BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Fundamentals of Scientific Research

Introduction

Science is a field of research aimed at obtaining new knowledge about nature, society and thinking. At present, the development of science is associated with the division and cooperation of scientific work, the creation of scientific institutions, experimental and laboratory equipment. Being a consequence of the social division of labor, science arises following the separation of mental labor from physical labor and the transformation of cognitive activity into a specific occupation of a special group of people. The emergence of large-scale machine production creates conditions for the transformation of science into an active factor in production itself.

The basis of this activity is the collection of scientific facts, their constant updating and systematization, critical analysis and, on this basis, the synthesis of new scientific knowledge or generalizations that not only describe the observed natural or social phenomena, but also allow you to build causal relationships and, as consequence is to predict. Those natural science theories and hypotheses that are confirmed by facts or experiments are formulated in the form of laws of nature or society.

Scientific research, research based on the application of the scientific method, provides scientific information and theories to explain the nature and properties of the surrounding world. Such research may have practical applications. Scientific research can be funded by the state, non-profit organizations, commercial companies and individuals. Scientific research can be classified according to its academic and applied nature.

The main goal of applied research (as opposed to fundamental research) is the discovery, interpretation and development of methods and systems for improving human knowledge in various branches of human knowledge.

Rice. Generalized scheme (algorithm) of the study

1. Awareness of the problem

The scientific problem is awareness, the formulation of the concept of ignorance. If the problem is identified and formulated in the form of an idea, concept, then it means that you can start setting the task to solve it. With the introduction of the culture of the Russian language, the concept of "problem" has undergone a transformation. In Western culture, a problem is a task that needs to be solved. In Russian culture, a problem is a strategic stage in solving a problem, on an ideological and conceptual level, when a set of conditions is implicit, the list of which can be formalized and taken into account in the formulation of the problem (a list of conditions, parameters, boundary conditions (value limit) of which are included in the problem conditions).

The more complex the object of consideration (the more difficult the chosen topic), the more ambiguous, uncertain questions (problems) it will contain, and the more difficult it will be for formulating the problem and for finding solutions, that is, the problems of a scientific work should contain classification and prioritization in the direction .

The object of study is a certain process or phenomenon of reality that gives rise to a problem situation. The object is a kind of carrier of the problem, what the research activity is aimed at.

The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is conducted. The subject of research should be characterized by a certain independence, which will allow critical evaluation of the hypothesis correlated with it. In each object, several subjects of study can be distinguished.

2. Deciding on the study

Scientific research is usually understood as small scientific tasks related to a specific topic of scientific research.

The choice of direction, problem, topic of scientific research and the formulation of scientific questions is an extremely responsible task. The direction of research is often predetermined by the specifics of the scientific institution, the branch of science in which the researcher works. Therefore, the choice of a scientific direction for each individual researcher often comes down to the choice of the branch of science in which he wants to work. The concretization of the direction of research is the result of studying the state of production requests, social needs and the state of research in one direction or another in a given period of time. In the process of studying the state and results of already conducted research, ideas can be formulated for the integrated use of several scientific areas to solve production problems.

1)Setting the goal of the study. Formulation of the object and subject of research.

The purpose of the study is the general focus of the study, the expected end result. The purpose of the study indicates the nature of the research tasks and is achieved through their solution.

Research objectives - a set of targets, which formulate the basic requirements for the analysis and solution of the problem under study.

The object of research is the area of ​​practical activity, to which the research process is directed. The choice of the research object determines the limits of application of the obtained results.

Subject of study - the essential properties of the object of study, the knowledge of which is necessary to solve the problem, within which the object is studied in this particular study.

The formulation of the problem and its preliminary study is the initial stage of the process of analytical work, at which the goals, objectives, subject, objects and information base of the study are finally determined, the main results, methods and forms of implementation are predicted.

A research problem is a kind of question, the answer to which is not contained in the accumulated knowledge, and its search requires analytical actions that are different from information retrieval.

From an organizational point of view, the result of the staging stage should be a short document that briefly reflects the goals, objectives and main parameters of the study. Typically, such a document, called a study plan, should include:

Research objectives. It is necessary to characterize the problem of the study, its main tasks, describe the most important information that the director hopes to obtain in the course of the study. In conclusion, it is necessary to describe how this information can be specifically used.

Market segments and description of the surveyed populations. This is a very important question, because in a typical case, the object of a focus group study is not the entire population, but only some of its key segments (the electorate, population or demographic groups, etc.). The principle of identifying key segments determined by the objectives of the study should not be confused with the methodological principle of dividing these segments into homogeneous groups (more on this below).

The scope of the study, i.e. the total number of groups and the number of geographic locations, with justification based on the objectives of the study, and the cost of conducting it.

2)Gathering start information

First, let's look at what information is.

Information is a general scientific concept associated with the objective properties of matter and their reflection in human consciousness.

In modern science, two types of information are considered.

Objective (primary) information is the property of material objects and phenomena (processes) to generate a variety of states, which through interactions (fundamental interactions) are transmitted to other objects and imprinted in their structure.

Subjective (semantic, semantic, secondary) information is the semantic content of objective information about the objects and processes of the material world, formed by the human mind with the help of semantic images (words, images and sensations) and fixed on some material carrier.

In the modern world, information is one of the most important resources and, at the same time, one of the driving forces for the development of human society. Information processes occurring in the material world, wildlife and human society are studied (or at least taken into account) by all scientific disciplines from philosophy to marketing.

The increasing complexity of the tasks of scientific research has led to the need to involve large teams of scientists of various specialties in their solution. Therefore, almost all the theories considered below are interdisciplinary.

Gathering information before designing is one of the most essential and important steps. Let's see why this is needed and what actions can be included in it.

The point of gathering information is to get as much data as possible about the area of ​​the problem. This helps to understand what has already been done by other people, how it has been done, why it has been done, what they have not done, what users want. As a result, after collecting and processing information, we get quite extensive knowledge for the next stage.

3. Formulation of a hypothesis. Choice of methodology. Drawing up a program and research plan. Choosing an information base for research

In science, in ordinary thinking, we move from ignorance to knowledge, from incomplete knowledge to more complete knowledge. We have to put forward and then substantiate various assumptions to explain the phenomena and their relationship with other phenomena. We put forward hypotheses that, when confirmed, can turn into scientific theories or individual true judgments, or, conversely, be refuted and turn out to be false judgments.

