreed with the leadership of the abolished military registration and enlistment offices to secretly transfer the heritage to their disposal, trying to preserve what the military were obliged to keep “blood from the nose”. This all happened just 3 years ago. It is possible that what has been preserved to date in the former military registration and enlistment offices will be collected in the new Federal Archive of the Great Patriotic War, which is now being built on the territory of the TsAMO RF in Podolsk. In Ukraine, the same thing was done back in 2006–2008.

In the practice of planned pre-war conscriptions and mobilization calls after the start of the war, as well as service in the ranks of the USSR Armed Forces, there is another nuance that had a lot of negative consequences in terms of establishing the fate of soldiers. It can even be called not a nuance, but an abyss where information about millions of warriors has disappeared. Judge for yourself.

In accordance with the “Instructions on the procedure for surrendering passports to persons liable for military service during mobilization” (NGO Order No. 0130 dated 06/20/40), during a planned pre-war conscription, both a recruit and a person liable for military service must hand over their passport to the RVC or to the headquarters of a military unit (and a military ID - from who was available). This order was preserved for subsequent waves of mobilization throughout the war. Instead of the seized passport, a special receipt was issued, which indicated the surname, name, patronymic of the soldier, the military registration and enlistment office or headquarters and regiment number, passport details, the number, official seal of the military registration and enlistment office (or regiment headquarters), signature of the military commissar or regiment commander. The search engines have already identified more than a dozen fighters who did not have medallions, but who retained precisely the receipts for the surrender of passports. The stub of the receipt remained in the military registration and enlistment office. According to the inventory, passports were handed over to the district and city police departments, where their data was entered in the book (inventory) of invalid passports, and the passports themselves were destroyed. Inventories of passports were then kept as carefully as the forms of clean passports. In the event of a return from the army, a demobilized soldier could receive a new passport and registration according to the certificate, if it was preserved, or according to the inventory of the surrendered passports. Military tickets were handed over to the RVC of conscription, where they were destroyed in the prescribed manner. After demobilization, the soldier received a new military ID.

In peacetime, after surrendering a passport and a military ID, conscripts (cadres) issued a “Service Book for Private and Junior Commanding Staff of the Red Army”, introduced by Order of the USSR NPO No. 171 of June 20, 1940. However, when the unit entered the theater of operations this book was to be handed over through the unit commander to the headquarters of the unit, and then to the archives of local military authorities. Instead of a book, a medallion with brief information about the serviceman was to be issued. But capsules and forms for medallions were not always available in sufficient quantities even for personnel. As a result, a unit formed before the war arrived at the front, sometimes not having a complete set of medallions for all personnel, or any other documents that could exhaustively verify the identity of a soldier.

What was issued to a conscripted reserve, called up for covert (before the start of the war) and open (after it started) mobilization, instead of a passport and a military ID upon arrival at the military unit? NOTHING, except for a receipt for the surrender of a passport and an ebonite capsule of a service medallion and a double form to it, if they were at the disposal of the quartermaster service.

Platoon commanders were supposed to fill in the form of the medallion with information about the fighter, but most often these duties were performed by the soldiers themselves with their inept, hard-to-read handwriting, to whom it was necessary and with what it was necessary - whether it was chemical, whether it was with an ordinary pencil or an ink pen. A good commander, in the absence of ebonite capsules and forms, forced his subordinates to fill in biographical data with any clean piece of paper at hand and use a cartridge case instead of a capsule. They used shells from a revolver pistol or a Mosin rifle with a bullet inserted on the contrary, or even German shells, so that they differed from the standard soldier’s cartridges and could be easily found by funeral directors. For many commanders, all this was “on the drum” ...

The medallion, in fact, until the spring-summer of 1942, was the only item that made it possible to somehow identify a soldier both during his lifetime and after his death.

Thus, when a soldier was at the front, instead of a passport and a military ID (strict reporting forms with a photograph of the owner), he did not receive any similar official document that could confirm his identity during the period of military service. The medallion, filled in by the owner's hand, had neither a photo nor details of the military unit where he served, nor the seal of the headquarters of this unit and the name of the chief of staff, and, therefore, was not an official document. The authenticity of the data in the medallion has not been confirmed by anything. And if the fighter lost the medallion, then it was impossible to correctly establish the identity of both the living and the dead. Millions of our compatriots started the war and died without documents officially confirming their identity, in contrast to the enemy troops, where each soldier had personal metal tokens and soldier's books.

