Ershov Andrey Petrovich

An outstanding programmer and mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author of the world's first monograph on programming automation. Under the leadership of Ershov, some of the first domestic programming programs ("integral developments" of the programming language and system) were developed. He formulated a number of general principles of programming as a new and original type of scientific activity, touched upon an aspect that would later be called user-friendliness, and was one of the first in the country to set the task of creating a programming technology. Became one of the founders of the so-called "school informatics" and the recognized leader of the domestic school informatics, became one of the world's leading experts in this field.

Charles Babbage

(December 26 - October 18)

British mathematician and inventor, author of works on the theory of functions, mechanization of counting in economics; foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). In 1833 he developed a project for a universal digital computer - a prototype of a computer. Babbage provided for the possibility of entering instructions into the machine using punched cards. However, this machine was not finished either, since the low level of technology of that time became the main obstacle to its creation. Charles Babbage is often called the "father of the computer" for his invention of the Analytical Engine, although its prototype was created many years after his death.

Kaspersky Evgeny Valentinovich

Before 1991worked in a multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Began to study the phenomenoncomputer viruses in October 1989when it was found on his computerCascade virus (English). From 1991 to 1997 he worked at the STC "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed the anti-virus project "AVP" (now - " Kaspersky Anti-Virus"). In 1997, Evgeny Kaspersky became one of the founders ofKaspersky Labs«.

Today, Evgeny Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.

Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeniy Valentinovich and the "Laboratory" headed by him in 2001 is the opening of the annual conferenceVirus Bulletin- the central event in the antivirus industry, as well as the successful opposition to all global virus epidemics that occurred in 2001.

Lovelace Augusta Ada

A. Lovelace developed the first programs for Babbage's analytical engine, thereby laying the theoretical foundations of programming. She first introduced the concept of a cycle of operation. In one of the notes, she expressed the main idea that the analytical engine can solve such problems that, due to the difficulty of calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. So for the first time the machine was considered not only as a mechanism that replaces a person, but also as a device capable of performing work that exceeds the capabilities of a person. Although Babbage's Analytical Engine was not built and Lovelace's programs were never debugged and did not work, however, a number of general provisions expressed by her retained their fundamental importance for modern programming. Today, A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.

Bill Gates

(28 of October)

American entrepreneur and developer in the field of electronic computing technology, founder of the world's leading software company Microsoft.

In 1980, Microsoft developed the MS-DOS operating system, which by the mid-1980s became the main operating system in the American microcomputer market. Gates then moved on to developing application programs such as Excel spreadsheets and the Word text editor, and by the late 1980s, Microsoft had become a leader in this area as well.

In 1986, by issuing shares of the company for free sale, Gates at the age of 31 became a billionaire. In 1990, the company introduced the Windows 3.0 shell, which replaced verbal commands with mouse-selectable icons, making the computer much easier to use. By the end of the 1990s, about 90% of all personal computers in the world were equipped with Microsoft software. In 1997, Gates topped the list of the richest people in the world.

Douglas Karl Engelbart

American inventor Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute introduced the world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9th.

Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with a single button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.

Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of a personal computer. It had three buttons, a ball and rollers instead of discs, and cost $400!

Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. Wireless mice are the latest in technology.

Niklaus Wirth

Swiss engineer and researcher in the programming world. Author and one of the developers of the Pascal programming language. N. Wirth was one of the first who put into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as a key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages ​​(including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used for theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists, his book "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs" is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.

Linus Torvalds

(December 28th)

Creator of the world famous operating system. In early 1991, he began to write his own platform aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge via the Internet. The new system was named Linux, derived from a combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. For ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products manufactured by Microsoft, capable of pushing the company's monopoly in the system and server software market.

Thousands of "interested programmers", hackers, computer network specialists happily picked up Linus's idea and began to finish, finish, debug what Torvalds offered them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from a toy of several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multi-user and multi-tasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, many times superior to Microsoft Windows in terms of its range of capabilities, stability and power. 95, 98 and NT and capable of running on virtually any modern IBM-compatible computer.

In this article, we will talk about the best Russian programmers of all time and learn about their main achievements.

