Examples of rational use of human use. Nature management is irrational
Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.
Ticket number 4
1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.
3. Determination and comparison of the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and an explanation of the reasons for the differences.
The whole history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature. For a long time, people have been using it for their economic purposes: hunting, gathering, fishing, as natural resources.
Over the course of several millennia, the nature of human relations with the environment has undergone great changes.
Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:
1) about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.
2) 6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of mankind from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; there was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.
3) the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; it took a wider involvement in the economic cycle of natural resources.
4) 300 years ago - the industrial revolution: the rapid transformation of natural landscapes; increasing human impact on the environment.
5) from the middle of the 20th century - the current stage of the scientific and technological revolution: fundamental changes in the technical base of production; there are sharp shifts in the system ʼʼsociety - natural environmentʼʼ.
Today, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in nature management as a special area of economic activity.
Nature management - a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.
Types of nature management:
1) rational;
2) irrational.
Rational nature management is an attitude towards nature, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ means, first of all, concern for maintaining ecological balance in the environment and completely excludes the perception of nature as an inexhaustible pantry.
This concept implies intensive development of the economy - ʼʼdeeperʼʼ, due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.
Note:
· There are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world, which together occupy an area of 2.7% of the earth's land. The largest national parks in terms of area are located in Greenland, Botswana, Canada, and Alaska.
· In the most developed countries, the use of secondary raw materials in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper, and plastics already reaches 70% or more.
Irrational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection, its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature).
This approach presupposes an extensive path of economic development, ᴛ.ᴇ. ʼʼbreadthʼʼ, due to the involvement in the economic turnover of more and more new geographical areas and natural resources.
Examples of such a relationship:
Deforestation;
The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;
Extermination of some species of plants and animals;
Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.
Note:
· It is estimated that one person in his life ʼʼwearsʼʼ about 200 trees: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. Only in the form of matches, the inhabitants of our planet annually burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood.
· For each inhabitant of Moscow, on average, 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western Europe - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kᴦ. Each city dweller in the USA throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, 390 bottles per year.
Today, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management; special bodies for environmental protection have been created; environmental programs and laws, various international projects are being developed.
And the most important thing that a person must learn in his interaction with the natural environment is that all the continents of the planet are interconnected, breaking the balance on one of them, the other also changes. The slogan ʼʼNature is a workshop, and the person in it is a workerʼʼ has lost its meaning today.
Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management." 2017, 2018.
1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.
3. Determining and comparing the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explaining the reasons for the differences.
1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.
The whole history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature. Man has long been using it for his economic purposes: hunting, gathering, fishing, as a natural resource.
Over the course of several millennia, the nature of human relations with the environment has undergone great changes.
Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:
1) about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.
2) 6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of mankind from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; there was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.
3) the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; it took a wider involvement in the economic cycle of natural resources.
4) 300 years ago - the industrial revolution: the rapid transformation of natural landscapes; increasing human impact on the environment.
5) from the middle of the 20th century - the current stage of the scientific and technological revolution: fundamental changes in the technical base of production; there are sharp shifts in the "society - natural environment" system.
At present, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in nature management as a special area of economic activity.
Nature management - a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.
Types of nature management:
1) rational;
2) irrational.
Rational nature management is an attitude towards nature, which means, first of all, concern for maintaining the ecological balance in the environment and completely excludes the perception of nature as an inexhaustible pantry.
This concept involves the intensive development of the economy - "in depth", due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.
Note:
· There are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world, which together occupy an area of 2.7% of the earth's land. The largest national parks in terms of area are located in Greenland, Botswana, Canada, and Alaska.
· In the most developed countries, the use of secondary raw materials in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper, and plastics already reaches 70% or more.
Irrational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection, its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature).
This approach assumes an extensive way of economic development, i.e. "in breadth", due to the involvement in the economic turnover of more and more geographical areas and natural resources.
Examples of such a relationship:
Deforestation;
The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;
Extermination of some species of plants and animals;
Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.
Note:
· It is estimated that one person “has away” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. Only in the form of matches, the inhabitants of our planet annually burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood.
· For each inhabitant of Moscow, on average, 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western Europe - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the USA throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, 390 bottles per year.
Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management; special bodies for environmental protection have been created; environmental programs and laws, various international projects are being developed.
And the most important thing that a person must learn in his interaction with the natural environment is that all the continents of the planet are interconnected, disturbing the balance on one of them, the other also changes. The slogan “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker in it” has lost its meaning today.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.
Western Europe is more than 20 states distinguished by historical, ethnic, natural, economic, social and cultural originality.
