Every year there are more and more children with various disorders of sound pronunciation. Many parents believe that mispronunciation of sounds is a temporary condition. In a way, they are right. However, this temporary state often becomes permanent. It can be very difficult to eradicate this, since time is omitted. Therefore, you need to be attentive to your children.

Watch your baby, or rather, his organs of articulation at the time of speaking. Difficulties in sound pronunciation may be due to the incorrect position of the tongue, lips, jaws. Consider examples of the correct position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus for each consonant sound.

Sound P. Initially, the lips close. The air entering the cavity of the pharynx and mouth is compressed. After that, the labial bow explodes, and the air is pushed out. The position of the tongue will depend on the next sound. If the sound P is at the end of a word or syllable, the language remains passive. The soft palate is in an elevated state and blocks the passage to the nasal cavity. The vocal folds are open. When pronouncing the sound B, the position of the organs of articulation is the same, only the vocal cords vibrate.

Sound T. The lips are open and dependent on the next sound. First, the tongue comes into contact with its front edge with the upper incisors. Along with this, its lateral edges are located at the upper molars (tightly adjacent). Then the bow explodes. The soft palate is raised and blocks the passage to the nose. The vocal folds are open. When pronouncing the sound D, the position of the organs of articulation is the same, only the vocal cords vibrate.

Sound K. The tip of the tongue is at the bottom, the back initially closes with the palate. The place of the bow depends entirely on the subsequent sound. Then the bow explodes. The soft palate is raised and blocks the passage to the nose. The vocal folds are open. At the moment of correct pronunciation, you can feel the push of the exhaled air on the back of the hand. When pronouncing the sound G, the position of the organs of articulation is the same, only the vocal cords vibrate.

Lips in position somewhat stretched into a smile. The teeth are close. The tip of the tongue is located at the lower incisors (rests against them), the back is curved, the lateral edges are located at the upper molars. A groove is formed in the center of the tongue, a narrow gap is formed between the alveoli and the back of the tongue. The soft palate is raised and blocks the passage to the nose. The vocal folds are open. You can feel a warm stream of exhaled air on the back of your hand. To pronounce the sound Z, the location of the organs of articulation is similar to the position for the sound C, only the vocal cords vibrate.

The lips are slightly pushed forward. The teeth are close. The tongue is shaped like a cup. The anterior edge of the tongue is raised and touches the palate behind the alveoli. The lateral edges are located at the upper molars (adjacent to them). The soft palate is raised and blocks the passage to the nose. The vocal folds are open. If you bring your hand to your mouth, you can feel a slanting, downward, warm stream of air. To pronounce the sound Zh, the location of the organs of articulation is similar to the position for the sound Ш, only the vocal cords vibrate.

Sound X. The tip of the tongue is lowered down, the back of the tongue is in contact with the sky, in the middle there is a gap. The soft palate is raised and blocks the passage to the nose. The vocal folds are open. At the moment of pronouncing the sound, you can feel a strong stream of air on your hand.

Sounds B and F. The upper lip is slightly raised. The position of the tongue depends on the subsequent sound. The soft palate is raised and blocks the passage to the nose. With the articulation of the sound F, the vocal folds are open, with B they vibrate. If you bring your hand to your mouth, you can feel a strong cold stream of air, which is directed obliquely upwards.

Sound Z. Lips are open and slightly stretched into a smile. The teeth are close. The tip of the tongue is located at the upper teeth (rests against the incisors), and its lateral edges are adjacent to the molars. The back of the tongue initially closes with the alveoli, and then moves into a position corresponding to the articulation of the sound C.

Sound Ch. Lips slightly pushed forward. The teeth are close. The front edge of the tongue is raised and initially closes with the palate behind the alveoli. Then the bow explodes, and the front edge of the tongue moves into a position that corresponds to the articulation of the upper soft Sh.

Sound M. The lips are closed, and when there is a transition to the next sound, they open smoothly. If the sound M is at the end of a syllable or word, such opening may not occur. The position of the tongue is fully dependent on the next sound. The soft palate is lowered, and the exhaled air passes into the nasal cavity. The vocal folds are in a vibrating position.

Sound H. The position of the lips changes depending on the vowel sound following H. The soft palate is down. The air stream moves through the nasal cavity. The vocal folds are in a vibrating position.

The position of the lips is neutral. The teeth are close. The tip of the tongue is at the upper incisors. The back of the tongue and the lateral edges of the tongue are lowered, while a slight stream of air passes along the edges of the tongue. The vocal folds are in a vibrating position.

The position of the lips, as well as the distance between the incisors, depend on the sound following the R. Tongue with lateral edges adjacent to the upper teeth. Its front edge is raised up and trembles under the pressure of air. The soft palate is raised and closes the movement of the air stream into the nose. The vocal folds are in a vibrating position.