These circumstances, as well as the fact that the enemy sent an incredibly large number of spies in the front line, using the lack of official documents from the Red Army, necessitated the signing of the Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 330 of October 7, 1941 front” (“Russian Archive: Great Patriotic War: Orders of the People’s Commissar of Defense of the USSR”, volume 13 (2–2), M .: TERRA, 1997, p. 111), and subsequently the removal of medallions from the supply of the Red Army from November 17 1942 (ibid., p. 368) after the end of the full provision of books to the USSR Armed Forces by the autumn of 1942. Accordingly, at the beginning of the war, for more than six months, millions of our fighters were actually depersonalized, which was clearly manifested in the text of Order No. 330:

“The Red Army book, introduced by NPO order No. 171 in 1940, paragraph 7 of the same order, was canceled for the active army. In view of this, the Red Army soldiers and junior commanders ended up at the front without documents proving their identity ... There can be no doubt that many people hanging out in the rear of divisions and armies, dressed in Red Army uniforms, are enemy agents transmitting information about our units, the fight against which is impossible due to the lack of documents among the soldiers of the Red Army, so that it was possible to distinguish our people from enemy agents ... The lack of documents in the hands of the replenishment sent to the front and the sick and wounded soldiers and junior commanders leaving the front to evacuate made it impossible for the supply authorities to check their provision with uniforms, weapons, equipment and other types of allowances... NPO Order No. 171 dated June 20, 1940 - cancel... Consider the Red Army book the only document proving the identity of a Red Army soldier and junior commander. In the Red Army book, enter the passage of military service by the serviceman and the receipt by him of items of allowance (weapons, equipment and uniforms) from the military department.

Better late than never…

All civilian researchers need to clearly understand the following: none of the military registration and enlistment offices had any rights to independently send soldiers called up for mobilization to the front, either from Siberia or Belarus. The entire movement of personnel took place only according to the Directive of at least the headquarters of the military district, which, as a rule, appeared only after receiving the Directive from the General Staff. However, there were also rare independent exceptions, when the commander of the military district, at his own peril and risk, gave instructions on sending those mobilized to one or another replenished unit, but this only applies to the command of the Baltic, Western, Kyiv and Odessa military districts and the North -Western, Western, Southwestern and Southern fronts. In view of the foregoing, the seeming impossibility of tracing the movement of a fighter from the moment of being called up from home to the front can in most cases be considered ephemeral.

Why am I saying this? In addition, now we can state the fact that after the declassification of the documents of the military districts and the Main Directorate of formations and staffing of the Red Army in the TsAMO RF, tracing the movement of replenishment to the front in June-July 1941 and further through the war from the recruiting office to the division ( brigades) at the front POSSIBLY. Including for a single soldier. One thing is the wording “missing” without at least specifying the region of battles, another is exact knowledge of the area of combat operations and even specific sections of the front line, where the unit fought, in which the fighter with the marching unit fell after being called up and sent to the front.

Here the most difficult to study is the initial period of the war. For some reason, it is believed that there was no order then, but there was sheer confusion. It is not always so. In addition to a detailed account of the movement of personnel in reserve units, there are numerous and very accurate documents on sending numbered echelons with replenishment, detailed lists of the numbers of marching battalions and marching companies, the dates of their departure, the place of their loading, destination and actual unloading, indicating the front, army , divisions, brigades that accepted the replenishment. The movement of mobilized reserve military officers and recruits from the border military districts to the east is also documented: from where, who and where they were distributed, and how many people could not be called up due to the rapid advance of the Germans. There are a lot of reports from regional military commissars, authorized persons of military districts, etc., which shed light on the details of the movement of huge masses of people after the start of the war.

Has anyone figured out these obvious things? Did you understand? I assume that these "someone" still figured it out. In our country, all the bottlenecks of military history have been “embroidered” after the quiet work of numerous commissions and commissioners. The whole trouble is that these reports on "embroidery" are not available. And if anyone figured it out, say, while serving at the Institute of Military History of the USSR Ministry of Defense (RF), then he left his work in its 1st department with seven seals. But all that was needed was in the 50-80s. give 5-6 years of time for 5 responsible executors with a small apparatus, who would be given the authority to study, systematize and publish documents from the State Defense Committee to the regiment - and the entire army with the fleet, from the people's commissariats to a separate regiment, would be at a glance. And the people who died too. Then the All-Russian Book of Memory, following the execution of this study, would be more reliable, and the Generalized Data Bank "Memorial" (hereinafter referred to as the OBD) would become the final virtual monumental point.

