The reasons for deviant behavior briefly. Deviant behavior: types, causes and manifestations

There are common causes of deviant behavior for all “risk” groups:

Social inequality. This finds expression in the low, sometimes beggarly standard of living of the majority of the population, especially young people; in the stratification of society into rich and poor; unemployment, inflation, corruption, etc.

Moral and ethical the factor of deviant behavior is expressed in the low moral and ethical level of society, lack of spirituality, the psychology of materialism and the alienation of the individual. The life of a society with a market economy resembles a bazaar, where everything is sold and everything is bought, the trade in labor and the body is an ordinary event. The degradation and decline of morals find their expression in mass alcoholism, vagrancy, the spread of drug addiction, “corrupt love”, an explosion of violence and delinquency.

Environment, which is neutrally favorable to deviant behavior. Young deviants are mostly from dysfunctional families.

Unfavorable conditions of life and upbringing in the family, problems of mastering knowledge and related failures in studies, inability to build relationships with others and conflicts arising on this basis, various psychophysical deviations in the state of health, as a rule, lead to a crisis of the spirit, loss of the meaning of existence.

4. Alcoholism as a type of deviant behavior

For a long time, intoxicating drinks have been known to mankind. They were made from plants, and their consumption was part of the religious ritual that accompanied the festivities. A relatively cheap method of obtaining strong drinks was mastered in the 16th century. Radical changes occurred after the industrial method for producing ethyl alcohol was discovered. It was this discovery that made possible the mass consumption of alcohol, and in the XVIII century. drunkenness has become widespread in such European countries as England, Germany, Sweden, etc. Around the same time, vodka is rapidly becoming popular in Russia. We can say that the XIX century. spawned, and the XX century. exacerbated a very difficult problem for human civilization - the problem of alcoholism.

In fact, alcohol entered our lives, becoming an element of social rituals, a prerequisite for official ceremonies, holidays, some ways of spending time, and solving personal problems. However, this socio-cultural situation is costly for society. According to statistics, 90% of cases of hooliganism, 90% of rape under aggravating circumstances, almost 40% of other crimes are associated with intoxication. Murder, robbery, robbery, infliction of grievous bodily harm in 70% of cases are committed by persons in a state of intoxication; about 50% of all divorces are also associated with drunkenness. Sample surveys also showed that 99% of men and 97% of women drink alcohol at large industrial enterprises. Most often, the motive for drunkenness is: entertainment, the impact of the immediate environment, the observance of drinking traditions, the celebration of anniversaries, marital and family troubles, troubles at work.

The study of various aspects of alcohol consumption and its consequences is of great complexity. What criteria can be used to judge the alcohol situation and its dynamics? As a rule, three groups of sociological indicators of the acuteness of the alcohol problem and the extent of drunkenness in the country are used: first, the level of alcohol consumption per capita and the structure of consumption; secondly, the characteristics of mass behavior resulting from alcohol consumption; thirdly, the damage caused to the economy and society by drunkenness.

An indicator of the level of alcohol consumption makes sense only in combination with data on consumption patterns. A number of other characteristics should also be taken into account, for example, regularity of consumption, duration, connection with food intake. The features of the distribution of the total volume of alcohol consumption among the population are also important: the number and composition of drinkers, non-drinkers, and moderate drinkers; distribution of alcohol consumption between men and women, by age and other socio-demographic characteristics. Behavior with the same degree of intoxication and assessments of this behavior also differ significantly in sociocultural and ethnic groups. All of these characteristics are included in the concept of the model of alcohol consumption.

In the history of society's struggle with alcoholism, two directions can be found. First, limiting the availability of alcoholic beverages, reducing their sale and production, raising prices, tightening punitive measures for violating prohibitions and restrictions. Secondly, efforts aimed at reducing the need for alcohol, improving social and economic conditions of life, the growth of general culture and spirituality, calm, balanced information about the dangers of alcohol, and the formation of non-alcoholic stereotypes of behavior among the population.

The history of the fight against alcoholism also knew attempts to introduce a “dry law” on the territory of some countries (England, the USA, Finland, Russia). All of them have not reached their goal, because the presence of alcohol is not the only and not the main reason for the existence of alcoholism. The problem of overcoming drunkenness and alcoholism is the most difficult, it includes economic, social, cultural, psychological, demographic, legal and medical aspects. Only taking into account all these aspects, perhaps its successful solution.

Alcohol dependence is formed gradually and is determined by complex measurements that occur in the body of the drinking person. The craving for alcohol is manifested in human behavior: increased fussiness in preparation for drinking, “rubbing hands”, emotional elation. The more "alcohol experience" the less pleasure brings drinking.

The formation of alcoholism is influenced by several factors: hereditary factors, character, individual personality traits and environmental characteristics. The factors contributing to alcoholization include a low level of financial situation and education.

