Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence.

The omitted members of the sentence can be restored by the participants of the communication from the knowledge of the situation referred to in the sentence.

For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: "It's coming!", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: Bus goes.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.

For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:

Everything is obedient to me I am nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a compound non-union sentence ( I am nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I not obedient nothing).

Note!

Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.

AT one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing, the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.

For example, the plural form of the verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hidden ( I was told a lot about you yesterday).

AT incomplete sentence any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I am nothing).

In Russian, there is one kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are clear and out of context, situations:

(Peskov).

These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot tell which predicate is missing.

Wed: Behind the back located / located / visible forest .

And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

Note!

Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominative ( Forest) and b) from two-part - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed in the indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All trees in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be considered:

1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most typical are agreed and inconsistent definitions.

spring forest; Entrance to the hall;

2) The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate - a noun or an adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state.

Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is put on the letter:

Behind is a forest. Right and left - swamps(Peskov); Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing(Pushkin).

The most regular dash is placed in the following cases:

in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of place, an object, - only if there is a pause in oral speech:

Behind the night window - fog(Block);

in an elliptical sentence - in case of parallelism (uniformity of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts:

in incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts:

Skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;

in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

The nights are darker, the days are cloudier(in the second part, the link is restored become).

Incomplete sentence parsing plan

1. Specify the type of offer (full - incomplete).
2. Name the missing part of the sentence.

Sample parsing

Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).

The offer is incomplete; missing predicate grappled.

Also known as: 无人称句 wúrénchēngjù impersonal sentence.

Impersonal sentences are sentences in which, according to the classification of Russian grammar no subject. And according to the classification of foreign grammar, such sentences are (1) sentences without a subject and without a subject and (2) verb-object phrases, whose structure is 【 verb + object 】. Impersonal sentences into Russian are often translated also as impersonal sentences, as well as sentences with reverse word order, whose structure is 【 verb + subject of action 】 (verb-subject sentences, that is, the subject of the action comes after the verb (predicate)).

Let me remind you that the subject and the subject of the action are not always the same:

In Russian grammar, the subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject to which the action or attribute named in the predicate is attributed.

In foreign grammar, the subject of the action is that which produces the action in the sentence.

The subject of the action can have different positions in the sentence (its distinguishing feature from the subject is that the subject of the action performs the action).

And the distinguishing feature of the underdog is the main member of the sentence.

In ordinary sentences, the subject of the action and the subject are one and the same. But in sentences with a reverse word order, as well as in sentences of a passive structure, the subject of the action loses the properties of the main member of the sentence and ceases to be the subject.

You don't have to worry too much about this. Just look at the examples and explanations for them.

In this topic, we will analyze the types of impersonal sentences and determine which of the sentences will be verb-object sentences, and which ones will be translated into Russian as verb-subject sentences.

Simple impersonal sentences

As a rule, sentences without a subject describe a state of nature or the emergence of a new situation. Often used with the change situation particle 了 le.