A hypothesis is a scientifically based assumption about the causes or regular connections of any phenomena or events of nature, society, thinking. The specificity of a hypothesis - to be a form of knowledge development - is predetermined by the main property of thinking, its constant movement - deepening and development, a person's desire to discover new patterns and causal relationships, which is dictated by the needs of practical life.

The main properties of the hypothesis:

· Uncertainty of the true value;

· Focus on the disclosure of this phenomenon;

· Making assumptions about the results of solving the problem;

· Opportunity to put forward a "draft" solution to the problem.

As a rule, a hypothesis is expressed on the basis of a number of observations (examples) confirming it, and therefore looks plausible. The hypothesis is subsequently either proved, turning it into an established fact, or refuted, turning it into the category of false statements.

The methodology of science, in the traditional sense, is the doctrine of the methods and procedures of scientific activity, as well as a section of the general theory of knowledge, in particular the theory of scientific knowledge and the philosophy of science.

Methodology, in an applied sense, is a system of principles and approaches to research activities that a researcher relies on in the course of obtaining and developing knowledge within a particular discipline.

Drawing up a program and research plan.

Analysis of the work done should be carried out not only on the basis of existing reporting documentation, but also through specially conducted selective statistical studies.

The plan of statistical research is drawn up in accordance with the planned program. The main points of the plan are:

· determination of the purpose of the study;

· determination of the object of observation;

· determination of the period of work at all stages;

· indication of the type of statistical observation and method;

· determination of the place where observations will be made;

· finding out by what forces and under whose methodological and organizational leadership the research will be carried out.

The information base of the study is an integral part of the preliminary study of the problem, within which the sufficiency of information materials is revealed, the ways and means of obtaining it, a bibliography is compiled by sources.

Collection of the main information array. Setting up an experiment if necessary.

After determining the information sources, the creation of the main information array begins, i.e. the process of collecting and accumulating specific information. At the same time, it is advisable to initially provide a qualitative classification of the main elements of the information array. So, the information included in it can be primary or secondary. In the first case, information is a loosely ordered set of facts; in the second case, it is the result of a certain logical comprehension on the part of the direct participants in the events or external observers. Each of these types of information has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of application prospects. The collection of primary information is always very laborious, although it attracts with the opportunity to include interesting and original material in the development. The selection of secondary information takes relatively less time, since it has already undergone a certain systematization, but relying only on it, the researcher runs the risk of being captured by previously established ideas.

Exploratory research includes:

· the preparatory stage, which combines the analysis of literary sources and the experience of other organizations, the search for an analogue, a feasibility study of the feasibility of conducting a study, the identification of possible areas of research, the development and approval of terms of reference;

· development of the theoretical part of the topic, consisting of the preparation of research schemes, calculations and modeling of the main research processes, the development of technologies for experiments and laboratory test methods;

· experimental work and testing and correction of theoretical calculations based on their results;

acceptance of work.

Applied research can be carried out in the same sequence as exploratory research, but they are characterized by an increase in the proportion of experimental work and testing. In this connection, the problem of planning experiments is of great importance in order to reduce the number of experiments to a rational minimum.

Research developments include the stages:

· development of technical specifications;

· choice of research direction;

· theoretical and experimental research;

· registration of results;

acceptance.

From a methodological point of view, the creation of an information array involves ensuring the reliability, reliability and novelty of the selected data. The application of these three criteria is a necessary condition for the adequacy of the final conclusions that can be obtained on the basis of further analysis. The degree of novelty of the selected data is usually determined ad hoc. As for reliability and reliability, they are ensured due, firstly, to the observance of certain rules when developing search criteria, and secondly, by fixing the data. In modern conditions, information arrays can be created both as a result of the stage-by-stage preparation of information within a specific project, and by referring to existing and accessible data banks.

The data bank differs from the usual information array not only in that it is implemented in electronic form, but also in functional features. When creating specialized data banks, they usually provide for the performance of two target functions: information retrieval and information logical. The information retrieval function is implemented when considering issues related to the semantic content of data, regardless of how they are represented in the system memory. At the design stage of this function, a part of the real world is allocated that determines the information needs of the system, i.e. her subject area. In this regard, the following questions are being addressed:

· about what phenomena of the real world it is required to accumulate and process information in the system;

· what main characteristics of phenomena and relationships will be taken into account;

· how the characteristics of the concepts introduced into the information system will be specified.

The information-logical function provides data representation in the memory of the information system. When designing this function, forms of data representation in the system are developed, as well as models and methods for representing and transforming data are given, rules for their semantic interpretation are formed. The value of a data bank is in the accumulation of comprehensive unique information that allows one to trace political chronology, determine cause-and-effect relationships, trends, and establish types of information carriers (books, magazines, statistical reports, analytical studies).

The creation of an information array in a traditional documentary or electronic form completes the process of obtaining the initial data for analytical work. In principle, in the future, this array can be expanded and even transformed, but the changes introduced should not drastically affect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the entire set of included materials. Otherwise, the information array may lose its systemic qualities and cease to meet the methodological requirements of functional compliance.

In order for the experiment to be effective, when setting it up, it is necessary to observe such principles as:

· purposefulness - that is, to determine why the experiment is being carried out; its objectives must be clearly articulated;

· "purity" - implies the exclusion of the influence of distorting factors;

· boundaries - mean a clear framework of the scientific direction, within which the state of the object under study is analyzed;

· methodological elaboration - implies already existing knowledge in the area under study.

In addition to compliance with these principles, the effectiveness of the experiment is also affected by the existing software, its completeness and quality. There are the following types of security:

· scientific and methodological - includes scientific justification, theoretical positions and concepts, hypotheses and ideas that need to be tested during the experiment;

· organizational - implies the definition of objects of experimentation, participants in the experiment, instructions, rules and procedures for conducting the experiment;

· methodical - provides for the development of methodological materials for all stages of the experiment;

· personnel and social - determination of the composition of the participants in the experiment, the level of their training and qualifications, compliance with established requirements, measures to explain the experiment;

· informational and managerial - implies the presence of a certain amount of information of a certain quality, and also reveals the process of managing an experiment;

· economic - reveals the conditions for using the resources necessary for the experiment: financial, material, labor (issues of stimulating the work of participants in the experiment).

At the stage of theoretical and experimental research, a set of methodological documentation is developed that is necessary for the organization and implementation of research, and technical documentation for experimental samples or product models, technological processes, measuring instruments, etc. Theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to the extent necessary, and research objects and material means are being developed and manufactured.

The result of an experiment is always a useful category. Even if the innovation does not prove its effectiveness, the results obtained can serve as a starting point for new directions of work.