The largest countries in the region: Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Sweden, etc.
Characteristics of the Western Europe region:
1) Economic and geographical position:
a) the region is located on the continent of Eurasia, in the west of Europe;
b) most of the countries have access to the seas, which are the main areas of world shipping (the Atlantic Ocean connects Europe with America, the Mediterranean Sea - Africa and Asia, the Baltic Sea - with the countries of Europe);
c) the region under consideration borders on other economically developed regions, which positively affects the development of its economy;
d) the region is in relative proximity to many developing countries, which means proximity to sources of raw materials and cheap labor.
2) Natural conditions and resources:
Relief: a combination of flat and mountainous terrain;
· Mineral resources: distributed unevenly, some of the deposits are depleted.
Industrial stocks: oil and gas (France, the Netherlands); coal (the Ruhr basin in Germany, the Welsh and Newcastle in Great Britain, etc.); iron ore (Great Britain, Sweden); non-ferrous metal ores (Germany, Spain, Italy); potassium salts (Germany, France). In general, the provision of this region is worse than that of North America and other regions.
soils: very fertile (brown forest, brown, gray-brown);
· land resources: most of the land is occupied by arable land and pastures.
climate: the predominance of a temperate climatic zone, in the south - subtropical, in the north - subarctic; summer temperatures (8-24 degrees above zero) and winter (from minus 8 to plus 8 degrees); rainfall varies from 250 to 2000 mm per year;
agro-climatic resources: favorable for growing crops such as rye, wheat, flax, potatoes, corn, sunflower, sugar beets, grapes, citrus fruits (in the south), etc. As a result, we can say that the region is well provided with heat and moisture, except for the southern part.
water: rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine, Loire, etc.); lakes (Geneva and others); glaciers (in the mountains);
· water resources: the provision of resources for the total river flow per capita is 2.5-50 thousand cubic meters per year, which indicates a good, but uneven supply.
· forests: mixed, broad-leaved and coniferous;
· forest resources: forests occupy 30% of the territory, most of them are cut down; the largest reserves are in Sweden and Finland.
· resources of the World Ocean: in the area of the North Sea and the shelf zone of the Bay of Biscay, oil and gas are produced; most of the seas have significant fish resources.
· non-traditional energy resources: geothermal sources in Iceland and Italy; promising use of wind energy in France and Denmark.
Recreational resources:
· Western Europe is the center of world tourism, 65% of the world's tourists are in France, Spain, Italy, etc.
3) Population:
a) number - over 300 million people;
b) population density - from 10 to 200 people/square km;
c) II type of reproduction; fertility, mortality and natural increase are low;
d) the predominance of the female population;
e) population aging;
f) Indo-European language family:
Language groups and peoples: Germanic (Germans, English), Romance (French, Italians);
· interethnic problems in the countries: Spain (Basques), France (Corsicans), Great Britain (northern part of Ireland);
Religions: Protestantism, Catholicism;
g) the level of urbanization is about 80%; largest cities: Rotterdam, Paris, Rome, Madrid, etc.
h) the region of Western Europe is a global hotbed of labor migration (labor entry);
i) labor resources: (highly qualified)
40-60% are employed in services and trade;
30-35% - in industry and construction;
5-10% - in agriculture.
4) Economy:
Western Europe is one of the economic and financial centers of the world; in terms of economic development, the region has recently begun to lag behind the United States and Japan.
Conditions affecting development:
High technological level;
Highly qualified personnel;
Availability of unique natural resources;
Greater flexibility and adaptability of the production structure of small and medium-sized firms to the needs of the world market.
Industries:
a) energy is based on own and imported resources. In the countries of the north and south of Europe, water resources are of great importance. Iceland uses geothermal energy. The region leads the world in the development of nuclear energy.
b) ferrous metallurgy:
Areas of old developments: Ruhr in Germany, Lorraine in France;
Orientation towards the import of yellow ore led to a shift of enterprises to the sea: Taranto in Italy, Bremen in Germany.
c) non-ferrous metallurgy: uses ore concentrates from Africa and Asia (Germany, Belgium).
d) mechanical engineering determines the industrial face of Western Europe. The region produces everything from simple hardware to aircraft. The automotive industry is especially well developed: Volkswagen (Germany), Renault (France), Fiat (Italy), Volvo (Sweden).
e) chemical industry: Germany - production of dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda, Sweden and Norway - wood chemistry, Switzerland - pharmaceuticals.
Agriculture is characterized by high productivity and diversity. Only tropical agricultural products and feed grains are imported. Animal husbandry predominates (cattle, sheep breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Crops used in crop production: wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, sugar beets (France, Germany), grapes, olives, olives (Italy, Spain).
