Positional and non-positional sounds. Phonetic (or positional) vowel alternations

alternation- replacement of one sound by another, occurring in the same place of the same phoneme, but in different words or word forms (koz(z)a - goat(s)).

Alternation may be associated with a certain position of sounds in a word. Positional alternation called such an alternation that occurs in any position and knows no exceptions in a given language system (stunning at the end of a word: friend-druk, leg-nok; "fatally total".).

At phonetic (positional) alternations positions, i.e., the conditions for the appearance of a particular sound, phonetic - the beginning and end of a word or syllable, the proximity of other sounds, the position in a stressed or unstressed syllable, this is an alternation of sounds related to one morpheme.

Examples:

The alternation of sounds can be caused by the position of the beginning of the word, in dialects with incomplete okan "o" is replaced by "y" at the beginning of the word in the second pre-stressed syllable: clouds - ublaka, island - islands; operation, subjugation. The alternation may be related to the position of the sound in the syllable. So, in an undisguised unstressed syllable, the phoneme /o/ is realized by the sound "" (lake - azer). In a covered syllable, it appears after a solid consonant only in the first pre-stressed one, and in other unstressed syllables, after a solid consonant, ə is pronounced (in but in əzerk). Often the alternation is due to the position of one sound next to another (after the TV consonant “and” is replaced by “s” (game - play; knives, wide)). Before the deaf acc. voiced ones are replaced by deaf ones (knit - tie). Sounds can alternate depending on the position in relation to the stress (from above - navirhu).

But in the examples, a friend is friendly, paper is paper, this is not a phonetic alternation (the spelling “g” does not depend on the position of “n” after it (gon - drive, blink - blink)). Here is another positional conditioning: the alternation g/f knows no exceptions in the position before the suffix -n-. The position here is morphological, alternation - morphological positional(alternation in which the spelling depends on the morpheme). In borrowed words, too - catalog - catalog. With morph. alternations, not only a suffix, but also an ending can act as a special position (to destroy - I destroy, to drown - I drown, to poison - to persecute, to feed - I feed). There are no exceptions, and in loans. (graph - graph).

Positional alternations that know no exceptions - positionally conditioned(eyes - voice, girlfriend - friendly); aware of exceptions positionally fixed(bridge - bridge, sten - wall). Phonetic positionally conditioned - alternations of sounds related to one phoneme. Phonetic positionally attached can be an alternation of sounds related to one phoneme, and an alternation of phonemes (Kazan - Kazan; excl. June - June).

Non-positional alternations - alternations that have neither phonetic nor morphological conditionality; are associated only with specific words and are inexplicable in modern language (girlfriend - friends, dry up - dry up - dry up).

Historical alternations - alternations not determined by the phonetic position of the sound, which are a reflection of the phonetic processes that operated in earlier periods of the development of the Russian language. These are morphological (they accompany the formation of certain grammatical forms, although in themselves they are not exponents of grammatical meanings, and traditional alternations, since they are preserved by virtue of tradition, not being conditioned either by semantic necessity or by the requirements of the modern phonetic system of the language) and non-positional phoneme alternation. Some call morphological alternations historical.

Why do words alternate sounds? This happens during the formation of grammatical forms of the word. That is, sounds in the same morpheme, for example, in a root, can replace each other. This substitution is called alternation. We note right away that we are talking about phonetic processes, and not about spelling words.

In certain cases, not only vowels alternate, but also consonants. Most often, alternation is found in roots, suffixes and prefixes.

Moss - moss, carry - carry, cool - cooler, friend - friends - make friends - at the root of the word;

circle - mug, daughter - daughters, winter - winter, valuable - valuable - in suffixes;

wait - wait, call - convene, rub - votru - in prefixes.

There are two types of alternations: historical (they cannot be explained, they arose a long time ago and are associated with the loss of vowels [b], [b] (sn - sleep, flatter - flatter) or with an inexplicable identity of consonant sounds (run - run) and phonetic ( positional in a different way, since they depend on the position of the sound in the word [nΛga - nok], they can be explained from the point of view of the modern Russian language, for example, the alternation [g / / k] arose because the consonant sound is preserved before the vowel, and in at the end of the word, the sound is deafened, changing its sound quality).

