Present past tense. Formation and use of Present Perfect in English

It is the turn of Present Perfect Tense - Present Perfect Tense.

Formation of the Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense is formed using the auxiliary verb have + (third column on the table of irregular verbs)

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Pay attention to the formula for the formation of R.R.T. indicated in the table. As you can see, the Present Perfect Tense is formed with the help of a verb and the past participle, and the participle is a fixed part of the formula, and the verb have changes depending on the person and number of the subject and acts as an auxiliary verb in this tense.

When forming an interrogative form, the auxiliary verb have (has) is placed before the subject. When translating interrogative sentences, follow the established word order of the interrogative sentence 1 - interrogative word (for example, who? when? what?), 2 - auxiliary verb (have or has), 3 - subject, 4 - predicate (in this case participle)

Have you ordered pizza? - Did you order pizza? (there is no question word, so the question starts with have)
Where has he put my glasses? Where did he put my glasses?

Questions to the subject begin with the word Who?

Who has painted this picture? - who painted this picture?

When is Present Perfect Tense used?

The present perfect tense, although it belongs to the group of present, denotes an action that has already happened, completed by the present moment. This tense is used when self is important. fact of an action.

I have already bought bread - the action has already taken place, no matter when it happened - I have bought some bread

The action expressed by Present Perfect is translated into Russian perfect past tense verb (What did you do?)

The time of the action is either not indicated at all, or covers a period of time that has not yet elapsed (that is, the period has not yet ended, but the action has already taken place ): today ( today), this morning, afternoon or evening ( this morning/ afternoon/ evening), this week ( this week), this month ( this month), this year ( this year)

Peter has washed his car today - Peter washed the car today (still today, but the car has already been washed)
I have met her twice this week - This week I met her twice (the week is still going on, and I have already met her twice)

Often adverbs are used with the Present Perfect:

I have already finished reading this newspaper.- I have already finished reading the newspaper
Have you posted the letter yet? Have you sent the letter yet?

The adverb already in questions conveys surprise and means not “already”, but “really ... already”. Compare:
Has your brother arrived yet? "Has your brother arrived yet?" and
Has your brother already arrived? “Has your brother already arrived?”
Note that the adverb yet is always placed at the end of a sentence.

The verb to be is used in the present perfect tense in the sense of "to visit, go, visit" and is accompanied by the preposition of the direction to:

Have you ever been to London? -Have you ever been to London?
I have been to Japan twice - I have been to Japan twice

For and Since

Verbs in the Present Perfect tense can also denote actions that began long before the moment of speech, but still have not ended. In this case, verbs are used with such circumstances of time as for - during and since - since (as long as)

In this case, the verb is translated into Russian in the present tense:

- She has known my brother for five years - She has known my brother for five years
- I've known her sister since 1992 - I've known her sister since 1992

Present Perfect or Past Simple?

In Russian, verbs in both Past Simple and Present Perfect are translated by past tense verbs, so it is sometimes difficult for English learners to determine what time to use in a given situation. The following table will help you better understand the difference between these two English tenses:

a) The present perfect is used to describe an event that happened in the past and is relevant, significant, significant at the time of speaking about it. It does not matter when this action took place. The present perfect is often used with adverbs lately (recently), and just (just now), already (already) never (never), ever (ever), yet (yet).
Example: I have forgotten his name. – I forgot his name (and don’t remember at the moment)

b) The present perfect is used when the action has already taken place, but the period of time when it took place has not yet expired.
Example: I have met him today. – I saw him today. ("today" has not yet expired) He has bought a new car this year. He bought a new car this year (“this year” has not yet expired)

Formation of declarative sentences in Present Perfect: Formed using the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb to have(have; has)

Present tense forms of the verb to have:

I	have
we	have
they	have
you	have
he	has
she	has
it	has

Word order in a declarative sentence: subject + have / has + predicate with the ending -ed or, if the verb is irregular, then the 3rd form of the verb.
Examples: She has already come. - She's already here. I have just visited this supermarket. I have just visited this supermarket.

Formation of interrogative sentences in Present Perfect: Formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to have in the present tense –have; has. Word order in a special question: interrogative word + have / has + subject + predicate with the ending -ed or the 3rd form of an irregular verb.
Examples: What have you done? – What did you do? Has he brought this book? - Did he bring this book?

Formation of negative sentences in Present Perfect: The formation of negative sentences occurs with the help of the same auxiliary verbs. The auxiliary verb is followed by the particle not.
Examples: She has not (hasn't) come yet. She hasn't arrived yet. I have not (haven't) seen him. - I didn't see him.

The Present Perfect should not be confused with the Past Simple. When using the Past Simple, one of the indicators of this time is usually used, indicating the moment when the event occurred.
Example: He saw her yesterday. - He saw her yesterday.

When using the Present Perfect, use any of the Present Perfect pointers - lately (recently), and just (just now), already (already) never (never), ever (ever), yet (yet). When talking about an action that has already happened, we may not use any pointers at all. If this action or event is relevant at the moment, then the Present Perfect is used. Example: I have bought it. - I bought it.

All of the above types of temporary forms are given here in the active voice.

(have, has) and past participle forms: I have done, he has played. Past Participle (participle) of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending to the infinitive –ed: to invite- invite ed. When added to a verb –ed sometimes there are changes in its spelling: to stop - stopp ed. Past Participle of irregular verbs must be remembered: to tell-told-told. Additionally about.

Abbreviated forms:

‘ve= have
‘s= has
haven't= have not
hasnt= has not

Using Present Perfect

1. An action that has taken place so far, the result of which is available. The accent of the speaker is to draw the attention of the interlocutor to the result of the fact that the action took place (there is always a connection between the past and the present).

Examples: I have lost my luggage. - I lost my luggage. (I have no baggage now - the speaker reports a specific result of an action have lost; this idea can also be expressed by the following sentence: My luggage is lost. – My luggage is lost.)
I have read a new book. – I have read a new book. (I have already read the book)
She has bought a new car. She bought a new car. (she has a new car now)

2. With circumstantial words denoting periods of time that have not yet elapsed ( today - today, this week/month/year - this week, this month/year, this afternoon - this afternoon)*

Examples: I haven't read your documents today. – I didn’t read your documents today.

3. Often with adverbs of indefinite time ( ever - ever, never - never, already - already, yet - yet, often - often, so far - so far, not yet - not yet, ever - ever)*

Examples: I 've never been there before. “I have never been here.
They haven't finished dinner yet. They haven't finished dinner yet.

* Please note that the absence or presence in the sentence of the above adverbs (3) or circumstantial words (2) is not a clear indicator of the use of the Present Perfect.

4. Always used with adverbs lately - (for/in) recently and just- just now.

Examples: They have just finished. - They just finished.
have you heard from her lately? Have you heard of her lately?

5. Actions performed over a certain period of time up to the present moment with verbs that do not have the Continuous form. Often used with prepositions for ( for an hour - within an hour, for two weeks - for two weeks, for a long time - for a long time) and since ( since twelve o'clock - from twelve o'clock, since 12 April - from April 12, since May - from May). Additionally about.

Examples: I have known her mother for 10 years old I have known her mother for 10 years.
He has been here since 3 o'clock. He has been here since 3 o'clock.

6. Never used with designations of past moments or periods of time ( yesterday - yesterday, last week - last week, an hour ago - an hour ago, on Sunday - on Sunday, in 2005 - in 2005), with questions starting with when - when. These marker words indicate the need to use.

Examples:When did he draw this portrait? When did he paint this portrait?
I came here an hour ago. “I came here an hour ago.

7. In adverbial clauses of time and conditions ( after conjunctions when - when, while, after - after, as soon as - as soon as, if - if, until - until) instead of to express an action that will end at a certain point in the future. It is translated into Russian in the future tense.

Examples:After he has repaired the washing machine, he'll be paid. After he fixes the washing machine, he will be paid.
I'll come as soon as I have finished writing this letter. I will come as soon as I finish writing this letter.

