Read perfect view. Verb types

Good afternoon, dear student! Today we will look at types of verbs. Very often my students wonder why there are so many different verbs in Russian, how to determine their tense and why some verbs are used with prefixes and some without. To understand all these issues, let's look at perfect and imperfective verbs.

You will find the form of imperfective verbs in the dictionary, the verb in this case denotes an action, and perfective verbs are formed from this form. It should be noted that there are a lot of these methods, here are some of them:

With help prefixes, compare:

Imperfect species	Perfect view
To read	Read Has Red
To write	Has written
Cook	Has cooked
To buy	Buy

Please note that we have an exception word that is formed in perfect form without a prefix - this is the verb "Buy". In its imperfect form, this verb is used with the prefix -po.

With the help of different suffixes:

So, if we want to say that the action happens regularly, we need an imperfective verb. If the action happened 1 time at some point or day / hour, etc. and we know about its result, then we are dealing with a perfective verb. These verbs answer the question what to do?"

If we are talking about repetitive actions, then we not only use imperfective verbs that answer the question " what to do?", but we also use various additional information in the form of adverbs, which just show this repetition. For example,

Anastasia can't cook what to do?), she's cooking rarely. Anastasia cannot cook, she cooks rare.

I bought (what did?) beautiful dress, it is for me goes very well! (result visible) I bought a new dress, it suits me much.

To correctly determine the aspect of a verb, you can remember some adverbs that will help you correctly decide whether this or that verb belongs to a particular aspect:

Imperfect species
What are they doing? When? How often?

1. Nikita watches a movie Every morning/evening/day, regularly, often, rarely, sometimes, usually.
2. Vitaly buys newspapers
3. We play volleyball

Perfect view
What did they do? When?

1. Nikita watched the film "Titanic" Yesterday, in the evening, in the morning, today, once, on Friday, 2 days ago, already, not yet.
2. Vitaly bought the newspaper "Izvestia"
3. We played volleyball very well

From these examples it can be seen that adverb words can greatly facilitate the definition of one or another type of verb, the main thing is to learn questions and remember these words. To practice, correct these sentences by giving the verbs the correct verbs. The sentences are misspelled:

I finished my porridge and went for a walk.
Students stayed at the university, but still mastered the material.
She redid the report for a very long time.
Tanya cried a lot and did not calm down.
The children laughed a lot and the teacher decided to play with them some more.

Remember please, that imperfective verbs have 3 forms: past, present and future:

Perfective verbs have only 2 tense forms: past and future

Watched and will watch

The form of the past tense changes by numbers:

Ran (singular) and fled (plural) He ran and they ran.

In modern Russian, it is a paired (binary) opposition of the perfect and.

Perfective verbs denote an action limited by an internal limit.

Perfective verbs can have the following particular meanings:

1. Specific actual value.

Indicates a single action in its entirety: entered, wrote, shouted.

• - I has entered, the old man was reading a newspaper in an armchair ...
• (A. N. Tolstoy)

2. Total value.

Indicates the integrity of an action united by a common result or goal; lexical indicators of type are used twice, thrice, several times and etc.

• Bulat-Tuganovskiy knocked three times short and decisive.
• (A. I. Kuprin)
• Mum baked a lot pancakes.

3. Cash-effective value.

The main thing is the end result of the action: the student came, the father returned.

• - You probably cold in my dancing shoes.
• (V. A. Soloukhin)

Grammatical features of perfective verbs

1. The perfective verbs will have two forms - and. They don't have forms! This is explained by the incompatibility of the grammatical meanings of the perfect form and the present tense.

2. Perfective verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense: look - look, sew - sew.

• write - write vsh oh, write nn th
• tell - story vsh uy, story nn th

4. Verbs of the perfect form form: say - tale in, look - look in, plant - plant in write - write in .

Two ways are possible:

1. the initial is the imperfective verb, from which the perfective verb is formed;
2. the original is the perfective verb, from which the imperfective verb is formed.

Sometimes imperfect and perfect are expressed in words with different roots: yell - take, speak - say, put - put, heal - lie down, sit down - sit down.

