Natural wealth of Southwest Asia. Mineral resources of Southwest Asia

Inland waters. Lev Mechnikov in his famous work: “Civilization and Great Historical Rivers” wrote: “The four most ancient great cultures all originated on the banks of large rivers. The Yellow River and the Yangtze irrigate the area where Chinese civilization arose and grew; Indian or Vedic, without going beyond the Indus and Ganges; Assyro-Babylonian civilization originated on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates - two vital arteries of the Mesopotamian lowland. Finally, ancient Egypt was, according to Herodotus, a gift or "the creation of the Nile."

The population density in the Yangtze Valley, the largest of the Asian rivers, reaches 500-600 people. per km. sq.

Rivers are transport arteries, a source of irrigation and water resources. Asia accounts for more than 40% of the world's potential resources, of which China - 540 million kW, India - 75. The degree of their use is very different: in Japan - by 70%, in India - by 14%, in Myanmar by 1%.

Composition of Southwest Asia: the region includes countries with an Arab population - Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates), UAE), Saudi Arabia, Syria. Non-Arab countries include Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Israel, Iran, Turkey.

Geographical position of Southwest Asia Southwest Asia occupies a "middle" position in relation to parts of the Eastern Hemisphere - the Old World. The western part of Turkey - a country mainly Asian, is located in Europe, the conditional border of Asia and Africa runs along the Sinai Peninsula. Now this feature of the geographical location is taken into account when locating international airports.

The geographical position determined the special role of the region in the world civilizational, economic and political development. Thanks to him, two of the three world religions (Christianity and Islam), which originated in this region, have become widespread in the modern world. From here, millions of tons of oil and a huge amount of gas are distributed all over the world. The oil-producing countries of Southwest Asia are in a favorable position relative to their main buyers.

Southwest Asia one of the smallest regions in foreign Asia in terms of territory and population. It has a long history of development: here, in the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates and in the east of the region, the first powerful states appeared in the past, here for the first time a plow was used for cultivating the land, a water lift was invented for irrigating the land. For the first time in the history of mankind, wheat was introduced into the culture of the Iranian Highlands - the main bread of our time.

The formation of the Ottoman Empire, which colonized a significant part of the region and blocked the Great Silk Road, played an important role in the history of the region. The long-term dependence on backward Turkey resulted in the preservation of the agrarian and raw-material structure of the economy in many countries. To date, Turkey and Iran have managed to overcome it mainly. The principalities in the center of the Arabian Peninsula remained independent in the region, which in 1927 formed a single state, called Saudi Arabia since 1932. In the same years, exploration and production of oil began. In the 18th-19th century, numerous wars were fought in Southwest Asia.

Turkey and Iran sought to capture and convert the population of the Transcaucasian countries to Islam. Here their interests collided with the interests of Russia. As a result of the outcome of repeated wars, many peoples - Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Aisors were separated by the borders of different states. This was the reason for ethnic disagreements and clashes, which escalated in the late nineteenth, early and second half of the twentieth century. They were especially acute in Turkey. The Turkish-Armenian conflict led to the death and expulsion from the country of a significant part of the Armenians living in eastern Turkey. The exiles scattered throughout the world, that is, formed and diaspora.

Everything that is happening now in this region directly affects the interests of the neighboring territories of the Old World - Eurasia and Africa. Thanks to oil reserves, the region became a sphere of interest for the New World (Countries of North and South America).

Natural conditions and natural resources Even in the developing world, it is difficult to find a region in which the dependence of the economy on the characteristics of natural conditions and natural resources would be so great. main feature The natural conditions of the region are the low availability of moisture in vast areas of Southwest Asia. The lack of moisture has become one of the causes of international disputes and conflicts over the fair division of water. The limited water resources affected the distribution of the population. Densely populated areas gravitate to water arteries, sources of artificial irrigation and underground pools of artesian waters.

Oasis territories are combined with huge tracts of poorly developed and undeveloped lands, the areas of which are especially large in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula. The lack of water for a long time hindered the refining of oil, the main wealth of many countries in the region. It also influenced the structure of agriculture: very small areas are occupied by arable land. They are located either along rivers - sources of irrigation, or in elevated areas, where more precipitation will fall than on the plain. Iraq, Iran and Turkey have the largest tracts of arable land. On arid agricultural lands, small cattle are bred, mainly sheep, most adapted to poor pastures.

Cattle breeders lead a nomadic and semi-nomadic way of life, little changed from the Middle Ages. They are one of the poorest and most backward population groups. Desert nomads are called nomads, their way of life is nomadism. Now in most countries there is a transition of nomads to a settled way of life.