The development of alcoholism in adolescents is facilitated by early initiation to alcohol and the formation of “alcoholic thinking”. In Tyumen, a survey of kindergartens found that 30% of girls and 40% of boys had already tasted beer, and every fifth girl and every fourth boy had tried wine.

If a person suffers from some form of olegophrenia, a congenital physical or mental disease, then in this case alcohol acts as a compensating factor that supposedly smooths out personality defects.

For young people, alcohol is a means of liberation and overcoming the shyness that many teenagers suffer from.

Alcoholism is a progressive disease, it begins with domestic drunkenness and ends in a clinical bed. For an experienced drunkard, in order to “get high”, the dose of alcohol increases by 2-3 times compared to the previous norm. In the future, the attraction to alcohol acquires the features of physiological dependence, tolerance (tolerance) reaches a maximum, the passion for alcohol acquires a pathological character. An irreversible process takes place in the human body, the body needs alcohol for metabolic processes. At the last stage of alcoholism, the threshold of tolerance decreases, it is enough for a person to drink a mug of beer for hops. Alcohol becomes the main thing in life. A person does not care what to drink, with whom to drink and how much.

No society is capable of forcing all its individuals to act in accordance with its norms all the time, in other words, in any society there is deviant behavior.

Deviant (deviant) behavior is an act, activity of the subject that does not correspond to the officially established or actually established norms, stereotypes, and patterns in a given society. Deviation takes various forms. Terrorist criminals, hermits, ascetics, hippies, sinners and saints - all these are deviations from the norms accepted in society.

Signs of deviant behavior

1) Deviant behavior of a person is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms.

2) Deviant behavior and the person who displays it cause a negative assessment from other people (social sanctions).

3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive.

4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged).

5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual.

6) Deviant behavior is considered within the medical norm.

7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladaptation.

8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender identity.

The term "deviant behavior" can be applied to children at least 5 years old.

« The core" of deviant behavior in the classification of F. Pataki are:

Crime

Alcoholism

Addiction

Suicide

- "pre-deviant syndrome" - a complex of certain symptoms that lead a person to persistent forms of deviant behavior. Namely:

affective type of behavior;
family conflicts;
aggressive type of behavior;
early antisocial behaviors;
negative attitude towards learning;
low level of intelligence.

Forms of deviant behavior.

Violence means the use by one or another subject of various forms of coercion (up to armed action) against other subjects (classes, social and other groups, individuals) in order to acquire or maintain economic and political dominance, gain rights and privileges, achieve other goals.

The forms of manifestation of violence are varied.

Physical violence
mental abuse
sexual abuse
emotional abuse

Drug addiction, substance abuse

Withdrawal is a condition that occurs as a result of a sudden cessation of the intake (introduction) of substances that cause substance abuse.

Drunkenness is interpreted as immoderate consumption of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, violates its social adaptation.

Alcoholism is characterized by a pathological craving for alcohol, accompanied by social and moral degradation of the individual.

Offenses are one of the forms of antisocial behavior directed against the interests of society as a whole or the personal interests of citizens.

All offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors.

Crime is the most dangerous form of deviant human behavior, expressing conflict in the form of antagonism between individual, group and public interests.

Offenses in the form of a misdemeanor are manifested in a defiant demeanor, foul language, pugnacity, petty theft, drunkenness, and vagrancy. Misdemeanors are regulated by the norms of various branches of law: administrative, civil, labor, etc.

Crime is one of the most pressing problems modern Russian society.

To correct behavioral disorders in children of middle school age, it is necessary to determine the type and causes of behavioral disorders, while it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of children,

Age features of children 13-15 years old

The importance of this period in a person's life is explained by the fact that at this time the foundations of the moral and social attitudes of the individual are laid.

1) there are numerous qualitative shifts that are in the nature of a breakdown of the former: features, interests and relationships (this breakdown occurs most often rapidly, unexpectedly, transiently);
2) changes at this age are accompanied by:

a) subjective difficulties of a teenager (internal experiences, confusion, physiological difficulties),
b) difficulties for parents and teachers in educating teenagers (stubbornness, rudeness, negativism, irritability, etc.).

Psychologists call this age - "time 5 NOT"

They don't want to learn as much as they can.
They don't want to listen to advice.
DO NOT clean up after themselves.
Do NOT do household chores.
DO NOT come on time.

Biological factor in the development of a teenager.

During this period, the following changes occur: endocrine changes, a growth spurt, restructuring of the motor apparatus, an imbalance in the growth of the heart and blood vessels (the heart grows faster than the circulatory system as a whole and this sometimes leads to malfunctions in the cardiovascular system).
Consequently:
- Sexual attraction develops
- abrupt changes in states, reactions, mood (imbalance, irritability, agitation, periodic lethargy, apathy, asthenic - weakness),
- awkwardness, angularity, lack of coordination of movements, fussiness, violent and direct expression of emotions.