Verb + object

• 上课 了。 This is not only an impersonal sentence, but also a verb-object phrase (hereinafter - GOS). The entire list of GOSshangke le. Lessons have begun.
• 下午好！开始 上课 。 xiàwǔ hǎo! Kāishǐ shangke. Good afternoon! Let's start classes!
• 他早上8点 上课 。 tā zǎoshang 8 diǎn shangke. His lessons start at 8 o'clock in the morning.
• 下雨 了。 This is also GOS. But it is translated into Russian as a verb-subject sentence (hereinafter - GSP), where the subject is rainxia yǔ le. Rain is coming.
• 明天下雨 。mingtiān xia yǔ. It will rain tomorrow.
• 天很可能 下雨 。 tiān hěn kěneng xia yǔ. It is very likely that it will rain.
• 到站 了。 There is no subject or subject of the action. Doesn't apply to GOS dao zhan le. Arrived).
• 火车还没 到站 。huǒchē hái mei dao zhan. The train hasn't arrived yet.
• 我们已经 到站 了。 wǒmen yǐjīng dao zhan le. We've already arrived.
• 开会 了。 This is GOS. It is translated into Russian in a simple sentence according to the structure of Russian grammar [subject + predicate]. This proposal cannot be a GSP because the subject of the action is not specified here (the one who conducts the meeting is not specified). But if we judge from the point of view of Russian grammar, in which animation is allowed, then the collection is a subject.kaihui le. The meeting has begun.
• 到点 了，该 开会 了。 In this case, "到点" is translated into Russian as GSP (the subject is time). 到点 is not a GSO. 开会 is GSO, as in the previous example, but is no longer translated as GSP, and is a regular sentence without a subject and a predicate.dao diǎn le, gāi kaihui le. It's time to start the meeting.
• 我今天下午有事，不能 开会 了。 wǒ jīntiān xiàwǔ yǒushì, bùnéng kaihui le. I have things to do tomorrow afternoon, I can't go to the meeting.
• 那是个很冷的冬天，不是 下雪 ，就是 刮风 下雨 。 Construction 不是 bùshì...，就是 jiùshì...nà shìgè hěn lěng de dōngtiān, bùshì xia xuě, jiishi guā fēng xia yǔ. It was a cold winter. If it did not snow, then the wind would certainly blow and it would rain.
• 吹海风 。It is translated into Russian as GSP, where the subject of action is the sea wind.chuī hǎifēng. The sea wind is blowing.
• 你病还没好， 不要吹风 。 And in this example, 不要吹风 is no longer a GSP, but an ordinary sentence without a subject and a predicate, the type of which we will discuss in the next paragraphnǐ bìng hái méi hǎo, bùlyào chuīfēng. You have not yet recovered, do not [go out] into the wind.
• 商店已经 关门 了。 Sentence without subject and predicateshāngdian yǐjīng guanmen le. The store has already closed.

Prohibitive and incentive sentences

Such sentences can be forbidding inscriptions and words. Impersonal sentences are often found in commands. Prohibitive words often appear in such sentences, such as 别 bié.

Prohibitive/Incentive Word + Object

• 禁止 抽烟。 jìnzhǐ chuyān. No smoking.
• 随手关门。 suíshǒu guānmen. Close the doors behind you.
• 请 勿 吸烟。qǐng wu xīyān. Please don't smoke.
• 按顺序上车。 àn shùnxù shàng chē. Get in the car one by one.
• 上课 不许 讲话。 shangke büxǔ jiǎnghua. You can't talk in class.
• 别 摸老虎。 bie mō lǎohǔ. Don't touch the tiger.

Wishes

Such proposals can be toasts and congratulations. In such sentences, the word 祝 zhù "wish" and the structure 为 wèi...干杯 gānbēi "let's drink to ..." often occur！

Sentences in Russian have a certain structure. Popular by frequency of use are syntactic statements containing grammatical ...

By Masterweb

06.08.2018 18:00

Sentences in Russian have a certain structure. Popular in terms of frequency of use, these are syntactic statements containing a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. The subject and its modes of expression are a separate category. Details in this article.

The main members of the proposal

This is a tandem of subject and predicate. The subject is the subject that performs the action. The action itself is the predicate.

Important! The subject cannot be the object, since the object is what the action is aimed at.

The grammatical basis, the ways of expressing the subject and predicate become the cornerstone on which the entire speech statement is built.

Semantic features of the subject

The subject and ways of expressing it are a special subsection of morphology.

What is it?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject of the speech statement and answering the questions: “who? what?". These are questions related to the nominative case.

The meaning of the subject is very simple to determine - this is what the sentence is about. In fact, without a subject sentence, they lose their semantic component. However, there are exceptions to the rules, for example, impersonal, definite-personal or indefinitely-personal types of sentences, where either there is no subject at all, or it is implied, but not included in the general structure of the sentence.