Ways of forming perfective verbs from imperfective verbs

1. With the help of prefixes: make - with do, measure from measure, write on the write, build on build, read about read. The most commonly used attachments by-, with- (co-) .

species pairs(a non-prefix verb of an imperfect form - a prefix verb of a perfect form) are formed only if the prefix does not change the lexical meaning of the verb: example, build - build.
Verbs build - rebuild, build - complete, build - attach do not form aspectual pairs, since the prefix changes the lexical meaning of the verb: rebuild- build differently. finish building- bring construction to completion attach- to build in addition to what has already been built.

2. With a suffix -well- , which indicates the completion of the action or its one-time: move - move well to disappear - disappeared well th, shout - shout well th, jump - jump well be.
Note. Some verbs with suffix -well- belong to the imperfect form, and the perfect form from them is formed with the help of prefixes: perish - on die, freeze behind freeze.

3. With a suffix -and- , which in imperfect form corresponds to the suffix -and I- : throw - throw and to, to fulfill - to fulfill and th, decide and th. In this case, alternation of the final consonant of the stem is possible: return - return, meet - meet, announce - announce.

4. With the help of stress: mounda t - us s go, cut a t - neg e zat.

Ways of forming imperfective verbs from perfective verbs

1. With the help of suffixes -yva- / -iva, -va- (in this case, alternations of vowels and consonants are possible): write - record ywa t, rebuild - peprestra willow th, pour out - howl wa th, give - give wa th,walk - walk wa th.

2. Alternating sounds in the root (often in combination with suffixation): choose - choose, send - send, crumple - crumple, eat - eat.

A few verbs combine in one form the meaning of the perfect and imperfect form: attack, command, marry, promise, organize, form. In the modern colloquial language, there is a noticeable desire to emphasize specific differences in such verbs in formal ways (there are forms form, organize, where the suffix -yva- indicates an imperfect aspect, or make a promise, where is the prefix on- indicates perfection).

A special place in the species system is occupied by verbs of motion representing movement in space. They have two imperfect forms and fall apart at the bottom of correlative groups:

Verbs run, carry, lead etc. denote a movement that takes place in one direction, at a certain moment, continuously. Verbs run, carry, drive etc. designate a movement that takes place in more than one direction, more than once, intermittently. Wed: He goes to the theater(at the moment, in a certain direction) — He goes to the theater(not once. at different times), He walks around the city(in different directions).

By adding prefixes denoting the direction of movement, perfective verbs are formed from the verbs of the first group, but always with an additional lexical meaning introduced by the prefix: run - run, carry - take away, lead - transfer, go - drive etc. Paired imperfective verbs can be formed from prefixed perfective verbs: come running(owl) - resort(non-Nov.), come — come, leave - leave etc.

• ← Formation of verb types →

Why do we need a verb form?

We all know how many verb tenses there are in English. Or in French. Or in Spanish. This has its own unconditional charm - but certain difficulties also lurk. How can you remember all this - the past simple, the past continuous, the past, connected with the present, the past perfect and imperfect, the past ... And if we are talking about Romance languages, then a number of Modo Subjuntivo / Subjonctif forms must be added to what has been said, expressing all the same , but with the addition of a touch of subjectivity ...

In this regard, the Russian language - drum roll should sound here - is much, well, simply incomparably simpler! We have only three tenses: past, present, future. However, let's stop jubilation and think: how could we fully express our thoughts if everything was limited to this? Why, then we would not be interested in talking at all!

And so that our thought is formed precisely, beautifully, interestingly, variously - the Russian language has an excellent tool: it has a kind of verb! And in this sense, the form of the verb is our best friend, and not at all a blood enemy. Contrary to the popular point of view, the form of the verb was created not to hopelessly complicate our life, but to make it easier and more beautiful.

What is the form of the verb and how to learn it?

Forget that the form of the verb is a complex grammatical topic. In my life I have taught Russian to several hundred students. From the most different countries, from all, it seems, continents. And therefore I know that the bulk of the problems with the aspect of the verb can be completely removed if, from the very beginning, the meaning and use of the aspects are clearly explained and consolidated. In doing so, it is important to follow two conditions.

Condition one:

First you need to master and thoroughly consolidate the basics of this grammatical topic, and only then turn to more complex special cases.

Condition two:

Verb pairs (in the sequence “imperfective-perfective” - this is how they will be written in any textbook, grammar manual, and so on) must be memorized. Even if you're lazy, even if you don't feel like it, there's nothing you can do about it. The verb, especially in the everyday sphere, is the organizing center of the sentence. Give it enough attention at the initial stage - and you will never regret it. Of course, at first we will talk about a relatively small number of verbs (in this case, you need to be able to actively use all grammatical forms, that is, both the imperfect form and the perfect form in the present, past and future tense), but gradually the list should expand.

In this article, we will talk about the basics of the topic. "kind of verb".

All verbs in Russian have the form: either imperfect (NSV) or perfect (CB). That is, every time you use a verb when building a phrase, you choose not only the time, but also the type of the verb. Without a form, a verb in Russian does not exist!

NSV verbs express an action in the course of its course. CB verbs denote an action limited by a limit (often we define this as "result").

Compare:

He is reading book(NSV): We imagine a person sitting at a table in a library or at home in a comfortable armchair. In front of him is an open book, he runs his eyes through page after page - that is, before our eyes unfolds process, course of action .

He read book(SV): Reading finished, book closed and put aside, maybe already back on the shelf or in the library. Before us - limit, result, end of action .

That is, when building your own sentence with this or that verb, you will first have to decide which type of verb to choose: imperfect or perfect. So, the English verb read corresponds to the aspect pair "read (NSV) / ​​read (SV)". If you want to say something about the process of an action, you will form the appropriate form from the infinitive "read" (NSV); if about a completed action that has a result - from "read" (CB). [The infinitive is the base form of the verb, the form you find in the dictionary].

Let's consider one more example with a new aspect pair: write (SV)/write (SV).

She is writes letter(NSV) - process, course of action: lines appear one after another on a sheet of paper.

She is wrote and the letter is two hours(NSV) - we again have the process of action, but this time it is relegated to the past. From this sentence, we learn that for a certain time a girl unknown to us sat with a sheet of paper and a pen at the table or in front of the computer. We do not know how this process ended. Was the letter completed? Has it been sent to the recipient? The proposal does not provide answers to these questions.

The situation is fundamentally different in the following example:

She is wrote letter(SV). This sentence tells us that the action has been terminated, and a specific result has been reached: the letter is finished, lying on the table in an envelope, or already sent.

The Russian language has a small number of two-spectrum verbs (that is, verbs that can be used both in the meaning of NSV and in the meaning of SV) and a certain number of single-spectrum verbs (that is, verbs that do not have an aspect pair and are used only in one form). We will not dwell on them now, it would be somewhat premature. Now we will talk about verbs that form aspect pairs- because it is precisely these verbs in the Russian language that are the majority, and at the initial stage it is very important to understand the difference between the perfect and imperfect forms of the verb and learn how to use them in speech.

Formation of perfect and imperfect forms

By way of education verbs that form aspect pairs, can be divided into three groups:

2. suffixes, for example: to tell - tell

3. suppletive, for example: speak - say

Let's take a closer look at each of the groups.

1. What happens with the verbs of the first group is called the word "perfection". It means that the perfect aspect ("perfect", hence the name) is formed from the imperfect aspect by adding a prefix or prefix (pro-, s-, po-, you-, etc.). It is impossible to guess with the help of which prefix the perfect form will be formed! Therefore, verb pairs can only be memorized. So, remember the minimum program:

read - about read write - on the write, draw on the draw, draw - on the draw, do with do, photograph with take pictures, sing - with sing dance - with dance, play with play, know how with be able, be able with can, have with eat (something specific; e.g. eat an apple), eat - on eat, drink - on drink, drink - you drink (something specific: for example, drink a glass of juice), wash - on wash (or you wash), call - on call, think on think knock - on knock, donate on give, kiss - on kiss, have breakfast - on breakfast, lunch on lunch, dinner - on have dinner, meet on meet, change on change (or about change), look - on watch, listen - on listen, put - on put, know at know, see at see, hear - at hear, cook at cook, wait on wait, pay behind pay (or about to pay) and finally learn - you learn.

Exception: buy (NSV) - buy (SV)!

1. The second group behaves in exactly the opposite way. Here "imperfection" occurs, and the direction is reversed: a prefix is ​​added to the perfect aspect - and thus an imperfect aspect ("imperfect") appears. As in the case of the first group, what kind of suffix we need to form the aspect pair of each particular verb cannot be either guessed or deduced logically. Therefore, we remember the minimum program:

give - give, get tired - get tired, get up - get up, open - open, forget - forget, tell - tell, show - show, consider - consider, ask - ask, decide - decide, study - study, receive - receive, repeat - repeat, throw - quit, finish - finish, answer - answer, send - send, congratulate - congratulate, understand - understand, hug - hug, start - start, remember - remember, choose - choose. Well, if you have already learned this, then you can rest - rest!

1. The verbs of the third group behave in a very special way and do not obey any rules. The only thing that can be said about them is that the imperfective form and the perfective form of these verbs are completely different from each other. Therefore, these verbs just need to be learned by heart. Don't be discouraged, there aren't many of them.

speak - say, take - take, put - put, seek - find, catch - catch.

Verb aspect in the present, past and future tense

Already at the initial stage of learning the Russian language, it is very important to understand and remember:

● imperfective verbs have three tense forms: present, past, future, for example:

I'm reading a magazine;

Yesterday I read a magazine.

● perfective verbs have only two forms of tense: past and future, for example:

I read your letter;

Tomorrow I will read your letter.

This is due to the meaning of species: the perfect species denotes an action limited by a limit, and the imperfect species denotes a process. In the present tense, we are always dealing with the process, and never with the result (compare: I read, you watch, he eats...). The limit, or result, may either have already been reached (in which case we use the past tense, for example: " He ate an apple”), or will be reached in the future (then the future tense will be used, for example: “ He will eat an apple»).

Basic meanings of verb types

To understand and remember the meanings of the verb types in Russian well, analyze which ones are in your native language, and which ones you just need to remember.

There are three main meanings for NSV: the first one is “process/duration/duration of action”, the second one is “regular/repeated action” and the third one is “fact”, while the NE has two meanings – “result” and “once” (we will combine them into one meaning, as the line between them is often blurred).

Compare:

The first and second values ​​of the NE, as well as the single value of the NE, usually do not present difficulties for foreign students: it is enough to understand the logic once and remember one or two simple examples.

He read, read the novel - and finally read(in the first part of the sentence, NE is used, since it is about the process of action; in the second - CB, since the action is completed).

He opened, opened the door - and finally opened(same situation: NSV-SV).

In the morning he looks through the newspapers(Used NE as regular action is being described).

He will read this book in two days(used ST, future tense: the sentence tells us that the result will be reached in two days).

He plays tennis every week(regularity = NSV).

In addition, these species meanings can be accompanied by certain words to facilitate the selection of the desired form. Let's write them in the form of a table:

Difficulties for foreigners are usually caused by the third value of the NE, designated as "fact". Therefore, I advise you to immediately pay attention to it, listen more and remember how the Russians use it, and also fix the use of this meaning with a large number of examples. For example:

Last night I washed, soaps dishes, cooked dinner and then watched TV set.

Happy me walked to the Hermitage, and then dined with a Russian friend in the same cafe.

Thanks, I don't want coffee, I already drank coffee this morning.

From these sentences, you get general information about what your interlocutor was doing. In this case, you are not interested in whether this or that action was completed, whether this or that result was obtained.

It is important to understand that in these sentences it is possible to replace the NE with the meaning "fact" with the NE with the value "result". In this case, the tone of the phrase will inevitably change (foreigners often do not take this change in meaning into account). Saying " I did the laundry, washed the dishes, cooked dinner", the Russian means - cheers, I'm done, I'm free! " I went to the Hermitage”- it means that for a long time I could not get there, and finally I went, what happiness!

After you learn the aspect pairs and do the practice exercises, you will no longer feel insecure when using the verb aspects. And our professional teachers of Russian as a foreign language will be happy to help you make the process of learning Russian fun and effective. On our website, you can choose a teacher and order a free trial lesson with him.