Examples of homographs in Russian. Entertaining linguistic phenomena: what are homographs, examples of them in speech

The Russian language is a complex, bright, extremely diverse phenomenon. This applies to all levels. Particularly interesting phenomena in it can be observed at the level of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. These layers, first of all, in the most complete form will tell us about the changes that occur verbally and over time, under the influence of events taking place in society. If archaeologists get information about the "cases of bygone days" by dealing with artifacts, then linguists do the same work by studying the life of the word.

Lexical shifters

Vocabulary is perhaps the most mobile language layer. More than other branches of philology, it is connected directly with speakers, with live communication. Therefore, the lexical composition of the Russian language is so rich, multifaceted, diverse. In addition to the traditional synonymous and antonymic groups that enter into complex correlative relationships with each other, linguists have identified another vast community of words called homonyms. It is extremely heterogeneous, its lexical units in themselves form several separate branches. These are, in addition to homonyms proper, homophones and homographs, examples of which we have to analyze.

Concept definition

The term came to us from and literally translates as "spelling the same way" or "I write the same way." What does it mean? And the fact that homographs are examples of words that have a similar graphic style, but are pronounced differently and do not match in their lexical meaning. The difference in pronunciation is mainly due to the mismatch of stress positions or phonetic and grammatical laws. The most famous homographs, examples of which clearly demonstrate this difference, are the words for "mok and zamo" k, a "tlas and atla" s and others.

We explain to children

Vocabulary is studied in detail at school in the 5th grade, and then the children purposefully do not return to the material they have studied until the final exams, when they need to remember and systematize all the baggage of knowledge. What can not be said about other language sections. Therefore, it is important that students initially learn well and easily classify various ones. Explaining in the lesson what homographs are, the teacher should analyze the examples in detail, following the principle “from simple to complex”. That is, at first he explains himself, then asks the students to do the same. It is very important in the process of passing the topic to give words a lexical interpretation. Only then will the assimilation of the material be strong, and memorization - conscious.

Context environment

Therefore, dealing with the theory, from a methodological point of view, it will be more correct to cite not single homographs - examples of phrases with explanatory words will turn out to be much more illustrative. If the teacher writes down the phrases “ancient castle, medieval castle, stone castle, castle with high towers, royal castle” on the board, it will be completely clear to the children that we are talking about an architectural structure, a residential building, etc. Further, you can write down 1-2 suitable sentences with homographs. Examples: “A formidable medieval castle towered on a high hill. It was surrounded by an impregnable stone wall." And now the homograph: trick lock, padlock, broken lock, zip lock. Children will immediately recognize that these examples refer to a mechanism for closing something. And they will be able to continue the row themselves: “Dad put a new reliable lock on the door. Now we can not be afraid for the safety of our apartment.” If the teacher returns to this material from time to time during classes in subsequent classes, this will have a beneficial effect on the language practice of schoolchildren.

Close but not identical

Naturally, it is difficult for a child to keep in his memory all the information he received during the period of apprenticeship and bring it to the exams in its original form. The first thing he starts to get confused with when the material on lexicology loses its relevance is what homographs and homophones are (synonyms and antonyms, homonyms are remembered more firmly, because their differentiated features are more pronounced). The phenomenon of homophony is based on sound proximity (“background” - sound).

Yes, these words are often also spelled the same way (not always!) But they also have the same stress, while homographs do not. Homophones are: an onion - a plant and an onion - a weapon, a scythe - hair and a scythe - agricultural equipment, influenza - a disease and a fungus (a different graphical shell with the same phonetic design!) - a plant.

Systematization of homographs

Linguists began to seriously deal with the problem of homography of the Russian language already in our 21st century. Until that time, this linguistic phenomenon was considered very superficially. In modern philology, in addition to graphic homographs (i.e., in their pure form), there are:

words that are spelled the same and refer to the same part of speech, for example, flour "and mu" ka;
compared words with different part-of-speech affiliation: call "nok" and "ringing" to;
situational homographs: in Ko "whether - if".

A variety of tasks with an entertaining bias will help schoolchildren to penetrate deeper into the mysteries of Russian vocabulary and deal with its features. And be sure to teach them how to use dictionaries, including a dictionary of homographs!

What are homographs? What are homographs for?

Literally translated, homographs are I write the same way;

In these words, the spelling is the same, but the stress and sometimes the meaning of the word is different.

for example: shore (verb) I shore you

and sit on the beach (noun)

you are dear to me and many roads

ferry sailboat and get burned by the steam

I pay for everything and I cry when it hurts (cry)

In Russian there are words homonyms, and there are words homographs. What is it and why is it important not to confuse them?

If homonyms are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings, then homographs are spelled the same but pronounced differently.

Homograph words in Russian, examples:

atlas (fabric) and Atlas (geographic).

village (noun, village) and village (verb, for example: the sun has set). They are spelled the same but sound different and have different meanings.

For comparison, homonymous words: plant (meaning enterprise) and plant (for example, alarm clock plant). They sound the same but have different meanings.

Homographs, like other words, are needed to make the Russian language richer and more expressive.

Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but they can sound differently (stress, for example, on a different syllable), and they also have different meanings. For example, a word like big. if you put the stress on the first syllable, then the meaning will be the part that is larger; and if on the second syllable, then simply in the meaning of

Homographs are words that have the same spelling but different pronunciations. As a rule, in these words the stress can fall on different syllables.

For example, Muka and Muka.

There are also cases with the letter - since when writing, you cannot write the letter Equot ; instead, there may be coincidences with words that are completely different in meaning.

For example, Sun (meaning - enough, end) -> (on the letter) Everything, but there is also the word Everything (which is originally written and always pronounced with E and has the meaning full, absolute, all-encompassing).

What?

Homographs in Russian are words (including various word forms) that are graphically indistinguishable, but have a difference during pronunciation. For example, due to the difference in stress. The meaning of each individual homograph in a homographic pair is different from the meaning of the other. It often happens that it is impossible to find a single lexical point of contact between them.

Why do we need?

No one will create homographs on purpose, purposefully. Therefore, you cannot say: And let's cancel homography, nothing will changequot ;. This is the product of constant language processes that cannot be controlled. Thus, homographs are needed by the language for the reason that they exist and demonstrate its capabilities.

Examples:

(accents are marked with capital letters)

This character was not ugly, but ugly.

All locks were locked.

homographs (from the Greek I write the same ) - words that are spelled the same, but are pronounced differently, usually due to stress in different syllables or some letters that are written the same way, but can be read differently ..

There are homographs in the Russian language - this is mainly due to the fact that in Russian it is usually not customary to put stress marks when writing words.

Examples of homographs (the most famous ones):

Perfume (if you put the emphasis on the first syllable, you get a word derived from spirit - a mystical creature or the moral state of a person, if the last one, you get an aromatic remedy) ..

Castle (when stressed on the first syllable - this is a medieval structure, on the last - a device for blocking something) ..

). Homographs can include both words with different meanings and different forms of the same word.

Homographs in Russian

In Russian, homographs often arise due to the fact that stress can be placed on different syllables. For example,

Castle - castle

Another common reason for the appearance of homographs is the optional writing of the letter. For example, if you drop the dots over the letter ё, then the following words will become homographs:

All - all damn - damn

Homographs can be both completely different words and single-root words:

Roast - hot compass - compass excited - expert excited - expert

Homographs in other languages

In English, homography arises in particular due to nouns derived from many verbs as a result of the transfer of stress to the first syllable (eng. initial-stress-derived noun ). For example,

conflict(verb "conflict") - conflict(noun "conflict")

In addition, in English, a situation is quite common when homographs can arise not only because of different stress. For example:

read ˈ riːd(verb "read" in present tense) - read ˈ rɛ d(the verb "read" in the past tense).

In Portuguese, it is not uncommon for homographs to arise from differences in the opening or closing of a stressed vowel. For example:

port. sede(with a closed pronunciation of the stressed vowel - "thirst") - port. sede(with an open pronunciation of the stressed vowel - "center", "residence")

Write a review on the article "Homographs"

Notes

An excerpt characterizing Homographs

The battle of Borodino, followed by the occupation of Moscow and the flight of the French, without new battles, is one of the most instructive phenomena of history.
All historians agree that the external activity of states and peoples, in their clashes with each other, is expressed by wars; that directly, as a result of greater or lesser military successes, the political strength of states and peoples increases or decreases.
No matter how strange the historical descriptions of how some king or emperor, having quarreled with another emperor or king, gathered an army, fought with the army of the enemy, won a victory, killed three, five, ten thousand people and, as a result, conquered the state and the whole people in several million; no matter how incomprehensible why the defeat of one army, one hundredth of all the forces of the people, forced the people to submit, - all the facts of history (as far as we know) confirm the justice of the fact that greater or lesser successes of the army of one people against the army of another people are the causes or, according to at least essential signs of an increase or decrease in the strength of the peoples. The army won, and immediately the rights of the victorious people increased to the detriment of the defeated. The army has suffered a defeat, and immediately, according to the degree of defeat, the people are deprived of their rights, and with the complete defeat of their army, they completely submit.
So it has been (according to history) from ancient times to the present. All the wars of Napoleon serve as confirmation of this rule. According to the degree of defeat of the Austrian troops - Austria is deprived of its rights, and the rights and forces of France increase. The victory of the French at Jena and Auerstet destroys the independent existence of Prussia.
But suddenly, in 1812, the French won a victory near Moscow, Moscow was taken, and after that, without new battles, not Russia ceased to exist, but an army of 600,000 ceased to exist, then Napoleonic France. It is impossible to force facts on the rules of history, to say that the battlefield in Borodino was left to the Russians, that after Moscow there were battles that destroyed Napoleon's army - it is impossible.
After the Borodino victory of the French, there was not a single not only general, but any significant battle, and the French army ceased to exist. What does it mean? If this were an example from the history of China, we could say that this phenomenon is not historical (a loophole of historians when something does not fit their standard); if it were a case of a short-term clash in which small numbers of troops would participate, we could take this phenomenon as an exception; but this event took place before the eyes of our fathers, for whom the question of life and death of the fatherland was decided, and this war was the greatest of all known wars ...

In 1974, a small Appendix was devoted to the description of homographs in the “Dictionary of Russian Homonyms” by O.S. Akhmanova (M., 1974 - S. 436 - 448).

Subsequently, for several decades, an inventory of homographs was not carried out.

Only at the beginning of the XXI century. linguists have again turned to this little-studied topic.

As a result, several homograph dictionaries were created.

Machined with dictionaries of homographs:

HomoForm.txt
Dictionary of homonymous word formscontains homoforms-homographs, i.e. forms of different (although often close in meaning) words that have the same spelling. The stress is not taken into account, the letter ё is not used - as is usually the case in written text. For example, I run (run, run), take (take, take (headdress)). We called them homonymous word forms. The dictionary is organized in such a way that word forms are on the left, and lexemes (dictionary words) to which these word forms refer to are on the right. Parts of speech marks are given in parentheses.

A complete list of homonymous word forms was obtained by generating all word forms from the computer version of the Grammar Dictionary of A.A. Zaliznyak in the Department of the Russian Language Machine Fund of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

YOhmg.dic

YOhmg.rex
Dictionary of substitutions for resolving y-homographs all/all- a dictionary with support for the extended DIC dictionary format, which allows asterisks inside the rules, and not only at the beginning / end of the rule, as well as separate asterisks in the rules, as well as the application of the rule by multiple passes through the DIC dictionary, performing substitutions as long as possible .)

Fragment Dictionary of homographs of the Russian language Yu.N. Grebnevoy (Examples of dictionary entries):

GR A FE / GRAPH
Group I [n. and n.]

GR A FE, n., m., n. f. graph; etc., units
A person holding a title of nobility above that of a baron.

O column Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov is remembered as a patron of sciences, literature and arts.
E. Karnovich

GRAPH E, n., f., n. f. Count; etc., units Or: dat., unit.
A stripe on a sheet of paper bounded by two vertical lines.

The teacher unfolded the notebook and, carefully dipping his pen, wrote Volodya five times in beautiful handwriting. column success and behavior.
L. Tolstoy

DR OH LIFE / SHIM
Group II [n. and ch.]

DR ABOUT JI, n., f., n. f. shiver; genus, unit Or: pr., unit. // date, unit
Frequent convulsive muscle contraction.

I felt ashamed of my excitement, my shiver .
A. Chekhov
Abogin's voice trembled with excitement; in this shiver and there was much more persuasiveness in the tone than in the words.
A. Chekhov

Yeast And, ch., non-return, non-sov., II ref., n. f. tremble; led., unit, 2nd l.
Afraid; tremble, shake.

The medical woman [before the injection] smeared iodine under Vanya's right shoulder blade.
- Hush, don't. shiver! - she said and pulled the skin with her fingers.
V. Belov

STR WE / STRINGS
Group III [n.]

STR WE, n., f., n. f. string; wine, pl. Or: im., pl.
An elastic thread that is stretched in musical instruments and makes a sound when it vibrates.

Ilya sat on the bed and thoughtfully touched strings guitars.
V. Shishkov

STRINGS S, n., f., n. f. string; genus, unit See STRINGS.

Love's days are short,
But I can’t see her cold;
I will die with her, like a sad sound
suddenly torn strings.
A. Delvig