Go to the list!

Russian programmer, author of the popular antivirus Dr. Web, CTO and founder of Doctor Web. After studying at the Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation, he worked as an engineer for aviation defense projects at the Central Research and Production Association "Leninets". Since 1990, he has been developing in the field of anti-virus protection. Igor Danilov wrote his first virus analyzer out of enthusiasm in the desire to rid his research institute of virus threats. In 1992, he began developing the Dr.Web antivirus. In 2003 he founded Doctor Web company.

Russian programmer, developer of the Advanced eBook Processor program algorithm, released by the Moscow company Elcomsoft and designed to bypass the protection of electronic books in Adobe PDF format. Associate Professor of the Department of Information Security of the Faculty of Informatics and Control Systems.

You can find live broadcasts of the development process, lectures, hackathons and much more from the field of programming on

Leonardo da Vinci For over 300 years Blaise Pascal was believed to be the inventor of the first calculating machine. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts of Leonardo da Vinci (), one of the titans of the Renaissance, an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer, were found in the National Library of Madrid. Among the drawings, they found a sketch of a thirteen-bit adder with ten-tooth wheels. For advertising purposes, it was collected by the firm. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished 1BM manuscripts were found in the National Library of Madrid and it turned out to be quite workable.

Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a counting device was discovered in the city library of Stuttgart, from which it followed that another design of a counting machine appeared at least 20 years earlier than the "Pascal wheel". It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than the missing appendix to the previously published letter to J. Kepler from the professor of the University of Tübingen, Wilhelm Schickard (from), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine he invented. The machine contained a summing and multiplying device, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (from) Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a ten or a hundred, and how it takes away what it keeps in its "mind" when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard () appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the outstanding mathematical abilities of the young scientist, Kepler recommended that he take up mathematics. Shikkard heeded this advice and achieved significant success in the new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Shikkard and members of his family died of cholera. The works of the scientist were forgotten...

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal () one of the most famous people in the history of mankind. Pascal died when he was 39 years old, but despite such a short life, he went down in history as an outstanding mathematician, physicist, philosopher, writer, who also believed in miracles. Some of Pascal's practical achievements have received the highest distinction today, few people knows the name of their author. For example, now very few will say that the most common car is the invention of Blaise Pascal. He also came up with the idea of ​​omnibuses of multi-seat horse-drawn carriages with fixed routes, the first type of regular public public transport. Being very young (1643), Pascal created a mechanical device, a summing machine, which made it possible to add numbers in the decimal number system. In this machine, the numbers were set by corresponding rotations of the disks (wheels) with digital divisions, and the result of the operation could be read in the windows, one for each number. The disks were mechanically connected, and the addition took into account the transfer of one to the next digit. The units disk was connected to the tens disk, the tens disk to the hundreds disk, and so on. The main drawback of Pascal's summing machine was the inconvenience of performing all operations with it, except for addition.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () entered the history of mathematics primarily as the creator of differential and integral calculus, combinatorics, and the theory of determinants. But his name is also among the outstanding inventors of counting devices. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and belonged to a family known for its scientists and politicians. In 1661 Leibniz became a student. He studies philosophy, law and mathematics at the universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf. In 1666, he defended two dissertations at once for the title of associate professor in jurisprudence and mathematics. In 1672, Leibniz met the Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christian Huygens. Seeing how many calculations an astronomer had to do, Leibniz decided to invent a mechanical device for calculations, which he completed in 1694. Developing the ideas of Pascal, Leibniz used the shift operation for bitwise multiplication of numbers. One copy of the Leibniz machine came to Peter the Great, who presented it to the Chinese emperor, wanting to impress him with European technical achievements. Leibniz came close to the creation of mathematical logic: he proposed the use of mathematical symbols in logic and for the first time expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of using the binary number system in it, which later found application in automatic computers.

George Bull George Bull (). After Leibniz, many eminent scientists conducted research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system, but the real success here came to the English self-taught mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to finish only an elementary school for the poor. Some time later, Buhl, having changed several professions, opened a small school where he taught himself. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, "Investigation of the laws of thought on which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based," appeared. After some time, it became clear that Boole's system is well suited for describing electrical switching circuits: the current in the circuit can either flow or be absent, like how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the 20th century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.