Historical alternations

Vowel sounds
	moss - moss root - roots tan - tan freeze - freeze breathe - breath carry - carry understand - understand - understand sound - call
Consonants
[p//pl; m//ml; b//bl; v//vl] [sk//st//u]	buy - buy, earthly - earth wear - wear to drive - drive dry - land leads - lead father - fatherland shine - glisten - shine light - candle - illumination fence - fence - fence call - cry - exclamation

Phonetic (positional) alternations

Vowel sounds
[o//and e //b] [a// and e //b] [e// and e //b]	in [about] bottom - in [Λ ]yes - in [b] diana tr [a] wka - tr [Λ] wa-tr [b]weedy n [about] s - n [and uh ] set - n [b] Suna P [a] t - p [and uh ] type [b]tenth with [e] m - with [and uh ] mi - with [b] tenth
vowels
voiced - deaf hard - soft	but [f] and - but [w] mo[ l]- mo [l']b

Historical alternations are revealed during word formation and form change.

Phonetic (positional) can be determined by the reduction of vowels and the assimilation of consonants.

Many fluent vowels when changing monosyllabic and two-syllable nouns according to cases [o, uh, and / / -]:

mouth - mouth, ice - ice, stump - stump;

fire - fire, knot - knot, wind - wind, lesson - lesson, nail - nail, beehive - beehive;

bucket - buckets, window - windows, needle - needles, egg - eggs.

There are fluent vowels in short adjectives:

short - short, bitter - bitter, funny - funny, long - long, cunning - cunning.

In the roots of multispecific verbs, alternations of vowels and consonants also occur:

touch - touch, inspect - inspect, collect - collect, send - send, ignite - ignite, understand - understand, compress - compress.

It is important to know the alternation of sounds in order to correctly apply spelling rules when there are difficulties with writing letters in different parts of speech. If you do not recognize the alternation, you can make a mistake in morphemic analysis, when you highlight parts of a word.

Sound alternation- this is a natural difference in sounds in variants of this and the same morpheme.

Stressed vowel alternation. Soft consonants cause the articulation of the vowel to shift forward and upward. In transcription, this shift of the initial and final phase of the vowel is indicated by dots above the letter: /h¢ as/, /ma ¢t/.

Between soft consonants, there is a forward and upward shift in the central part of the vowel: /h ast/ and /h as/, /mel/ and /m el/ - the vowel - E of the front row moves (forward) up. /pike/ and /pike/.

We see that the alternation of stressed vowels after soft and before soft consonants occurs with their significatively strong position, but different perceptually.

Solid consonants before and after /А,О,Э,У/ do not affect the vowel in any way: /jaguar, gift, yes/ - the same sound is everywhere /A/ - the environment does not affect the sound - this is a perceptually strong position for /А,О,Э,У/ and weak for /I/; position after soft.

In a weak position, sounds, adjacent to the consonant, adapt the vowel to their articulation. This can be heard by ear. In the word mass is pronounced /A/, the position here is strong. In the word meat, it is pronounced /A/ - the sound is extraordinary throughout its sound - it is more advanced. In the word /Ira/ it is pronounced /I/ - this is the main variant of the phoneme /I/, the quality of the sound is not determined by the position. In the word /cheese/ - it is pronounced /Y/, and then it is pronounced /I/: /sy-i-i-ra/.

Thus, in a perceptually weak position, /A/ is the result of the adaptation of /A/ to the preceding soft consonant, and in the same way /Y/ is the result of the adaptation of /I/ to the preceding hard.

Alternation of unstressed vowels. Unstressed vowels differ quantitatively and qualitatively from stressed vowels: they are shorter than stressed ones and are pronounced with less force and different timbre. In connection with this distinction, stressed vowels are called full vowels, unstressed - reduced vowels.

There is also a difference between unstressed vowels, which is due to their place in relation to stress and position in the syllable.

Potebnya proposed a formula conditionally estimating the strength of stressed and unstressed syllables in units of 3,2,1. Stroke 3, 1st pre-strike - 2, others - 1. / b ispLradak / - a mess, / per and pdgLtofk /.

The strength of an unstressed vowel depends on the following conditions: 1. an uncovered syllable is equal to the 1st pre-stressed one: attack /LtkLvat/, stork/stork/.