Russian alphabet Russian Letter Name Letters in Russian Pronunciation Transliteration 1 Vowel "ee kratkoyeh" "short ee" "tvyordiy znahk" "hard sign" "myagkeey znahk" "soft sign" The Russian alphabet contains 33 letters: 21 consonants, 10 vowels, and two letters without sound - a hard sign and a soft sign. Russian alphabet Letters of the Russian alphabet written by hand: Russian keyboard: << Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь

Russian alphabet and letter names

		[and short]
		[hard sign]
		[soft sign]

The unknown about the known To convey sounds in Russian writing, special signs are used - letters. A set of letters arranged in a certain sequence is alphabet.

According to the style, the following types of letters are distinguished:

large (uppercase, uppercase) and small (lowercase) For example: AT and in, F and well

printed and handwritten For example: B and B, b and b, A and BUT, and a The letters of the Russian alphabet are divided into 3 groups:

• 10 vowel letters: a, o, y, s, uh, i, e, yo, yu, and;

  consonants - 21: b, c, d, e, d, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u;

  2 letters that do not represent sounds: b, b.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet.

A little about phonetics Phonetics is a branch of the science of language in which the sounds of a language, stress, syllable are studied.

The formation of language sounds The sounds of the tongue are formed in the speech apparatus when air is exhaled. The vocal apparatus includes the larynx with vocal cords, oral and nasal cavities, tongue, lips, teeth, and palate.

In the speech apparatus, the exhaled air passes through the larynx between the tense vocal cords and through the oral cavity, which can change its shape. This is how vowel sounds. They consist only of voice. Exhaled air can meet an obstruction in the oral cavity in the form of a closure or convergence of the speech organs and exit either through the mouth or through the nose. This is how consonants. They are made up of noise, and some are made up of voice and noise.

Vowel sounds In Russian, the main ones, i.e. vowels under stress 6: [a], [o], [y], [e], [i], [s].,br> Vowels are stressed and unstressed.

Consonants Consonants in Russian are divided into hard and soft, voiced and deaf.

Paired and unpaired consonants by hardness / softness

Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired

Paired and unpaired consonants according to voiced / deafness

The voiced consonant at the end of a word and before a deaf consonant is replaced by a paired deaf consonant. This replacement is called stunning.

A deaf consonant before a voiced consonant (except for l, p, m, n, d) is replaced by a paired voiced consonant. This replacement is called consonant voicing.

Perhaps, only after reading this material can one find undoubted confirmation of the phrase about the wealth and power of the Russian language. Only such a language with its unique phonetics can have such a rich and powerful vocabulary.

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners | Russian alphabet | Pronunciation of sounds | Phonetic exercises

Russian alphabet for foreigners: often, not only foreigners who begin to learn Russian, but also foreigners of an advanced level cannot correctly pronounce some Russian sounds. We'll talk about what letters of the Russian alphabet cause difficulties for foreigners, we will give recommendations for teachers on how to teach the phonetics of the Russian language, what phonetic exercises for foreigners need to be performed and what difficulties may arise in their implementation, we will separately talk about those that cause the greatest difficulties for foreigners.

Russian as a foreign language How to teach Russian pronunciation: letters and sounds Lessons for teachers of Russian as a foreign language (rki)

For beginners to learn Russian for foreigners difficulty in learning the Russian alphabet and Russian phonetics lies in the fact that almost all letters of the Russian alphabet can denote several different sounds, for example: the letter E can denote the sounds [E], [YE], [I], and sometimes even the letter E can denote the sound [Ы] ( after consonants Zh, Sh, Ts without stress: price, wife).

Setting the pronunciation- this is another difficulty for teachers of Russian as a foreign language when teaching Russian to both beginners and foreigners continuing to study Russian. Below are recommendations how to put the pronunciation of Russian sounds in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language.

Rules for staging Russian sounds. Teaching the phonetics of the Russian language

Phonetics of the Russian language for foreigners: work on staging any sound of the Russian language you need to start with the formulation of phonemic hearing, i.e. first you need to ensure that the foreigner distinguishes sounds by ear. This is important because many Russian sounds sound the same to foreigners. For example, if your student says “grandfather” instead of “girl”, and when you correct him, he answers that he said so, then this means that your student does not distinguish sounds [D] and [V] by ear, they are for it sound the same.

In order for foreigners to learn to distinguish sounds by ear, we recommend doing the following exercises:

Exercise "Playing with cards":

1. Take two sheets of paper, write on them the sounds that you will practice. For example, on one sheet we write D, and on the other - V. Let's give these cards to a foreigner. The teacher pronounces the sounds [D] and [V] in random order, and the foreigner must raise the corresponding card. Of course, the teacher must tell the foreigner if he makes a mistake.

2. Then the teacher pronounces syllables, for example: wa - yes, du - wu, ava - hell, etc., and the foreigner must raise the “D” card or the “B” card.

Exercise "Phonetic dictation":

The teacher dictates sounds, syllables, words to the student, and the foreigner writes down what he hears.

Please note that in the exercise “Playing with Cards” and “Phonetic Dictation”, when practicing consonant sounds, you do not need to dictate words that end in voiced paired consonant letters (B, C, D, D, F, Z), because. when pronouncing at the end of a word, voiced paired consonants are stunned. For example, if you dictate to a foreigner “bow”, “meadow”, then a foreigner will write down “bow”, “bow”, because “meadow” is pronounced like “lu[K]”, while your foreign student will not make a mistake, because this is a phonetic, not a spelling dictation.