Subject and object in a sentence

The main form of expression of the subject becomes the nominative case with the questions “who? what?". There is an interesting situation here. The fact is that in Russian two cases answer the same questions: nominative and accusative. In addition, the very form of the nominative and accusative cases may coincide.

For example:

1. "The house is on the side of the road." Here the subject is the noun "House", which is in the nominative case and answers the question "what?".
2. "I see a beautiful house on the outskirts of the village." In this case, the subject is the pronoun "I", and the noun "house" becomes an object (a minor member of the sentence), but also answers the question "what?".

In such a situation, it is important to correctly determine the subject and object, and you can also use a little trick and substitute any noun of the first declension for an incomprehensible case form, for example, mother.

Get:

1. The house (mother) stands by the road - nominative case.
2. I see a beautiful house (mother) on the outskirts of the village - accusative.

This example shows that similar nouns have different word forms and endings. Thus, the questions of the subject will no longer cause any difficulties.

Ways of expressing the subject

The subject, its semantics and ways of expression depend on the part of speech that takes the place of one of the main members in the sentence. It is impossible to say that the subject is a more significant member of the sentence than the predicate. So, for example, in impersonal sentences there is not and cannot be a subject, therefore all the semantic load there falls precisely on the predicate.

Examples of the subject and its ways of expression in Russian are presented below.

Noun

If the form of the main member is a noun:

• Mom (who?) cooked a delicious dinner.
• Natasha (who?) washed the dishes.
• Ivan (who?) cleaned up the books.
• The bus (what?) left for the depot.
• The book (what?) is on the table.
• A brush (what?) is in a glass.

Pronoun

If the form of the main member is a pronoun:

• She (who?) went to watch a movie.
• He (who?) left for Moscow.
• They (who?) rode horses.
• Someone (who?) was hiding behind a curtain.
• Something (what?) is in the box.
• I (who?) saw the new student first.

Adjective

If the form is an adjective:

• The eldest (who?) stayed with the kids.
• The last one (who?) stands in line on the left.
• Silent (who?) stood next to us and frowned.
• We haven’t thought about sneakers on a trip for a long time. Forgotten and lost (what?) lay in the same place.
• Not always tasty (what?) Is useful.
• The miser (who?) pays twice.

Participle

If the form is participle:

• The seeker (who?) will always find.
• He who raised (who?) the sword from the sword will die.
• The desired (what?) was nearby.
• The departed (who?) suddenly returned.
• Everything good (what?) is remembered for a long time.
• Has the missing (what?) been found?

numeral

If the form is a numeral:

• Two times two (what?) is four.
• Three (what?) is a good number.
• Four (what?) is not divisible by three.
• Seven (who?) do not wait for one.
• The second (who?) in line left.
• One (who?) was nearby.

In addition to the above parts of speech, unchangeable significant or auxiliary parts of speech in the meaning of a noun can also act as a subject.

Infinitive

If the form is the infinitive - the indefinite form of the verb:

• Smoking (what?) - harm health.
• To live (what?) is good!
• Protecting (what?) Motherland is the duty of every citizen.
• To love (what?) is amazing!
• To know (what?) does not mean to be able to.
• Understanding (what?) other people is an art!

Adverb

If the form is an adverb:

• Tasty (what?) - not always useful.
• Today (what?) has already arrived.
• Often quickly (what?) does not mean competently.
• Home is better (what?) than away.
• Simple (what?) - this is without unnecessary troubles!

Pretext

If the form is a preposition:

• "Oh" (what?) is a preposition.
• "K" (what?) is a spatial preposition.
• "For" (what?) is also a word.

Union

If the form is union:

• "But" is an adversative conjunction.
• "And" is a connecting union.

Particle

If the shape is a particle:

• "Not" with verbs is written separately.

Interjection

If the form is an interjection:

“Ai” is said when it hurts!

A loud "Au" (what?) rushed from the forest.