The strength of the stressed final open syllable fluctuates between 1 and 2 units: cap / capL / \ reduced vowels of the 1st degree (in 2 units of stress) and the vowel of the 2nd degree, (in 1 unit) - b and L.

The qualitative differences between stressed and unstressed vowels are due to the fact that unstressed vowels are articulated less energetically than stressed ones. The body of the tongue occupies a position close to neutral. Unstressed /И/ /Ы/ - high vowels: the tongue does not reach the upper position: /vitrine/, /cheese/.

When pronouncing the vowel A in the 1st prestressed syllable, the tongue does not reach the lowest position, its more accurate image is L: /trLva/, in the 2nd prestressed syllable, the sound A corresponds to /b/ - the tongue occupies the middle position: /npLdat/ .

Only sounds alternate positionally Oh, A, E, i.e. those that undergo qualitative reduction. Positional vowel alternations are caused by a change in the positions of sounds - from strong to weak or vice versa (strong position for vowels - stressed position):

House - houses - brownie

[house] [dΛma] [dΛmΛvoy]

[o] II [Λ] II [b]

signed signed signed

[o] II [Λ] II [b]

oak linden

Row Rows Row

[a] II [and e] II [b]

jogging jogging

[a] II [and e] II [b]

The given examples of positional alternations reflect the results of a qualitative reduction.

Accommodation can also be the cause of positional alternations (for sound and): needle - with a needle

[needle] [syllable]

Positional alternations are reflected in transcription, not in writing!!! Change of sounds, no change of letters!

Positional alternations of consonants

Positionally, only those consonants alternate, which have pairs of hardness / softness, sonority / deafness. The change of sounds is caused by a change in position from strong to weak or vice versa (within the framework of these oppositions).

Positional alternations of consonants by sound / deaf .:

Timid - timid with a pie - pie

[ropk, iy] II [robk] [n, irΛ gom] II [n, irok]

[p] II [b] [g] II [k]

He said - the fairy tale broke - knocked down

[said] II [kask] [slΛl] II [zb, il]

[s] II [s] [s] II [s]

Positional alternations of consonants on TV / soft:

Rosa - rosé horse - equine

[roz] II [rose, b] [kon,] II [konsk, i]

[s] II [s,] [n] II [n,]

You can simultaneously observe alternations in sound / mute, TV / soft:

Cutting - cuts - lumberjacks - ice hole

[rupk] [rub, um] [l, sΛruby] [prorup,]

[n] II [b, ] II [b] II [n, ]

Break - sew - the concept of positional alternations is not applicable, because sounds are not paired.

Historical sound alternations

Historical alternation is a regular change of sounds within one morpheme, not due to the action of a living phonetic law (change in phonetic position):

Wears - bear - different sounds o and a are fundamentally distinct, both are in a strong position, under stress; s and w are not a pair of sound / deaf, they are in a strong position. These are historical alternations. They are observed without transcription, there is a change of sounds and a change of letters.

Historical alternations of vowels and vowels with a combination of sounds

e//e//o//a - carry-carry-wear-bear

e, o // Ø - d5n-day, sleep-sleep

a, i // Øn // in - start - start - start

a, i // Øm // im - compress - compress - compress

a, i // ym // im - borrow - borrow - borrow

e//i//o//a// Ø - died- die-mor-extinct- die

e / \ a - climb - climb

s / / y / / o - breathe-spirit-sigh

s / / Ø - tear - tear

and// Øy//her - drink-drink-drink

s // oh - howl - howl

s// s(c) // o(c)//a(c) – swim-swim-swimmer-swim

yu, u //ov // ev kuyu-forge beak-peck

Historical consonant alternations

to // h// c (c //h) - face - face-mask

g // f // s - friend - friends - together

x // w - ear - ears

h //f; s / / w - I drive-cart, wears - I wear

x // s - shake - shaking

t // h // u - light - candle - lighting

d // w// railway - move - walking

sk//u - plex splashes

st // u - whistle - whistle

d, t // s - lead - lead, meta - revenge

b / / bl - loves - love

p / / pl - sculpt - sculpt

v//vl – catches – catches

f//fl - graph - graph

m//ml - feeding - feeding

Lecture number 3. syllable. HYPHENATION. ACCENT

SYLLABLE. HYPHENATION

The minimum sound unit of a speech flow is a syllable, it is created by one respiratory impulse.