Herman Hollerith A significant contribution to the automation of information processing was made by an American, the son of German emigrants, Herman Hollerith (). He is the founder of the counting and punching technique. Dealing with the processing of statistical information from the US census in 1890, Hollerith built a manual puncher that was used to apply digital data to punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting to lay out these punched cards, depending on the place of punching. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which "felt" the holes on punched cards, perceived them as the corresponding numbers and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which 20 holes could be punched, corresponding to such data as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. The agents participating in the census recorded the answers of the respondents in special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information contained in them was transferred to cards using a puncher. Then the punched cards were loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were strung on thin needles. The needle, falling into the hole, passed it, closing the contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, led to the fact that the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, moved one position forward.

John Vincent Atanasoff In 1973, through the court, it was established that the patent rights to the basic ideas of digital electronic machines belong to John Atanasov. Bulgarian by birth, John Vincent Atanasoff () became an American in the second generation. Atanasov began searching for ways to automate calculations in 1933, when he supervised graduate students who studied elasticity theory, quantum physics, and crystal physics. Most of the problems they faced involved partial differential equations. To solve them, one had to use approximate methods, which, in turn, required the solution of large systems of algebraic equations. That is why the scientist began to make attempts to use technical means to speed up calculations: Atanasov decided to design a computer based on new principles, while taking vacuum tubes as an element base. In the fall of 1939, John Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry began building a specialized computer machine designed to solve a system of algebraic equations with 30 unknowns. It was decided to name it ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). The initial data, presented in decimal notation, had to be entered into the machine using standard punched cards. Then, in the machine itself, the decimal code was converted to binary, which was then used in it. The main arithmetic operations were addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were already performed with their help. There were two storage devices in the car. By the spring of 1942, work on the machine was largely completed; however, at this time the United States was already at war with Nazi Germany, and wartime problems pushed work on the first computer into the background. Soon the car was dismantled.

Konrad Zuse The creator of the first operating computer with program control is considered to be the German engineer Konrad Zuse (), who loved to invent since childhood and, even when he was at school, designed a model of a machine for exchanging money. He began to dream of a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of a person while still a student. Not knowing about the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon set about creating a device much like the Analytical Engine of this English mathematician. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse resigned from the company where he worked. On a small table in his parents' house, he arranged a "workshop". Approximately two years later, the computer, which already occupied an area of ​​​​about 4 m2 and was an intricacies of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7, from Zuse's German spelling of the last name), had a data entry keyboard. In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreyer proposed the creation of a fundamentally new type of device, based on vacuum electron tubes. The new machine was supposed to operate hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all "long-term" scientific development, because he was sure of a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Plankal-kül, "plan calculus"). This language is called the first high-level language.

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev () was born in Nizhny Novgorod, In 1921 he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now the Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became both a university teacher, from which he graduated, and a junior researcher at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and author (together with PS Zhdanov) of the book "Stability of parallel operation of electrical systems", widely known among specialists in the field of electrical engineering. In the late 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which is one of the first in the world and the first in Europe computer with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology (ITM and VT of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) in Moscow and became the chief designer of BESM, and then the director of the institute. Then BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior to the best computers in the USA. Soon the machine was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. On BESM-2, calculations were performed during the launch of artificial satellites of the Earth and the first spacecraft with a person on board. In 1967, the series created under the leadership of S.A. began to be mass-produced. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikova, the original BESM-6 architecture with a speed of about 1 million operations per second: BESM-6 was among the most productive computers in the world and had many "features" of the next, third generation machines. She was the first large domestic machine, which began to be supplied to users along with advanced software.

John von Neumann American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann () was from Budapest, the second largest and most important cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. With his extraordinary abilities, this man began to stand out very early: at the age of six he spoke ancient Greek, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the United States. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, and had a significant impact on the development of computer technology. He performed fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the creators of the "Monte Carlo" method, a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the simulation of random variables. "According to von Neumann" the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. For them, an arithmetic-logical device is provided. Its operation and, in general, the entire machine is controlled by a control device. The role of information storage is performed by RAM. Information is stored here for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (commands).