Second feature natural conditions - a large amount of heat, allowing for artificial irrigation to repeatedly use the land for crops. Hot and dry weather is favorable for ether-bearing plants. In the wild, medicinal herbs, raw materials for the perfume industry, are collected.

In Yemen and in the south of Saudi Arabia, aromatic resins are collected - frankincense, myrrh, which are necessary in the cult of Christian worship. Both substances have a strong bactericidal effect, so fumigation with incense was used in cathedrals and at the bedside of the sick to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Currently, high air temperatures, clear sunny weather are one of the most important tourist resources. The swimming season at many resorts in the region is longer than in many competing countries.

Third feature- Most countries of the region have access to the seas of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In the past, this contributed to the use of fish resources of the sea, the fishing of sponges and pearls, and the development of foreign trade.

Now the access to the seas of two oceans provides favorable conditions for the export of oil to all regions of the globe. Extraction, transportation and refining of oil are the main sectors of the economy of Southwest Asia. The region has almost 40% of oil reserves and provides over 30% of its production. The main oil-producing country in Southwest Asia and the world is Saudi Arabia. 25% of the world's oil reserves are concentrated here.

Oil is produced in varying amounts in most countries of the region. The well-being of these countries and their inhabitants depends on oil prices on the world market. In Saudi Arabia, oil and oil products account for 90% of export earnings and form 75% of its budget. This is the main source of budget formation and economic development of all oil-producing countries in Southwest Asia, which is why their economy is called the "oil economy".

Oil and gas are finite resources, so most countries have enough oil reserves for 6 to 12 years. In Bahrain, it is almost over. Although geologists are constantly discovering new deposits in the Arabian Peninsula, for example, Oman and Yemen were among the oil exporters at the end of the 20th century, the question arises: how will these countries exist when oil runs out? Therefore, oil-exporting countries are developing programs to create an "oil-free" sector of the economy. Some of the programs have already been implemented, for example, more and more oil is processed in producing countries.

Technologies are used in which production requires less water. In addition, many countries operate seawater desalination plants. Saudi Arabia uses desalinated water both to supply the population and to develop oil refining and petrochemistry, and the metallurgical industry. In addition to these measures, oil exporting countries began to invest money received from its sale in the development of large companies located around the world. They buy up oil refineries in different countries, create networks of gas stations. Qatar is engaged in the development of information technology, Bahrain has become a banking center of world importance.

The oil economy has affected every aspect of life and economic activity. The main mode of transport is pipeline transport. Cargo external relations are carried out by sea. In passenger communication with other regions, air transport is the main one, as is the case throughout the world. Countries outside the Arabian Peninsula also receive "oil" money for the transportation of oil through their territories, for the use of ports through which oil is sent to consumers by tankers.

Population of Southwest Asia.

The population of the region is ethnically diverse, but religiously homogeneous. Most of the population is Muslim. This unites the region and creates conditions for a common policy and mutual support in political and economic life. For example, countries - oil exporters agree on the size of oil production, and prices for it. Islam influences all aspects of the life of the population of this region.

This is manifested in the features of everyday behavior, the lower social position of women in the family and society. Women are much less likely to receive education, very rarely continue to work after marriage. There are strict restrictions in communication, clothing. In some countries women won the right to vote only in the 1970s.

The virtue of Muslims is a large number of children, therefore, in most countries of Southwest Asia, there is a high birth rate. The age structure of the population is young. The largest proportion of children under 16 (46.2% of the population) is in Yemen. However, the population of oil-producing countries remains small. The largest oil-producing country is Saudi Arabia. It occupies an area of ​​more than 2.1 million km², but has only 28.14 million people.

Therefore, oil-producing countries are experiencing a shortage of labor and are forced to attract it from abroad. In countries such as Qatar, the UAE (United Arab Emirates), in some years the number of immigrants significantly exceeds the number of indigenous people. Immigrants work at oil producing and oil refineries, in tourism. Turkey is very different from the Arab countries in terms of population growth. Thanks to a higher level of development, a higher proportion of city dwellers, this country is approaching European countries in terms of birth and death rates. Population growth is low in Israel and in the countries of Transcaucasia.

Southwest Asia has a high proportion of the urban population. The cities of the region have a long history, their existence is overgrown with legends and myths. The capital of Syria - Damascus is the oldest of the existing cities in the world. No less famous are the cities of Baghdad, Tehran, Beirut, Aden. Istanbul, not being the capital of Turkey, remains its economic, cultural, and innovative center of the country.

