Examples of errors in the speeches of politicians. Research project "errors in the speech of TV presenters"

In parapsychology, there is a whole direction that studies the signs that the dead send - spiritualism. Communication with the dead can occur in several ways.

Spiritualists say that the easiest way for the dead to get in touch is through sleep. In a state of sleep, a person does not belong to the physical world, but penetrates into the subtle astral world, where it is easier for the spirits of the dead to enter.

According to spiritualists, most often the spirits try to calm those who were left in the world of the living. If a person constantly cries and remembers the deceased, then the deceased also does not find peace.

If you dreamed of a dead person that you didn’t even think about, try to notify his relatives and reassure them, because otherwise you may constantly dream about him. Then cleanse your conscience before the dead. Perhaps during your lifetime you accidentally did something wrong. Elderly people say that if a dead person had a dream, this is a sign that he is restless in the afterlife. You need to distribute sweets in memory of him, go to the grave and light a candle for the repose.

The dead and technology

What efforts can the dead make if you do not want to hear them? This incident happened in Ukraine. A few weeks after her son's death, Valentina M. Woke up late at night. He called Sasha's mobile with a melody that he never had. The music of Taisiya Povaliy “Song about Mom” was played. But as the woman got up from the bed and reached the coffee table, the melody faded. There were no missed calls on the phone. The surprised woman began to look for this melody on her phone and did not find it. Valentina sobbed until the morning, and the next night the phone rang again. Since then, a call from Valentina's son has occurred several more times, not only at night, but also during the day with witnesses.

Researchers of anomalous phenomena claim that, theoretically, the dead have the ability to make phone calls to the living. According to this theory, the entire stock of emotions that a person did not have time to spend during his lifetime, after death, is transformed into a certain energy impulse and can manifest itself in the material world. An electromagnetic pulse acts not only on a mobile phone, but can also lead to anomalies in the operation of any electrical appliance. Lights flicker, TV flickers, microwave turns on and off.

Connecting with the dead through photography

One Ukrainian family is sure that their dead son, on the 40th day after his death, rang at the door with a broken bell. At that moment there were 5 witnesses in the house. The family has not slept peacefully for several months. The late son periodically reminds of himself. At night, tightly closed doors spontaneously open, a broken bell goes off, the dead son comes in dreams.

After Yaroslav first dreamed of his father, several months had already passed. A mother cannot bring herself to forget her son. Every night the woman sobs, and then the whole family shudders at the strange sounds that fill the apartment. There is a creak of doors and floors, steps, sometimes even a quiet cry.

Parents know for sure that this is their son, because in the morning after such nights they had to correct the warped portrait of their son on the wall several times.

The developers of the theory of spiritualism claim that photographs for spirits are the easiest way to communicate the presence of the living in the world. Therefore, periodically review old photo albums. Yellow or greasy spots on the face, cracked glass on the frame, a bent corner in the photo, the photo on the wall is constantly warped - all these are signs that the deceased was able to return to the world of the living and needs your help. Most likely, this means that his weaker messages were not perceived, or interpreted incorrectly. Only in such cases is it worth establishing contact with the deceased.

Many psychics use photographs to communicate with the dead.

The winner of the 10th season of the battle of psychics Khayal Alekperov, whose specialization is communication with spirits, claims that the dead from the other world often come to their photograph at night, look at it, and then leave. He has proven to have an unusual gift for making contact with those who have already died. To do this, he only needs a photograph of the deceased and sand from the cemetery. Khayal calls the spirits through the symbolic image of a scorpion (a small figurine). In Azerbaijan, where the psychic comes from, they believe that this creature is a conductor between the worlds. The psychic claims that during the session he plunges into a state of trance, finds the spirit of the right person in the other world and begins a dialogue with him.

In order to try to contact the dead on your own, you can use the spiritualistic rituals posted on our website in the "Netherworld" section.

Skeptics may not believe, but eyewitness accounts suggest that life after death does exist and that we are remembered there.

Gennady Stepanovich, I want you to advise me, - he said. - There was an incident that I can not forget. You may have experienced something similar...

Tell me, I asked.

Hello, Oleg, - said the stranger. - Sasha is not with you?