When a foreigner began to distinguish Russian sounds by ear, the teacher can already change places with the foreigner, i.e. the teacher shows the card, and the foreigner says what is written. At this stage, another problem arises: a foreigner hears and understands how a Russian sound should sound, but cannot pronounce it correctly. The greatest difficulties for foreigners arise when pronouncing the following sounds: [S], [Y], [R], [W], [C], [W], [Sh]. Below we will consider the rules for setting these sounds and give recommendations on how to explain Russian phonetics to foreigners, how to conduct phonetic exercises for foreigners.

Soft sound p R

Sound setting.

h that resembles a sound R R sound will be heard well a, we hear a syllable ra ry, ro, ru R called protorny

Characteristics of sounds L, L
and the correct position of the organs of speech during their pronunciation.

Sound l

Sound eh

l

• lips open, occupy a neutral position or take the position of a subsequent vowel sound;
• teeth slightly open;
• language- the narrow tip of the tongue rises and rests against the upper incisors or their gums, the middle part of the tongue is lowered, the lateral edges are also lowered;
• a gap remains between the lateral edges of the tongue and the molars through which the air stream exits.
• vocal cords tense and vibrate, giving voice.

Soft sound eh different from hard l as follows:

• lips
• language

w, w, h, u .

Sound Sh.

Sound w

When making a sound w

• lips somewhat pushed forward;
• Tip of the tongue
• lateral edges of the tongue
• vocal cords open, the stream of exhaled air freely passes between them;
• air jet

Sound articulation well w having a voice.

Articulation of sounds sch and h different from the articulation of sound w h

w, w, w, h w w . If the sound w well sch h . Therefore, sound disturbances w, w, h are the same as those w .

Sound setting.

X with

Producing the right sound w w .

The group of hissing sounds includes sounds w, w, h, u .

Sound well

When making a sound well Normally, the organs of speech take the following position:

• lips somewhat pushed forward;
• Tip of the tongue raised to the sky (to the alveoli), but does not touch it, forming a gap;
• lateral edges of the tongue are pressed from the inside to the upper molars or hard palate, not passing a jet of exhaled air on the sides. Thus, the tongue takes the form of a ladle or cup.
• vocal cords are closed and oscillate under the pressure of the jet of exhaled air;
• air jet exhaled evenly in the middle of the tongue, it is strong, wide, warm, easily felt with the back of the hand brought to the mouth.

Any deviation from the correct articulation pattern leads to sound distortion. When staging a sound, our main task is to create the correct articulation of a given sound in a child.

Setting the sound [Ж].

After audio automation w you can put sound in words well well w

isolated sound well

• lips
• teeth
• wide Tip of the tongue middle back of tongue lateral edges of the tongue
• air jet
• soft sky
• vocal cords not tense, moved apart, the voice is not formed.

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"Methodological development "Characteristics of sounds and the correct position of the organs of speech during their pronunciation""

How to pronounce the sounds R and Ry normally?

Sound R - consonant, firm, trembling.

Sound p - consonant, soft, trembling.

Correct aticulation of sound R is as follows:

Soft sound p differs in articulation from a paired solid sound R an additional rise in the middle part of the back of the tongue to the palate and some advancement of it forward.

Sound setting.

The child pronounces the sound with the above articulation h that resembles a sound R , but without vibration of the tip of the tongue. If instead R sound will be heard well, you need to ask the child to move the tongue closer to the teeth. Slightly amplifying the air stream, adding sound a, we hear a syllable ra. Sound combinations are obtained with other vowels ry, ro, ru. Such preparation gradually and firmly fixes the correct articulation in the child, but without vibration of the tip of the tongue. Received sound R called protorny

Characteristics of sounds L, L
and the correct position of the organs of speech during their pronunciation.

Sound l - consonant, sonorous, firm.

Sound eh - consonant, sonorous, soft.

During the correct pronunciation of the sound l the organs of speech take the following position:

Soft sound eh different from hard l as follows:

lips stretched to the sides, as if smiling;

language- the tip of the tongue is raised a little higher and rests on the alveoli ("tubercles") behind the front upper teeth, the middle and back parts of the tongue are raised and moved forward, which gives softening.

Characteristics of hissing sounds and their articulation.

The group of hissing sounds includes sounds w, w, h, u .

Sound Sh.

Sound w consonant, deaf, firm. There is no soft sound paired with it in Russian.

When making a sound w Normally, the organs of speech take the following position:

lips somewhat pushed forward;

Tip of the tongue raised to the sky (to the alveoli), but does not touch it, forming a gap;

lateral edges of the tongue are pressed from the inside to the upper molars or hard palate, not passing a jet of exhaled air on the sides. Thus, the tongue takes the form of a ladle or cup.

air jet exhaled evenly in the middle of the tongue, it is strong, wide, warm, easily felt with the back of the hand brought to the mouth.

Any deviation from the correct articulation pattern leads to sound distortion. When staging a sound, our main task is to create the correct articulation of a given sound in a child.