The new cities of the UAE, where one of the tallest skyscrapers in the world is located, amaze with modern architecture. But the most famous city in the region is Jerusalem - the keeper of the shrines of the Christian, Muslim and Jewish religions. In the west of Saudi Arabia, at a short distance from each other, there are "two mosques" - Mecca and Medina - the holy cities of Muslims. Here the faithful perform the Hajj - visiting shrines. In Yemen, in the deserted corners of other countries, many medieval towns have been preserved, preserving the traditions and appearance of the Middle Ages. Among them is the Yemeni city of Tarim, which houses the world's largest library of ancient Arabic manuscripts.

Economy of Southwest Asia.

The most modern and industrialized country is Turkey. It is experiencing a shortage of oil and gas, but has significant reserves of chromites, raw materials for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and is developing machine building. Turkey has a fairly developed agriculture with some unique industries.

For example, they grow downy goats, once imported from the Orenburg steppes and giving excellent down - tiftik, used in knitwear production (2nd place in the world). The first place belongs to Turkey in the collection and export of nuts - hazelnuts and the fifth place in the collection of tea leaves. Turkey has become one of the main tourist countries in Asia. There are conditions for educational, beach and health, medical, pilgrimage tourism. Its ski resorts are becoming increasingly popular.

Israel occupies a special position in the region.

This state appeared on the world map in 1947. He was given a territory of about 14 thousand km². Already in 1948, Israel launched a war for the expansion of lands, then there were two more invasions of Arab lands. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is one of the most protracted in the world. Its settlement encounters great difficulties and obstacles for which both sides are to blame.

Now Israel is a developed state with a modern industrial structure and efficient agriculture, specialized in the cultivation and export of vegetables and citrus fruits. A growing industry is tourism - pilgrimage, beach and health, medical. Thanks to the Dead Sea, with its healing waters saturated with salts and bromine, Israel has become a health center of world importance. The structure of Iran's industry is no less diverse. A feature of the location of the industrial centers of Turkey and Iran is that large industrial centers are located here not only in port areas, but also in inland lands.

Thanks to oil and geographical position, Southwest Asia is economically open to the world, but closed to the influence of other cultures, protecting its foundations, customs and way of life. Southwest Asia, as the oldest region of economic development, has a diverse cultural heritage. Among them, the most significant number of cult monuments - ancient Christian cathedrals, mosques unique in architecture, shrines of Christians, Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem and other cities.

Conclusion: Southwest Asia is a region of great cultural, historical and economic importance. This is the main energy region of the modern world. Along with oil, gas and agricultural products, over the last decades of the 20th century, it has become a significant supplier of petroleum products, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The main problems of the region are the problem of efficient and careful use of oil resources, protection of the unique nature, cleanliness of the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. But the most important issue is to end ethnic conflicts and wars over oil fields. Resolving these conflicts will make our world more stable and secure.

Southwest Asia is the world's most important energy region and home to two world religions. Southwest Asia is characterized by exceptionally high dependence on natural conditions and resources. In terms of economic development, all countries in the region can be divided into countries with an “oil economy” and countries relying on other types of natural resources. Dependence on water resources and the availability of land suitable for irrigation leads to conflicts between countries, which are often disguised as religious and ethnic conflicts. Overcoming conflict situations, preserving natural well-being is one of the conditions for the security of the whole world. This is also important for the region itself, as tourism is rapidly developing in Southwest Asia.

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Southwest Asia

Natural landscapes are varied. Deserts, semi-deserts and mountain steppes scorched by the sun prevail. Against their background, snow-covered mountain ranges and river valleys immersed in greenery, oases near water sources stand out. This is the land of lowlands, plateaus, highlands, mountains.

With the vastness of the territory and the extremely complex nature of the surface, naturally, there is a wide variety of climatic conditions.

This is an exceptionally hot region, receiving the largest amount of solar radiation in Asia, and therefore is the driest part of the Eurasian continent. Here, two climatic zones are clearly expressed on the plains: tropical and subtropical; in the mountains, with a pronounced altitudinal zonality, the climate is sharply continental.

Southwest Asia is extremely poor in soil suitable for agriculture. Sandy and stony deserts, highlands, super-dry climate limit the use of land. The following types of soils prevail here: serozems, chestnut and red soils.

Southwest Asia has the richest oil reserves.

In its bowels there are about 50 billion tons of explored "black gold". Until the 1970s, oil production in the countries of Southwest Asia was almost completely controlled by the largest capitalist monopolies. Since 1973, all oil-producing countries have been operating within the framework of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), foreign companies have been nationalized, and Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain have acquired (by buyout of shares) most of the property of foreign oil monopolies.