It's his father calling. How are you doing?

Normally, - Oleg said, not yet understanding all the piquancy of the conversation.

I congratulate you on Victory Day. Goodbye.

Goodbye, - the teenager answered purely automatically and hung up.

And only after that it dawned on him that Mikhail Fyodorovich Litvinov, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, who died ... almost 4 years ago, called! He immediately called Alexander, but he was not at home. I got through later and immediately told about a strange call from the other world.

And since then, I've been thinking about what it would be for, ”Alexander coughed into the phone. - I'll give you a fact:

Musical postcard

A couple of weeks ago I had a birthday. I am sitting alone and suddenly I hear a quiet melody coming from somewhere. A thin sound, like bells ringing. You won't believe it - it's been playing like this for two weeks now...

Lord, not tired yet? - I was surprised.

No, the melody is quite pleasant, clearly distinguishable. This is a fragment from the movie "Love Story". But listen further - a few days later I was still able to find the source of the sound! The melody came from a German musical postcard that was in my mother's chest of drawers. Mom died two years ago. And just on my birthday, the postcard began to play on its own. No one opened the card, long ago the batteries, or whatever she has, sat down, and she keeps playing ... And what do you say about this?

I immediately remembered only what was written in H. Schaefer's amazing book "The Bridge between the Worlds", published in 2005. It spoke about the theory and practice of electronic communication with the subtle world. There are many testimonies about the establishment of an instrumental connection between our world and where people go after death. In this case, a TV, tape recorder or radio, computer, including telephone communications, can be involved. In some cases, there are references to telephone conversations.

Don't worry, I said. - As you can see, your parents were able to take advantage of the technical possibilities. Be sure to go to church, put a candle. They remember and love you. Maybe they're worried about something...

Yes, there is cause for alarm, - Sasha sighed. I am without a job...

strange calls

And soon, by a strange coincidence, I received a letter from Tatyana Vanicheva, my old friend, who shared with me paranormal stories that took place in her boring life.

“God knows,” she wrote, “I didn’t want to distract you from your affairs with my next“ trouble ”, but there was no one else to consult with ... I didn’t really trust newspaper articles about“ calls from the other world. She believed that the death of a loved one is always stress, a deep nervous and mental shock: you never know what you imagine in such a state. After all, for more than a year or two, I myself automatically went to open the doors of Sasha, my son who died on a motorcycle, at night, if I heard the sound of a motorcycle stopping at the gate. After all, she knew that Sasha was not there, but half-awake, purely mechanically, she walked to the door, hearing the familiar rattling. And when she got to the door, she stopped. Sasha is gone!

Well, now the fact itself.

These strange calls began in mid-August: one call, just one, and if you pick up the phone, then there is silence in it. I didn’t pay much attention to them: you never know why the phone can work so strangely - one long beep, and that’s it. On August 26, 2006, she suddenly remembered that tomorrow, the 27th, marks 5 years since Sasha's death. Well, let's get ready, I called the children so that they would not forget to come to commemorate Sasha and go to the grave. Everything seems to be the same as always...

I must explain that the phone was on the nightstand next to my bed, and to pick up the phone, I just need to stretch out my hand. And in the early morning of August 27, the phone rang. I did not really wake up, I picked up the phone. She put it to her ear and suddenly felt goosebumps running down her back and arms, it became cold and somehow creepy. The silence in the receiver was so ... not even a word can be found - deep, or something, more precisely, immeasurable, inanimate. This silence came from such a distance that my heart sank ...

Hello, who is this? Speak, I'm listening!

And in absolute silence, from somewhere out of infinity, from an unthinkable distance, a clear, lively and so dear voice “Mom, it's me” came. I screamed: “Sasha, Sashenka! It's you? How could you call? Where are you, Sasha? The answer was the same silence - creepy, oppressive, unearthly ...

A few seconds later - everything was gone, short beeps were heard in the receiver. I waited a little longer and hung up.

That was the real shock for me. I even pinched my arm to make sure I was awake. She pinched so that even a bruise appeared. No, I do not sleep.

In the afternoon I told my friends that Sasha called me. Of course, no one believed. They averted their eyes, moved on to other topics, someone spoke in the sense that it was stress, that I simply think a lot about Sasha, so it seemed to me ...