A syllable is the smallest sound unit that can be isolated dictionally when pronouncing a word. It is a structural component of a phonetic word.

A syllable, like any phonetic unit, can be viewed from different points of view. The syllable can be considered from the point of view of the work of the organs of speech - articulation. The syllable can be viewed from an acoustic point of view. A syllable is such a phonetic unit that is not associated with meaning, does not matter (like sound). Hence the difficulties in syllable division. The question of the syllable is one of the most difficult in phonetics. It is debatable.

It is traditionally believed that the smallest unit of phonetic articulation of speech is sound. From an articulatory point of view, the minimum units of speech flow are syllables, not sounds. We do not pronounce individual sounds, but pronounce syllables. Sounds are distinguished not during direct pronunciation, but in the course of linguistic analysis. Our everyday idea of ​​dividing words into syllables does not coincide with the scientific one: wow.

There are many syllable theories. These numerous theories can be grouped into three groups:

Group 1 of theories connects syllable division with the work of the speech apparatus - with articulation. These theories are called articulatory. Varieties within this group:

A) the expiratory theory connects the division of words into syllables with the work of the respiratory organs. According to this theory, a syllable is a segment of speech pronounced with one expiratory push. There are as many syllables in a word as there are exhalations when pronouncing the word. Experiments show that the expiratory theory by no means covers all cases of syllable division. Sometimes the number of exhalations does not match the number of syllables.

B) the theory of muscular tension connects the division of words into syllables, taking into account how the tension of the speech apparatus changes when pronouncing segments of speech called syllables. When pronouncing some sounds, muscular tension is weakened, while pronouncing others, it increases. When a vowel is pronounced, especially a stressed one, all parts of the vocal apparatus are evenly tense. Therefore, they talk about spilled voltage. When a consonant is pronounced, the tension is concentrated in that part of it where there is an obstacle to the air stream. According to the theory of muscular tension, a syllable is a segment in which there is an increase and then a decrease in muscle tension. This leads to the fact that the word is divided into syllables. Lev Vlad. Shcherba, in addition to muscle tension, paid great attention to stress as a means of highlighting the stressed syllable. The stressed syllable is characterized by greater tension of the speech apparatus.

2nd group of theories - acoustic. These theories link syllable division with the perception of speech flow. Otherwise they are called theories of sonority.

Sonority is the sonority of sounds. Researchers have long established that different sounds have different degrees of sonority. One of the first to develop the theory of sonority was the Danish scientist Otto Jespersen. He built a scale of relative sonority of sounds. Its scale is 10 steps (10 groups of sounds according to the degree of sonority).

In modern In Russian linguistics, the theory of sonority was developed by Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov. He established a 3-step sonority scale (interpreters take a 4-step scale). The theory of sonority does not take into account the absolute sonority of sounds, but only the relative one. The most sonorous are the vowel sounds. They were rated with 4 sonority units. The sonorant consonants next in sonority are 3 units. The sonority of noisy consonants is 1 unit (interpreters of this theory divide noisy consonants into voiced ones - 2 units and deaf ones -1 unit). But it is more convenient to use a 3-step scale (4-3-1).

The theory of sonority comes from the law of the openness of the syllable. The operation of this law is ensured by the principle of ascending sonority, formulated by R.I. Avanesov.

Avanesov argued that the beginning of a non-first syllable is built on the principle of ascending sonority, i.e. at the beginning of a non-first syllable, the sonority increases, the syllable begins with a less sonorous sound and continues with a more sonorous one.

According to the theory of sonority, the syllable division in a word occurs before the sound of the least sonority.

If in a word we have a combination of sounds C + G + C + G, then there are no difficulties in syllable division, because the consonant is less sonorous than the vowel, so the syllable boundary passes before the consonant:

Bo - ti - nok be - re - for

14 14 341 14 34 14

sonority fall

It is more difficult if the word has a combination of several consonants between vowels (intervocalic combinations). It is necessary to analyze the sounds according to the degree of sonority.

GSSG GSSSG GSSSG

Consider examples:

A) ... voice. + noisy acc. + noisy + voice…

in paint se - stra

b) ... voice. + sonor.acc. + sonor.acc. + voice. …

ko - rma va - nna

c) ... voice. + noise acc. + sonorn. acc. + voice. …

o-window nightmarish

d) ... voice. + sonor.acc. + noisy acc. + voice. ….

skins - like a compass

If there are several sonority drops in a word, then the boundary passes where the sonority drop is greater.

The consonant j requires special attention, it is the most sonorous of the consonants - 3.5 units. When combined with other consonants, it will refer to the previous syllable, i.e. the syllable section will come after it before any other consonant sound:

…voice. + j + noisy acc. + voice. …

….voice. + j + sonor.acc. + voice. …

According to the theory of sonority, in 2 cases there can be closed syllables inside a word:

1. after j before any other consonant: howl-sko, my-wa, lei-ka, lai-ka

2. after a sonorant consonant before the next noisy consonants: half-ka, fight-ba, bom-ba

If there are two sonorous consonants nearby, then they both go to the next syllable: ko-rma, pa-lma, ha-mma

Thus, within intervocalic consonant combinations, the syllable boundary passes if the first consonant is louder than the next: cork

Within intervocalic combinations of consonants, the syllable boundary does not pass if the consonants are equal in sonority, or the second is more sonorous than the first: mask, boo-qua, te-mno, boo-gra.

3 group of theories - experimental

These are theories that are based on experiments carried out using precision instruments. The advantage of these theories is that they combine two approaches to the syllable - articulatory and acoustic. The work of the organs of speech, the acoustic characteristics of sounds are studied.

Proponents of exp. theories have proved that a syllable is the minimum pronounceable unit, characterized by the maximum fusion of its components. One of the authors is Liya Vasilievna Bondarko.

Exp. theories study the degree of fusion of sounds in syllables. It is established that the combination of acc. + voice. closer than ch. + acc. If there are intervocalic combinations within the word according to, then the syllable division occurs differently than according to the theory of sonority. According to the ex-theory, all syllables in the word are open, with the exception of those that are closed j (this is where the theory of sonority and ex-theory converge).

According to the theory of sonority according to the experimental theory

tea-tea-tea

half a mile

went on and on

se-stra se-stra

wa-na wa-na

there are opinions that in general all syllables in a word are open, i.e. no consonant can close a syllable.

TYPES OF syllables

Syllables can be: open and closed (according to the presence of a consonant sound on the right) - ka-ran-dash; alcove; straw; pore-shaft; Baikal

Logias can be covered and uncovered (according to the presence of a consonant on the left) - ar-buz, o-kno, war, el-ka (the first syllable is covered with j).

The adaptation of the pronunciation of one sound to the pronunciation of another sound is called accommodation. There are three types of accommodation: progressive (when the articulation of the vowel adapts to the articulation of the previous consonant: strap - [l "amk]), regressive (when the articulation of the vowel adapts to the articulation of the subsequent consonant: take - [brother"]) and progressive-regressive (when the articulation vowel adapts to the articulation of both the preceding and the subsequent soft consonant: sit down - (with "at"]). In Russian, progressive accommodation is stronger. This is due to the fact that in Russian the preceding consonant has the greatest influence on vowels, since the influence consonant to vowel within one syllable is much stronger than the influence of a consonant in another syllable.

In the transition from the articulation of a consonant to the articulation of a vowel, the organs of speech do not have time to quickly change their position. Soft consonants can cause an upward shift in the articulation of the vowel. For example, in the word meat - [m "as]] after a soft consonant, you need to pronounce the sound [a]. When pronouncing the soft consonant [m "], the middle part of the back of the tongue is raised high. And to pronounce the vowel sound [a], the tongue must be quickly lowered, since this is a low vowel. Immediately, the tongue does not have time to fall and lingers a little in the upper position, which is characteristic of the vowel [and]. Therefore, the sound [a] in this word in its first phase has a slight overtone, similar to | and], becomes more closed.

The vowel[i] after hard consonants experiences progressive accommodation, becoming more of a back sound. This is because it is influenced by the articulation of the preceding hard consonant. When pronouncing hard consonants, the tongue occupies a more rear position than when pronouncing the front vowel [and]. Under the influence of the articulation of a solid consonant, the adjacent front vowel [and] is pushed back and instead the middle vowel [s] is pronounced: play - [play"] and play - [play"].