The main need of this age is the need to communicate with peers. Communication is the knowledge of oneself through others, the search for oneself, attention to one's inner life, self-affirmation of the individual. Since communication prevails, there is a colossal decrease in the motivation for learning. Teenagers are interested in everything but not in educational activities.

Sex differences in communication:
- boys are less sociable,
Girls are drawn to older boys.

Emotions and feelings of a teenager.

The emotional sphere is of great importance in the life of a teenager. The mind recedes into the background. Sympathies for people, teachers, subjects, life circumstances are formed exclusively on the wave of emotions, both negative and positive. At this age, they like to "bathe" in their own emotions - sadness, loneliness, anger, guilt, euphoria. Adolescents express their emotions exceptionally violently and directly, they are often extremely unrestrained.

Relationships with adults.
a) there is an “alienation” from adults: less closeness and trust in relations with parents, they noticeably try not to participate in family affairs;
b) demonstrative behavior: scandals, whims, rudeness towards adults. All this is a hidden demand to recognize their adulthood and rights. A teenager understands that his adulthood is still unsteady, but through demonstrativeness he compensates for this uncertainty.
c) upholding justice. Adolescents in everyday life accuse adults of injustice - adults demand what they themselves do not fulfill. This is due to the fact that at this age moral development acquires a new meaning that goes beyond real life (justice, love, friendship, sincerity). The way out of this situation for parents is not to passively agree with the claims of children, but to express and reasonably defend their own position.

A person becomes deviant gradually. Milestones

formation of deviant behavior are:

The emergence of a contradiction between social norms and personality;

Manifestation of disagreement, denial of social demands by the child;

Manifestation of illegal actions (petty hooliganism, deceit, theft, etc.);

Recurrence of illegal actions;

Accumulation of experience of antisocial behavior (violence, hooliganism, prostitution, etc.);

Inclusion in a group with antisocial behavior;

Violation of laws;

Commission of crime

Family as a factor of negative personality formation:

a) immoral situation in the family: drunkenness, quarrels, fights, rudeness in relationships, dishonesty, etc., which creates a negative role model, forms an appropriate worldview;

b) problems of family composition: single-parent families, families with one child, families with many children, distant families, etc., which leads to a lack of pedagogical influence on the child, the formation of his personality on the part of only one of the parents, or to excessive attention and connivance in the process education.

These negative factors of influence of the family contribute to the creation of a negative attitude towards the home, family, and parents in the child, encourage him to strive to leave home and spend a significant part of his time outside of it. Under these conditions, a category of “street children”, neglected and homeless, is being formed.

This is facilitated by: aggressive environment in the house, rudeness towards the child; prolonged inattention to his interests and problems, weaning him to deal with something to the parent (parents), to see in him (in them) support, unwillingness to communicate with him (them); switching parents to their personal problems and leaving the child to himself for a long time; shifting the upbringing of a child to grandparents without their appropriate support (with age, older people are unable to provide the necessary educational impact on their grandchildren, which leads to their neglect); deficiencies in upbringing, the child’s lack of healthy interests, hobbies, perseverance, etc.

Factors of environmental (streets, cities, "flocks", etc.) impact on a person in the process of his development.

Negative hobbies at home, non-pedagogical use of the possibilities of the game in the development of the child, etc.

The negative influence of the immediate environment, and above all the anti-pedagogical behavior of parents, adults, peers, etc.

The negative impact of the media, especially television, video products.

There are other environmental factors that negatively affect the upbringing of a person.

D. Disadvantages in raising a child:

a) errors of family education;

b) greenhouse conditions, the removal of the child from any life problems, any vigorous activity, contributing to the formation of callousness, infantilism and inability to empathize with human difficulties and tragedies, to overcome life's difficulties in a critical situation;

c) mistakes and omissions in the process of education and upbringing in an educational institution, especially in kindergarten and school;

d) negative moral guidelines of education;

e) teaching the child certain negative models of life and activity (self-realization in life). Under these conditions, a person begins to identify himself with the heroes of various adventures, "try on" various activities.

This is especially facilitated by television, cinema, video films, which act as a kind of “textbooks” for various forms of criminal activity;

f) environmental negative "expectations" in relation to a child, a teenager from a dysfunctional family, who has a negative comradely environment, violates discipline, etc. Such expectations often directly or indirectly provoke a child to delinquency;

g) introducing a child, teenager to alcohol, drugs, smoking, gambling;

h) lack of unity and coherence in the educational activities of parents in the family, in the interaction of the family and the school, family, school and administrative bodies working with children and adolescents, etc.;

i) shortcomings in the system of re-education, correction of offenders and their subsequent adaptation in everyday life (social environment).