Sound articulation well different from the articulation of sound w having a voice.

Articulation of sounds sch and h different from the articulation of sound w additional rise of the middle part of the tongue to the palate. In addition, the sound h it is occlusive-slit, i.e., when it is articulated, the anterior part of the back of the tongue first closes with the alveoli, and then a gap forms between them.

So for the hissing sounds w, w, w, h the main thing is the articulation of sound w , which means it will be the base for this group. That is, work on correcting hissing sounds necessarily begins with the sound w . If the sound w is pronounced correctly, then by adding a voice, we get a sound well ; adding the rise of the middle part of the tongue, we get sch ; adding the rise of the middle part of the tongue and the bow in front of the gap, we get h . Therefore, sound disturbances w, w, h are the same as those w .

Sound setting.

After the child learns to spread his tongue and bend it up, the adult suggests to him: "Open your mouth a little, lift your wide tongue by your upper teeth, like me. Now blow on your tongue. Do you hear how the wind rustled?" (Air, passing through a small gap between the front edge of the tongue and the palate, forms a noise that produces a pinching sound).

It happens that the child blows with a sound X , then the jet is scattered, the sound is fuzzy, distorted. In this case, he should be told: "Blow on the tip of the tongue, as if pronouncing the sound with but keep your tongue up."

Producing the right sound w requires repeated repetition and the use of various images (the wind makes a noise, a snake hisses, air comes out of a burst balloon, etc.). The game form, combined with the explanation, quickly focuses the attention of the child. Gradually, under the control of an adult, he begins to perform the required movements (round his lips and slightly push them forward) and pronounce the sound correctly w .

It must be remembered that when putting a sound, you should never call it to a child, so as not to cause him to habitually mispronounce it.

How to pronounce the sound Zh normally?

The group of hissing sounds includes sounds w, w, h, u .

Sound well consonant, voiced, firm. There is no soft sound paired with it in Russian.

When making a sound well Normally, the organs of speech take the following position:

lips somewhat pushed forward;

Tip of the tongue raised to the sky (to the alveoli), but does not touch it, forming a gap;

lateral edges of the tongue are pressed from the inside to the upper molars or hard palate, not passing a jet of exhaled air on the sides. Thus, the tongue takes the form of a ladle or cup.

air jet exhaled evenly in the middle of the tongue, it is strong, wide, warm, easily felt with the back of the hand brought to the mouth.

Any deviation from the correct articulation pattern leads to sound distortion. When staging a sound, our main task is to create the correct articulation of a given sound in a child.

Setting the sound [Ж].

After audio automation w you can put sound in words well . Let your child feel the vibration of the vocal cords when making a sound. well . Place the back of your baby's hand on the front of your neck. Next, say the sound with your child w and add a voice. With one hand, the child should feel the vibration of the vocal cords in you, with the other - in himself.

isolated sound well fix with the help of onomatopoeia (imitation of the buzzing of a beetle, bee, bumblebee, spinning top, etc.)

After the child learns to pronounce the isolated sound correctly, you can begin to automate it and introduce it into ordinary speech.

How to pronounce the sound Ch normally.

The sound CH is consonant, deaf, soft. There are no paired voiced and hard sounds in Russian.

At the moment of pronouncing the sound H, the organs of articulation occupy the following position:

lips slightly pushed forward and rounded;

teeth close together, only a narrow gap remains between them;

wide Tip of the tongue raised to the front of the hard palate; middle back of tongue lowered, forming a recess; lateral edges of the tongue pressed against the upper molars;

air jet passes with force through a narrow gap between the alveoli and the front of the tongue (at the beginning of articulation, the tip of the tongue closes with the base of the upper incisors, and then abruptly moves back), the exhalation is stronger than when pronouncing the sound sh, more intense, the air is exhaled with a push and passes in the middle language;

soft sky raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage into the oral cavity;

Setting the sound Ch.

The sound Ch can be delivered in two ways.

Method 1. We pronounce the combination at a fast pace t-t-t (tip of tongue touches base of upper incisors). Then we gradually begin to take the tip of the tongue back, as if stroking the upper alveoli. At the same time, we stretch our lips wide in a smile. The result should be a clear C sound.

Method 2. Slowly at first, then accelerating the pace, we pronounce a combination of sounds be and sh - shh . Don't forget to smile widely. It is important!

For some time, practice pronouncing the sound Ch in isolation: “How is the clock ticking?” - "Wh-h-h." "How does a grasshopper chirp?" - "Wh-h-h." How to calm a noisy baby? - “Whhh.”

How to pronounce the sound [s] is normal.

Sound [s] - consonant, deaf, hard. Paired to him in terms of hardness-softness is the sound ("shh"). Paired by sonority-deafness - sound [h].

When pronouncing the sound [s], the organs of articulation occupy the following position:

- lips

- teeth

- Tip of the tongue

- lateral edges of the tongue

- dorsum of the tongue in his front

- air jet

- soft sky

Attention!

Sound setting [s].

Method 1. “Let’s remember the exercise “Kick the ball into the goal”. Smile wide, show your teeth and say the sound [and] to yourself. Now, with such a beautiful smile, blow on the ball.” When performing this exercise, it is important to ensure that the lips do not come close, do not cover the teeth, and the tip of the tongue is strictly behind the lower teeth.As a result, a weak but clear sound [c] is heard. The pronunciation of sound is fixed in onomatopoeia.

Method 2. If the first way to put the sound did not work, you can use mechanical help. We make a wide smile, teeth are bared, the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth. On the tip of the tongue we put in the middle a thin wooden stick, for example, a match without a sulfuric head. Press lightly with a stick, thus forming a groove for the air stream along the middle line of the tongue. The child blows on the tip of the tongue. Sound [s] is heard. Attention! The air jet should be strong, narrow, and feel cold (not warm!), when you bring the back of your hand to your mouth.

Mechanical assistance can be used at the stage of pronunciation of an isolated sound (onomatopoeia) and syllables. Then we gradually remove the stick. When the child learns to pronounce the correct sound [c] on his own, without mechanical help, you can move on to automating this sound in words and sentences.

How to pronounce the sound [z] is normal.

Sound [z] - consonant, voiced, solid. Paired to him in softness - the sound [z "] ("z"), Paired in deafness - the sound [s].

When pronouncing the sound [h], the organs of articulation occupy the following position:

- lips slightly stretched in a smile so that the upper and lower incisors are exposed;

- teeth brought together, forming a gap of 1-2 mm;

- Tip of the tongue wide, located at the bottom of the lower front teeth;

- lateral edges of the tongue raised and tightly closed with the upper lateral teeth;

- dorsum of the tongue in his front part forms a narrow gap with the upper alveoli for the exit of a jet of air;

- air jet strong, passes through the middle of the tongue and when bringing the back of the hand to the mouth feels cold;

- soft sky tightly pressed against the back of the throat, preventing air from escaping into the nose;

Attention! Any deviation from this articulation, which does not lead to distortion of the sound by ear, is considered a variant of the norm.

How to pronounce the soft sound [z "] is normal.

Sound [z "] ("z") - consonant, voiced, soft. Paired with it in hardness - sound [h]. Paired with deafness - sound [s"] ("s").

When pronouncing the sound [z "], the organs of articulation occupy the following position:

- lips slightly stretched in a smile so that the upper and lower incisors are exposed;

- teeth brought together, forming a gap of 1-2 mm;

- Tip of the tongue wide, located at the bottom of the lower front teeth;

- lateral edges of the tongue raised and tightly closed with the upper lateral teeth;

- dorsum of the tongue in his middle part forms a narrow gap with the upper alveoli for the exit of a jet of air;

- air jet strong, passes through the middle of the tongue and when bringing the back of the hand to the mouth feels cold;

- soft sky tightly pressed against the back of the throat, preventing air from escaping into the nose;

Attention! Any deviation from this articulation, which does not lead to distortion of the sound by ear, is considered a variant of the norm.

Setting the sound [h].

The sound [h] is easily set from the sound [c], since these sounds have the same articulation pattern, that is, when pronouncing these sounds, the organs of articulation occupy the same position. The difference between the sounds is that [s] is deaf, pronounced without a voice, and [h] is voiced, pronounced with a voice. Thus, to call the sound [h], it is enough when pronouncing the sound with add, "turn on" the voice.

The presence or absence of a voice can be controlled by ear, as well as with the help of tactile-vibration control. To do this, we apply the back of the hand to the front surface of the neck in the larynx. When "turning on" the voice, the hand feels a slight vibration transmitted from the vocal folds. When you "turn off" the voice, the vibration disappears.

Having received the correct sound [z], you should practice pronouncing it for some time in isolation from other sounds: z-z-z. Children can be invited to ring like a mosquito or a bell.

After that, you can move on to the automation of sound, first in syllables, then in words, sentences and connected texts.

How to pronounce the sound C normally.

The sound Ts (in Russian transcription [ts]) is a consonant, deaf, hard. It is formed by merging the sounds [t] and [s] into a single sound. There are no sounds that are paired with him in sonority and softness in the Russian language.

When pronouncing the sound [ts], the organs of articulation occupy the following position:

- lips slightly stretched in a smile so that the upper and lower incisors are exposed;

- teeth brought together, forming a gap of 1-2 mm;

- Tip of the tongue wide, located at the bottom of the lower front teeth;

- lateral edges of the tongue raised and tightly closed with the upper lateral teeth;

- dorsum of the tongue in his front parts for a fraction of a second tightly closes with the upper alveoli, as with the pronunciation [t], after which it forms with them (in the alveoli) a narrow gap for the exit of the air stream, as with the pronunciation [s];

- air jet strong, jerky, passes through the middle of the tongue and when bringing the back of the hand to the mouth feels cold;

- soft sky tightly pressed against the back of the throat, preventing air from escaping into the nose;

Attention! Any deviation from this articulation, which does not lead to distortion of the sound by ear, is considered a variant of the norm.

How to pronounce the sound [k] is normal.