Indirect form of a noun

In addition to the invariable parts of speech, the subject can be an indirect form of a noun (that is, a noun put in any case except the nominative), or a sentence in the meaning of a noun or a form of a verb that can be conjugated.

For example:

• Where to take it? Brother.
• What are you doing? I'm reading.
• Do not think about me, do not be upset, do not overwork - this was written at the end of the letter.

Syntactically indivisible phrase

And finally, the whole form of the subject falls into the category of the subject and its ways of expression, which is a syntactically indivisible phrase, where there is a main and a dependent word. They differ in different meanings and composition of parts of speech.

quantitative value

If the form of the subject is a tandem of a name in the nominative case and a name in the genitive case.

• Six people stood at the parapet.
• Several bags lay on the bench.
• Some of the papers lay on the table.
• Half of the documents have been checked.
• Many people passed with banners.

Selective meaning

If the form is an alloy of the name in the nominative case and the name in the genitive with the preposition "of".

• Three of the detachment went in search of the missing.
• Each of us has been to the South at some time.
• Many of them will pass all stages of mastery.

Consistency value

If the form is a tandem of a name in the nominative case and a name in the instrumental case with the preposition "with". An important nuance here is the predicate - it must necessarily have a plural form.

For example:

• Father and brother will go to see the car.
• Mother and son will go to the museum.
• My sister and uncle went to the cinema.
• The cat and kittens went around the corner of the house.
• The textbook and notebooks lay on the table.

Phase value

If the form is a tandem, consisting of a noun with the meaning of "beginning, middle and end" of some state and a noun in the genitive case.

• It was the end of December.
• The beginning of March was approaching.
• It's already the middle of summer.

Phraseologisms

Phraseological forms of the subject are also considered a separate case, when the role of the main member of the sentence is a special pair - a noun and an agreed name. For example, phraseological, terminological, or a phrase with a metaphorical meaning.

In this case, the components of this syntactic alloy only in the aggregate express the single and indivisible meaning that is required to understand the semantic component.

• Working slipshod is not my habit.
• “You can’t even catch a fish out of a pond without effort” is written on a poster in the lobby.
• The rings of Saturn are visible to the naked eye.
• The Milky Way is visible far away.
• White flakes fall from the sky.
• Hedgehog hair stuck out belligerently on the top of his head.

And the last form for the subject can be indefinite pronouns, which are formed from the bases “who” and “what”, which make up a single alloy with a consistent name. Such forms of the subject carry an indefinite meaning.

• Someone bald peeked out from behind him.
• Something unpleasant fell on my head from the balcony.
• Someone nasty nasally from the stage.
• Something shaggy touched my leg.
• Someone "smart" scrawled an obscene word on the wall of the entrance.
• Something delicious smelled pleasantly from the plate.

Thus, the ways of expressing the subject in Russian may vary and depend on a certain verbal form used in place of one of the main members of the syntactic construction. The subject can be not only nouns, but also other parts of speech, and even complex syntactically indivisible phrases with phase, metaphorical and terminological meaning. In addition, it is worth remembering that the subject has a certain form of expression - the nominative case.

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Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).

Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:

a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);

b) the main form of expression of the subject - nominative(question who? what?).

Note!

To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun; nominative and accusative forms can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): nominative - book; accusative - book.

Wed: On the table lies pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.

Let's compare two sentences:

1. I did not sleep; 2. I didn't sleep.

They mean roughly the same thing in meaning. However, in the first sentence I did not sleep) has a subject, because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject, because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative).