In the bowels of Southwest Asia there are also huge reserves of natural gas (about 10 trillion cubic meters).

m3), chromite, iron, copper, manganese, lead, zinc, antimony, molybdenum ores, phosphorites, bauxites, natural sulfur, boracite, potassium and common salt, construction materials, etc.

Some mineral deposits are among the largest in the world in terms of their reserves.

For example, Turkey ranks fourth in terms of chromite reserves (after Zimbabwe, South Africa and the Philippines). Jordan and Israel have a unique deposit of potash salt (Dead Sea). There are rich deposits of phosphorites in Iraq and Syria.

Natural conditions and resources of Southwest Asia wikipedia
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Southeast Asia

conclusion

Over the past three decades, the countries of the region have moved realistically from underdeveloped to advanced levels of development. This made it easier:

First, the ASEAN countries have an extremely favorable geographical position.

They are located at the crossroads of the most important sea, air routes leading from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean;

Secondly, the countries of Southeast Asia have a rich potential of minerals and raw materials. In this area there are reserves of the world's tin, tungsten, chromium and timber. There are large deposits of oil, gas, nickel, cobalt, copper ore, gold, precious stones, coal, as well as large reserves of hydroelectric power stations and agro-climatic sources;

Thirdly, the countries of Southeast Asia are currently the first in the world in terms of investment inflows of 39.5 billion euros.

As capital accumulated in several Southeast Asian countries, investment flows have been created in the region. The ASEAN countries are implementing a number of projects in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia;

Fourthly, human resources in these countries are huge and characterized by a high degree of reproduction, which allows companies to evaluate their inexpensive;

Fifth, for the model with the countries of Southeast Asia, Japanese capitalism, with increased attention to the latest development of STR and the acceleration of their implementation in practice.

For the Japanese, a "crane-crane" flies;

Sixth, the development of export-oriented products that provide these countries with rapid growth in the global economy (computer equipment, consumer and industrial, textiles, shoes, clothing, watches, super tankers, bulk carriers, container ships, automobiles, etc.). )); information technology, biotechnology, optical fibers; in the countries of Southeast Asia are gradually moving from labor-intensive to capital-intensive industries;

Seventh, spending on R&D, which is 1-2% of GDP and GDP per capita, is on the rise.

in Hong Kong, Singapore - 14-15 thousand.

General Characteristics of Farms in Southwest Asia

Eighth, non-manufacturing area is growing: transit international financial transactions, tourism (5 million people per year), tropical resort, etc.

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Natural resources of Central Asia

The natural resources of the plains of Central Asia are diverse. Of the combustible minerals, Jurassic coal was found in Dzhanak and brown coal in Mangyshlak and in the Alakul region; oil and gas in Mangyshlak, in Bukhara and in the Ili depression, oil in the Cheleken peninsula, in Nebit-Dag and Kum-Dag, ozokerite in Cheleken. Of the deposits of ore minerals, manganese is becoming known in Mangyshlak (Aitkoksh), oolitic iron ore in the Northern Prearalie.

Asbestos, graphite and copper were found on the territory of the Paleozoic uplands of the Kyzyl Kum.

Mineral resources of Southwest Asia

In the Lowland Karakum, sulfur has been mined for many years in the Sulfur Hillocks, located 250 km north of Ashgabat; gas reserves have been explored in recent years. The richest reserves of self-planting salts are found in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay on the Caspian Sea (mirabilite), in the Karagie tectonic depression (magnesian salts), in the Aralsk region (astrakhanite) and the Aral Sea region (sodium sulfate).

Gypsum and table salt are everywhere unlimited.

The plains of Central Asia are rich in light and warmth. In the Lowland Karakum, heat resources for a period with temperatures over 10°C exceed 5000°C, in the Kyzyl Kum - about 4000°C; in the deserts of the Aral Sea region, the southern Balkhash region and in the Muyunkums - 3000-3500 ° С. With such heat resources, in the presence of water, subtropical plants such as fine-staple cotton, sesame, peanuts, the world-famous Chardzhui melons, and high-sugar table grapes are successfully grown in the southern deserts.

Over the past decades, new crops for those places have been mastered on the plains of Central Asia: southern hemp, kenaf, jute, sugar beets. Southern fruit growing is successfully developing.

The plains of Central Asia are poor in surface watercourses, except for transit rivers, the sources of which are located in mountainous areas. Measures for the collection and storage of temporary runoff water, including the construction of underground rainwater collectors, are of great economic importance.

The underground waters of the plains are concentrated in the vast Artevian basins explored by Soviet hydrogeologists in recent decades.

Among the basins, the Aral group (Turgai, Syr-Darya and Karakum) of artesian basins is distinguished. Within the Tien Shan folded region are the Chui and Iliisk basins, in the Dzhungar region - a group of artesian basins of the Balkhash region.