Claude Elwood Shannon Already in his teens, Claude Elwood Shannon () began to design. He made models of airplanes and radio devices, created a radio-controlled boat, connected his house and a friend's house with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was at the same time his distant relative (nevertheless they never met). In 1937, Shannon submitted his dissertation "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", working on which he came to the conclusion that Boolean algebra can be successfully used to analyze and synthesize switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. The most famous work of Claude Elwood Shannon is published in 1948 "The Mathematical Theory of Communication", which presents considerations regarding the new science of information theory he created. One of the tasks of information theory is to find the most economical coding methods that allow you to convey the necessary information using the minimum number of characters. Shannon defined the basic unit of quantity of information (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads, tails, yes no, and so on. A bit can be represented as 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in the circuit.

Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member at the University of Washington, and chairman of the charity United Way International. Gates and his high school buddy Paul Allen entered the world of entrepreneurship at the age of fifteen. They wrote a program to regulate traffic and formed a company to distribute it; earned dollars on this project and did not go to high school anymore. In 1973, Gates entered his first year at Harvard University. During their time at Harvard, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote the first operating system, developing the BASIC programming language for the first MITS Altair minicomputer. In his third year, Bill Gates left Harvard to devote himself full-time to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates creates the MS-DOS operating system, which in 1993 was used by 90% of the world's computers and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as Microsoft's chief software architect, but also as the youngest self-made billionaire. Today, Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, praises are sung to him. Peoper magazine, for example, argues that "Gates is as important to programming as Edison is to the light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part tradesman, but unfailingly a genius."

Municipal educational institution

"Krasnogorsk secondary school No. 2"

Section "Informatics"

Research

Completed by 7th grade students

Moshkov Rail

Levit Kirill

supervisor

Romanov K.M.

p. Krasnogorsky

2017

Content:

Chapter 1.

Introduction

Chapter 2

Objective of the project

Project objectives

Research hypothesis

Practical significance of the project

Stages of work on the project

Estimated result

Working process

Chapter 3

Conclusion

Useful Resources

Introduction:

The programmer must have the ability of a first-class mathematician for abstraction and logical thinking, combined with Edison's talent to build anything from zero and one. He must combine the accuracy of an accountant with the insight of an intelligence officer, the fantasy of a writer of detective novels with the sober practicality of an economist. And besides, the programmer must have a taste for teamwork, understand the interests of the user, and much more.

A.P. Ershov

A characteristic feature of modern society is the active use of computer technology in all spheres of human activity. Beginning programmers always face the same question. What to program? Of course, it is better to start with the most understandable and simple programming language. VBA is one of the easiest programming languages ​​to learn and use today.

VisualBasic6.0 is a visual programming system designed to create object programs. Using this programming language, you can quickly and easily create custom applications. Once you learn how to develop applications for one office program, you can easily create applications for other office programs.

Computer science is a very young, modern and progressive science, and although you can find great mathematicians who lived 2000 years ago and great physicists who lived 300 years ago, all the great computer scientists are our contemporaries, below are some of them.

Now there are a lot of computer scientists in the world. Among them are a huge number of great personalities who left an indelible mark on the development of this wonderful science.

We like computer science lessons. We work at computers, do practical work, tasks in workbooks, learn to program.

We chose this topic not by chance:

We are interested in computer science as a subject and as a science, and therefore we wanted to learn more about the great computer scientists who made a significant contribution to its development.

In our work, we will talk about the great people of Russia who have made a significant contribution to the development of computer science.

From here arose fundamental question :

How to leave a mark in history?

Problem questions:

Which computer scientist left a mark on history?

What contribution did this or that person make to the development of informatics and society?

Age group: 5-7 grades

Duration of work on the project6 2 weeks

The purpose of our work : Learn the basics of programming in the programVisualBasic6.0, thereby increasing their own interest in the study of computer science and motivating schoolchildren of grades 6.7 to study this subject.

We have set ourselves the followingtasks :

Familiarize yourself with controls and basic VBA constructs.

Develop algorithms and write program codes.