In the position between two soft consonants, all vowels become more closed, but the low and mid vowels change as a result of accommodation more than the high vowels.

The result of accommodation is the positional alternation of vowels of two types.

Stressed vowels are pronounced distinctly and never sound the same as other vowels. Only minor changes are possible, which depend on the hardness or softness of neighboring consonants. For example, front vowels under stress between soft consonants or at the beginning of a word before a soft consonant become more closed, narrow, tense sounds: shadows - [t "e" n "and], drank - [p" and "l" and], il - [and "l"]. Given the above, the following positional alternations can be noted in front vowels under stress: [e] / / [e "] 7 [i] / [i"].

But these alternations occur within the same phoneme and do not perform a distinctive function in Russian.

Stressed non-front vowels are also represented by different shades within the same phoneme. After soft consonants, before hard consonants, sounds advanced forward in the excursion are pronounced, and after hard ones before soft ones, advanced forward in recursion. These shades of sounds are indicated by a dot from above on the side of the sign where the adjacent soft consonant is located: crumpled - [m "al", mole - [mo "l"], led - [in "" ol], south - "uk].

Between soft consonants, non-front vowels are represented by shades advanced forward throughout the articulation. This is marked by two dots above the sign: hatches - [l "u" ​​k "i], uncles - [d "a" d "i], Leni - [l "o" n "i].

Thus, for non-front vowels under stress, depending on the neighborhood of hard or soft consonants, the following positional alternations can be noted: [a]\\a a a; oh oh oh oh; woo

Phonetic processes

Phonetic processes are changes in sounds that occur in time: one sound is replaced by another sound in the same position, but at a later time. Some phonetic processes are associated with the interaction of neighboring sounds (such sound processes are called combinatorial), others are determined by the position of the sound in the word and are not related to the influence of neighboring sounds (such sound processes are called positional).

The combinatorial ones are assimilation, dissimilation and simplification of consonant clusters (diaresis).

Positional includes stunning voiced consonants at the end of a word ( law of the end of the word).

Assimilation- this is the likening of a sound to a neighboring sound. Assimilation is characterized by the following features: 1) by direction; 2) by result; 3) by position.

There are two types of assimilation in direction: regressive and progressive. With regressive assimilation, the subsequent sound likens the previous one, for example, a shop - [l afk b]. The subsequent deaf consonant [k] likens the previous voiced consonant [c] to itself and makes it deaf - [f]. With progressive assimilation, the previous sound likens the next one to itself. The modern Russian literary language is characterized by regressive assimilation; there are no examples of progressive assimilation in the literary language. Progressive assimilation can only be found in dialects and vernacular, for example, in place of the literary Va[n"k]a they pronounce Va[n"k"]ya.

According to the result, assimilation can be complete and incomplete (partial). With complete assimilation, one sound is likened to another in all respects: 1) by the place of formation of the barrier, 2) by the method of formation of the barrier; 3) according to the ratio of voice and noise; 4) by hardness and softness. For example, give - o [dd] at - o [d] at. The voiceless consonant [t] is likened to the subsequent voiced consonant [d] and becomes voiced [d], merging into one long sound [d] in pronunciation. The remaining characteristics of the sounds [t] and [d] (by the place of formation, by the method of formation, by hardness) are the same. With incomplete assimilation, one sound is likened to another not in all respects, but only in some, for example, everything is [fs "e]. This is incomplete assimilation, since the previous voiced consonant sound [v] is likened to the subsequent deaf consonant sound [from 1] only according to deafness. According to the method of formation, the sounds [v] and [s "] are both slotted, i.e. there is no need for similitude. The sound [f] also remains a gap. According to the rest of the signs, there is no likeness: 1) at the place of formation - [f] labial, and [s"] front-lingual; 2) in terms of hardness and softness - [f] is hard, and [s"] is soft.

According to the position, assimilation can be contact and distant. With contact assimilation, the likened and likening sounds are nearby, there are no other sounds between them, for example: low - no[sk]o. Literary language is characterized by contact assimilation. With distant assimilation, there are other sounds (or sound) between the assimilated and assimilated sounds. Examples of distant assimilation are found in dialects and vernacular. For example, in the word highway between the sounds [w] and [s] there is a sound [L].