The concept of the present tense in English does not always coincide with ours. One of the most striking examples of such a difference is the Present Perfect.

In this article, we will understand what the Present Perfect is, how it is formed, in what cases it is used, what rules it obeys, and we will consolidate knowledge on real examples of sentences with translation.

What is Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect) is the present perfect tense in English. It denotes an action that has completed at the present time.

This is the main difficulty of Present Perfect time for students. In Russian, there is no time similar to Present Perfect. For us, if something is happening now, this is the present, and if it has happened, this is already the past.

But not for the British. They perceive time a little differently. According to the logic of native speakers, the action may well end in the present or close to the present moment. To express such a connection between the past and the present, the Present Perfect exists.

Because of these features in understanding actions and time, Present Perfect is usually translated into Russian as a verb in the past tense.

I have already done my homework - I have already done my homework

In this example, the Present Perfect tense (have done) is used, because we are talking about the fact that the action (work on homework) ended quite recently.

But we translate the sentence into Russian using the past tense (already done).

How is the Present Perfect formed?

The Present Perfect tense is formed using the auxiliary verb have / has and Past Participle (the third form of the semantic verb: V3).

The auxiliary verb changes depending on the subject:

I / You / We / They → have (for 1st, 2nd person and plural forms)
She / He / It → has (for 3rd person singular)

The construction of the Present Perfect tense is completed by a semantic verb in the third form (V3).

If the semantic verb is of the correct form, then its third form (V3) is formed using the ending -ed.

If the semantic verb is irregular, then we take its third form (V3) from the table of irregular verbs.

For example:

to try → tried (try) to cook → cooked (cook) to finish → finished (finish)
to get → got (to receive) to keep → kept (to store) to see → seen (to see)

Statement:

An affirmative sentence in the Present Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb have / has and the semantic verb with the ending -ed for regular verbs or the third form of an irregular verb (V3) according to the formula:

I / You / We / They + have + Ved (V3)
She / He / It + has + Ved (V3)

I have decided - I decided

You have played - You played

He has done - He did

It has turned on - It turned on

In sentences and everyday speech, you can often find the abbreviated form of the auxiliary verbs have / has. It is formed by adding ‘ve (for have) or ‘s (for has) to the subject:

I have = I've
You have = You've
We have = We've
They have = They've

She has = She's
He has = He's
It has = It's

I've done my tasks - I completed my tasks

He's washed the dishes - He washed the dishes

Negation:

Negative sentences in the Present Perfect are formed by adding the particle not after the auxiliary verb have / has, but before the main semantic verb. The formula looks like this:

I / You / We / They + have not + Ved (V3)
She / He / It + has not + Ved (V3)

I have not done my homework - I didn't do my homework

They have not come - They did not come

She has not finished her tasks - She did not complete her tasks

It has not turned on - It has not turned on

In negation, the particle not can be shortened by attaching it to the auxiliary verb have / has:

Have not = haven't
Has not = hasn't

I haven't washed my hair - I haven't washed my hair

She hasn't been to London yet - She hasn't been to London yet

Question:

An interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect is formed by placing the auxiliary verb have / has at the beginning of the sentence. The formula will be:

Have + I / You / We / They + Ved (V3)
Has + She / He / It + Ved (V3)

Have I bought all the presents? - I bought all the gifts?

Have you finished the classes? - Have you finished your classes?

Has she just arrived home? - Did she just come home?

Has it turned on? - Did it turn on?

Special questions are formed using question words (question words). Such as when (when), how (how), what (what), where (where) and others. The following is the same word order as in the question.

QW + have + I / You / We / They + Ved (V3)
QW + has + She / He / It + Ved (V3)

What has he just said? - What did he just say?

How long have you been knocked on the door? How long have you been knocking on the door?

When is the Present Perfect used?

And now let's look at the most common cases of using and using the Present Perfect tense in speech:

Completed action in the present

In this case, the focus is on the result of the completed action. In other words, when the result of an action is visible in the present.

I have cooked a good dinner - I cooked a good dinner (the action is completed, the result is a good dinner)

I know Nina. We have already met - I know Nina. We have already met (the meeting took place in the past, but we are interested in the result in the present)

Incomplete action in the present

The Present Perfect tense is used when we describe an action that started in the past, has not yet ended in the present, but the result is obvious.

I’ve written five pages of the new book this morning - I wrote five pages of a new book this morning (the morning is not over yet, he can write a few more pages)

She has finished watching “Harry Potter” this week - She has finished watching “Harry Potter” this week

Fact of action / personal experience

If it is important for the speaker to emphasize the fact of some accomplished event without an exact indication of the time, the Present Perfect also comes to the rescue. Often this tense is used when we talk about our past experience or when we ask our interlocutor about it.

I have been to Bratislava - I have been (been) to Bratislava

In a question, when we are interested in a fact from someone's life, we also use the Present Perfect:

Have you ever been to France? - Have you ever been to France?

Time Markers Present Perfect

Present Perfect is used with imprecise expressions and words that indicate a period of time that has not yet ended.

never (never)
ever (ever)
already (already)
yet (yet) / not yet (not yet)
often (often)
lately (lately)
just (just now)
once (once)
recently (recently)
before (before)
today (today)
this week (this week)
this year (this year)
for an hour (within an hour)
for a long time (long time)
since two o'clock - from two o'clock
ince December - from December

Examples of Present Perfect sentences with translation

Affirmative:

I’ve studied English since my childhood - I have studied English since childhood

She has visited this beauty shop recently

People have walked on the Moon - People have walked on the moon.

We've just eaten, so we don't want to go to the cafe - We just ate, so we don't want to go to the cafe

I have just cut my finger - I just cut my finger

Negative:

He has not returned from school yet - He has not returned from school yet

I haven't bought the new car. This is my old one - I didn't buy a new car. It's old

Jane hasn't been to Asia yet - Jane hasn't been to Asia yet

I have not been at university this week because of the flu

I haven't replaced the batteries in the doorbell - I haven't replaced the batteries in the doorbell

Interrogative:

Have you seen this film about space? - Have you seen this film about space?

Has Jimmy bought the tickets yet? - Has Jimmy bought the tickets yet?

How many deals has she made at the moment? How many deals has she made so far?

How much coffee have you drunk today? - How much coffee did you drink today?

How long have you known Mary? How long have you known Mary?

Present Perfect (present perfect) is used to denote an action that took place in the past and has a result in the present.

Education Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to have in the present tense ( have, has) and past participle forms of the semantic verb. This form of the verb is also called the "third form of the verb" and is conventionally denoted as V3 (verb 3). For regular verbs, this is the infinitive with the ending -ed, for irregular verbs - the third column in ):
I have played.
He has played.
We have played.

Interrogative form: have (has) + subject + V3:
Have I played?
Has he played?
Have we played?

In a special question, have (has) is preceded by the necessary interrogative pronoun:
Where have I played?
Why has he played?
With whom have you played?

In a question to the subject, an interrogative pronoun who is placed before the predicate instead of the subject itself (in this question, the auxiliary verb has is always used):
Who has worked?

Negative form: have (has) + not + V3:
I have not played.
He has not played.
We have not played.

Interrogative-negative form: have (has) + subject + not + V3 or haven "t (hasn" t) + subject + V3:
Have I not played?
Has he not played?
Have we not played?

In colloquial speech, abbreviations are used:
have not = haven"t = "ve not
has not = hasn"t = "s not
have = "ve
has="s
I haven't played. = I've not played.
I"ve played.
Haven't I played?

affirmative form	negative form
I have play ed He (she, it) has play ed We have play ed You have play ed They have play ed	I have not play ed He (she, it) has not play ed We have not play ed You have not play ed They have not play ed
Interrogative form	Interrogative-negative form
Have I played? Has he (she, it) play ed ? Have we play ed ? Have you play ed ? Have they play ed ?	Have I not play ed ? Has he (she, it) not play ed ? Have we not play ed ? Have you not play ed ? Have they not play ed ?

Using Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect is used:

1. To express an action that took place in the past, but has a result in the present. The presence of such a result connects the past action with the present:
I have lost my keys. I lost my keys.
(lost in the past, but there is a result - now I don't have them, I can't open the door)

Has the rain stopped? Has the rain ended?
(interested in the lack of rain at the moment)

The time of action may not be indicated (as in previous sentences) or may be expressed in adverbs just, ever, never never, already, yet(in questions and negatives), lately, lately, recently recently. At the same time, the sentence should not contain adverbs indicating the past tense:
I have never been in London. I've never been to London.
He hasn "t come home yet. He hasn't come home from work yet.

But compare:
My mom has already cooked dinner. Mom has already cooked dinner.
My mom already cooked dinner yesterday. Mom already cooked dinner yesterday. (yesterday indicates the past tense, so it is used )

Note. With the adverb just now, Past Simple Tense has just been used:
I broke it just now. I just broke it.

2. To express both a single action and an action repeated several times in the past (there may be words in the sentence often twice etc.) and in sentences answering the question how much / many how much:
I have read that book twice. I have read this book twice.
I have been in London three times. I have been to London three times.
I "ve ironed 8 skirts. I ironed 8 skirts.

3. Present Perfect is used with adverbs denoting periods of time that have not yet elapsed today today, this week this week, this month this month, this year etc.:
Have you listened to the radio today? Have you listened to the radio today? (not expired today)
It has not expected this week. It didn't rain this week. (this week has not expired)

But if the specified period of time has already ended, then the Past Simple Tense form is used:
I have drunk coffee this morning. I drank coffee this morning.(said in the morning)
I drink coffee this morning. I drank coffee this morning.(the morning has already passed, it is said, for example, in the afternoon or in the evening)

4. Present Perfect is used to express an action that began in the past and continued until the moment of speech or is still ongoing at the moment of speech. The sentence should contain the prepositions since with (from some past moment to the present) or for during. At the same time, the Present Perfect can be translated both in the present tense and in the past, depending on the situation.
a) with verbs that are not used in Continuous (for more details, see):
I haven "t seen you for ages. I haven't seen you for ages.(did not see and just saw at the moment of speech)
Has not been here since two o "clock. He (is) here since two o'clock.(started at two o'clock and is still here)
I have known him for three years. I know him for three years.

b) with some verbs instead of Present Perfect Continuous, if the speaker wants to focus not on the duration, but on the fact of the action.
I have lived in Moscow for five years. I have been living in Moscow for five years.(important fact)
I have been living in Moscow for five years. I have been living in Moscow for five years.(duration, process is important)

The Present Perfect is also used with since since. In this case, the Present Perfect is used in the main clause, and in the subordinate clause starting with since, the Past Simple is used:
I have written only one letter to my relatives since I left. I have only written one letter since I left.
I haven't letters received from him since he left. I haven't received a letter from him since he left.

Present Perfect is also used with the adverb since since:
We moved to a new flat last year, and we haven't met our friends since. We moved last year and haven't seen our friends since.

5. Present Perfect is used to express a perfect future action instead of Future Perfect in adverbial clauses of time and conditions that are introduced by conjunctions after, when, as soon as, until (till), if etc. At the same time, Present Perfect is translated by the future tense of the perfect form:
He will wait for you until you have come. He will wait for you until you arrive.

Cases of using Present Perfect Tense

Action, the result of which is available in the present tense (in Russian it corresponds to the past tense).
An action repeated several times in the past.
With circumstantial words denoting periods of time that have not yet elapsed.
To express an action that began in the past and continued until the moment of speech or still ongoing at the moment of speech: instead of Present Perfect Continuous (in Russian it corresponds to the present and past tense).
Future perfect action in subordinate clauses of time and condition (in Russian it corresponds to the future tense).