The upper part of the notice of the fate of a serviceman

But this did not happen, they were kept secret from top to bottom. And therefore, the regional Books of Memory, as the main source of information about the military fate of relatives of citizens in the regions, leave much to be desired. For example, notifications about the fate of soldiers in the military registration and enlistment offices and reports on losses in the TsAMO of the Russian Federation were declassified only in 1990, the Decrees of the State Defense Committee began to be declassified only in 1998, and summary information about the movement of millions of personnel still remain in secret storage.

Concerning the fact of creating an array of OBD information that is amazing in terms of volume and quality of information, the following should be said directly. To date, the data bank has summarized only the array of personal information that has been preserved in the processed documents of the archives of the RF Ministry of Defense and some other archives of federal subordination (RGVA, GARF). In addition to them, it is absolutely necessary to continue work on filling the OBD, including processing the personal data of military registration and enlistment offices (for pre-war conscription, mobilization and casualties), as well as documents from the 9 new huge archival sources of information discussed in detail below. The creation of the type of OBD that is now available on the Internet required the allocation of hundreds of millions of rubles for 2007–2011. The proposed scope of work will require 2-3 billion rubles. Lot? Undoubtedly. But it is necessary to build a perspective for the authorities and work in this direction in the naive and adamant hope that those in power will have enough determination and funds to replenish the most unique collection of electronic documentary materials.

1. Accounting for the passage of stages of service by soldiers in the USSR in almost all military registration and enlistment offices was seized and, possibly, destroyed.

2. The draft books for mobilization were scanty and incomplete, for the most part only for the period from June 23, 1941 and later.

3. In many RVCs, persons called up before the start of the war in the period 1938 - the first half of 1941 and who met the war in the personnel of the Red Army are not in the mobilization call books due to the fact that they ended up in the army literally not in connection with mobilization , but according to the planned pre-war conscription or direction. It would be funny if it weren't so sad. This literalness revolts to the depths of the soul when you realize that millions of fighters and commanders were forgotten to be included in the saved sources of information, because from 1939 to the beginning of the war, the army was enlarged by more than 3.5 times due to the newly drafted. They are not included in the results of the calculations of many military registration and enlistment offices in terms of the number of those sent to fight. Therefore, it is difficult to establish the exact number of soldiers involved in the USSR Armed Forces and who took part in the Great Patriotic War, as well as the dead and missing, given the huge amount of destroyed primary documents. But you can, it would be the desire of the state.

4. The registration cards of those liable for military service and the draft cards of recruits were also almost all confiscated from the military registration and enlistment offices, their fate is unknown.

5. At the beginning of the war, millions of soldiers did not have any official documents confirming their identity for more than half a year.

6. Accounting for the loss of personnel and its movement in the troops turned out to be, frankly, lousy, there is no other word for it.

7. From 5 to 8% of people who left to fight from one region or another are not accounted for anywhere and in no way. There are no primary sources of registration in the military registration and enlistment offices for them, they were not included in the draft books, they were not included in the reports on losses from military units, their relatives did not report them to the military registration and enlistment office after the war, they did not have any medallions or official identity documents. Their fates can only be determined by chance.

8. In 1949–1950 the military department withdrew the primary registration of military reserve and recruits in the local military registration and enlistment offices, cutting off the threads to tens of millions of destinies with their own hands. Stronger blows to the historical memory of our people than those inflicted on it by the existing and existing leaders and civil servants, probably, could not have been dealt even by the most vile enemy in open battle.

9. The leadership of the USSR and Russia hid from society the true extent of the losses of citizens of the USSR in 1941-1945, including the personnel of its Armed Forces, presenting a very underestimated unreliable estimate of their losses. This was due to both moral and political concerns, and financial reasons.

Throughout the following material, the reader will be able to verify the validity of these harsh words. Reality turned out to be harsher than our ideas about it.

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