Processing of the collected information, the results of the experiment. Confirmation or refutation of the hypothesis

Processing the collected information in accordance with the goals and objectives of the study is the main stage of analytical work, which is the comprehension of the material, the development of new output information, the formation of proposals for their practical application and documentation of the results of the study.

Information analysis is a set of methods for generating factual data that ensures their comparability, an objective assessment and the development of new output information.

The purpose of any experiment is to determine the qualitative and quantitative relationship between the studied parameters, or to evaluate the numerical value of any parameter. In some cases, the type of dependence between variables is known from the results of theoretical studies. As a rule, the formulas expressing these dependencies contain some constants, the values ​​of which must be determined from experience. Another type of problem is to determine an unknown functional relationship between variables based on experimental data. Such relationships are called empirical. It is impossible to unambiguously determine an unknown functional relationship between variables even if the results of the experiment had no errors. Moreover, this should not be expected, having the results of the experiment containing various measurement errors. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the purpose of mathematical processing of experimental results is not to find the true nature of the relationship between variables or the absolute value of any constant, but to present the results of observations in the form of the simplest formula with an estimate of the possible error of its use.

Development and testing of the hypothesis.

The stage of development of a hypothesis is associated with obtaining logical consequences from it. This is done in the following way: it is assumed that the proposition put forward is true, and then consequences are deduced from it in a deductive way. The resulting effects must take place if there is an alleged cause.

By logical consequences we mean:

· thoughts about the circumstances caused by the phenomenon under study;

· thoughts about the circumstances that precede the given phenomenon in time, accompany it and follow it;

· thoughts about the circumstances that are in direct connection with the phenomenon under study.

Comparison of the consequences obtained from the assumption with the already established facts makes it possible to disprove the hypothesis or prove its truth, which is carried out in the process of testing the hypothesis.

Direct confirmation (refutation) lies in the fact that the alleged facts or phenomena in the course of subsequent cognition find confirmation (or refutation) in practice through their direct perception.

Logical proofs and refutations of hypotheses are widely used in science.

The main ways of logical evidence and refutation of hypotheses in science:

inductive path - confirmation of a hypothesis or derivation of consequences from it with the help of arguments, including indications of facts and laws;

deductive way - deducing a hypothesis from other, general and proven provisions; the inclusion of a hypothesis in a system of scientific knowledge, in which it is consistent with other provisions of this system, as well as a demonstration of the predictive power of the hypothesis. Depending on the method of its justification, logical proof or refutation can be carried out in direct or indirect form.

Direct proof or refutation of the hypothesis is carried out by confirming or refuting the logical consequences obtained by the conclusion with newly discovered facts.

Indirect evidence or refutation is often used if there are several hypotheses that explain the same phenomenon and are carried out by refuting and eliminating all false assumptions, on the basis of which the truth of one remaining assumption is asserted.

5. Drawing up a model of the studied process, phenomenon. Model Verification

At the stage of forming a theoretical model, it is necessary, based on the complete model, to substantiate the optimal model, which excludes those aspects of the process that can be neglected to solve the tasks set. As follows from the theory of operations, the degree of understanding of the system is inversely proportional to the number of variables that appear in its description.

It should be noted that there is a need for a clearer connection between the solution of model problems and the setting of the final goals of the study (the "model - goal" link), bearing in mind the need to clearly limit the goals set, although one cannot refuse to link the goals of the current solution and long-term planning. In the process of hydrogeological modeling, special attention should be paid to improving the skill level and mutual understanding of users and model creators, which requires well-thought-out organizational decisions for establishing business contacts between specialists of various profiles, up to the highest management level.

Particularly important is the thorough substantiation of scientific forecasts in the study of multifactorial processes that manifest themselves in solving environmental problems.

Model experiments

A powerful tool for quantitative research is mathematical modeling as a simulation system used to analyze the regularities of the modeled (simulated) process. Since such an operation is usually carried out on computers, the name "numerical", "computational" or "mathematical" experiment is used for it.

Close to this content of this kind of experiment is the concept of "system simulation", which is defined as a reproduction of the processes occurring in the system, with artificial imitation of random variables on which these processes depend, using a generator of random and pseudo-random numbers.

The main direction of the model experiment is the substantiation of optimal models of the processes under study, taking into account the reliability of model solutions of forecast problems. Such justification is carried out by means of a model study of the nature of the development of the process being modeled (in time and space) under conditions of uncertainty of the initial information about the system parameters. In this direction, the initial operation is the creation of the most complete model of the process under study, which is recognized as a fairly reliable (at least from the point of view of the goal) reflection of the natural process.

Verification of the model - verification of its truth, adequacy. In relation to descriptive models, model verification is reduced to comparing the results of model calculations with the corresponding reality data - facts and patterns of economic development. With regard to normative (including optimization) models, the situation is more complicated: in the conditions of the current economic mechanism, the modeled object is subjected to various control actions that are not provided for by the model; it is necessary to set up a special economic experiment, taking into account the requirements of cleanliness, that is, the elimination of the influence of these influences, which is a difficult, largely unsolved problem.

6. Model experimentation. Predicting the behavior of the object of study

An interesting possibility of developing the method of experimentation is the so-called model experimentation. In this case, they experiment not with the original, but with its model, a sample similar to the original. The original does not behave as cleanly, exemplary as the model. The model may be of a physical, mathematical, biological or other nature. It is important that manipulations with it make it possible to transfer the information received to the original. Nowadays, computer simulation is widely used.

Model experimentation is especially appropriate where the object under study is inaccessible to direct experiment. Thus, hydrobuilders will not build a dam across a turbulent river in order to experiment with it. Before erecting a dam, they will conduct a model experiment at their own institute (with a "small" dam and a "small" river).

The most important experimental method is measurement, which makes it possible to obtain quantitative data. Measuring A and B involves:

· establishment of qualitative similarity between A and B;

· introduction of a unit of measurement (second, meter, kilogram, ruble, point);

· comparison of A and B with the reading of the device, which has the same qualitative characteristic as A and B;

· reading instrument readings.

Thus, the model can serve two purposes: descriptive, if the model serves to explain and better understand the object, and prescriptive, when the model allows you to predict or reproduce the characteristics of the object that determine its behavior. A prescriptive type model can be descriptive, but not vice versa. Therefore, the degree of usefulness of models used in technology and in the social sciences is different. This largely depends on the methods and means that were used in the construction of models, and the difference in the final goals that were set. In engineering, models serve as aids to the creation of new or improved systems. And in the social sciences, models explain existing systems. A model suitable for system development purposes must also explain it.