Make a project on the topic "Great Informaticians of Great Russia"

Research hypothesis : Creating projects using programming languages ​​helps to increase the cognitive interest of schoolchildren in grades 6.7 in the field of studying computer science and leads to an improvement in the quality of knowledge.

The practical significance of our project: The materials of our project can be used when conducting computer science lessons, extracurricular activities.

Object of study: Programming systemVBA. Implementation of the finished product.

Stages of work

Definition of the topic of work.

Setting goals and objectives of the project.

Development of the structure of the presentation.

Development of the overall design of the presentation.

Learning the Essential Visual Basic 6.0 Controls

The study of the basic algorithmic constructions, the possibilities of variables and how to work with them.

Writing a program (program code) for slides with programming elements in Visual Basic 6.0.

Debugging of program codes.

Analysis of the application of this project at school.

Estimated result

We assume that the use of such projects will increase the interest of schoolchildren, both in the study of computer science, and increase the number of students who want to engage in project activities.

We decided to apply some programming language controlsVBA:

Togglebuttonis an interface control that has two fixed states (on/off).

Textbox- this is a text box - a field for entering information in a dialog box.

commandbuttonis a control button - an interface element used to activate some event.

In the process of working on the project, we got acquainted with the concept of a variable. In our code, variables store the values ​​of text fields in the computer's RAM.

Working process:

Let us consider the place of computer science in the traditionally established system of sciences (technical, natural, humanitarian, etc.). In particular, this would make it possible to find a place for the general education course in computer science in a number of other academic subjects.

Recall that, according to the definition of A.P. Ershov, informatics is a “fundamental natural science”. Academician B.N. Naumov defined informatics "as a natural science that studies the general properties of information, processes, methods and means of its processing (collection, storage, transformation, movement, issuance)".

We decided to use the Visual Basic 6.0 object-oriented programming system to create this project, since this programming language is more understandable to us, because last year we created the Infoknower Goes to Lesson test project using this programming language. After reviewing a huge amount of material, we settled on these great people:

Sergei Alexandrovich Lebedev. It is this person who is the founder of domestic electronic computing technology. Under his leadership, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM was created, which is one of the first in the world and in Europe.

It became interesting to us what changes have taken place since the creation of this machine to the present, and only 60 years have passed, because February 14 is not only a holiday for lovers, but also a significant date in the history of the development of computer technology, since on this day In 1946, the first electronic computer was presented to the general public -ENIACI

The first Soviet electronic computer MESM was put into operation on December 25, 1951.
The main parameters of the first Soviet computer:

Performed operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, shift, comparison with sign, comparison by absolute value, transfer of control, transfer of numbers from a magnetic drum, addition of commands. The speed of work is about 3000 operations per minute. Initial data input - from punched cards or by means of a set of codes on a plug-in switch. The area of ​​the room is 60 square meters. The number of electronic tubes-triodes is about 3500, diodes 2500. Power consumption - 25 kW.

The main hopes in the coming years in the field of information technology are associated with optical (photonic) computers. The idea of ​​optical (photonic) computing - calculations performed using photons that are generated by lasers or diodes - has a fairly long history. The advantages are obvious: using photons (moving with it is possible to achieve incomparably higher signal transfer rates than using electrons (as in today's computers).

Computers of the future are planned to be endowed with elements of advanced artificial intelligence. Non-traditional branches of mathematics, such as fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic, as well as possibility theory and probability theory, are increasingly being used to solve artificial intelligence problems. We think that in the near future we will figure out what these theories are, while this is all incomprehensible to us, but interesting.

Mikhail Romanovich Shura-Bura. One of the patriarchs of domestic programming. In the mid-1950s, the programming department, headed by Shura-Bura, was involved in calculating the trajectories of artificial earth satellites; in 1963, one of the translators from the ALGOL-60 language for the M-20 was created, followed by programming systems for BESM-6 and other computers.

We became interested in how many satellites of the Earth were in the 60s, and how many of them there are at the present time, which satellites are planned to be launched in the near future. Here's what we found:

After ground tests, the first satellite was taken to the spaceport on October 4, 1957. At 22:28 Moscow time, the rocket with the world's first artificial Earth satellite launched, opening the way for mankind into outer space.