In all basins there are pressure (self-flowing) or semi-pressure waters of different flow rates and variegated mineralization - from fresh to salty, inclusive.

Part of groundwater is used for drinking needs of the population and animal husbandry. For this purpose, many shaft and artesian wells have been built in the deserts in the past decade.

The deepest groundwater was found on the Badkhyz and Karabil plateaus.

Here, dug wells for watering livestock reach a depth of 200-260 m. Upon reaching the Karakum, groundwater rises closer to the surface (15-40 m and closer) and becomes noticeably saline. The eastern regions of the Zaunguz Karakum are relatively well supplied with water, and the western regions of the Low Karakum are poorly watered.

In the Kyzylkums, as well as in the Aral Sea, Muyunkums and Southern Balkhash, everywhere in the sands there is fresh groundwater, the flow rate of which is mostly small, but the total reserves of fresh and slightly brackish groundwater in the Muyunkums and in the sandy massifs of the Southern Balkhash are large. On the piedmont plains, groundwater often wedges out, forming numerous "karas" - small streams and rivers used by the population for irrigation and watering. The abundance of "Karasu" can be observed on the piedmont plains of the northern slopes of the Kyrgyz, Trans-Ili and Dzhungar ranges, in the Ferghana Valley.

The development of solar technology makes it possible to obtain fresh water from brackish and saline groundwater. The plant resources of the plains are of great economic importance in connection with the intensive development of animal husbandry, in particular astrakhan breeding and fine-wool sheep breeding.

Pastures are the dominant type of economic land in the deserts and semi-deserts of Central Asia. The fodder value of desert-tree and sagebrush associations is the greatest.

Deserts with a predominance of desert-tree associations, which, along with saxaul, kandyms and other trees, contain many ephemeroids and ephemera, are mostly used as year-round pastures. The average productivity of fodder mass is 0.8-1.9 q/ha.

Deserts with wormwood dominating vegetation are considered the best autumn-winter pastures. Their average fodder productivity is 1.3-2.7 q/ha. In the tugai, horses and cattle are most often pastured. Hay is harvested in reed and sedge bogs.

The most valuable forage are psammophytic shrub and saltwort communities.

In the fuel balance of the republics of Central Asia, a prominent place belongs to the wood of saxaul sparse forests.

Of the total area of ​​20.5 million hectares of desert forests and thickets of Central Asia, 19.8 million hectares fall to the share of saxaul forests. The stock of timber in this area is about 35 million l*1.

The bonitet of saxaul stands is closely related to the level of groundwater and the type of soil: the best saxaul stands develop on sandy and light loamy soils with groundwater at a depth of 3-8 m.

For the decade 1947-1967.

Saxaul and desert shrubs were sown on an area of ​​about 97 million hectares.

Large areas of land have been developed for agriculture in the largest irrigated oases: Fergana, Khorezm, Tashkent Zeravshan, Murgab, Tedzhen, Gol with one steppe, Chuisky, Talas, Semirechensk. Total irrigated land in the republics of Central Asia, excluding Tajikistan, 6.8 million hectares.

ha. In the future, it is possible to irrigate about 15 million hectares in the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (BD Korzhavin, 1962).

During the Soviet period, the Aral, Repetek and Dzhezkazgan experimental stations did a great deal of work on studying the methods of developing deserts and fixing sands. They developed a series of effective methods for the oasis transformation of deserts: new methods of rain-fed and irrigated farming and foraging, developed a trench method for growing vegetables, potatoes and fruits in the sands, scientifically substantiated and put into production effective methods for fixing sands and their afforestation.

All these methods make it possible to more rationally use the natural resources of the deserts of Central Asia.

The work of zoologists and physicians on the elimination of Asian locust nests, a sharp decrease in the incidence of malaria, and the development of methods for combating ticks and other vectors of serious diseases in humans and animals are of inestimable importance.

On the plains of Central Asia, fur and other animal industries are of some importance.

Commercial species of animals that occupy a prominent place in the national economy of the plains include ground squirrels, jerboas, muskrats, acclimatized in Balkhash (Ili river delta) since 1935, goitered gazelles and saigas, the shooting of which is limited by the nature protection law. Wild boars are shot in the tugai and a lot of waterfowl are hunted - ducks, coots, geese, cormorants, less - pheasants.

The protection and expanded reproduction of natural resources are the most important state and public activities.

The regulation of cattle grazing on the sands and the hunting of animals, as well as the rational use of water resources, require close attention.