7. Literary design of research materials

Literary design of research materials is a laborious and very responsible task, an integral part of scientific research.

Isolate and formulate the main ideas, provisions, conclusions and recommendations in an accessible, sufficiently complete and accurate manner - the main thing that a researcher should strive for in the process of literary design of materials.

This is not possible immediately and not for everyone, since the design of the work is always closely related to the refinement of certain provisions, the clarification of logic, argumentation and the elimination of gaps in the justification of the conclusions drawn, etc. Much here depends on the level of general development of the researcher's personality, his literary abilities and the ability to shape their thoughts.

In the work on the design of research materials, the following general rules should be followed:

· the title and content of chapters, as well as paragraphs, should correspond to the topic of the study and not go beyond it. The content of the chapters should exhaust the topic, and the content of the paragraphs - the chapter as a whole;

· initially, having studied the material for writing the next paragraph (chapter), it is necessary to think over its plan, leading ideas, a system of argumentation and fix it all in writing, without losing sight of the logic of the whole work. Then carry out clarification, polishing of individual semantic parts and sentences, make the necessary additions, rearrangements, remove the excess, carry out editorial, stylistic corrections;

· check the design of references, compile a reference apparatus and a list of references (bibliography);

· do not rush with the final finish, look at the material after a while, let it "lie down". At the same time, some reasoning and conclusions, as practice shows, will appear unsuccessfully designed, unproven and insignificant. They need to be improved or omitted, leaving only what is really necessary;

· avoid science-likeness, games of erudition. Bringing a large number of references, the abuse of special terminology makes it difficult to understand the thoughts of the researcher, make the presentation unnecessarily complicated. The presentation style should combine scientific rigor and efficiency, accessibility and expressiveness;

· the presentation of the material should be reasoned or polemical, critical, brief or detailed, detailed;

· before issuing a final version, conduct an approbation of the work: reviewing, discussion, etc. Eliminate the shortcomings identified during the approbation.

List of used literature

scientific research experiment

1) Kozhukhar V.M., Workshop on the basics of scientific research. Publishing house "ASV", 2008. - p5.

)Shestakov V.M., (The final lecture of the course "Hydrogeodynamics")

)Krutov V.I. "Fundamentals of Scientific Research". Publishing house "Higher School", 1989. - pp. 6, 44, 79, 88.

) Pakhustov BK, Concepts of modern natural science. UMK, Novosibirsk, SibAGS, 2003.

)http://www.google.ru/

)http://ru.wikipedia.org/

)http://bookap.info/

Tutoring

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BRIEF COURSE OF LECTURES ON THE DISCIPLINE

"Fundamentals of Scientific Research"

Associate Professor of the Department of Theory

and state history

Slavova N.A.

Work plan for the discipline "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"

	Subject
	Topic 1. The subject and system of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research". Science and science of science.
	Topic 2. The system of educational and educational qualification levels. The system of scientific (academic) degrees and academic titles.
	Topic 3. The system of scientific institutions.
	Topic 4. Preparatory stage of scientific research.
	Topic 5. Research stage.
	Topic 6. Methodology and methodology of scientific research. Types of methods.
	Topic 7. The final stage of scientific research

Topic 1. The subject and system of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research". Science and Science of Science Plan

Subject, objectives, purpose of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"

General characteristics of science and scientific activity

Conceptual apparatus of science

Types of scientific works and their general characteristics

Ludchenko A.A. Fundamentals of scientific research: Textbook. allowance. - K .: Knowledge, 2000.

Pilipchuk M.I., Grigor'ev A.S., Shostak V.V. Fundamentals of scientific research. - K., 2007. - 270s.

P'yatnitska-Pozdnyakova I.S. Fundamentals of scientific achievements at higher schools. - K., 2003. - 270s.

Romanchikov V.I. Fundamentals of scientific research. - K .: Center for Educational Literature. - 254s.

5. Sabitov R.A. Fundamentals of scientific research. - Chelyabinsk: Publishing House of the Chelyabinsk State University, 2002. - 139p.

6. About the information: Law of Ukraine dated 2 July 1992. (from changes and additions) // Verkhovnoy Vydomost for the sake of Ukraine. - 1992. - No. 48. - Art. 650.

7. About science and science and technology activity: Law of Ukraine dated December 13, 1991. (from changes and additions) // Verkhovnoy Vydomost for the sake of Ukraine. - 1992. - No. 12. - Art. 165.

8. On science and state scientific and technical policy: Law of the Russian Federation of August 23, 1996 (as amended) [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_149218/

9. On information, information technologies and information protection: Law of the Russian Federation of July 27, 2006 (as amended) [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/29/informacia-dok.html

"Fundamentals of Scientific Research" is one of the introductory academic disciplines that precede the fundamental study of jurisprudence. However, unlike other disciplines of an introductory or auxiliary nature, this course is the first step not only and not so much in the study of legal science, but in the study of such a complex scientific field as jurisprudence.

The subject of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research": methodological foundations of the organization and methodology for the implementation of scientific research.

Target: to form in students a number of skills necessary for independent creative activity in science and writing scientific (term paper, diploma and other qualifying) work.

Tasks: studying the general rules for writing and designing a scientific work, the sequence of actions performed by a researcher at each stage of scientific activity; familiarization with the main methods of scientific research, the logical rules for presenting the material; acquiring the skills of searching and processing legal scientific literature, taking notes and abstracting material, compiling annotations and abstracts, drawing up references and a list of sources used; mastering the language of scientific work and familiarization with the conceptual apparatus of scientific research.

Modern society cannot exist without science. In the conditions of economic, political, ecological crisis, science is the main tool in solving relevant problems. In addition, the economic and social position of the state directly depends on legal science, since the success of innovative development, financial stability, etc. is impossible without scientific research in the field of jurisprudence.

Therefore, science is the productive force of society, a system of knowledge accumulated by mankind about the surrounding reality, optimal means of influencing it, forecasting and prospects for the progressive development of society, reflects the relationship between scientists, scientific institutions, authorities, and also determines the axiological value aspects of science.

The concept of "science" includes both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and the result of this activity - the "sum" of acquired scientific knowledge, which together create a scientific picture of the world.

The science - this is a system of knowledge about the objective laws of reality, the process of obtaining, systematizing new knowledge (about nature, society, thinking, technical means in the use of human activity) in order to obtain scientific result based on certain principles and methods.