Exactly a month later, on November 3, 1957, the second artificial Earth satellite in history was launched into orbit, on board of which, in a cabin equipped with everything necessary for life, there was a dog Laika.

The third Soviet artificial Earth satellite was launched on May 15, 1958.

16,800 artificial objects fly over our heads, including 6,000 satellites, the rest are considered space debris - these are boosters and debris. There are fewer active devices - about 850.

Since the launch of the first artificial satellite in 1957 to January 1, 2008, about 4,600 launches have been made - this is about 6,000 satellites. 400 of them are outside the earth's orbit. Of the remaining 5,600, about 800 are working. Communication with the rest has been lost. Plus a huge amount of all sorts of fragments and remains - from screwdrivers lost in orbit to fuel tanks. The scale is amazing. This is one of the global problems of all mankind, while there are no methods and solutions for collecting space debris.

Space satellites of the future in balloons

The launch of Bloostar satellites will be carried out directly from the stratosphere, where payloads will be delivered using balloons. The technology itself is not new, and such launches have been practiced since the middle of the last century. The peculiarity and significant advantage of Bloostar is that at an altitude of more than twenty kilometers, the aerodynamic properties of the aircraft that will be launched are practically of no importance. That is why Bloostar is made in the form of concentric ring-steps. Which work on the usual principle of a three-stage rocket. At the moment, the system can put into orbit 600 km about 75 kilograms of payload.

Bashir Iskandarovich Rameev. One of the founders of domestic computer technology. One of the creators of the Strela machine, the first computer mastered in industrial production in the USSR. Under his leadership and with direct participation, an arithmetic device, memory on a magnetic drum, an element base onvacuum tubes, not relays.

Vladimir Andreevich Melnikov. An outstanding scientist and designer of high-performance computing systems, student and colleague of Academician S.A. Lebedev, under whose leadership Melnikov participated in the creation of a number of universal computers "BESM".

Mikhail Alexandrovich Kartsev. Outstanding scientist and engineer, designer of electronic computers of four generations and powerful real-time computing systems, author of fundamental works in computer technology, including arithmetic and architecture of electronic digital computers.

Andrey Petrovich Ershov. Outstanding programmer and mathematician.Under the leadership of Ershov, some of the first domestic programming programs were developed ("integral developments" of the language and systemprogramming).Became one of the founders of the so-called "school informatics" and the recognized leader of the domestic school informatics, became one of the world's leading experts in this field.

We became interested in what computer science textbooks were the very first, and what our parents, grandparents studied.

The first computer science textbook was written in 1985 under the guidance of Academician A.P. Ershov, a world-famous scientist, developer of one of the most advanced domestic programming systems.

In the first trial tutorial in computer science, the emphasis was on studying the basics of algorithmization and programming elements in the BASIC language for personal computers.

Order of the Ministry Education of the Russian Federation in 1999, a minimum content of education in informatics was approved, which is mandatory for all educational institutions.

In the course of the project, we created a user-friendly interface with "More details" buttons to learn more about these programmers

During the execution of the program, we got acquainted and created the code for the transition from one form to another:

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Form2.Visible = True

Form1.Visible = False

end sub

We learned how to work with forms and buttons, create a color, a form background, and created a small test.

Private Sub Command1_Click()

If Option1 Then

MsgBox "True", "Test"

Else

MsgBox "Invalid", "Test"

End if

end sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

Form12.Visible = True

Form8.Visible = False

end sub

Private Sub Form_Load()

Option1 = False: Option2 = False: Option3 = False

end sub

Conclusion: We really enjoyed creating this project. We learned a lot of new and interesting things. In the future, we want to connect our work with programming. During the execution of this work, we studied the possibilities of Visual Basic 6.0, and using this programming language, we created this software product.

Bibliography

1. L. D. Sleptsova . VBA Programming in Microsoft Office 2010Publisher: Dialectika, Williams, 2010

2. - a course of lectures on VBA.