Types of assimilation:

1. Assimilation through deafness. Paired voiced noisy consonants, being in front of deaf noisy consonants, are likened to them and also become deaf: booth - but ^ tk] a, all- [fs "e]. This is a regressive incomplete contact assimilation due to deafness.

2. Voice assimilation. Paired deaf noisy consonants, being in front of voiced noisy consonants, are likened to them and become voiced: beat off - o [db"] go, pass - | zd] ut. This is a regressive incomplete contact assimilation according to
sonority.

Assimilation by voicedness and deafness occurs within the phonetic word, i.e. it is also observed at the junction of a function word with a significant one: from the mountain - [z g]ora (voiced assimilation), from the park - and [from p]arka (deafness assimilation).

Consonants [in], [in "] are deafened before deaf noisy ones: all - [fs"] ex (regressive assimilation in deafness). But deaf noisy consonants before [in], [in "] do not become voiced: whistle - [sv"] st, not [sv"] st.

3. Softness assimilation. Paired hard consonants, being in front of soft consonants, are likened to them and become soft: the bridge is mo [s "t"] ik. Previously, before soft consonants, a hard consonant had to be replaced by a soft one, but in modern pronunciation there has been a tendency towards the absence of assimilative softening, although this law applies to consonants.

4. Assimilation in hardness. Paired soft consonants, being in front of hard consonants, are likened to them and become hard: lage [r "] - lage [rn] th, dirty [z "] and - dirty [zn] th. However, such assimilation in the Russian language is inconsistent and occurs in isolated cases. In addition, it is associated with a certain structure of the word: it occurs only with the word formation of adjectives and (less often) nouns at the junction of the generative stem and suffix: star [r "] - star [rsk"], ko [n"] - ko [nsk" ] yy, styo [p "] - ste [mon] 6th, knight [r "] - r "shcha [rst] o, etc.

5. Assimilation at the place of formation (assimilation of those who whistle before those who hiss). Consonants [s], [h] before hissing become hissing themselves and merge with them into one long sound (complete assimilation).

Dissimilation- the dissimilarity of sounds in the flow of speech that are within the same word. D. is characteristic of irregular speech. In the literary language, it is observed only in two words - soft and light, and in their derivatives.

In the common Slavic language, D. tt - st, dt - st occurred, since according to the law of an open syllable in the common Slavic language there should not be a row of two explosive consonants, because in this case the first explosive consonant made the syllable closed. The fricatives did not close the previous syllable, they could be pronounced with the next syllable. Therefore, the confluence of two explosives was eliminated in the common Slavic language of D. consonants. This led to the emergence of alternations of explosive consonants with fricatives: meta - revenge, delirium - wander, weave - weave. D. in colloquial pronunciations: bomb - bonba, tram - tranvay.

Simplification of consonant clusters. When three or more consonants collide, in some cases one of the consonants drops out, which leads to a simplification of these groups of consonants. Combinations are simplified: stn (local), zdn (holiday), stl (envious), stsk (tourist), sts (plaintiff), zdts (bridles), nts (talent), ndts (Dutch), ntsk (giant), rdts or rdch (heart), lnts (sun). In words and forms formed from the basics of feelings-, health-, the consonant c is not pronounced. In almost all cases, the simplification results in the omission of the dental consonants d or t.

Of the historical simplifications of consonant groups, one should note the dropping of d and t before the consonant l in past tense verbs: I lead, but led; I weave, but also weaved the loss of the suffix -l in past tense verbs in the masculine gender after stems into a consonant - carried, but carried, could, but could.

Subject. PHONETIC ALTERNATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

Articulatory-acoustic prerequisites for changes in sounds in speech

Vowels and consonants in the process of speech are grouped into words about gi, words, syntagmas, phrases, less often - function in isolation. Within a word, and often at the junction of words, the articulation of neighboring sounds changes in a certain way: the recursion (the last phase of articulation) of the previous sound and the excursion (the initial phase of articulation) of the next sound interact, passing into each other, and the so-called phenomenon of coarticulation occurs. Coarticulation leads to the fact that the main articulation types mutually change their quality - thus, different variants of sounds (allophones of phonemes) arise. Coarticulation is due to certain inertial-mechanical and neurophysiological limitations in the work of the speech organs, the economy of the speaker's articulation efforts, as well as the rate of speech. The pronunciation of a sound is affected, in addition to the close sound environment, also by its place in the word and its location relative to the stress.

alternation is a regular change of speech sounds within one morpheme: [in about dy] // [v˄dy], [tra in a] // [tra f kj], in e zti // in about zit, at X OU w and etc.