Modern science consists of various branches of knowledge that interact and at the same time have relative independence. The division of science into certain types depends on the chosen criteria and tasks of its systematization. Branches of science are usually classified into three main areas:

Exact sciences - mathematics, computer science;

Natural sciences: the study of natural phenomena;

Social Sciences: The systematic study of human behavior and society.

In accordance with Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" (hereinafter referred to as the Law of the Russian Federation) nacademic (research) activities- activities aimed at obtaining and applying new knowledge, including:

fundamental scientific research- experimental or theoretical activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the basic laws of the structure, functioning and development of a person, society, and the environment;

applied scientific research- research aimed primarily at the application of new knowledge to achieve practical goals and solve specific problems;

exploratory research- research aimed at obtaining new knowledge for the purpose of their subsequent practical application (oriented scientific research) and (or) the application of new knowledge (applied scientific research) and carried out by performing research work.

The Law of the Russian Federation also defines scientific and (or) scientific and technical result is a product of scientific and (or) scientific and technical activity, containing new knowledge or solutions and fixed on any information carrier.

The Law of Ukraine "On Scientific and Scientific and Technical Activities" gives the following definitions. Scientific activity is an intellectual creative activity aimed at obtaining and using new knowledge. Its main forms are fundamental and applied scientific research.

Scientific research- a special form of the process of cognition, a systematic, purposeful study of objects, in which the means and methods of science are used, as a result of which knowledge about the object under study is formulated. In its turn, fundamental Scientific research- scientific theoretical and (or) experimental activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the patterns of development of nature, society, man, their relationship, and applied Scientific research- scientific activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge that can be used for practical purposes.

Scientific- researchactivity- this is a research activity, which consists in obtaining objectively new knowledge.

Since the goal of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research" is to form in students a number of skills necessary for independent creative activity in science and writing scientific (term paper, diploma and other qualifying) work, it is necessary to pay attention to the organization of scientific activity when writing scientific papers, in particular course.

Choice of research topic. It is desirable that the topic of the course work coincides with scientific interests.

Systematic.

Planning. Content planning (content of scientific work) and temporary (implementation of the calendar plan).

Orientation to scientific result.

Each of the sciences has its own conceptual apparatus. All scientific concepts reflect (formulate) a static or dynamic objective, generally accepted reality. These concepts have a certain internal structure, a comparative characteristic, and therefore specificity. They, as a rule, are generally accepted and, in a certain sense, reference. It is from these concepts that any thought that carries objective information, a scientific theory or discussion, and other concepts should be built.

It should be noted that the primary concept in the formation of scientific knowledge is scientific idea. The materialized expression of a scientific idea is hypothesis. Hypotheses, as a rule, are probabilistic in nature and go through three stages in their development:

Accumulation of factual material and the nomination of assumptions based on it;

Formulation and justification of the hypothesis;

Checking the results

If the practical result obtained corresponds to the assumption, then the hypothesis turns into scientific theory. The structure of a theory as a complex system is formed by interconnected principles, laws, concepts, categories, facts.

Scientific work This is a study with the aim of obtaining a scientific result.

Types of scientific works:

course work. In the first to fourth years of study, students perform this type of work. This is an independent educational and research work of the student, which confirms the receipt of theoretical and practical skills in the disciplines that the student is studying.

graduate work;

Master's work;

dissertation;

monograph;

Research Article;

1.1. The science. The main features and concepts of science. The essence of scientific research and the main forms of scientific research.

1.2. The main systemic features of scientific research.

1.3. The essence and purpose of the functioning of scientific schools.

Topic 2 General methodology of scientific research

2.1. The concept and main functions of the methodology of scientific research. Methodological basis.

2.2. General scientific methodology.

2.3. Specific scientific methodology

Topic 3. Modern methods of scientific knowledge.

3.1. The concept of the method and methodology of research. Classification of methods.

3.2. Characteristics of the general methods of scientific knowledge.

3.3. Methods of theoretical empirical research.

3.4. Proof of scientific research results.

Topic 4. Organization and conduct of sociological research.

4.1. The concept and main stages of sociological research. Research program.

4.2. Types of sociological research: observation, survey, experiment.

4.3. Working with a sample set of data

Ttopic 1. THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1.1. The science. The main features and concepts of science. The essence of scientific research and the main forms of scientific research.

Each specialist should have an idea about the methodology and organization of research activities, about science and its basic concepts.

Science is a sphere of human activity aimed at producing new knowledge about nature, society and thinking.

As a specific sphere of human activity, it is the result of the social division of labor, the separation of mental labor from physical labor, the transformation of cognitive activity into a special area of ​​occupation for a certain group of people. The need for a scientific approach to all types of human activity makes science develop at a faster pace than any other field of activity.

The concept of "science" includes both an activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge, and the result of this activity - the sum of the obtained scientific knowledge, which serves as the basis for a scientific understanding of the world. Science is also understood as one of the forms of human consciousness. The term "science" is used to name individual areas of scientific knowledge.

The patterns of functioning and development of science, the structure and dynamics of scientific knowledge and scientific activity, the interaction of science with other social institutions and spheres of the material and spiritual life of society are studied by a special discipline - science of science.

One of the main tasks of science of science is the development classification of sciences, which determines the place of each science in the general system of scientific knowledge, the connection of all sciences. The most common is the distribution of all sciences into the sciences of nature, society and thinking.

Science that arose at the moment of awareness ignorance which in turn caused an objective need to obtain knowledge. Knowledge - a practice-tested result of cognition of reality, adequate to its reflection in the human mind. This is an ideal reproduction of the conditional form of generalized ideas about the regular connections of objective reality.

The process of movement of human thought from ignorance to knowledge is called knowledge, which is based on the reflection and reproduction in the human mind of objective reality. scientific knowledge - these are studies that are characterized by their own special goals and objectives, methods for obtaining and testing new knowledge. It reaches the essence of phenomena, reveals the laws of their existence and development, thereby indicating the practical possibilities, ways and means of influencing these phenomena and changes in accordance with their objective nature. Scientific knowledge is called upon to illuminate the path of practice, to provide theoretical foundations for solving practical problems.

The basis and driving force of knowledge is practice, it provides science with factual material that requires theoretical understanding. Theoretical knowledge creates a reliable basis for understanding the essence of the phenomena of objective reality.

The dialectic of the process of cognition consists in the contradiction between the limitedness of our knowledge and the boundless complexity of objective reality. Knowledge is the result of which is new knowledge about the world. The process of cognition has a two-loop structure: empirical and theoretical knowledge that exist in close interaction and interdependence.