Tourist resources and centers of Southwest Asia

Southwest Asia includes the states of the Near and Middle East with ancient history and predominantly Muslim culture.

The exception is Israel - a country of immigration and widespread Judaism with its shrines. Historically, the city of Jerusalem is currently located on the territory of Israel, in which the shrines of three religions are located: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, which, on the one hand, attracts a very large number of tourists, partly pilgrims, and on the other hand, creates the basis for constant acute conflicts, which also affects the scale of tourism.

In the countries of this zone, the attention of tourists is attracted by the warm sea (especially wide - the Mediterranean, washing the shores of Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel), a subtropical climate favorable for recreation.

Ancient cities or their ruins, numerous cities with their historical and cultural population attract lovers of educational tourism. Among them are Istanbul (Turkey), Amman (Jordan), the ancient cities of Lebanon - Baalbek, Saida, as well as the organized tourist center of the country - its capital Beirut, Nicosia (Cyprus), the Iranian cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Hamadan. There are many interesting historical, cultural and archaeological sites outside these centers.

Individual countries of the Arab East, as well as Turkey, attract many "shuttles" - participants in shopping tours.

Afghanistan has interesting tourism opportunities, but the events of recent decades make it impossible to use them.

As part of Southwest Asia, tourist macro-regions: Turkey and Cyprus, Palestine, Arab states (Middle East), Middle East.

Turkey and Cyprus connected both by their history and modern relations. The fact is that the northern part of Cyprus is occupied by Turkish troops: the Turkish Republic of Cyprus was proclaimed there, however, not recognized by any state except Turkey. This northern part of Cyprus is inhabited by Turkish-speaking Muslim Cypriots, while the rest of the island is predominantly Greek-speaking Orthodox.

Naturally, the division of Cyprus creates unnecessary tension, but this does not prevent a large number of resort tourists from enjoying the benefits of the Mediterranean Sea and the favorable Mediterranean climate. In addition to relaxing on coastal beaches, tourists have the opportunity to visit low mountainous areas and take baths near mineral springs.

In the capital of the state, Nicosia, tourists visit the Selima Mosque, St. Sophia Cathedral, a six-meter Venetian column, the ruins of the fortress wall, a museum rich in Bronze Age objects and masterpieces of historical art; in Famagusta and its environs - ancient ruins; in Paphos - the ruins of the temples of Aphrodite and Apollo; near Limassol - the tower of Colossia.

Cyprus was also mastered by "shuttle" tourists from the CIS countries.

They are also private visitors to neighboring Turkey. At the same time, the latter also attracts recreant tourists: coastal areas (along the Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, Black Seas) are known for their numerous swimming seasons (warm sea, subtropical climate), which contributed to the emergence of famous Mediterranean resorts (Antalya, Alanya, etc.). ).

There are resorts in the interior of Turkey based on the use of mineral springs. For example, springs near the city of Bursa were used by the Byzantines.

But, of course, Turkey attracts tourists with its historical and cultural values. Many of them are concentrated on the banks of the Bosporus in Istanbul (in the past - Constantinople, in ancient Russian documents - Tsargrad).

The transformation of the Orthodox Byzantine capital into a Muslim city also led to a change in the appearance of the city: Orthodox churches turned into mosques. There are many of them, therefore, there are many minarets. The most famous temple is an outstanding work of Byzantine architecture Hagia Sophia. After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the XV century. a large number of new mosques were built, including those outstanding for their architectural merit. There are museums in Istanbul, among which are archaeological (with the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great), monuments of civil architecture.

In the twentieth century Istanbul is largely Europeanized.

Other centers of educational tourism in Turkey: the capital Ankara (where both ancient buildings and the mausoleum of the founder of modern Turkey Ataturk (Kemal Pasha) are located); Izmir (which is famous for its antiquities and annual fairs); Bursa, Adana, Erzurum (with their ancient monuments and numerous mosques).

Most of Turkey is plateaus and low mountains, which in the east of the country pass into high-mountainous regions, where altitudinal zonality is well expressed (up to the nival zone), the Ararat massif, sacred to Armenians (but located after World War 1 in Turkey), is located, where , according to biblical tradition, Noah's ark, a large and very picturesque lake Van, completed its journey.

So in the east of Turkey there are many elements of natural attractiveness. However, so far this, undoubtedly, potentially resort area has been little developed.

Palestine.

This macro-region includes the state of Israel, populated mainly by Jews (indigenous and immigrant), and Arab territories that have been fighting for many decades to create an Arab Palestinian state.

The territory of Palestine has seen in its lifetime many historical events that have left their mark on its ancient monuments. Suffice it to say that in the Jordan Valley “the very first city in the world was discovered - Jericho (“city of dates”), whose age is seven thousand years.