Transport is highly developed. The role of road and sea transport is great (ports: Rotterdam, Marseille, Le Havre, etc.). The share of pipeline and air transport is increasing. A dense transport network has been developed.
5) Internal differences of the region:
Highly developed: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy;
Medium developed: Sweden, Spain, etc.;
Less developed: Portugal, Greece.
6) External economic relations: the countries are united in the European Union; there is a high level of regional integration within the Common European Economic Space.
3. Determining and comparing the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explaining the reasons.
Take for example - Algeria and France, and compare their performance.
uneven population density
From 200 to 600 people / square meter (on the coast);
From 1 person/sq.m. and less (the rest);
Factors that influenced this distribution of people across the territory:
1) natural: dry, hot climate, a small amount of water, infertile soils in the predominant territory of Algeria do not contribute to high density in the given continental conditions of the northern part of the African continent; a significant increase in density on the Mediterranean coast (north of the country), is a consequence of a milder climate, large reserves of drinking water, etc.;
2) historical: for a long time most of Algeria has been a nomadic area.
population density is high, its distribution is more uniform than in Algeria:
From 50 to 200 people per square meter (average for the country);
Up to 600 people per square meter or more (in the Paris area);
Factors that influenced this distribution:
1) natural: favorable climate, sufficient rainfall, no sudden temperature changes, as in the deserts of Algeria; fertile soils; abundance of rivers, lakes; access to the seas;
2) historical: the prescription of the development of this territory;
3) economic: industrialized region.
The 3rd question in the ticket is most clearly considered using examples of countries that are quite contrasting in all respects (natural, economic, historical, social, etc.) - such as the countries of Africa, Asia in comparison with the states of Western Europe.
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Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics. Nizhny Novgorod branch
Essay on natural science on the topic:
Performed:
1st year student DLS-401
Igumnova Anna
Teacher: Kulikova T.V.
Introduction
Irrational nature management
Ways to solve the problem
Conclusion
Introduction
The modern world is a world of strong and often destructive human impacts on nature in the process of using natural resources necessary for the life of human society. This complex of relationships between society and nature is commonly called nature management.
Nature management is a set of measures aimed by society at the study, development and use of the natural shell.
Distinguish between irrational and rational nature management. The above definition refers rather to irrational nature management. Rational nature management does not negate economic activity, but it implies a reduction in its negative impact on nature.
Rational nature management is a set of measures directed by society to study, develop and use the natural shell, as well as to predict the consequences of this use, to eliminate these consequences or reduce them to a possible minimum.
The creation of large nature reserves and national parks is sometimes cited as examples of rational nature management. This is hardly correct, since one may get the impression that rational nature management is possible only in the absence of economic activity. An example of rational nature management is the use of non-waste technologies, closed production cycles, the use of modern treatment facilities, and environmentally friendly fuels.
However, the predominant type of nature management on the planet at present remains irrational nature management. Mankind, understanding the harm of irrational nature management, still uses dangerous methods of development and processing of the Earth's natural resources. Why? The reason is simple - economic.
Irrational nature management does not require efforts and costs aimed at overcoming the negative consequences of economic activity. It turns out to be simpler, cheaper and, as a result, economically viable.
Irrational nature management
nature management readily available depletion resource
Irrational nature management is a system of nature management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and not completely, which leads to the rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.
This type of nature management leads to ecological crises and ecological catastrophes.
An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.
Ecological catastrophe - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact of human economic activity, a man-made accident or a natural disaster, which led to adverse changes in the natural environment and are accompanied by mass death of people or damage to the health of the population of the region, the death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses of material values and natural resources.
Consequences of irrational nature management:
Deforestation;
The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;
Extermination of some species of plants and animals;
Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.
Damages associated with irrational use of natural resources.
Estimated damages:
a) economic:
losses due to a decrease in the productivity of biogeocenoses;
losses due to a decrease in labor productivity caused by an increase in morbidity;
loss of raw materials, fuel and materials due to emissions;
costs due to reduced service life of buildings and structures;
b) socio-economic:
healthcare costs;
losses due to migration caused by environmental degradation;
additional travel expenses:
Conditionally calculated:
a) social:
increase in mortality, pathological changes in the human body;
psychological damage due to dissatisfaction of the population with the quality of the environment;
b) environmental:
irreversible destruction of unique ecosystems;
extinction of species;
genetic damage.