Negative personal position of the child himself:

a) deviations in the self-esteem of a teenager: overestimated - leads to excessive ambition and self-mobilization, which, combined with the immoral ability of self-expression, leads to offenses; understated - gives rise to self-doubt, behavioral dualism, split personality and creates problems for her

in a team, restrains self-expression;

b) indifference to moral values and self-improvement. Often this is due to the lack of a moral example and the unformed need to be better;

c) a negatively realized need for self-assertion and rivalry in adolescents with behavioral deviations, unhealthy rivalry. These needs, their orientation in adolescence predetermine the adolescent's aspiration for self-activity;

d) the complexity of the formation in a child, adolescent, young man of the need and active desire for self-correction;

Having described the main groups of factors that determine the formation of negative, deviant behavior in children, it is necessary to determine the most important areas of pedagogical activity for their prevention and overcoming.

Deviant behavior (rejective behavior, social deviation) is the behavior of a person (group) that is contrary to the standards approved in society. It can also be viewed as a combination of actions that are different from the actions of most other people or do not meet social expectations.

A deviant is a person who demonstrates features of unacceptable behavior, often requiring the help of specialists (psychiatrists, narcologists, psychotherapists). In individual situations, for example, with severe aggression, developed psychopathy or other serious mental deviation, the individual can be isolated.

Due to the fact that in modern society there is one or another number of people prone to deviations, social control is exercised over them. Under it, on the part of the environment and relevant structures (medical, law enforcement) are meant attempts to correct and punish the deviant and actions aimed at preventing the development of deviant behavior.

Deviations in behavior can be manifested by people of different ages. However, in children and adolescents, it is easier to notice tendencies to deviant behavior. As a rule, such individuals cause anxiety, they can be "difficult children." And they must be controlled, they must be dealt with in order to prevent the final formation of deviations.

There are many forms (types), motives and approaches within the framework of the topic of deviant behavior. Based on them, the reasons that provoke the development of deviations are based. The choice of the method of work (correction) with the deviant depends directly on the motives that influence the formation of negative traits and push for “forbidden” actions.

Variants of views (approaches)

social look . Consideration of deviant behavior is a combination of deeds and actions that may be dangerous to society.

Gender Approach . Deviations are understood as various kinds of violations of role behavior and attitudes in a person. In some cases, they also include psychosexual deviations.

Psychological view . Here, deviation from the norm is understood as a conflict within the personality or degradation of the personality. It also takes into account such moments as a tendency to self-destruction, a conscious blocking of personal growth, a refusal to self-development and self-realization.

Age approach . It relies on the idea of altered behavior that does not correspond to the person's age. It can manifest itself in actions, hobbies, choice of clothes and so on.

Psychiatric view . Any form of mental abnormalities can be perceived as variants of deviant behavior. However, often within the framework of this view of the problem, a person's condition is considered, which has not yet turned into a severe mental illness. It may be based on certain personality traits (the initial stages of psychopathy), borderline states of the psyche.

Professional approach . Refusal to comply with the prescribed rules and norms of professional or corporate style.

Ethnocultural view . Deviations are considered in the context of the traditions of a particular society (community, community, etc.), taking into account national, racial and other characteristics.

Important : considering deviant behavior among young people, the propensity for subcultures, extreme hobbies, food addictions, and so on can also be perceived as a system of actions that deviate from the usual standards.

Possible types and forms

Among the types (types) of deviant behavior, the following options are distinguished:

Deviant behavior may include hyperabilities (supergift) of children, as well as violations from the aesthetic side. Unaesthetic behavior refers to speech, gaze, and movement disorders.

Any form of deviant behavior originates from the types of violation. Among the most common deviations, especially pronounced in adolescents, are: addiction to alcohol and drugs, smoking, disinhibition of sexual behavior, suicidal tendencies and suicide attempts, aggression, vagrancy, theft, use of obscene expressions, hobbies reaching extremes. The latter form is characterized by dependence on a hobby (or object), pretentiousness, obsession, lack of interest in other matters and concerns.

Causes

The main reasons (motives) are three points.

Personal or social basis . It refers to the deformations of the personality (personal development) that an individual prone to deviant behavior has. This also includes violations of the will, attitudes, wrong values (moral, spiritual).

Deviant behavior that arises on such a basis often develops due to improper upbringing and a disturbed intra-family climate. For children and adolescents who grow up and develop in single-parent families or surrounded by adults who demonstrate deviant behavior, attempts to copy the actions and actions of relatives are typical. The absence of one of the parents in the family deprives the child of the opportunity to correctly form an idea of interaction with the other sex. Or it does not make it possible to get a true idea of \u200b\u200bwhat family relationships should be.

Negative methods of upbringing, disturbed family climate are also able to push children to petty offenses, addictions in order to "escape" from reality. In some cases, the wrong approach to the child can provoke the development of borderline disorders. People with neurosis, depressive disorders, obsessions, fears that came from childhood are more prone to self-destruction and suicidal attempts. At the same time, such behavior can manifest itself directly in adolescence, but be perceived as demonstrative and a desire to attract attention.

Psychological development. It may be closely related to personal development. The psychological level refers to the presence of pronounced accentuations and character disorders that can lead to the development of psychopathy or other forms of mental problems.