Archaeological excavations are being carried out on a large hill, which attracts the attention of many tourists.” South of the largest city of Palestine, Jerusalem, is the city of Bethlehem, over which, according to legend, a star lit up at the moment when Jesus Christ was born in a modest manger. A grandiose temple was built here.

But, of course, the largest number of tourists is attracted by Jerusalem itself, associated with the relics of the Jewish, Christian, Muslim religions. This is really a city of three historical confessions and therefore attracts countless representatives of them, as well as simply inquisitive tourists.

Among the historical and cultural monuments, it is enough to name the Jewish Wailing Wall, Christian shrines - the chapel of the Holy Sepulcher, Golgotha, where Christ was crucified, the rock where he prayed (and many more places associated with evangelical stories). According to Islam, the Muslim prophet Mohammed later ascended to heaven from the rock where Christ prayed (the magnificent Mosque of Omar was built here).

It is no coincidence that during the division of Palestine after World War II, the UN issued a decision on the special status of Jerusalem, which is historically divided into the Old and New City.

Of the other cities in the region, the actual capital of Israel, Tel Aviv, should be named (although the leadership of the state considers Jerusalem to be the capital, which is not recognized by most countries in the world) with its Haaretz Museum of Mediterranean Art, an art gallery.

Among the streets of Tel Aviv there are Korolenko, Zola and others. Jaffa practically merged with Tel Aviv, unlike the very young Tel Aviv, which has several centuries of its existence. In this city, you can walk along Pushkin, Pestalozzi, Michelangelo, M. Gorky, Ozheshko, Dante streets.

Even more ancient is another city of Israel on the Mediterranean Sea - Haifa. Therefore, in these cities there are also historical and cultural objects of previous centuries.

On the Mediterranean coast, especially in the area of ​​​​the city of Natanya and in the Eilat region in the Arabian Gulf of the Red Sea, there are seaside resorts.

There are also resorts on the coast of the Dead Sea, located below the ocean level, the very high salinity of the waters of which allows swimmers to freely stay on the water. For tourists in Israel, an appropriate infrastructure has been created.

Arab countries of Southwest Asia include almost all of this zone, with the exception of the two regions described above, and the states of the Middle East.

In practice, we are talking about the Middle East or most of Asia Minor (from Lebanon in the northwest to Yemen in the southeast). All of these are Muslim Arab states.

With the exception of their outskirts - Mediterranean Lebanon and partly Syria in the northwest and "happy Arabia" (the southern part of Yemen) on the edge of the Arabian Peninsula - all countries of the region are arid desert and semi-desert territories. Therefore, civilization developed there only in areas where it was possible to create irrigation systems at the expense of rivers (as in Mesopotamia) or groundwater - in oases.

From the middle of the twentieth century in many countries of the region, oil began to be produced in large quantities, and this led to the formation of oases on an "industrial basis" by supplying water from deep horizons or desalination of sea water. In the course of these processes, modern civilization is being formed with all its pluses and minuses. In particular, the centers of this new civilization attract a large number of "shuttle" tourists from the CIS countries to the countries of the region. In some states of the region, modern sea resorts also appeared on the coasts of the seas.

In the cities of Lebanon there are also mountain resorts. All this serves the development of recreational tourism. However, we must not forget that in almost all countries of the macroregion there are many historical and cultural attractions - monuments of distant millennia and centuries.

So, on the territory of Lebanon, one of the earliest human settlements is located - Baalbek, "where the ruins of religious buildings dedicated to Jupiter, statues, sculptural images of Venus, Bacchus, rows of columns and sculptures, stairs" have been preserved.

One of the ancient settlements in Lebanon is the city of Saida. The very same capital of the country - Beirut, along with the old quarters, is also distinguished by quite modern buildings, corresponding to the role of Beirut as a center of finance and culture.

In Syria, the ancient cities of Palmyra and Aleppo with their monuments and Hellenistic art are of great interest to tourists.

Damascus, the capital of the country, attracts with objects of Muslim culture, among which one of the most famous shrines of Islam is the Omayyad Mosque.

Muslim architecture is typical for most areas of the capital of Iraq - Baghdad.

Characteristics of the natural resources of Asia

The Nazimiya Mosque, or the Golden Mosque, is very famous, decorated with four minarets with gilded domes (which is rare in such structures). The city has many modern buildings and monuments, stylized in the spirit of Muslim traditions. Away from the capital, located on the banks of the famous Tigris River, are the ruins of ancient cities, including the famous Babylon. There are in Iraq (in the north and north-east of the country) and high-mountain summer resorts.