However, there was a continuation of this story. Sasha and my mother came to me in a dream. And Sasha said that “there” they have such places where there is an ordinary transparent booth and a telephone in it, and it is possible to call “to Earth”. Sasha said that you can call as much as you want, but it’s not always possible to get through. And mom confirmed Sasha's words. Not everyone who tries to call their relatives succeeds. Why this happens, no one knows. Sasha said that he still lives too little "here", and his mother - that he generally understands little in technology. “But I can figure it out,” Sasha said, “and then I’ll call again.”

Now I'm waiting for a call...

And so I think: how little we know about the world around us. After all, many people have already reported calls from the other world, about otherworldly voices recorded on a tape recorder, and no one can answer what kind of phenomenon this is. How can the most ordinary terrestrial technology connect, albeit not for long, different worlds? Is it more material than we can imagine?

This is the story that unexpectedly overlapped with a message about a phone call from the other world in Volgograd. However, I have heard more than once that the barrier between our worlds is getting thinner for some reason, and such “breakthroughs” are happening more and more often…

Connection with the world of the dead

1971 - the McConnell sisters, a resident of the city of Tucson, Arizona (America), for more than 30 minutes talked nicely on the phone with an old friend - who at the time of their conversation was already dead for several hours, having died in a nursing home. Only after a while did the sisters find out that they had been in contact with a dead friend.

This incident happened to Mary Meredith, who lived in Oklahoma. The girl spoke on the phone with her cousin, who lived in Kentucky. Everything would be fine, but there is a discouraging fact - a few minutes after the end of the conversation, Mary opened the letter, where there was a message about the sudden death of her cousin.

Calling her cousin's home phone, literally a few minutes after talking with him, the girl made sure she was talking to a ghost - her cousin died two days ago. How can this case of communication be explained?

1987 - a jet plane crashed on the Ramada Hotel (Indiana), destroying the building to the ground. Christopher Evans was at that moment at the curtain post, and at the time of the crash died on the spot.

The parents of the deceased learned about the tragedy from the release of radio news. By that time, huge clouds of smoke were already swirling over the city. Parents began to worry about their son, but soon there was a phone call that reassured the parents - the son called and said that everything was fine with him.

Not sitting at home, under a sense of inner anxiety, the parents nevertheless went to the hotel. Arriving at the scene of the tragedy, they were shown the crippled body of their son. Rescuers reported that Evans died instantly. Yes, in this heap of stones and broken blocks there was no chance of salvation.

But how, then, could Christopher call home? It is unlikely that he could remain alive for some time after the plane crash. It remains to assume one thing, the “soul” of a person can make the last call from the next world ... Does the other world have a line of communication with our physical world?

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Speech is a channel for the development of intellect,
the sooner the language is learned,
the easier and more complete the knowledge will be assimilated.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

Speech is conceived by us as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intellect and, a way of knowing the complex relationships of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

Obviously, both learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this respect. All people make mistakes, both in and in oral speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as an idea of "", is inextricably linked with the concept of a speech error. In fact, these are parts of one process, which means that, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's look at what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from the current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live normally, work and communicate with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Zeitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's consider special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or pronunciation errors occur as a result of violation of the rules of orthoepy. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. They also include accentological errors - violation of the norms of stress. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plot” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktric” (“electric”), “colidor” (“corridor”), “laboratory” (“laboratory”), “thousand” (“thousand”), “right now” (“now”).

stress: “calls”, “dialogue”, “contract”, “catalog”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beetroot”, “phenomenon”, “chauffeur”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors - violation of the rules of vocabulary, first of all - the use of words in unusual meanings, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They are of several types.

The use of a word in an unusual sense. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type, there are three subtypes:

Mixing words that are close in meaning: "He read the book back."
Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, ear - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
Mixing words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diplomat, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignorant. "Cashier for business trips" (necessary - seconded).

word writing. Error examples: Georgian, heroism, underground workers, winder.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the line of their real meanings. For example, you cannot say: I raise this toast", since "raise" means "move", which is not consistent with the wish. “Through the door wide open” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (slightly open) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “May month”, “traffic route”, “address of residence”, “huge metropolis”, “to be on time”. A tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “The task was set”, “One public organization acted as the organizer”, “I wish you long creative longevity”.