Ways of expressing the subject

A) Subject - one word:

The form	Examples
1. Name
1.1. Noun	eldest son(who?) left for the capital.
1.2. Pronoun	He(who?) left for the capital.
1.3. Adjective	Senior(who?) left for the capital.
1.4. Participle	Raised(who?) the sword will die by the sword.
1.5. Numeral	Two(who?) left for the capital.
2. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb)	Be in love(what?) - this is wonderful. Live(what?) - serve the motherland.
3. Invariable (significant or service) part of speech in the meaning of a noun
3.1. Adverb	It has come and the fateful day after tomorrow(what?).
3.2. Pretext	"AT"(what?) is a suggestion.
3.3. Union	"BUT"(what?) - antagonistic union.
3.4. Particle	"Not"(what?) verbs are written separately.
3.5. Interjection	Rushed from all sides "ay"(what?).
4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun	"Brother"(what?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(what?) - 1st person form of the present tense verb. "Do not forget yourself, do not worry, work moderately" (what?) - was his motto.

B) The subject is an integral, that is, syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):

The form	Meaning	Examples
1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case	quantitative value	Five chairs stood against the wall. Some chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. There were many chairs against the wall.
2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with a preposition from	Selective meaning	Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital.
3. Name in the nominative case + name in the instrumental case with the preposition c (only with the predicate - in the plural!)	Consistency value	Wed: Mother and son are going(plural) rest. Mother and son are going(units) rest.
4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case	Phase value	It was the end of September.
5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning)	The members of the phrase only in the aggregate express a single or inseparable concept in this context	The Milky Way spread across the sky. white flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of blond curls swayed on his head.
6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreed name	undefined value	something unpleasant was in all its forms.

Note!

1) You can always ask questions to the subject who? what? , even if it does not change case by case.

2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.

Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate number of someone or something. Wed: thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.

Subject Parsing Plan

Specify how the subject is expressed:

1. Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; adverb or other invariable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
2. Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).

Sample parsing

The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).

Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Around noon, a lot of round high clouds usually appear.(Turgenev).

Subject many clouds expressed by a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) a bunch of) is in the nominative case.

In the dark, the bearded man stumbled on something(Sholokhov).

Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.

But to pay for something, even the most necessary, suddenly two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles seemed to them almost suicide.(Goncharov).

Subject pay expressed in the infinitive.

It's been about an hour(Paustovsky).

Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.

ONE-PIECE OFFERS – sentences with one main member (only the predicate or only the subject).

· Indefinite-personal: I was called to the director.

· generalized-personal: You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.

Impersonal : It got dark outside.

· Definitely personal: I sit and draw.

Infinitive : Be silent! You already have to go.

naming : Night. The street. Lamp. Pharmacy.

When parsing one-component sentences, students often make various mistakes.

The first type of errors is associated with the need to distinguish between one-part and two-part incomplete sentences.

Definitely personal offer we diagnose by the form of the main member: the predicate in it is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 and 2 persons of the singular and plural of the indicative mood (in the present and in the future tense), and in the imperative mood; action producer defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person I, you, we, you:

I'm comingand I can't get to the forest.

A feature of verb forms with a morphological feature of the 1st and 2nd person is that each of these forms can “serve” a single subject: the form with the ending - at (id-y) - pronoun I, form with ending - eat /‑ish (go eat) - pronoun you, form with - eat /‑them (go eat) - pronoun we, form with - ee /‑ite (go) - pronoun you. Forms 1 and 2 of the person of the imperative mood also clearly indicate the person who is the producer of the action.

Since the morphological feature of the person is presented in the verb only in the indicated forms, sentences of a similar meaning with a predicate verb in the past tense of the indicative mood and the conditional mood are considered two-part incomplete, for example:

Walked, walked, but never reached the forest .

In this sentence, the form of the predicate does not in any way indicate the producer of the action.

Even if it is clear from the previous context that the producer of the action is the speaker(s) or the listener(s), sentences or parts of a complex sentence without a subject with a predicate in the past tense or in the conditional mood should be characterized as two-part incomplete, since information about the producer of the action is extracted not from the sentence itself, but from the previous context, which, in fact, is an indicator of the incompleteness of the sentence or part of it; see, for example, the second part of the compound sentence:

I would help you if I knewas.

AT vague personal proposals the main member is expressed by the verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future indicative and imperative), the past plural form of the indicative, or a similar conditional form of the verb. Action Producer in these proposals unknown or unimportant:

You call / called / let them call / would call.