Cognition comes down to answering a few questions, which can be schematically depicted as follows:

What? how many? What? Which? How?- these questions can be answered the science.

how do?- this question is answered technique.

What to do? is a sphere practices.

The answers to the questions determine the immediate goals Sciences - description, explanationand foresight processes and phenomena of objective reality, which constitute the subject of its study on the basis of the laws that it discovers, that is, in a broad sense - the theoretical reproduction of reality.

True knowledge exists as a system principles, regularities, laws, basic concepts, scientific facts, theoretical provisions andconclusions. Therefore, true scientific knowledge is objective. However, scientific knowledge can be relative or absolute. relative knowledge - this is knowledge, which, being an adequate reflection of reality, is distinguished by a certain incompleteness of the coincidence of the image with the object. Absolute knowledge - this is a complete, exhaustive reproduction of generalized ideas about an object, which ensures the absolute coincidence of the image with the object. The continuous development of practice makes it impossible to transform knowledge into absolute knowledge, but makes it possible to distinguish objectively true knowledge from erroneous views.

Science, as a specific activity aimed at obtaining new theoretical and applied knowledge about the patterns of development of nature, society and thinking, is characterized by such basic signs:

The presence of systematized knowledge (scientific ideas of theories, concepts, laws, patterns, principles, hypotheses, basic concepts, facts);

The presence of a scientific problem, object and subject of research;

The practical significance of both the phenomenon (process) that is being studied, and knowledge about it.

Consider the basic concepts of science.

scientific idea - an intuitive explanation of a phenomenon (process) without intermediate argumentation, without awareness of the entire set of connections on the basis of which a conclusion is made. It is based on existing knowledge, but shows previously unnoticed patterns. Science provides for two types of ideas: constructive and destructive, that is, those that have or do not have significance for science and practice. The idea finds its specific materialization in the hypothesis.

Hypothesis - a scientific assumption put forward to explain any phenomena (processes) or causes that predetermine a given effect. A scientific theory includes a hypothesis as the starting point of the search for truth, which helps to significantly save time and effort, purposefully collect and group facts. There are null, descriptive, explanatory, main working and conceptual hypotheses. If the hypothesis is consistent with scientific facts, then in science it is called a theory or law.

Hypotheses (like ideas) are probabilistic in nature and go through three stages in their development:

Accumulation of factual material and the nomination of assumptions based on it;

Hypothesis formulation and justification based on the assumption of an acceptable theory;

Verification of the results obtained in practice and, on its basis, refinement of the hypothesis;

If, when tested, the result is true, then the hypothesis turns into a scientific theory. The hypothesis is put forward with the hope that it, if not entirely, then at least partially, will become reliable knowledge.

Law - internal essential connection of phenomena, which predetermines their natural development. A law invented through conjecture must then be logically proved, only in this case it is recognized by science. To bring the law science uses judgment.

Judgment - a thought in which something is affirmed or denied with the help of a connection of concepts. A judgment about an object or phenomenon can be obtained either through direct observation of any fact, or indirectly - with the help of inference.

inference - a mental operation by which, from a certain number of given judgments, another judgment is deduced, which in a certain way is related to the original one.

Science is a collection of theories. Theory - doctrine, a system of ideas, views, provisions, statements aimed at interpreting a particular phenomenon. This is not a direct, but an idealized reflection of reality. The theory is considered as a set of generalizing provisions that form a science or its section. It acts as a form of synthetic knowledge, within which individual concepts, hypotheses and laws lose their autonomy and turn into elements of an integral system.

The following requirements are put forward for the new theory:

Adequacy of the scientific theory to the described object;

The ability to replace experimental studies with theoretical ones;

Completeness of the description of a certain phenomenon of reality;

The possibility of explaining the relationships between different components within the boundaries of this theory;

The internal consistency of the theory and its correspondence to research data.

Theory is a system of scientific concepts, principles, provisions, facts.

scientific concept - a system of views, theoretical positions, basic thoughts about the object of study, which are united by a certain main idea.

Conceptuality - these are definitions of the content, essence, meaning of what is being discussed.

Under the principle in scientific theory one understands the most abstract definition of an idea. A principle is a rule that arose as a result of objectively meaningful experience.

concept - it is a thought expressed in a generalized form. It reflects the essential and necessary features of objects and phenomena, as well as relationships. If the concept has entered the scientific circulation, it is denoted by one word or a set of words is used - terms. The disclosure of the content of a concept is called its definition. The latter can meet two important requirements:

Point to the nearest generic concept;

Point out how this concept differs from other concepts.

The concept, as a rule, completes the process of scientific research, consolidates the results obtained by the scientist personally in his research. The set of basic concepts is called conceptual apparatus one science or another.

scientific fact - an event or phenomenon that serves as the basis for a conclusion or confirmation. He, which, together with others, forms the basis of scientific knowledge, reflects the objective properties of phenomena and processes. On the basis of scientific facts, regularities of phenomena are determined, theories are built and laws are derived.

The movement of thought from ignorance to knowledge is guided by methodology. Methodology scientific knowledge - the doctrine of the principles, form and methods of research activities. Research technique is a way of applying old knowledge to obtain new knowledge. It is a means of obtaining scientific facts.

Scientific activity - intellectual creative activity aimed at obtaining and using new knowledge. It exists in different forms;

1) research activities;

2) scientific and organizational activities;

3) scientific and information activities;

4) scientific and pedagogical activity;

5) scientific and auxiliary activities, etc.

Each of these types of scientific activity has its own specific functions, tasks, results of work.

Scientific research is carried out within the framework of research activities. Scientific research - purposeful knowledge, the results of which act as a system of concepts, laws and theories.

There are two forms of scientific research: fundamental and applied. Basic scientific research - scientific theoretical and (or) experimental activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the patterns of development and the relationship of nature, society, and man. Applied Research - scientific and scientific and technical activities aimed at obtaining and using knowledge for practical purposes.

Scientific research is carried out in order to obtain a scientific result. Scientific result - new knowledge obtained in the process of fundamental or applied scientific research and recorded on scientific information carriers in the form of a scientific report, scientific work, scientific report, scientific report on research work, monographic research, scientific discovery, etc. Scientific and applied result - a new constructive or technological solution, an experimental model, a completed test that has been introduced or may be introduced into public practice. A scientific and applied result may take the form of a report, a preliminary design, design or technological documentation for scientific and technical products, a full-scale sample, etc.