Ways to solve the problem
1. Restoration of forest landscapes after cuttings and fires, intensification of secondary forest management, restoration of biodiversity, increase in bioproductivity
2. Preservation of wild animals and plants in botanical gardens, zoos, nurseries, special enclosures; use of the gene pool for the study, replenishment of natural populations, exposure, hybridization, introduction
3. Clearing, restoration of land, increase in the area of productive land for agricultural needs, moisture retention
4. Rational distribution and use of water resources, development of irrigated agriculture, drainage of waterlogged areas, increase in agricultural productivity
5. To improve the state of the air environment, it is necessary to introduce more widely non-fuel energy sources, install equipment for cleaning emissions at industrial enterprises, and provide motor vehicles with effective exhaust gas neutralizers.
Conclusion
Currently, walking down the street, while on vacation, you can pay attention to the polluted atmosphere, water and soil. Although we can say that Russia's natural resources will last for centuries, but what we see makes us think about the consequences of irrational nature management.
After all, if everything continues like this, then these numerous reserves in a hundred years will be catastrophically small. After all, irrational nature management leads to the depletion (and even disappearance) of natural resources.
There are facts that really make you think about this problem:
1. It is estimated that one person “hassles” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. Only in the form of matches, the inhabitants of our planet annually burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood.
2. For each inhabitant of Moscow, on average, 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western Europe - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the USA throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, 390 bottles per year.
Thus, it is time to think about the consequences of human activity and draw a conclusion to every person living on this planet.
If irrational nature management continues, then soon the sources of natural resources will simply be devastated, which will lead to the death of civilization and the whole world.
Bibliography
1. https://ru.wikipedia.org/
2. Oleinik A.P. “Geography. A large reference book for schoolchildren and applicants to universities”, 2014.
3. Potravny I.M., Lukyanchikov N.N. "Economics and organization of nature management", 2012.
4. Skuratov N.S., Gurina I.V. “Nature Management: 100 Exam Answers”, 2010.
5. E. Polievktova “Who is who in the economics of environmental management”, 2009.
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nature management- this is the activity of human society, aimed at using.
Allocate rational and irrational nature management.
Irrational nature management
Irrational nature management - it is a system of nature management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and not completely, which leads to the rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.
Irrational environmental management is typical for an economy that develops through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. Such an economy at first brings good results with a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.
Rational nature management
- this is a system of nature management, in which extracted natural resources are used to a sufficient extent, restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production wastes are fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.
Rational nature management is characteristic of an intensive economy, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good labor organization with high labor productivity. An example of rational nature management there can be waste-free production, in which waste is fully used, as a result of which the consumption of raw materials is reduced and environmental pollution is minimized.
One of the types of non-waste production is the multiple use of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. in the technological process. The used water is purified and re-used in the production process.
The system of measures aimed at maintaining the interaction between human activity and the natural environment is called nature conservation. Environmental protection is a complex of various measures aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems. Rational nature management implies ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and the conditions for the existence of mankind.
The system of specially protected natural areas includes nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments. The tool for monitoring the state of the biosphere is environmental monitoring, a system of continuous observations of the state of the natural environment in connection with human economic activity.
Nature protection and rational use of natural resources
In the process of the formation of the science of ecology, there was a confusion of concepts about what determines the essence of this science in general and the structure of the ecological cycle of sciences in particular. Ecology began to be interpreted as the science of the protection and rational use of nature. Automatically, everything related to the natural environment began to be called ecology, including the protection of nature and the protection of the human environment.
At the same time, the last two concepts were artificially mixed and are currently considered in combination. Based on the ultimate goals, nature conservation and environmental protection are close to each other, but still not identical.
Protection of Nature is aimed primarily at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the environment in order to preserve and restore natural resources and prevent the harmful effects of the results of economic activities on nature and human health.
environmental protection focuses primarily on the needs of the individual. This is a complex of various measures (administrative, economic, technological, legal, public, etc.) aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems necessary to preserve human health and well-being.
Nature management is aimed at meeting human needs through the rational use of natural resources and natural conditions.
nature management is the totality of human impacts on the geographic envelope of the Earth, considered in a complex, the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources. The tasks of nature management are reduced to the development of general principles for the implementation of any human activity associated either with the direct use of nature and its resources, or with impacts on it.
Principles of rational nature management
The practical application of environmental knowledge can be seen primarily in the solution of environmental issues. Only ecology as a science is able to create a scientific basis for the exploitation of natural resources. The attention of ecology is directed primarily to the laws underlying natural processes.
Rational nature management involves ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and conditions, taking into account the interests of future generations of people. It is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material benefits, at the maximum use of each natural territorial complex, at preventing or significantly reducing the possible harmful consequences of production processes or other types of human activity, at maintaining and increasing the productivity of nature, maintaining its aesthetic function, ensuring and regulation of the economical development of its resources, taking into account the preservation of people's health.