Biological basis for deviant behavior . Somatic (bodily, physiological) diseases, psychosomatics, features of the manifestation of temperament, innate properties of the nervous system affect the formation of deviant behavior. In delinquent behavior, minimal brain dysfunction can be a factor.

Manifestations (symptoms)

The main features by which deviant behavior can be determined include the direct characteristics of one or another type of deviant actions and deeds.

Delinquent behavior is characterized by a vague idea of legal orders and norms. It is manifested by minor and major offenses, accompanied by outbreaks of aggression. In parallel with this, there may be attempts to protest, expressed in actions, words or hobbies. Against the background of this, low social intelligence is often noted, there are problems with adaptation. Typical symptoms are a craving for quick and easy pleasure, shirking from school, and low work motivation.

A separate typical moment for delinquent behavior in children and adolescents is painful dependence on the mother. At the same time, the mother is perceived as a model of the ideal, even in the event of any negative actions against the child.

Addictive behavior can manifest itself both independently and side by side with the above type of deviant behavior. It is characterized by painful addictions of various types. At the same time, addictions can manifest themselves both at the physiological level and at the psychological level. Dependent people often endure loneliness extremely badly, easily give in to third-party influence, are vulnerable and experience a feeling of helplessness.

For psychopathological behavior, the features of one or another mental deviation are typical. Both the main signs and the “products of the disease” can appear here. Examples of "disease products": delusions, hallucinations, illusions, overvalued ideas.

A destructive form of deviant behavior shows itself with the help of aggression directed inward or outward. For this form, both some manifestations of delinquent behavior (vandalism, violence), as well as various forms of addictions, as well as suicidal tendencies, can be typical.

Examples of destructive deviant behavior can also include excessive piercing and scarring, deliberate self-mutilation by the deviant, eating disorders, taking out anger on other people and animals, and destroying other people's creativity.

Pathocharacterological behavior is manifested by violations of personal development, character. For him, psychopathy and other violations of character are typical.

In addition to specific signs of deviant behavior that are relevant for a particular form, general points can also be conditionally identified.

Possible symptoms

Positive symptoms of deviant behavior are characterized by giftedness, hyperabilities. At the same time, such individuals may be especially in dire need of socio-psychological patronage. And under adverse conditions created by the environment, gifted children are able to develop neurotic states, disorders in mental or physical development, a “victim complex”.

Deviant behavior in children, youth or adults can be manifested as several signs, or be expressed by individual associative actions. Even at the slightest suspicion and once a deviant act has occurred, social control over such individuals should be carried out, corrective work should be carried out. This will prevent the development of deviant behavior in the future.

Control and correction

Depending on the motives for which a person has a tendency to deviant behavior, methods of correcting the condition are selected. Along with social or psychotherapeutic (psychological) influence, drug therapy can be used with an emphasis on the mental or physiological state. If there is a threat outside or inside oneself, people who are characterized by deviant behavior can be isolated. Corresponding institutions (prisons, colonies, psychiatric hospitals), as well as closed educational institutions for difficult children and adolescents, are used as isolation.

In a number of those moments when deviant behavior is due to a biological component (health problems), breathing exercises, relaxation options, yoga can be justified. For various forms of addiction, 12-step programs based on group anonymous work are often used.

Medical approach

The use of drugs in deviant behavior is justified in cases of mental and physical disorders. With somatic diseases, constant therapy with medicines is needed, which are selected based on the patient's condition. Some drugs are used as part of the removal of the "withdrawal syndrome" in the correction of addictive behavior.

If borderline states of the psyche appear against the background of violations, then a course of appropriate drugs (sedatives, tranquilizers, antidepressants, psychostimulants, etc.) may be prescribed. Such drugs help reduce anxiety and anxiety, smooth out the manifestations of accentuations or psychopathy, and relieve a number of other symptoms. Mandatory drug therapy is for serious mental disorders.

Psychotherapeutic approach

It is quite possible to correct deviant behavior with the help of psychotherapy. Psychological work in most cases is carried out with the immediate environment of the deviant.

The main options for psychotherapeutic influence are cognitive behavioral therapy, humanistic psychotherapy, art therapy. Psychological correction is aimed at the transformation of behavior, ideas and values. It can be built as a certain kind of "training in the right behavior." And include learning to conduct a constructive dialogue, getting rid of internal defense mechanisms, the formation of personality traits, and assistance in adaptation.

Psychotherapeutic work can be carried out both individually and in the form of group work. Communicative trainings, classes on the topic of personal growth and self-development, trainings aimed at combating negative attitudes, phobias, complexes, and unstable self-esteem are considered to be in demand.

Deviant behavior of children or adults, even at the initial stages, needs attention and socio-psychological control and correction. It is not difficult for the relevant specialists to identify one or another form of deviant behavior and to select effective methods of therapy. Often, a person, especially a child or teenager, is unable to cope with the emerging changes on his own. That is why it is so important to provide support from friends and family, to carry out work on the part of psychologists, psychotherapists. This will prevent the development of pathology and the deterioration of the standard of living of a person.