GREAT COMPUTERS

Niklaus Wirth (German: Niklaus Wirth, born February 15, 19) Swiss scientist, computer scientist, one of the most famous theorists in the field of programming languages ​​development. Leading developer of Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon, Professor of Computer Science (ETH), Prize Winner Turing 1984.

Edsger Wiebe Dijkstra (Dutch. Edsger Wybe Dijkstra; May 11, 1930, Rotterdam (Netherlands) - August 6, 20, an outstanding Dutch scientist whose ideas had a huge impact on the development of the computer industry. Born May 11, 1930 in Rotterdam, (father is a chemist, mother is a mathematician).

Alan Kay (Alan Curtis Kay; born May 17, 19) is an American scientist in the field of computer theory. One of the pioneers in the fields of object-oriented programming and graphical interface Turing Award 2003 for work on object-oriented programming, Kyoto Prize (2004).

Alan Jay Perlis (April 1-February 1, 19) is an American computer scientist, known for his work on programming languages ​​and as the first Turing Award winner.

Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum (born 1944) is Professor at the Free University of Amsterdam, where he leads the Computer Systems Design Group, and Ph.D.

John von Neumann (von Neumann) (1 American mathematician. He made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their application.

Norton Peter, famous American programmer. Born in Seattle (Washington, USA), he was educated at Ridon College (Portland, Oregon) and the University of California at Berkeley. He is well known in today's computer world as the "great teacher" of personal computers.

. Born June 27, 1939 in Moscow. In 1961 he graduated from the Mekhmat of Moscow State University. Since 1965, he worked at the Main Computing Center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, after a series of reorganizations, he ended up at the Ministry of Economy of Russia. At the Main Computer Center he was engaged in economic modeling for the first time.CIn 1966 I gradually studied programming, and since 1967 I had to completely switch to this type of activity. Worked on data processing tasks.

Gates William (Bill) Henry (b. October 28, 1955), American computer entrepreneur and inventor; carried away by business, did not complete his education at Harvard. One of the founders of Microsoft Corporation (1975) and creator of the operating systemMS- DOSused in IBM (IBM) compatible computers. In 1997 he topped the list of the richest people in the world.Author of The Road to the Future (1995).

Charles Babbage. Babbage was an English mathematician. He designed the very first calculating machine - a 15-ton mechanical calculator in 1822. His projects include a rotating pen adding machine, which until recently was widely used as an alternative to ordinary accounts.

In 1948, Wiener's book "Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in Animals and Machines" was published in the USA and Europe, marking the birth of a new scientific direction - cybernetics.

Norbert Wiener was born in the USA, in a family of a native of Russia.

By the age of 18, Norbert Wiener was already holding a PhD in Mathematical Logic from Cornell and Harvard Universities.

Douglas Engelbart, who made himself famous by many, never became a celebrity. If thirty years ago he had said to himself "stop, I've done a good job, it's time to think about our daily bread", now, probably, he could be richer and more famous than guys like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs or Mark Andreessen. Both Microsoft and Apple and Netscape followed the paths blazed by Engelbart. In order for you to be able to appreciate the work of old Doug from the very beginning, I will name only one, the most "popular" of his inventions - a computer mouse.

George Boole is a self-taught mathematician. The financial situation of his parents allowed him to finish only an elementary school for the poor.

Blaise Pascal is one of the most famous people in the history of mankind.

GREAT MATHEMATICS

Stefan lived at a time when, in contrast to the previous period, many famous Polish mathematicians lived and worked. Banach's achievements are closely connected with the Polish school of mathematics, which rightly won international recognition.

Banach was one of the founders of a part of the Polish mathematical school, namely, its Novovolvov branch.

The life of the famous French mathematician Elie Joseph Cartan took place in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Cartan witnessed the rapid development of the exact sciences and technology. He had a significant influence on the development of modern mathematics.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin will occupy one of the most honorable places among Soviet mathematicians. Luzin was born on December 9, 1883. He won his place among the galaxy of outstanding mathematicians with his doctoral dissertation "The Integral and the Trigonometric Series", written in 1915. This work contains a number of basic provisions concerning the structure of measurable sets and measurable functions, the convergence of trigonometric series, the expansion of a function into a trigonometric series, and the like. The results of this work determined the development of the metric theory of functions.

Zhoravsky was born on June 22, 1866 in Shchuchin near Tsekhanuv. In 1884, after graduating from the gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Warsaw and graduated in 1888 with a master's degree in mathematics, obtained for developing an astronomical thesis based on his own observations. William Feller

The famous Soviet mathematician Vsevolod Romanovsky was in 1911-1915 an assistant professor, later a professor at the University of Warsaw. The next three years (1915-1918) he taught at Rostov, and starting from 1919 at Tashkent universities. In 1943, Romanovsky became a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. The most important works of Romanovsky are devoted to the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. He achieved significant results in the theory of Markov chains and wrote a textbook on the subject. He was also engaged in mathematical analysis, in particular, the integration of differential equations. In his writings, Romanovsky developed the classical methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics and gave many examples of the application of mathematical statistics in various branches of knowledge and in practice.

From a young age, Frigyes Ries was interested in mathematics. At the request of his parents, who believed that there was no great chance of a career as a mathematician, Rees entered the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich after graduating from high school. However, the love of mathematics won, and Rees graduated first from the university in Budapest, and then in Göttingen.

John von Neumann, the initiator of the construction of modern computers, was born on December 28, 1903 in Budapest. Von Neumann had an extraordinary memory. In early youth, he showed extraordinary abilities and love for the exact sciences. He studied at the University of Berlin, where he studied first chemistry, then mathematics. He also graduated from the Technische Hochschule in Zurich and the University of Budapest. While still young, namely in 1927, he became a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin, then lectured at the University of Hamburg. William Feller, at the invitation of Princeton University, left for the United States of America, where he remained forever.

The death of Mieczysław Bernacki, which followed on November 21, 1959 in Lublin, was a great loss for Polish science, which had a profound effect on the work of the Lublin Mathematical Center. Life, scientific and pedagogical activity of Bernatsky was closely connected with two university cities: Lublin and Poznań.

The works of the Soviet mathematician Alexander Khinchin in such fields as probability theory, function theory, metric number theory and static physics brought him worldwide fame. Khinchin's work is closely connected with the development of the Soviet school of probability theory.

Kazimierz Zarankiewicz was born in 1902 in the city of Czestochowa. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of Warsaw University and already in 1923 was awarded a doctorate. As a result of defending another thesis, he was awarded the degree of assistant professor of mathematics in 1929.

Relatively recently, namely on July 29, 1962, one of the founders of modern mathematical statistics, Ronald Aylmer Fisher, unexpectedly died in the city of Adelaide. Over the past 50 years, this scientist has made the largest contribution to this branch of mathematics. Fisher was born in London in 1890.

Hadamard received his higher education in Paris. In 1892 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He studied mathematics much earlier.

Vitold Pogozhelsky was born on October 31, 1907 in Sergeev (USSR). He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of the University in 1931 in Vilna, and in the same place, in 1934, he defended his dissertation for a doctorate. Witold Pogorzelsky was born on September 13, 1895 in Warsaw. He received his higher education at the universities in Nancy and Paris. He received his doctorate in 1919; in 1920 he defended his dissertation for the title of assistant professor in Krakow, in 1921 he was appointed professor of the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute, and in 1938 he was elected a member of the Polish Academy of Technical Sciences

On March 10, 1964, Professor Norbert Wiener, an outstanding American mathematician, creator of a new branch of science - cybernetics, suddenly died in Stockholm.

The outstanding mathematician and logician Leitzen was born in Holland, the homeland of the great philosopher L. Spinoza. It is possible that under the influence of studying the works of his great compatriot, Brouwer in his philosophical views followed the path of intuitionism. However, he is the creator of this philosophical direction.

The Warsaw School of Mathematics has been mentioned here more than once. One of the creators of this school and its greatest authority for half a century was Vaclav Sierpinski. Vaclav Sierpinski was born on March 14, 1882 in Warsaw, where he graduated from high school and studied mathematics here.

William Feller was born on July 7, 1906 in Zagreb. In 1923 he entered the university and graduated in 1925 with a master's degree. In the same year he joined the University of Göttingen. A year later, in 1926, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.