Sound [k] - consonant, deaf, hard. Paired to him in hardness-softness is the sound [k "] ("k"). Paired in sonority-deafness is the sound [g].

When pronouncing the sound [k], the organs of articulation occupy the following position:

lips ajar, stretched out in a slight smile;

teeth open:

Tip of the tongue lies at the base of the lower incisors,

front and middle parts back of the tongue omitted,

back of tongue rises up and rests against the palate in its back part,

side edges tongues are pressed against the upper lateral teeth;

soft sky raised, pressed against the back wall of the pharynx and closes the passage into the nasal cavity;

air jet strong, at the moment of pronouncing the sound passes through the center of the oral cavity, breaking the bond between the back of the back of the tongue and the palate.

Attention! Any deviation from this articulation, which does not lead to distortion of the sound by ear, is considered a variant of the norm.

Sound setting [k]

Ref. position: lips parted, stretched in a slight smile, teeth are open, the tip of the tongue lies at the base of the lower incisors.

We pronounce the syllables TA-TA-TA ...

During the offering of syllables, with a cleanly washed finger or the tip of a cotton swab, lightly press on the front of the back. tongue, gradually pushing it back, into the depths of the mouth. As the tongue moves away, we hear: TA-TA-TA-CHA-CHA-CHA-KA-KA-KA-KA-KA-KA.

Gradually we weaken the mechanical help, bringing it to nothing. Now the tongue can itself hold the correct position.

The disadvantages of pronunciation of whistling (and hissing) sounds are called sigmatism.

There are the following types of sigmatism:

Interdental sigmatism- when pronouncing the sounds C and 3, the tip of the tongue sticks out between the front teeth, giving these sounds a tinge of lisp.

Tooth sigmatism- the tip of the tongue rests on the teeth, blocking the free exit of air through the interdental gap, so that instead of s, z, a dull sound is heard.

Hissing sigmatism- the tip of the tongue rests against the lower gums or is somewhat pulled away from them, and the back of the tongue is curved with a hump towards the palate - a distinct, soft, hissing sound is heard, similar to the sound sh (shyabaka - dog).

Labiodental sigmatism- the lower lip is pulled up to the upper incisors. A jet of air is scattered over the entire plane of the back of the tongue, puffing out the cheeks, which is why the defect has received an additional name: “cheek sigmatism”.

Lateral (lateral) sigmatism occurs in two forms:

2) The back of the tongue with a hump tightly touches the palate, and the expiratory current passes along one or both sides of the mouth near the molars. In both cases, an unpleasant sound like lx is heard. The exit of air on one side of the mouth sometimes depends on the fall of the soft palate on the other side.

In some cases of lateral sigmatism, paralysis and paresis of one side of the tongue are not excluded, which requires a thorough examination of this defect with the participation of a neuropathologist.

Nasal sigmatism is expressed in the fact that when pronouncing s and z, the root of the tongue rises to the lowered soft palate, which opens the passage to the nasal cavity; it turns out some kind of snoring, grunting sound with a nasal tinge of subsequent vowels.

The softening of the hard sound C, in which the syllables sa, so, su are pronounced as xa, sho, shu (syabaka - dog, nose - nose), is due to the excessive rise of the back of the tongue.

Replacing the sounds С and СЬ with any other sound (w, h, t, x, etc.) is called parasigmatism.

TECHNIQUES FOR STATEMENT OF WHISTLES WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF SIGMATISM:

With interdental and near-tooth sigmatism, it is necessary to remove the tip of the tongue behind the lower incisors, for which you can resort to mechanical assistance: with a special probe or the end of a spatula, it is easy to press the tip of the flattened (and not lumpy!) Tongue, lowering it behind the lower teeth. Mechanically holding the tongue in this position, invite the child to pronounce the sound C in isolation several times (make a pump): s ... s ... s ..., then “try” in syllables: sa-sa-sa.

It must be remembered that interdental sigmatism often requires lengthy speech therapy work, stubbornly held in free speech, even if the sounds С, 3, Ц are fixed and partially automated. In the absence of control, relapses are often observed.

With hissing sigmatism, it is important to wean the speech pathologist from the habit of pulling the tongue when pronouncing whistling deep into the mouth. To this end, we recommend temporarily transferring the child to the interdental pronunciation of the C sound in syllables, words, and even some phrases. When the tongue is strengthened in this position, move the tip of the tongue behind the lower incisors, which usually happens automatically.

With lateral sigmatism, it is advisable to put the sound C in three steps:

a) interlabial blowing, the tongue is wide, the edges of the tongue reach the corners of the lips;

b) interlabial blowing is replaced by interdental;

c) then the tip of the tongue is gradually transferred behind the lower incisors, provided that the child is able to lay a wide tongue behind the lower teeth, which can be achieved with a probe or spatula.

With a softened pronunciation of hard C (syabaka, syup, sek), it is advisable to carry out a preliminary differentiation of soft and hard consonants in correctly pronounced syllables: we-mi, va-vya, well-nu, etc. You can temporarily transfer the child to the interdental pronunciation of whistling in order to ease the tension of the back of the tongue.

When correcting nasal sigmatism, preliminary work is necessary on organizing the correct exhalation through the middle of the oral cavity. Exercises are carried out first in the interlabial position so that the exhaled stream is felt at the tip of the tongue. Then the tongue is transferred to the interdental position. It is recommended to consolidate the skill of blowing on the tip of the tongue inserted between the front teeth in parallel with the general training of oral exhalation: blowing out candles, blowing pieces of cotton wool, pieces of paper, etc. Clamping the wings of the nose to prevent air from leaking through the nose is not effective.

Correction of labio-tooth (cheek) sigmatism includes two points:

a) exposure of the incisors, for which it is necessary to part the lips (“to the ears”!);

b) retention (possible with mechanical assistance) of the lower lip so that it does not pull up to the upper incisors.

The child is taught to lay the first phalanx of the index finger on a wide tongue lying behind the lower teeth. The finger is bitten with incisors: “put the whistle in your mouth.” The mouth smiles from ear to ear, the front teeth are clearly visible to the fangs. The edges of the tongue (its front part) are shown on both sides of the bitten tongue and reach the corners of the mouth. As soon as the child learns to deftly put the “whistle” in his mouth, he is invited to blow into the “whistle” without removing his finger, without changing the position of his lips, tongue and teeth. The resulting sound C is first fixed in the reverse syllables in this way: after pronouncing the vowel, the child puts his “whistle” finger and adds the sound C. With mechanical help, the sound C is fixed in the syllables a-s, o-s, u-s, e-s, and then in words ending in C (forest, nose, dog, etc.). Worked out with a finger and direct syllables. The need for mechanical assistance disappears as soon as the correct articulation pattern and exhalation are reflexively developed.

Normal setting of the organs of articulation when pronouncing the sound "C" and "Z".

• The tip of the tongue rests on the lower front teeth;
• Lips in the "smile" position, and do not cover the teeth;
• Teeth in the "fence" position;
• Air is blown out with force in the middle of the tongue;
• On the palm brought to the mouth, a sharp cold jet is felt.
• The voice motor does not work. (When pronouncing the sound "Z" - it works).

Normal setting of the organs of articulation when pronouncing the sound "C":

• The tip of the tongue rests on the front lower teeth, the tongue is raised and arched.
• The anterior part of the back of the tongue joins the no-bom.
• The tongue is widely flattened, the lateral edges are tense. At the moment of exhalation, the front of the back instantly opens with the no-bom. The tip of the tongue is slightly withdrawn from the lower teeth.
• Lips stretched into a smile.
• Teeth when pronouncing a sound are closed or close together. When pronouncing a vowel sound in direct syllables, the teeth open. At the moment of opening the tongue with the sky, the air is exhaled with a push.
• The sound C is a consonant, hard, deaf.

Preparatory exercises for the sounds "C", "Z"

Exercises for the development of air pressure. 1) Having drawn air into the lungs, with force to blow (and not just exhale) it through the lips stretched forward with a “tube”. Control with the palm of the hand, a piece of paper or cotton wool: a sharply beating cold jet is felt, a piece of paper or cotton wool deviates to the side. Repeat exercise.

2) Stick out the tongue so that it rests on the lower lip. Along the tongue to its middle, put a round thin stick (match) and press to form a groove. Round the lips, but do not strain. The teeth are open. Inhaling, forcefully blow out the air, puffing out the cheeks. Control with the palm of the hand, a piece of paper or cotton wool. Repeat exercise.

3) Do the previous exercise without using a stick.

Lip exercise. Stretch your lips into a smile to the limit and hold them in a tense position for a while. The teeth are closed. Repeat exercise.

An exercise. Pronouncing a long "S" sound.

1) Open your mouth. Spread out the tongue and rest against the lower teeth with a tense tip. Along the tongue, put a round thin stick (or match) on its tip so that it presses only the front of the tongue. Lips stretched into a smile. Close your teeth as far as the wand allows. Blow air evenly with force, controlling it with the palm of your hand, a piece of paper or a cotton swab. A long sound "C - C - C" is heard. Repeat exercise.

Vowel sounds

Sound a. The lower jaw is lowered so that the distance between the teeth is about two fingers; the tongue lies flat, the tip of the tongue at the lower front teeth; lips form an even oval, the palatine curtain is raised; vocal cords vibrate.

The sound of The jaw is lowered less than when pronouncing the sound a (one and a half fingers); the lips are somewhat extended forward and rounded; the tip of the tongue is lowered and pulled away from the lower front teeth; the back of the tongue is slightly raised to the soft palate.

The sound at The jaw is lowered to a distance equal to one little finger; lips pushed far forward and rounded more than when pronouncing the sound o; the tip of the tongue is moved away from the lower front teeth to a distance greater than when pronouncing the sound o, its back part is raised high to the palate; the palatine curtain is raised; vocal cords vibrate.

Sound s. The distance between the teeth is somewhat less than when pronouncing the sound y; teeth slightly exposed; the tip of the tongue touches the lower front teeth, its middle part approaches the palate; the palatine curtain is raised; vocal cords vibrate.

Sound e. The lower jaw is lowered to the distance of one and a half fingers; teeth slightly exposed; the tongue with its tip touches the lower front teeth, and its middle part is raised to the palate; the palatine curtain is raised; ligaments vibrate.

Sound and. The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth; the back of the tongue is tense and raised to the front of the hard palate; vocal cords vibrate, lips slightly stretched and pressed against bared teeth; the palatine curtain is raised.

diphthongs

Most of the letters of the Russian alphabet are signs of one sound. The letters e, i, e, u denote two sounds: the consonant th and the vowel. For example: d+e=e; d+a=i; d+o=e; y+y=y.

For the correct sounding of these vowels, you need to know what the position of the speech apparatus is when pronouncing the sound th and each of the vowels e, a, o, u.

Sound i. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue is tense and raised to the front of the hard palate, the vocal cords vibrate; the soft palate is raised. The y sound is pronounced simultaneously with the vowel sounds.

It is recommended to alternately pronounce vowels in the following pairs: a-z; o-yo; wow; uh. At the same time, you will feel how, during the transition to ioted sounds, the back of the tongue tenses and rises to the front of the hard palate; the lips, lower jaw and tip of the tongue follow the movements of the articulatory apparatus when pronouncing a, o, u, e.

Consonants

Sounds b, p. Lips tightly closed; the tongue lies freely, the tip is at the lower incisors; when pronouncing the sounds l and b, the palatine curtain is raised; a stream of exhaled air directed into the mouth breaks closed lips, which results in beat sounds; at the sound b, the vocal cords vibrate.

Sounds in, f. The lower lip with its inner edge slightly touches the upper teeth; the palatine curtain is raised, the tongue lies freely - the tip is at the lower front teeth; the air blown between the teeth and the lip and forms the sounds v and f; at a sound in a sheaf vibrate.

Sounds d, t, n. The tongue is slightly raised to the palate and its front part is pressed tightly against the upper front teeth; at the sound of d and n, the ligaments vibrate; at the sound d and then the palatine curtain is raised; at the sound of n, the palatine curtain is lowered.

Sounds k, g, x. The arched back of the tongue touches the hard palate; the palatine curtain is raised; the exhaled stream of air breaks between the back of the tongue and the palate - this produces explosive sounds k and g; if there is a gap between the palate and the back of the tongue, then a long sound x is obtained; the palatine curtain during the formation of sounds k, g, x is raised; the vocal cords vibrate at the sound g.

Sounds p, p ". The formation of sounds p and p" is caused by frequent vibrations of the tip of the tongue under the action of an exhaled air stream; at the sound p, vibration occurs in the alveoli of the upper front teeth; when pronouncing r" the tip of the tongue oscillates at the front upper teeth; the vocal cords vibrate.

Sound m. The lips are slightly closed, the tongue lies freely, as when pronouncing the sound a; exhaled air passes through the nose.

Sounds l, l". When pronouncing the sound l, the tip of the tongue touches the upper front teeth; the root of the tongue is raised; the palatine curtain is raised, the vocal cords vibrate; when pronouncing the sound, the tip of the tongue touches the upper alveoli; the whole tongue is more tense than when pronouncing the sound l.

Sounds h, p. The wide tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth and partly the lower gums, and the front part of the back of the tongue with a small longitudinal groove on it rises to the upper gums and forms a narrow gap with them; the lateral edges of the tongue are tightly pressed against the upper molars; The blown air passes through the groove of the tongue between the teeth and forms the sounds z and s; mouth ajar (by 3 mm); the palatine curtain is raised; at the sound of the vocal cords vibrate; when pronouncing z "and s" the middle part of the back of the tongue is closer to the hard palate (in sound this softness is expressed in a slight increase in tone).

Sounds w, w. The wide tip of the tongue is raised almost to the edge of the upper alveoli, but does not touch the hard palate; a gap is formed between the tongue and the hard palate; the lateral edges of the tongue are tightly pressed against the upper molars; the back of the back of the tongue is also raised and forms a second constriction with the hard palate. A cavity is formed in the tongue (otherwise it is called a ladle or a cup); teeth slightly set apart, lips slightly pushed forward; when a sound is made, the ligaments vibrate.

Compound consonants

The sound ts consists of the sounds t and s, and they are pronounced without an explosion and smoothly turn into the sound s.

The sound h consists of the sounds t "and sh" which are pronounced without a noticeable explosion.

The sound u is an elongated soft sound sh "-sh". The tip of the tongue when pronouncing u is somewhat more advanced towards the front teeth than when w.

Soft consonants

All consonants can sound hard and soft, with the exception of w, w, and z, which never soften, and ch-sh, which are always pronounced soft.

The softness of consonants always causes significant changes in the position of parts of the speech apparatus. With the formation of soft d, t and n, the position of the parts of the speech apparatus will be somewhat different than when pronouncing hard d, t and n.

With the sounds t", d" and n", the tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, and the front of the back of the tongue tightly touches the alveoli and the front of the palate. With d" and n "the cords vibrate; with t" the vocal cords are calm.