The main results of scientific research include:

Scientific abstracts;

Scientific reports at conferences, meetings, seminars, symposiums;

Coursework (diploma, master's) works;

Reports on research (experimental design; experimental technological) work;

Scientific translations;

Dissertations (candidate's or doctoral);

Deposited manuscripts;

Monographs;

Science articles;

Algorithms and programs;

Reports on scientific conferences;

Preprints;

Textbooks, teaching aids;

Bibliographic indexes, etc.

Subjects scientific activities are: scientists, scientists, scientific and pedagogical workers, as well as scientific institutions, scientific organizations, higher educational institutions of III-IV levels of accreditation, public organizations in the field of scientific and scientific and technical activities.

A significant circle of people is engaged in research activities. Those who do this constantly are called researchers, scientists (scientists), scientists.

Researcher called a person who carries out scientific research. Scientist - this is someone who is related to science, develops new knowledge, is a specialist in a certain field of science. Scientist - an individual who conducts fundamental and (or) applied scientific research in order to obtain scientific and (or) scientific and technical results. Scientist - a scientist who, according to the main place of work and according to the employment agreement (contract), is professionally engaged in scientific, scientific-technical or scientific-pedagogical activities and has the appropriate qualifications, confirmed by the results of attestation.

People of science have the appropriate specialty and qualifications, work both on their own, and united in scientific teams (permanent or temporary), create scientific schools.

1.2. The main systemic features of scientific research.

plays an important role in the development of modern society scientificinformation, obtained as a result of scientific knowledge. Its receipt, dissemination and use are essential for the development of science.

Scientific information is distributed in time and space by certain channels, means, methods. A special place in this system belongs to scientific communication. Scientific communication(NC) - the exchange of scientific information (ideas, knowledge, messages) between scientists and specialists. Modern authors of communication theory K. Shannon and W. Weaver give the following definition of communication: "These are all actions if one mind influences another."

There are five main elements in the NDT process:

1)communicant - sender of a message (a person who generates an idea or collects, processes and transmits scientific information).

2)communicat - message (fixed or non-fixed scientific information encoded in a certain way using symbols, signs, codes).

3) channel (a way of transmitting scientific information).

4) recipient - the recipient of the message (the person to whom the information is intended and who interprets it in a certain way, reacts to it).

5) Feedback - the reaction of the recipient to the received scientific message.

Scientific communication starts with communicant, that generates a scientific idea or concept. These can be both individual scientists and teams of authors, such as research groups, scientific schools, institutions, institutes, regions or countries. Depending on the scientific status of the institution, the availability of a scientific degree, academic title, the number of publications, the length of scientific work, the scientific status of the communicant, the level of his influence on the NC is determined. Outstanding scientists play a special role in communication.

Having formulated a scientific idea, the author directly shares it with colleagues, supervisor, who help determine the further direction of its development. Then the information is distributed among a wide range of specialists in the form of a scientific report (message) at conferences, symposiums, is issued in the form of a scientific report, preprint or article (in written or electronic form).

Documented and (or) undocumented scientific information is what is transmitted, that is communicat. Scientific messages are most often communicated through language, images, and actions. Images are used as an addition to language communications (graphics, posters). The actions confirm the verbal conclusions of the researcher.

Most of the information is conveyed through language. - natural (language of human communication) or artificial (language of machine programming). The communicant encodes information using signs, code symbols, and recipient decodes (decodes, translates) information. Scientific communication occurs only on condition that the language of the scientific message is understandable to the recipient. Often, researchers cannot use a foreign language publication without knowing the relevant language. The readership is quite limited if the works are presented in an insufficiently common language. This is where translations help.

Between the communicant and the recipient is established communication channel, without which communication is impossible (method of exchange, transmission of information). These are meetings, conferences, radio, television, the Internet, a publishing house, a journal editorial office, a library and other channels that provide the possibility of direct or indirect scientific communication.

Scientific communication functions effectively if there is feedback - the recipient's reaction to the received message. Interest in a message depends on many factors: the content of the problem, the scientific idea, the availability of information, the place and time of publication, the circulation of the journal (monograph), the language, the level and style of publication matter. The manifestations of the recipient's feedback can be citation, link, response, review, writing a review, abstract, article, inclusion of the author's ideas in the relevant discipline as basic knowledge, etc.

One of the main indicators of the value of a scientific result is citation index, which determines the number of references to a particular article, author, journal, institution, country. The higher this indicator, the more authoritative the author is, the higher his scientific rating. Links indicate the level of dissemination of the idea, its scientific and practical significance, the level of human knowledge, the real implementation of scientific communication.

There are many approaches to the classification of scientific communication. It is divided into direct (direct communication of specialists involved in the research process); indirect (communication between scientists through their scientific publications);

vertical (between the supervisor and the dissertation candidate);

horizontal (connects the applicant with representatives of the scientific school), etc. However, the most common is the division of scientific communications into formal and informal, documentary and non-documentary, between which a close relationship has been established.

Formal NK - exchange of scientific information through specially created structures for the generation, processing and dissemination of scientific knowledge. These are publishing houses, editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, research institutions, higher educational institutions, radio, television, libraries, information centers, museums, archives, etc. In the science of science, formal communication is often considered as the publication of an article in a journal or a scientific monograph and links. Direct quoting of one author by another indicates the creation of a formal channel of communication between them - from the quoted author to the one who quotes. If two researchers cite a third, then formal communication is created between the first and third authors by citing. The effectiveness of formal NC is determined by the quantity and quality of published scientific results.

Informal NK - this is communication that is established between the communicant (sender) and recipient (receiver) through personal contacts, meetings, conversations, telephone conversations, correspondence, etc. The positive aspect of such communication is saving time, ensuring deep mutual understanding. The effectiveness of informal NC is determined through self-reports, questioning, observation. Separate informal exchanges of scientific information become apparent when co-authored scientists publish the results of their research.

Documentary NK - communication mediated by a scientific document, built on the exchange of documented information (ideas, messages, knowledge). scientific paper - this is the publication of the results of theoretical or experimental research, as well as the preparation by scientists for the publication of historical documents and literary texts. It contains scientific information fixed on a material carrier for its transmission in space and time.

In the NDT system, a scientific document receives the status communicata. It can be presented in the form of published abstracts, the text of a scientific report, an article, a description of an invention, a monograph, a research report, a dissertation, a dissertation abstract, an analytical review, an abstract, etc. Scientific information can be transmitted in the form of a book, brochure, magazine , floppy disks, etc. The advantages of such communications:

good preservation of scientific information;

Possibility of studying, reusable re-reading of information;

Thoroughness of preparation;

Possibility of bringing to many recipients;

The possibility of establishing intellectual property rights.

Disadvantages of documentary NCs: complexity of renewal, volume of information.

Non-documentary (oral) NDT - transfer of scientific information in a form not fixed on a material carrier. These are telephone conversations, public speaking, meetings, conferences, symposiums, direct communication, conversations, etc. The positive aspect of oral communications is time saving, the possibility of greater agreement between scientists.

With the development of computer and telecommunication channels of communication, the possibilities of free remote exchange of scientific ideas are expanding. The author himself can create an original manuscript in electronic form, transfer it via the Internet directly to the editors of the journal and immediately publish it. Network channels facilitate the rapid formal and informal exchange of information between scientists. Some electronic databases, in addition to articles (abstracts), also contain authors' addresses. This allows you to contact the author directly and establish contact with him. An electronic journal is an integrated NC site in which authors, editors and publishers work in one system.

A scientist must know the advantages and disadvantages of each form of scientific communication, be able to find the best ways to use it and avoid possible problems.

1.3. The essence and purpose of the functioning of scientific schools.

scientific school (NS) - an informal creative team of researchers of different generations, united by a common program and style of research work, who act under the guidance of a recognized leader. This is an association of like-minded people, which develops problems vital for society under the guidance of a well-known researcher in a certain field, has significant theoretical and practical results of its activities, recognized in scientific circles and in the field of production.

In the activities of the scientific school, the following main features:

Production of scientific knowledge (research and teaching);

Dissemination of scientific knowledge (communication);

Training of gifted pupils (reproduction).

The scientific school has a set signs, which make it possible to identify such a creative association of researchers.

The main feature of the NS is the effective assimilation and study by its members of actual problems from the scientific directions put forward by the leader. minimum cycle, which gives reason to fix the existence of the school, is three generations of researchers:

the founder of the school - his follower - the disciples of the follower.

The key figure of NSh is her leader, whose name the school is named after. This is an outstanding, authoritative scientist who develops fundamental and general questions of science, produces ideas, new areas of research that can unite a team of like-minded people around him.

Among other signs of NS, the following are distinguished:

Long-term scientific productivity, which is characterized by both quantitative (number of publications, references) and qualitative indicators (the leader and members of the NS are the authors of fundamental scientific works, members of the editorial boards of leading professional journals and collections);

The breadth of the problem-thematic, geographical, chronological ranges of the NS functioning;

Preservation of the traditions and values ​​of the NS at all stages of its formation and development, ensuring heredity in the areas of scientific research, the style of scientific work;

Development of an atmosphere of creativity, innovation, openness to scientific discussions both in professional press and in communication;

Unification in the NS of a certain circle of talented scientists, its constant renewal by gifted pupils - followers of the leader, capable of independent search;

Permanent communication links (horizontal and vertical) between the teacher and students, ordinary members of the school;

Active pedagogical activity (number of applicants, graduate students, doctoral students, textbooks, teaching aids, development of new courses);

Official recognition by the state (scientific community) of the importance of NS scientific research (number of academicians, doctors, candidates of sciences, professors, associate professors, honored figures and workers).

It is believed that the leader of the NS is mainly a doctor of sciences. It may include at least three Doctors of Science in their specialty. The problems of scientific research of students must necessarily be connected with the subject of the teacher - the leader of the school. Sometimes they point to geographical dislocation as one of the signs of a school. This formal feature can be used as an additional feature in the process of NS identification.

The most common method for identifying NS is to study the flow of candidate and doctoral dissertations of researchers who are part of this informal team. This approach is legitimate, because it shows the relationship "teacher - student", which is especially important for NS. It makes it possible to obtain specific results, which are based on quantitative data on dissertations defended under the guidance of another scientist, indicates the compliance of the topics of students' dissertations with the problems of the leader's dissertation. This method is simple, since it reduces the task of identification to the establishment of formal indicators.

Scientific schools are the main informal structure of science and make a significant contribution to its development. Their representatives, as a rule, achieve significant scientific results.

It is a form of existence and development of any science. Research activity is an activity that is aimed at obtaining new knowledge and its practical application. Despite the fact that the sciences are classified depending on the field of knowledge, the subject and basis of scientific research are an integral part of any science.

The concept of "scientific research" defines an activity that is aimed at a comprehensive study of the object, phenomenon or process under study, their internal structure and relationships, obtaining on this basis and putting into practice useful results for human existence. In order for scientific specialists to be able to properly conduct the necessary scientific research in the study of science, almost all higher educational institutions study the discipline “fundamentals of scientific research”.

This discipline is an integral part of training and is an important stage in the preparation of a scientist for independent research activities. The course of the discipline "Fundamentals of Scientific Research" is aimed at the formation of knowledge that helps to solve the following typical problems:

Mathematical modeling of objects and processes; their research and development of an algorithm for implementing this method;

Building models of processes and objects in order to analyze them and obtain the most optimal parameters;

Drawing up experimental research programs, implementation of these programs, including the choice of the necessary technical means, obtaining and processing the results;

Drawing up reports on the results obtained in the course of ongoing research.

The process of studying the discipline "fundamentals of scientific research" consists of the following main sections:

1.Methods of scientific knowledge.

2.Methods of theoretical and empirical research.

and their stages.

4.Procedures for the development and design of new technical objects.

5. Theoretical research.

6. Building models of physical processes and objects.

7. Conducting experimental studies and processing their results.

To conduct research in various fields of science, both general and specific methods are used, which are possible only in specific specific sciences. For example, the basis of scientific research in agronomy will be fundamentally different from the methods by which such research is carried out in. However, existing research methods can be classified according to a single general classification:

1. Philosophical which can be identified by subsections:

Objectivity;

Comprehensiveness;

specificity;

historicism;

The dialectical principle of contradiction;

2.General scientific methods and approaches.

3. Private scientific methods.

4. Disciplinary methods.

5.Methods of interdisciplinary research.

Thus, the whole methodology cannot be reduced to any one method, even if it is the most important one. A real scientist and researcher cannot rely on only one single doctrine and cannot limit his thinking to only one single philosophy. Therefore, everything is not simply made up of separate possible methods, but constitutes their "mechanical unity".

The methodology underlying scientific knowledge is a dynamic, integral, complex subordinated system of techniques, methods and principles of different levels, different spheres of action and orientation, contents and structures. In addition to conducting scientific research itself, it is important to patent the results obtained. Therefore, disciplines such as patent science and the basics of scientific research are extremely important for the training of modern highly qualified specialists.