Deviance (deviation) is a deviation from generally accepted norms. When parents ask what is the deviant behavior of children, having seen this term, for example, in the characteristics of the child, this can be explained as follows. The behavior of a preschooler or teenager does not fit into the generally accepted framework, contradicts it, or even poses a threat to others.

The definition of the concept in each science is divided, so in sociology deviance is a threat to the environment of a person in physical and social terms, deviant behavior interferes with the development of both the child (teenager) and society as a whole. Doctors believe that the causes of deviant behavior in children lie in violations of their neuropsychic structures. And psychologists say that deviant forms of children's behavior develop as a result of an erroneous example in front of their eyes, how to properly resolve conflict situations, and also when the true reality is simply ignored.

The reasons for the deviant behavior of children are so diverse that it is difficult to single out one main and leading one. In most cases, the provoking factors are a whole range of problems, both of a biological nature, and of a physiological and mental plan. The specifics of the environment in which the child grows and develops also plays an important role in the possible manifestation of deviant forms of children's behavior.

Biomedical factors include congenital, lifelong and hereditary causes. Congenital factors are intrauterine trauma to the fetus during pregnancy, toxicosis in the mother, poisoning with chemicals, diseases of an infectious and somatic nature in a future woman in labor, as well as the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco products during the period of bearing a child. Such reasons negatively affect the maturation and development of the nervous system of the fetus, which can subsequently lead to the appearance of age-related crises and manifestations of deviant behavior.

Hereditary factors in the development of deviant behavior in children include genetic disorders, in particular, chromosome mutations and pathological metabolism, as a result of which pathologies of mental development, defects in the visual and auditory systems, as well as problems in the neuropsychic development of the child can develop. Hereditary causes directly affect the characteristics of the baby, his temperament, social adaptability, the ability to adapt to living conditions and contact with others.

Acquired causes are long-term diseases of neurological and somatic etiology, resulting in delays in emotional, mental, speech development, and the child's personality is formed with a pathological bias - he grows aggressive, unstable and socially unadapted.

Signs of deviant forms of behavior in preschool children arise for the following reasons:

As you can see, deviant children are the result not only of congenital and hereditary problems, but also of improper upbringing and a dysfunctional family environment.

Signs of deviation in children and adolescents

Children with deviant forms of behavior consider the achievement of material wealth at any cost as their goal in life, and the number of such children and adolescents is steadily growing. Education, work (both in physical and spiritual terms, on oneself) have lost their significance, in parallel, there is an increase in juvenile delinquency.

Young people are trying to assert themselves at any cost, to attract the attention of their peers, to be known as brave, often choosing the wrong ways to do this. Deviant behavior may even include suicide attempts, which is explained by developmental disabilities. Often this behavior occurs as a reaction to life circumstances.

If a child of preschool age is not physically developed, has a lot of weight, or, conversely, is too thin, this becomes a reason for ridicule from a very early age. The already unstable psyche of the baby is under stress, the child is trying with all his might to join the team of peers, committing risky and unjustified actions on a dare, or showing aggression towards others. These children often run away from home and skip school.

Deviations in adolescents are manifested by unstable mood, pronounced stubbornness and aggression. At the age of 11-15, teenagers are determined by their interests, sexual orientation, worldview. Often during these periods, manifestations of deviant behavioral forms begin, which are divided into types:

A separate form of manifestation of deviation can be called behavior based on increased sexual desire. Intimate disorders and subsequent deviations arise as a result of delayed or accelerated puberty and are manifested by exhibitionism, teenage homosexuality and manipulation of other people's genitals (animals, young children).

Correction of violations

Work with preschool children with deviant forms of behavior is aimed at eliminating existing stereotypes and rebuilding relationships with peers. There are the following ways to do this:

Psychological and pedagogical support for children of preschool and primary school age, with deviant forms of behavior, should be carried out regularly and continuously. The best forms for corrective work are games (communicative and mobile), playing difficult situations, playing music, dancing, reading, rhythmic exercises with words.

Preschool children react positively to fairy tales, they identify themselves with the main character, forming concepts of good and evil, assimilating moral norms, rules and values. In addition to playing activities, the baby needs a solid daily routine - control over TV viewing and rational nutrition.

Socio-pedagogical activities with children with deviant behavioral disorders should complement psychological support. Group classes are needed in a group or school class to develop trust between children, to eliminate ridicule and neglect, to unite students in one social group, without dividing into leaders and outcasts.

Features of working with children with deviant behavioral deviations (aged 11-15 years) consist in the development of a special program. It should include the following items:

educational and preventive programs aimed at the process of socialization of adolescents and at work with deviations that have appeared;
organization of leisure;
individual lessons to eliminate negative and antisocial attitudes;
attraction to a healthy lifestyle;
increase in the number of children's clubs;
emergency psychological assistance services for young people in difficult life situations.