There are alternations phonetic and historical.

Phonetic alternations are due to the phonetic laws in force in the modern language, for example, the stunning of voiced consonants at the end of words: but [gardens]. Depending on the reasons that caused the change of sounds, phonetic alternations are divided into positional and combinatorial.

Typology of sound changes

Changes in sounds in speech are usually distinguished by:

1) types: combinatorial and positional changes, which in turn are divided by type into accommodation, assimilation, simplification, reduction;

2) by nature: qualitative and quantitative;

3) distance: contact (adjacent) - neighboring sounds interact, and distant (remote) - sounds interact at a distance;

4) direction: regressive (the next sound affects the previous one) and progressive (the previous sound affects the next one);

5) degree of manifestation (depth of manifestation): complete and incomplete (partial);

6) mandatory: mandatory and optional (optional).

Positional alternations are explained by the position of the sound in the word (vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables, consonants at the end of the word): [l ' uh s] // [l'i e s a], [Padru Gъ]//[Padru to].

Combinatorial alternations are explained by the influence of one sound on another (voiced consonant to deaf or deaf to voiced, vowel to consonant or consonant to vowel, etc.): [l aboutdък] // [l abouttk b], [mula t'and t’]//[mъl˄ d'ba]. Since in all cases the position of a sound in a word determines its change in the modern language, the term "positional alternations" is also used in a broader sense - as identical to the term "phonetic alternations".

historical alternations arose as phonetic, but the phonetic laws that determined them ceased to operate in the language, and the change of sounds was preserved, having lost the phonetic conditionality. Some of the historical alternations began to perform certain grammatical functions. Such alternations are also called grammar, or morphological, for example, in the formation of forms of the 1st person unit. numbers from verbs with an indefinite form on -ite: to wear –wear, drive– drive, catch– I'm catching and etc.

Positional alternations of vowels depending on the position in relation to the stressed syllable

Vowel sounds in unstressed syllables are reduced. The reduction of unstressed vowels can be quantitative and quality. Unstressed high vowels experience quantitative reduction [and], [s], [y]: [fish a to], [cr a dreams], [games a], [with' and n'iј], [uh a], [sv’ uh rhu]. These vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables are qualitatively the same. Unstressed vowels of non-high rise experience a qualitative reduction, which is the reason for the alternation of sounds of different quality in stressed and unstressed syllables: [p'at '] - [p'i et a to] - [p’t˄ch’ about to].

The positional alternations of stressed and unstressed sounds (phonemes) in modern literary pronunciation depend on the position of the vowels and the quality of the preceding consonant.

The stressed [o] after solid consonants alternates with the vowel [a] in the first position and with the reduced vowel of the middle series in the second position: [g about lions] - [g˄l about f] - [gl˄v aboutј], where vowels alternate in the first syllable [o] // [˄] // [b].

Stressed vowel after soft consonants [about] alternates with a vowel [and e] in the first position and with a reduced front vowel in the second position [b]: [l'ok] - [l'i e zhat '] - [l'zhy e b about kъ], where the alternation of vowels is represented in the first syllable [o] // [and e] // [b].

The stressed vowel [a] after solid consonants in the first position alternates with a shorter sound [a], which in some transcriptions is conveyed by the sign [˄], and in the second position - with a reduced vowel of the middle series [b]: [self] - [s ˄m a] - [sm˄v about].

Stressed after soft consonants [a] alternates with [and uh] in first position and with a reduced front vowel [b] in the second: [gr'ac '] - [gr'i e z'n' uhј] - [gr’zn˄v a tyј].

stressed vowel [e] after solid consonants, it alternates with the vowel [s e] in the first position and with the reduced vowel of the middle row [b] in the second: [zhes't '] - [zhy e s't' a nk] - [zhugs't'i en aboutј] .