Despite the undoubted tourist attraction of Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, the flow of tourists to these countries is limited due to political instability.

Other Arab countries of the Middle East are much less interesting for educational tourism: Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates.

The latter, as a rule, attract a large number of "shuttle" tourists. In these countries, whose economy is based on oil production (Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates), modern cities attract attention.

Saudi Arabia occupies a special place among the countries of the Middle East. It is on its territory that the main places of pilgrimage for Muslims are located - the holy cities of Mecca (with a black stone of the Kaaba) and Medina, cities associated with the activities of the Prophet Muhammad and the birth of Islam.

Hundreds of thousands, and in some years even millions of Muslims from all over the world come here as pilgrims. Pilgrimage (hajj) gives huge income to the country, and pilgrims "attach" themselves to eternal life in paradise.

On the Red Sea coast of the country is the city of Jeddah, through which thousands of pilgrims go. There are also several historical monuments, among which, according to legend, the grave of the first woman, Eve.

Middle East countries are Iran and Afghanistan. From the point of view of tourism, Iran is especially interesting - a country of very diverse nature and ancient history. Nature lovers will meet in Iran seas and rivers, plains (low and elevated) and high mountains Elbrus with the main peak Damavend (in the north of the country), various forests, dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, healing mineral springs and therapeutic mud.

In Iran, there are numerous monuments of Muslim culture (civil and religious buildings) in the capital Tehran, the cities of Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad, Qazvin and others. At present, due to the difficult international situation of Iran (largely with its isolation), the flow of tourists to the country is very limited, which is facilitated by both external forces and the activity of Islamic fundamentalists.

It is practically impossible these days for tourism to Afghanistan, a multinational mountainous country where hostilities have been going on for many years.

Therefore, and also because of the very low level of development of tourist infrastructure, the harsh but impressive nature of Afghanistan, and its historical and cultural sites located in the capital Kabul, the cities of Herat, Kandahar and others remain unclaimed. Almost inaccessible is one of the most famous tourist sites throughout Asia - Biamin.

In this depression, located at an altitude of more than 2 thousand meters, in the central part of the country there is a rock dug up by hundreds of caves. There are two carved 50-meter statues of Buddha in the rocks, and on the hill there is the Shahar-i-Gulgula fortress. The possibilities of the winter resort of Jalalabad, and the possibilities of hunting, and observing local ritual holidays are also unclaimed.

The video lesson is devoted to the topic "Natural resources of foreign Asia". From the lesson, you will learn about the natural resource potential of Foreign Asia, get acquainted with the main resources that are rich in various parts of Asia. The teacher will tell you about the Asian leading countries in terms of the provision of various types of resources.

Theme: Overseas Asia

Lesson: Natural resources of foreign Asia

The provision of foreign Asia with resources is determined, first of all, by the variety of relief, location, nature and climate.

The area is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and topography: within its boundaries, the greatest amplitude of heights on earth (more than 9000 m) is noted, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, the mineral resources of foreign Asia are very diverse.

The main pools of coal, iron and manganese ores, and non-metallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, ores predominate, including a copper belt along the Pacific coast. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the international geographical division of labor, is oil and gas. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most countries of Southwest Asia (Mesopotamian trough of the earth's crust). The main deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. In addition, large oil and gas fields have been explored in the countries of the Malay Archipelago. Indonesia and Malaysia stand out especially in terms of reserves. The countries of Central Asia are also rich in oil and gas (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).

The largest salt reserves are in the Dead Sea. There are large reserves of sulfur and non-ferrous metals in the Iranian Highlands. In general, Asia is one of the main regions of the world in terms of mineral reserves.

Countries with the largest reserves and diversity of minerals:

3. Indonesia.

5. Kazakhstan.

6. Turkey.

7. Saudi Arabia.

The agro-climatic resources of Asia are heterogeneous. Vast massifs of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are hardly suitable for economic activity, with the exception of animal husbandry; the provision of arable land is low and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases). But on the plains of the east and south, quite favorable conditions for agriculture are created. Asia contains 70% of the world's irrigated land.

The countries of East and Southeast Asia, as well as some regions of South Asia, have the largest reserves of water resources. At the same time, water resources are sorely lacking in the countries of the Persian Gulf.

Rice. 2. Desalination plant in Israel ()

In terms of general indicators, China, India, and Indonesia are provided with soil resources to the greatest extent.

The largest reserves of forest resources: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China, India.

Rice. 3. Rainforests in Malaysia ()

Homework

Topic 7, Item 1

1. What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in foreign Asia?

2. Give examples of foreign Asian countries and their characteristic resources.

Bibliography

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Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().