In order to recognize and correct deviant disorders in the child's behavior in time, parents must know the characteristics of his character, devote sufficient time to communication, and develop relationships based on trust. Knowing the type of character and temperament of the child, choosing options for resolving the conflict and avoiding negative socio-psychological influences, it is possible to prevent deviations in behavior and the development of deviations in time.

Different people in the same situations behave differently, it depends on their personal characteristics. A person is social in nature - he functions in society and is guided by social motives. Therefore, it is important to understand that any deviant behavior, for example, the deviant behavior of adolescents, in each individual case is caused by different stimuli (family education, mental disorders, pedagogical neglect).

abnormal behavior

Behavioral reactions of a person are always the result of the interaction of different systems: a specific situation, the social environment and one's own personality. The simplest way for a person's behavioral responses to correspond to general standards is reflected in such a characteristic as "abnormal and normal behavior". “Normal” is considered such behavior that fully meets the expectations of society, without obvious signs of mental illness.

"Abnormal" (abnormal) refers to behavior that deviates from social norms, or has clear signs of mental illness. Abnormal behavioral reactions have many forms: behavior can be pathological, delinquent, non-standard, retreat, creative, marginal, deviant, deviant.

Methods for determining the norm are called criteria. Negative criteria consider the norm as a complete absence of symptoms of pathology, and positive - as the presence of "healthy" signs. Therefore, deviant behavior as a separate concept has its own characteristics.

Social psychology believes that antisocial behavior is a way to behave without paying attention to the norms of society. This formulation connects deviations with the process of adaptation to society. Thus, the deviant behavior of adolescents usually comes down to one of the forms of unsuccessful or incomplete adaptation.

Sociology uses a different definition. A sign is considered normal if its prevalence is more than 50 percent. "Normal behavioral responses" are the average responses that are characteristic of most people. Deviant behavior is a deviation from the "middle", manifesting itself only in a certain number of children, adolescents, youth, or people of mature age.

Medical classification does not attribute deviant behavior to either a medical concept or a form of pathology. Its structure is made up of: reactions to situations, accentuations of character, mental illness, developmental disorders. However, not every mental disorder (all kinds of psychopathy, psychoses, neuroses) is accompanied by deviant symptoms.

Pedagogy and psychology have defined deviant behavior as a way of action that causes harm to the individual, complicating its self-realization and development. This way of responding in children has its own age limits, and the term itself is applied to children only older than 7-9 years. A child of preschool age cannot yet understand or control his actions, reactions.

Various theories agree on one thing: the essence of deviance lies in a confident way of acting that deviates from the standards of society, causing damage, marked by social maladjustment, and also bringing some kind of benefit.

Typology

The typology of deviant behavior is constructed in such a way that, along with deviant behavior, other terms can be safely used: delinquent, asocial, antisocial, maladaptive, addictive, inadequate, destructive, non-standard, accentuated, psychopathic, self-destructive, socially maladapted, as well as behavioral pathology.

The types of deviations are divided into 2 major categories:

Deviation of behavioral reactions from mental standards and norms: explicit or hidden psychopathologies (including asthenics, epileptoids, schizoids, accentuants).
Actions that violate social, legal, cultural standards: they are expressed in the form of misconduct or crimes. In such cases, one speaks of a delinquent or criminal (criminal) mode of action.

In addition to these two types, there are other types of deviant behavior:

Classification

There is currently no single classification of deviant behavior. The leading typologies of behavioral deviations include legal, medical, sociological, pedagogical, psychological classification.

Sociological considers any deviations as separate phenomena. In relation to society, such deviations are: individual or mass, positive and negative, deviations in individuals, official groups and structures, as well as various conditional groups. Sociological classification distinguishes such types of deviations as hooliganism, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, immoral behavior, crime, vagrancy, molestation of minors, prostitution.

Legal: everything that is contrary to the current legal norms or is prohibited under pain of punishment. The main criterion is the level of public danger. Deviations are divided into torts, crimes, and disciplinary offenses.

Pedagogical. The concept of "behavioral deviations" in pedagogy is often equated with such a concept as "disadaptation", and such a child is called a "difficult student". Deviant behavior in schoolchildren has the character of social or school maladaptation. School maladjustment deviations: hyperactivity, discipline violations, smoking, aggression, theft, hooliganism, lies. Signs of social maladjustment of this age: abuse of various psychoactive substances, other addictions (for example, computer addiction), prostitution, various sexopathological deviations, incurable vagrancy, various crimes.

Clinical is based on age and pathological criteria that already reach the level of the disease. Criteria for adults: mental disorders from the use of various psychoactive substances, syndromes of mental disorders associated with physiological factors, disorders of drives, habits, sexual preferences.

When comparing all these classifications, the opinion suggests itself that they all perfectly complement each other. One type of behavioral reactions can take various forms: a bad habit - deviant behavior - a disorder or illness.

Signs of deviation

The main signs of a variety of behavioral deviations are: a constant violation of social norms, a negative assessment with stigmatization.

The first sign is a deviation from social standards. Such deviations include any actions that do not comply with the current rules, laws and attitudes of society. At the same time, one must be aware that social norms can change over time. As an example, we can mention the ever-changing attitudes towards homosexuals in society.

The second sign is the obligatory censure from the public. A person exhibiting such a behavioral deviation always causes negative assessments from other people, as well as pronounced stigmatization. Such well-known social labels as "drunk", "bandit", "prostitute" have long become abusive in society. Many people are well aware of the problems of resocialization of criminals who have just been released.

However, for quick diagnosis and correct correction of any behavioral deviations, these two characteristics are not enough. There are a few more special signs of deviant behavior:

Destructiveness. It is expressed in the ability to cause tangible damage to a person or to people around him. Deviant behavior is always very destructive - depending on its form - destructive or self-destructive;
Regularly repeated actions (multiple). For example, the conscious regular theft of money by a child from the pocket of his parents is a form of deviation - delinquent behavior. But a single suicide attempt is not considered a deviation. Deviation is always formed gradually, over a certain time, gradually moving from not very destructive actions to more and more destructive ones;
medical standard. Deviations are always considered within the clinical norm. In the case of a mental disorder, we are not talking about deviant, but about pathological behavioral reactions of a person. However, sometimes deviant behavior turns into pathology (domestic drunkenness usually develops into alcoholism);
Social maladjustment. Any human behavior that deviates from the norm always causes or enhances the state of maladaptation in society. And also vice versa;
Pronounced age and gender diversity. One type of deviation manifests itself differently in people of different sex and age.

Negative and positive deviations

Social deviations are either positive or negative.

Positive ones help social progress and personal development. Examples: social activity to improve society, giftedness.

Negative ones disrupt the development or existence of society. Examples: deviant behavior of teenagers, suicide, vagrancy.

Deviant behavior can be expressed in a wide range of social phenomena, and the criterion for its positivity or negativity is subjective. The same deviation can be evaluated positively or negatively.

Causes

Numerous concepts of deviance are known: from biogenetic to cultural-historical theories. One of the main reasons for social deviations is the discrepancy between the norms of society and the requirements put forward by life, the second is the discrepancy between life itself and the interests of a particular individual. In addition, deviant behavior can be caused by: heredity, upbringing errors, family problems, deformation of character, personality, needs; mental illness, deviations of mental and physiological development, negative influence of the mass media, discrepancy between the correction of actions and individual needs.

Deviance and delinquency

The concept of deviance is acquiring new nuances, depending on whether this phenomenon is considered by pedagogy, psychiatry or medical psychology. Pathological variants of deviant actions include various forms of deviance: suicides, crimes, various forms of drug addiction, all kinds of sexual deviations, incl. prostitution, inappropriate behavior in mental disorders.

Sometimes antisocial action is defined as “violation of accepted social norms”, “achievement of goals by all sorts of illegal means”, “any deviation from the standards accepted in society”. Often, the concept of "deviant behavior" includes the manifestation of any violations of the social regulation of behavior, as well as the defectiveness of the self-regulation of the psyche. Therefore, people often equate deviant behavior with delinquent behavior.

Deviant (abnormal) - a whole system of actions, or individual actions that do not correspond to the moral or legal norms of society.

Delinquent (from the English "guilt") - a psychological propensity to delinquency. This is criminal behavior.

No matter how different types of deviant behavior are, they are always interconnected. The commission of many crimes is often preceded by some kind of immoral action. The involvement of a person in any type of deviation increases the overall likelihood of delinquent acts. The difference between delinquent behavior and deviant behavior is that it is less associated with a violation of mental norms. Of course, delinquents are much more dangerous for society than deviants.

Prevention and therapy

Since behavioral deviations belong to the group of the most persistent phenomena, prevention of deviant behavior is always relevant. This is a whole system of various events.

There are several types of deviance prevention:

Primary - the elimination of negative factors, increasing the resistance of a person to the influence of such factors. Initial prevention focuses on childhood and adolescents.

Secondary - the identification and subsequent correction of negative conditions and factors that cause deviant behavior. This is a special work with different groups of adolescents and children living in socially difficult conditions.

Late - is aimed at solving highly specialized problems, at preventing relapses, as well as the harmful consequences of already formed deviant behavior. This is an effective and active impact on a close circle of people with stable behavioral deviations.

Preventive action plan:

Work in hospitals and clinics;
Prevention in universities and schools;
Working with disadvantaged families;
Organization of public youth groups;
Prevention by all kinds of media;
Working with homeless children on the street;
Training of qualified specialists in prevention.

Psychoprophylactic work is effective at the initial stages of deviations. Most of all, it should be aimed at adolescents and young people, since these are periods of intensive socialization.