Such sentences are not indefinitely personal without a subject with a predicate in the indicated forms, in which the producer of the action is known from the previous context; see, for example, the second sentence in the following context:

We left the forest and tried to orient ourselves on the ground. Then we went along the path to the right .

Such sentences are also two-part incomplete.

Thus, when characterizing a sentence as a one-part definite-personal, it is necessary to remember about the restrictions on the form of the predicate; when diagnosing a sentence as indefinite-personal, it is also necessary to take into account the meaning - an indication that the producer of the action is unknown.

To generalized-personal one-part sentences include not all one-part sentences that report an action that can be attributed to everyone and everyone, but only those in which the predicate is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the indicative and imperative moods or the form of the 3rd person of the plural of the indicative mood:

Quieter you go- you will continue.

The forest is cut down - chips fly

However, in a generalized personal sense, certain personal sentences with the main member in the form of 1 person and impersonal sentences can also be used: What we have - we do not store, having lost - we cry; To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. Nevertheless, such proposals are not usually characterized as generalized and personal.

The greatest difficulty is associated with parsing impersonal offer .

Considerable difficulty is the definition of the composition of the main members in sentences like We had a lot of fun riding this slide. , i.e., in sentences that include a bunch, a nominal part and an infinitive. There are two traditions in parsing such proposals.

Firstly, there is an opinion that when characterizing such sentences as impersonal or as two-part, it is not the sequence of components that is important (the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence or after the link and the nominal part), but the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate.

So, if the nominal part contains an adverb with the value of the state experienced by the producer of the action ( fun, sad, hot, cold etc.), then this is a one-part impersonal sentence:

It was fun to ride this hill.

It was fun to ride this hill. .

If in the nominal part a word is used with the meaning of a positive or negative assessment ( good, bad, harmful, helpful etc.), then we have a two-part sentence with a subject, expressed infinitive:

It was bad for him to smoke.

Smoking was bad for him. .

According to another linguistic tradition, the characteristics of a sentence of this type depend on the word order in it, and not on the meaning of the word in the nominal part. If the infinitive comes before the link and the nominal part, then it, with a relatively free word order in Russian, denotes the subject of the message and is the subject:

Smoking was bad for him. .

If the infinitive follows the link and the nominal part, then we have an impersonal sentence:

It was bad for him to smoke .

With regard to impersonal sentences, it is also necessary to note the following: not impersonal, but two-part incomplete sentences are considered to be parts of a complex sentence in which the subject position is replaced by an explanatory clause (subject, in the terminology of complex 2) or direct speech, for example:

was heardhow the gate creaked (cf.: It was heard).

"I'm gone" - flashed through my head (cf.: It went through my head).

Such sentences without a subordinate clause or direct speech lose all meaning, are not used, which is the criterion for the incompleteness of the sentence. Yes, suggestions * was heard or * Ran through my head cannot be understood and not used.

denominations(nominative) suggestions are one-part sentences thatthe existence, being of objects or phenomena is affirmed.

The grammatical basis of nominal sentences consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: the main member of nominal sentences is expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example:Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).

The meaning of denominative sentences lies in the assertion of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present tense. Therefore, denominative sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods, they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate It was or will: Autumn (name offer). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).

There are three main varieties of nominal sentences.

1. Being:

Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the mist (A. Akhmatova).

2. Index;

they include pointing particles here, here, there, there, there:

Here is the place where their house stands; Here is a willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge (N. Gogol).

3. Estimated existential ;

they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, well, and:

Siege! Attack! Evil waves, like thieves climb through the windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! Frost crackling ... (A. Pushkin).

A feature of nominal sentences is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the general picture of the situation or events being described.

Most often, denominative sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in remarks of dramatic works:

Rocks blackened from sunburn... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sweet);Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont);Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and in the middle. -Day (A. Chekhov).