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in an unusual meaning. Yu. V. Fomenko distinguishes 7 varieties:

Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “While the essence and the case” instead of “While the court and the case”;
Truncation of a phraseological unit: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseologism: “hit his head against the wall”);
Expansion of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “You turned to the wrong address” (phraseologism: contact the address);
Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: "I can't stand to sit with my hands folded." Correct: "difficult";
Contamination (association) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything idly by” (a combination of phraseological units “sleeveless” and “idly folded”);
The combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "A random stray bullet";
The use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: "Today we're going to talk about the film from cover to cover."

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are the incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers”.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are associated with a violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules for combining words. There are a lot of varieties of them, so we will give only a few examples.

Wrong match: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
Mismanagement: "Pay for the fare";
Syntactic ambiguity: "Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression"(did Mayakovsky read or did you read Mayakovsky's works?);
Structural offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask you is attention”;
Extra correlative word in the main sentence: "We were looking at those stars that dotted the whole sky."

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of spelling, hyphenation, abbreviation of words. characteristic of speech. For example: “The dog barked”, “sit on chairs”, “come to the railway station”, “Russian. language", "gram. mistake".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks with.

Stylistic mistakes

We devoted a separate topic to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Your speech work should include:

Reading fiction.
Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
Communication with educated people.
Constant work on improving the culture of speech.

Online course "Russian language"

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course "" to these topics. In the classroom, you will get the opportunity to work out the skill of competent writing using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of the material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors ...
Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. - Novosibirsk: NGPU, 1994.
Zeitlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

LEXICAL ERRORS IN THE SPEECH OF POLITICIANS AND OFFICIALS "The most important way to know a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - is to listen to how he speaks" (D.S. Likhachev) Public speaking for the purpose of persuasion is called oratory or eloquence. Oratory is a harmonious combination of the rules for constructing artistic speech, acting techniques and psychological techniques. We assume that in the speech of modern politicians and officials there are often lexical errors that are not allowed in the literary language. Find and systematize errors in the speech of modern politicians and officials. Normative Expedient: accurate, logical, relevant Informative Expressive Actionable "What kind of income do you earn?" "Network graphs have become very important." "Every day, 300 billion Russian money, USD, work for someone else's economy." V.V. Zhirinovsky "We hoped to get an answer to these dangers." G.A. Zyuganov "I think that several interesting figures in rather key positions from Yabloko will already be under the new presidential power." G.A. Yavlinsky “Your cunning is even worse” “I see no reason not to pass this bill” “The drug boycott should become the norm in Russia” “According to the decree of the President of Russia on the establishment of scholarships ...” “I will explain why later and even after later. I'll tell you about it later." G. V. Boos “If only someone, just so that someone, here from someone somehow form a government” G.A. Yavlinsky “Yes, I am superstitious. Man cannot live without faith." The author of the statement does not see the difference between the concepts of "faith-superstition". 1. Superstition - prejudice, belief in something supernatural. 2. Faith is the absence of any doubt or hesitation about the existence and essence of God. "He's definitely a great guy!" B.E. Nemtsov “With the help of proven techniques, masters of black PR easily make a monster out of a hero, and an example to follow out of a SCAM” V.I. Matvienko "refinancing rate" "sequestration" ? ? Law “On the Procedure for Establishing the Debt Value of a Unit of Nominal Target Bond of the Russian Federation” “It is unrealistic to hope that we will feed the country with farmers alone” “Not a single Hitler has cut the throat of a single Russian soldier yet!” (V.V. Zhirinovsky) “We have so many papers in the Duma that it doesn’t fit in my head” (From the speech of a parliamentarian) (From the speech of an official) Speech of officials Mistakes manual 1. Modern politicians and officials often violate the lexical norms of modern Russian language: - allow incorrect grammatical forms of words in their speech, - errors in the choice of words, - lexical repetitions, - consciously use foreign words, rough, colloquial vocabulary, jargon. 2. Some modern politicians and officials have a low level of speech culture.