As opposed to rational irrational nature management affects the quality reduction, waste and exhaustion of natural resources, undermining the restorative forces of nature, environmental pollution, reducing its health and aesthetic merits. It leads to the deterioration of the natural environment and does not ensure the conservation of the natural resource potential.
Nature management includes:
- extraction and processing of natural resources, their protection, renewal or reproduction;
- use and protection of the natural conditions of the human environment;
- preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems;
- regulation of human reproduction and the number of people.
The protection of nature, the rational use and reproduction of natural resources is a universal task, in the solution of which everyone living on the planet should participate.
Conservation activities are focused mainly on the preservation of the diversity of life forms on Earth. The totality of species of living organisms on our planet creates a special fund of life, which is called gene pool. This concept is wider than just the totality of living beings. It includes not only manifested, but also potential hereditary inclinations of each species. We still do not know everything about the prospects for using one or another type. The existence of some organism, which now seems unnecessary, in the future may turn out to be not only useful, but, perhaps, saving for humanity.
The main task of nature conservation is not to protect a certain number of plant or animal species from the threat of extinction, but to combine a high level of productivity with the preservation of a wide network of centers of genetic diversity in the biosphere. The biological diversity of fauna and flora ensures the normal circulation of substances, the sustainable functioning of ecosystems. If humanity can solve this important environmental problem, in the future we can count on the production of new food products, medicines, and raw materials for industry.
The problem of preserving the biological diversity of living organisms on the planet is currently the most acute and significant for mankind. How this problem will be solved depends on the possibility of preserving life on Earth and humanity itself as part of the biosphere.
Irrational nature management
Irrational nature management is a system of production in which easily accessible natural resources are developed on a large scale, while their rapid depletion occurs due to incomplete processing. Thus, a large amount of waste is distributed and environmental pollution occurs.
Such nature management is typical for the rapid development of the economy in the absence of a sufficiently developed scientific and technical potential, and although at first such activities can give good results, later they still lead to detrimental consequences in relation to the ecological environment.
An example of irrational use of natural resources is the campaign for the development of virgin lands in the USSR in 1955-1965. The reasons for the failure of this company were a number of factors: the development of virgin lands began without preparation in the absence of infrastructure - there were no roads, no granaries, no qualified personnel. The natural conditions of the steppes were also not taken into account: sandstorms and dry winds were not taken into account, there were no methods of soil cultivation and varieties of grain adapted to this type of climate.
It should be noted that the plowing of land was carried out at an accelerated pace and at huge costs. Thanks to such a colossal concentration of funds and people, as well as natural factors, the new lands in the early years gave super-high yields, and from the mid-1950s - from half to a third of all grain produced in the USSR. However, stability was never achieved: in lean years, it was hardly possible to collect a seed fund in the virgin lands. In addition, due to the violation of the ecological balance and soil erosion in 1962-1963. there were dust storms. One way or another, the development of virgin lands entered the stage of crisis, and the efficiency of cultivation decreased by 65%.
All these data only indicate that the development of soils took place in an extensive way, but, nevertheless, this way did not lead to an effective result. On the contrary, the structure of the soil began to collapse, the level of the harvest decreased noticeably, and the funds did not justify their investment. All this, of course, indicates an inefficient use of resources in an attempt to quickly and immediately solve all agricultural problems, without having as a firm basis neither science, nor high-quality technologies, nor an appropriate level of infrastructure, due to which the outcome could be very different.
Differences between rational and irrational nature management
Having previously compared the two concepts of rational and irrational nature management and illustrating them with examples, we can correlate their meanings, compare and identify fundamental differences between them. These differences can be essentially designated as two ways of development: intensive and extensive.
The first way is fully consistent with rational nature management. It points to the efficient use of resources, which makes a tangible contribution both to production in general and to high-quality waste-free technologies, thereby making production environmentally friendly and not harmful to nature. In addition, the intensive path often fully satisfies the cultural and material needs of society.
The second way, on the contrary, is applicable to irrational use of natural resources. Its main features are a disproportionate ratio between the resources expended and the result, a focus on spatial (quantitative) rather than high-tech (qualitative) value, and, most often, failure to meet social needs. And, finally, the extensive route causes enormous damage to nature through actions that are not based on any scientific developments or technologies, emissions of chemically harmful and hazardous substances, and other production wastes into the environment. Including sometimes this damage can reach an ecological catastrophe and be the causes of negative global processes and phenomena occurring around the world.
rational irrational nature management
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground