Project principles of Russian spelling. Principles of Russian spelling

The principles of Russian spelling are a kind of set of rules and regulations that are the foundation for the entire system of the Russian language. Each principle is based on a set of rules. It is this set of rules that links the principle with the actual phenomena in the language.

The basic principles of Russian spelling have four directions: morphological, traditional, phonetic and differential. Let's get acquainted with each of the directions in more detail.

The morphological direction is based on the requirement of identical spelling of morphemes. Prefixes, roots and suffixes of homogeneous words act as morphemes. Its essence can be defined in another way. Morphemes retain their structure in writing, regardless of pronunciation, which, based on different phonetic conditions, can sound completely different. This principle is the basis of spelling. There is a certain connection between morphemes and pronunciation. It manifests itself in the form of a transmission of a letter for each individual sound at a different location. So, for example, vowels can be pronounced completely differently depending on the stress, consonants change their sound when they are next to vowels, or Thus, regardless of the sound, morphemes of the same word form remain unchanged.

The huge variety of language and a wide range of sound and letter combinations makes the morphological direction the most valuable of all the others. It allows you to learn the grammar and spelling of a language without much difficulty.

In addition, the principles of Russian spelling suggest the presence of a phonetic direction, which is especially popular among students. It is based on the fact that the oral pronunciation of the word must fully correspond to the spelling. It is thanks to this principle that the alternation of letters within the same morpheme appeared in the Russian language.

The traditional direction is based on the spelling of words, which is fixed by established norms and rules, regardless of pronunciation and other factors. Examples are words that came into Russian speech from other cultures and languages ​​that do not comply with the rules for doubling vowels and do not obey the rules of verification. Also, this direction is based on a big difference between the sound of the word and the written version. All other principles of Russian spelling can be studied, but the words that obey this principle must be remembered.

The differentiating principle of writing is based on the need to separate the semantic load of words, depending on their spelling. At first glance, the same word can have different meanings. Changing one of the letters allows you to distribute between semantic loads.

The principles of Russian spelling and punctuation are formed on the basis of all existing rules in the Russian language, and represent the foundation for a competent presentation of speech on paper. The whole language consists of a set of basic principles, the most significant of which is morphological.

An important component of speech are the principles of Russian orthography of an auxiliary nature. These include the principles of doubling consonants, the principles of continuous and separate writing of prepositions, as well as the principles that combine the rules for using a hyphen. It can be concluded that a wide range of spelling principles determined the diversity of the Russian language. The exception is words of foreign origin, which do not obey the rules, and for their correct spelling they are worth remembering. It is thanks to the many principles and rules that Russian speech is one of the most melodic.

Modern Russian spelling is based on certain principles. To understand the principle of spelling means to see its system and perceive each of its individual rules as part of the system, to understand the spelling rule and each spelling in the relationships of grammar, etymology, and the history of the language. In the theory of Russian spelling, morphological, phonetic, traditional principles, as well as differentiating spellings are indicated.

Morphological the principle of spelling implies a uniform, identical spelling of morphemes - root, prefix, suffix, ending, regardless of phonetic changes in the sounding word that occur during the formation of related words or word forms, that is, regardless of positional alternations, other traditional inconsistencies of writing and pronunciation. These inconsistencies include: all cases of unstressed vowels in different morphemes - root, prefix, suffix, ending, stunning of voiced consonants and voicing of voiceless before paired voiceless and voiced consonants, stunning at the absolute end of a word; orthoepic, traditional pronunciation of many words and combinations.

Checking spelling, written on a morphological basis, includes: firstly: meaning understanding a word or phrase to be checked, without which it is impossible to select a related check word, determine the case form, proper name, etc.; Secondly: analysis morphological word composition, the ability to determine the place of the spelling, which is important for the selection and application of the rule; third: phonetic analysis, definitions syllabic composition, stressed and unstressed syllables, highlighting vowels and consonants, understanding the weak and strong positions of phonemes, positional alternations and their causes; fourth, grammar analysis words (phrases) - definition of a part of speech, word form, for example: a noun, first declension, is in dp, singular, etc.

The leading position of the morphological principle of Russian spelling also determines the methodology for teaching spelling: the latter is based on a conscious, analytical approach to the language, on understanding the meanings of words and their combinations, text, grammatical categories and forms, and the phonemic composition of the word.

The following spelling topics studied in primary grades correspond to the morphological principle: spelling of unstressed vowels, voiced and deaf consonants, unpronounceable consonants, except for unverifiable words that are written according to a different principle; spelling of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants in prefixes and suffixes, at the junctions of morphemes (except for some cases, for example, prefixes on “-z”, which are written according to a different principle, this case is not studied in primary grades); spelling of unstressed vowels in the endings of word forms: in the case endings of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd declensions of nouns, in the case endings of adjectives, in the personal endings of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations of the present and future tense; transfer of words from line to line, since during transfer not only syllabic, but also morphemic division of words is observed; to a certain extent, the morphological principle also operates in fused-separate spellings of words, in particular, in distinguishing prefixes and prepositions, as well as in the use of "b" after prefixes, since the application of the relevant rules requires a morphemic analysis of words and the definition of their morphological features.

Even such orthographic topics as the designation of the softness of consonants in writing, the use of a capital letter in names, double consonants also rely on the morphological knowledge and skills of children.

So, the morphological principle is the basic principle of Russian orthography. As mentioned above, its essence lies in the fact that all significant parts of the word (roots, prefixes, suffixes, inflections), repeated in different words and forms, are always written the same way, regardless of how they are pronounced in one position or another ( see Appendix 1) .

The unity of the spelling appearance of morphemes is achieved by the fact that the letter indicates not the pronunciation in one case or another, but the phonemic composition of the morpheme, formed by strong phonemes. Therefore, the basic principle of Russian spelling can also be called phonetic, meaning by this the principle of transmitting the phonemic composition of a morpheme in writing.

Deviations from the basic principle of Russian spelling are phonetic and traditional-historical principles.

Consider further phonetic principle. It is assumed that the sound-alphabetic writing that originally arose among different peoples was always phonetic: each sound of speech was recorded the way it sounds, the way the writer hears it. And in modern Russian writing there are many such spellings where there are no discrepancies between sound and writing: “moon”; "chair", "we", "cancer" and many others. In most words, along with checked or unchecked spellings, other sounds are denoted by letters, in essence, according to the phonetic principle. So, in the word "car" the sound [a] is unstressed, it is considered unverifiable, the letter -a- is written according to tradition, but the rest of the letters of this word are written in accordance with the sound. In essence, all these spellings should not be called phonetic, but phonetic-graphic.

Phonetic-graphic spellings do not cause writing difficulties, so usually they are simply not noticed; but in primary school their role is very great. Phonetic-graphic spellings do not contradict the morphological principle of Russian spelling, since they do not lead to unequal spelling of morphemes. But their danger is that they still create in students the illusion of well-being, the illusion that the letter corresponds to the sound, which in reality is far from always the case.

Cases like "table", "hand", "lamp" (phonetic spellings) reflect the phonemic composition of these words and do not oppose the morphological principle of orthography. So, the phonetic principle of Russian spelling is that sounds are written in words as they are heard, i.e. writing conveys the sound of the word. Appendix B discusses spellings based on the phonetic principle.

In the system of spelling rules, there are those that are based on the phonetic principle and are in sharp conflict with the leading, morphological principle. The contradiction lies in the fact that morphemes (in this case, the prefixes na- -з) are not written uniformly, but depending on the pronunciation, reflecting positional alternation. Prefixes from-, is-, times-, race-, vz-, sun-, through-, through- and others do not obey the morphological principle. According to the rule, these prefixes are written with the letter Z before vowels or voiced consonants, and in other cases - with the letter C: "nameless, but" endless ". It is easy to see that the spelling З- (С- in this example corresponds to the pronunciation, that is, it is subject to the phonetic principle.

Rules based on the phonetic principle and contradicting the morphological one cause difficulties for students, destroy their ideas about the spelling system that have just begun to form, and contradict the general principle of checking vowels and consonants in weak positions.

Since the rules based on the phonetic principle contradict the understanding of the Russian spelling system that is being formed in children and, in general, are difficult to learn, they are not studied in the elementary school course. But the words containing such orthograms, younger students meet in written speech and write them, assimilating them on a practical basis by memorizing.

It can be emphasized that cases similar to the spelling of prefixes on -з- are not numerous: other principles of orthography, in general, do not contradict, but, on the contrary, support the morphological principle of Prussian orthography. This is the third principle traditional(historical). According to this principle, many words are written according to tradition, without checking the rules.

Words that are not checked by the rules are very numerous: in a text typical for the written speech of younger students, their number reaches 20% (many of these words later, in high school, will become checkable for students). For the most part, these are words borrowed from other languages. Many of them entered the Russian language relatively recently: “bath” - German, “suitcase” - Persian, others in ancient times: “watermelon”, “balyk”, “sheepskin coat” - Turkic. and etc.

Many of the spellings considered traditional can in fact be checked against the source language: "cardboard" from Latin; "suit" - from French, etc.

Sometimes a spelling that is considered traditional can be verified on the basis of knowledge of the history of the etymology of words and historical changes in the phonetics of the Russian language: “rooster” - from the old Russian “peti”, “peas” - contains a full vowel -oro-, in which there is no -a- . Appendix B describes spellings based on the traditional-historical principle.

So, traditional-historical spellings are spellings that do not depend on either morphemes or pronunciations, but the writing is preserved according to tradition.

Within the framework of the traditional principle, which on the whole does not contradict the general rules of Russian writing and the leading principle of Russian spelling - morphological, there are several cases that contradict the general system.

The traditional spelling of the combinations ZhI, SHI, with the letter “i”, CHA, SCHA, with the letter “a”, CHU, SCHU with the letter “u” contradicts the general rule of Russian spelling, according to which after solid consonants one should write not “i”, but “s”, after soft ones - not “y”, “a”, but “yu”, “I”.

In the primary grades, the spelling of these combinations is memorized without any explanation, and, of course, cannot but damage the formation of the concept of the spelling system in the minds of students.

The morphological principle contradicts the traditional spelling of individual words: “kalach” (according to the morphological principle, one should write “kolach”).

If morphological spellings are checked and assimilated on the basis of phonetic, word-formation and grammatical analysis of words and their combinations, then traditional spellings are mainly based on memorization, in the order of the so-called vocabulary and spelling work. Memorization in the primary grades plays an important role, it should not be neglected, on the contrary, it is necessary to develop a deep system of motivations, game methods that make it easier for children to memorize words with difficult spellings.

With the development of phonology, with the introduction of the concept of phoneme into scientific use, a new, phonemic principle was proposed, which some linguists define as the basic principle of Russian orthography. But, as mentioned above, the leading role in spell checking belongs to the morphological approach: you need to know whether the spelling is in the root, suffix, prefix or ending. And without a morphological approach, the phonemic method of verification is blind and applicable only in the simplest, most obvious cases such as “water” - “waters” or “meadow” - “meadows”.

It is impossible to check the spelling of the words [r shot], [long], [shit] and many other spellings, if you do not resort to morphological analysis. The morphological principle explains all these cases; in other words, the morphological principle is wider than the phonemic one, it covers a much larger number of orthograms than the phonetic one. The authors of most textbooks for universities consider the morphological and phonemic principles in close connection, but not equally, since the phonetic principle is part of the morphological one.

Both pedagogical science and school practice have made significant progress in recent years in determining the rational ways of forming schoolchildren's learning skills. The data of studies conducted by psychologists and methodologists confirm that only a system of exercises provides students with the skills of literate writing.

Principles of Russian spelling

Russian orthography is based on three principles:

1. Phonemic- the spelling reflects the composition of the phonemes that form it: milk ([málako]; spring ([v "and e sná]). The phonemic principle is the main one in Russian spelling

2. Phonetic- spelling reflects the real sound. An example of this is the spelling of prefixes ONCE / ROS - RAS / ROS (it is written O under stress, without stress A; Z is written before a voiced consonant and before a vowel, C is written before a deaf consonant):

3. Traditional- writing reflects the historical tradition. An example is the spelling of the endings of adjectives, participles and some pronouns and masculine numerals, singular, genitive case: bad, done, mine, one. Phonetically, this ending sounds [óva], [wa], [vo].

Principles of Russian spelling

Spelling principles- These are the patterns that underlie the spelling system. Everyone spelling principle unites a group of rules that are an application of this principle to specific linguistic phenomena.

Morphologicalprinciple consists in requiring the same spelling of the same morphemes: prefixes, roots, suffixes, etc. For example: steppe- steppe, rowan- pine, sign- signature, to the wound- to the water. This principle is an leading in Russian spelling; the writing of most of the words is subordinated to him.

Phoneticprinciple is that the spelling must match the pronunciation. The principle spelling usually manifests itself when writing alternations in the same morpheme, for example: paint-painting, homeless- ownerless.

Traditionalprinciple lies in the fact that the spelling fixed by tradition is recognized as correct. This, for example, is the spelling of Russian and borrowed words with unchecked vowels, unchecked, unpronounceable or doubled consonants in the root: dog, axe, station, football, health, alley and others. In school practice, words with unverifiable vowels and consonants are called vocabulary words.

differentiatingprinciple spelling is implemented in situations where it is necessary to distinguish between the same-sounding words by means of spelling: score(score) and ball(dance night), burn(verb) and burn(noun), cry(verb) and cry(noun), carcasses(masculine noun) and ink(feminine noun) eagle(bird), and Eagle(city).

In addition to those named there are principles in Russian spelling, regulating continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling, the use of capital letters, word hyphenation rules, etc.

The basic principle of Russian spelling

The leading principle of Russian spelling is morphological principle.

The essence of the morphological principle of Russian spelling is that significant parts (morphemes) common to related words retain a single style in writing, although they differ in pronunciation depending on the phonetic conditions in which the sounds that make up the significant parts of the word are found.

Regardless of pronunciation, the morphological principle of spelling is applied when writing roots and endings. Morphological is also the principle of graphically uniform design of spellings of words belonging to certain grammatical categories. These include:

1. spelling of feminine nouns with final hissing: rye, night, mouse, thing. Writing a soft sign at the end of these words does not have a phonetic meaning, but serves as an indicator of grammatical gender and graphically combines all nouns in one type of the 3rd declension ( new, blizzard, shadow, bed, notebook etc.);

2. writing an infinitive with a final sibilant: save, reach. And in this case, the soft sign is not a sign of softness, but serves as a formal sign of the indefinite form of the verb, and its spelling creates a graphic uniformity in the design of the infinitive ( shave, believe, write etc.);

3. writing the form of the imperative mood with the final hissing: multiply, assign, console. Also here, writing a soft sign serves the purposes of morphology: a uniform external design of the imperative is created ( correct, discard, discard, measure etc.).

In addition to the morphological principle, which is the main one in Russian orthography, phonetic spellings, i.e. spellings that match the pronunciation. The most striking example of such spellings is the writing of prefixes ending in h: without-, air-, from-, times-, bottom-, through-, through-. The final sound [z] in these prefixes before the deaf consonants of the root is stunned, which is reflected in the letter: soulless - stupid, lead - exclaim, publish - interpret, overthrow - send down, smash - disband, excessive - interlace. Phonetic spellings include the spelling of prefixes grew- under stress and race- without accent: painting - receipt. Also spelling s instead of initial and after prefixes ending in a hard consonant unprincipled, find, previous, play.

To differentiating include spellings that serve to distinguish homophones in writing: arson(noun) - set fire to(verb), ball - ball, campaign - company, Eagle(city) - eagle(bird).

Finally, there are also traditional, or historical, spellings An example would be the writing of a letter and after hard hissing w, w and after c: in the Old Russian language, the sounds [zh], [sh] and [ts] were soft and the writing of the letter after them was natural, as it corresponded to the pronunciation.

Continuous, semi-fused and separate spellings are associated with compound words of different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs), with the repetition of words, with the writing of foreign prefixes, etc.

Principles of Russian spelling, spelling

SPELLING - a system of spelling rules. The main sections of spelling:

• writing morphemes in various parts of speech,
• continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words,
• the use of uppercase and lowercase letters,
• hyphenation.

Principles of Russian spelling. The leading principle of Russian orthography is the morphological principle, the essence of which is that morphemes common to related words retain a single style in writing, and in speech they can change depending on phonetic conditions. This principle applies to all morphemes: roots, prefixes, suffixes and endings.

Also, on the basis of the morphological principle, a uniform spelling of words related to a certain grammatical form is drawn up. For example, ь (soft sign) is a formal sign of the infinitive.

The second principle of Russian spelling is phonetic spelling, i.e. words are spelled the way they are heard. An example is the spelling of prefixes on z-s (incompetent - restless) or a change in the root of the initial and on s after prefixes ending in a consonant (play).

There is also a differentiating spelling (cf.: burn (n.) - burn (vb)) and traditional spelling (the letter and after the letters zh, sh, ts - live, sew).

A spelling is a case of choice where 1, 2, or more different spellings are possible. It is also a spelling following the spelling rules.

The spelling rule is the spelling rule of the Russian language, which spelling should be chosen depending on the language conditions.

Basic principles of orthography

Spelling principles are the ideas that underlie the spelling rules of a particular language. There are three of them: morphological, phonetic and traditional.

The leading principle in Russian writing is the morphological principle. It consists in the uniform spelling of words and parts of words (morphemes). Uniformity in the spelling of significant parts of the word is achieved by the fact that in the same part of the word the same letters are written mainly, regardless of pronunciation: cube [p] - cube [b]; boot [k] - in a boot; distant - distance; run away, do The morphological principle makes it possible to identify words that are related in meaning and identical in structure.

With the maximum correspondence between the sound and graphic appearance of the word (i.e., the word is written as it is heard), it is customary to talk about the phonetic principle. In the spelling systems of other languages, where the word is written as close as possible to its pronunciation, the phonetic principle is the leading one. In Russian spelling, this spelling principle is partially represented. In accordance with the phonetic principle, prefixes are written in Russian in -з; -s (voiceless, powerless, used, expired) and the initial root letter s after the original Russian prefixes on a solid consonant (search, detective).

The spelling of prefixes on -з, -с is the only rule in Russian orthography based on the phonetic principle and consistently observing this principle.

The traditional principle suggests a large gap, a discrepancy between the spelling and pronunciation of a word. The spellings of words and morphemes that obey this principle should be memorized. In Russian, the traditional principle is present in the spelling of the endings of adjectives and words that change like adjectives (beautiful, third, which), in the presence / absence of the letter ь at the end of adverbs and particles (jump, marry, only, already).

• dot-line:

railroad station (railway station)(Fig. 2)

Rice. 2. Zh.-d. station()

• hyphenated:

lit-ra (literature)

physical education (physical education)(Fig. 3)

Rice. 3. Children in physical education ()

Knowing how to abbreviate words correctly in writing is a skill that is very useful for your future adult life. It will be needed when taking notes on texts, lectures, etc. And it is the spelling that knows this. If you open a guide to Russian spelling and punctuation, then a lot of space will be devoted to this section, where all the graphic abbreviations you need will be given.

Another area that spelling deals with is moving part of a word from one line to another.

Whatever you think about the fact that now this section of spelling is not strict, anyway, there are some basic rules that all Russian writers should use. Although there aren't many of them now.

There are six basic hyphenation rules to keep in mind. But the notion that this is an optional spelling moment is wrong. Because if you moved any word, for example, the car like this:

this will indicate that you do not understand that word wrap is based on the principle of taking into account the syllabic structure of the word and taking into account the composition of the word. This will be the first signal that you do not know enough spelling rules and regulations.

Look at the audio chain:

(in) a new way

You cannot know what the word is and what part of speech it belongs to.

in a new way- preposition and adjective

in a new way- adverb

This also applies to spelling. There are a large number of rules that you are familiar with in the spelling of compound nouns and adjectives. You have worked on this before.

This section also deals with spelling.

For example, the sound image of a word eagle(Fig. 4) will not tell you what kind of word is in front of you (is it a common noun or a proper noun). And only writing with a capital or small letter will help you solve this problem:

eagle(native name)

(city name)

The most basic, most important section of spelling is transmission by letters on the letter of the sound composition of the word. The vast majority of the rules that you learn in school are concentrated in this section.

When they talk about the principles of Russian spelling (there are three of them), they mean the principles of this section.

The leading principle of Russian spelling is morphological(morphematic).

The essence of the principle: it is necessary to uniformly convey the same morpheme in writing. For example, to uniformly convey the same root in all cognate words, the same prefix, the same suffix.

This principle applies not only, for example, to the roots of cognate words, prefixes, suffixes, but also to any significant part of the word, including the ending.

Consider an example:

To the corridor e (Fig. 5)

We write in the word form the prepositional case ending e, although it sounds in an unstressed position and- shaped sound. You can say that the letter is written at the end of this word form e, because it is a masculine noun, second substantive declension. But why should you write the ending in the prepositional case of masculine words of the second substantive declension -e ? Recall that the same morpheme is transmitted uniformly in writing. So, you need to understand that the auxiliary morpheme called “ending” can be checked on any other word of the same characteristic (m.r., singular, Pr. p.).

For example, on the table e (sounds under stress) e) (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Vase on the table ()

Therefore, in the prepositional case of the second declension, you need to write -e .

This is a wonderful principle of Russian spelling, which organizes all our writing.

Let's take a number of some words with the same prefix that do not change in Russian (with a few exceptions), and see how this prefix behaves at the sound level:

from blossom

from shade

from chain

from to give

from since

It is quite obvious that some changes occur in speech at the sound level, which our spelling does not reflect, because it is based on this basic principle - convey the same significant part of the word in writing in the same way.

This is not the only principle of spelling. There are two more principles that we encounter when conveying the sound image of a word with the help of letters.

The second principle is called phonetic.

The essence of the principle:I write the way I speak and hear.

It would seem that this principle is very simple and easy. But the number of rules that obey this principle in the Russian language is small. You are well aware of the spelling rule for prefixes ending in h- ,with- . These prefixes, in accordance with the orthographic principle, are allowed to convey a real-sounding consonant in the outcome of these prefixes. But in fact, there is not so much phonetic here. Sounds before vowels h and you are allowed to write h:

offend - once offend

But before the root, which begins with a voiced consonant, sounds like h, and you need to write at the end of these prefixes h.

Look at the adjective:

without tasty

In this word, the root begins with a deaf consonant, when pronunciation occurs stunning h in with.

It can be concluded that this rule is not entirely phonetic.

Look at the verb:

races sew- when pronunciation there is no deaf with, no voiced h, but a long consonant sounds w.

That is, this seemingly phonetic rule needs to be slightly adjusted and formulated as follows:

Prefixes ending in h-, will be written with a letter h, if the root begins with a letter denoting a vowel sound or a voiced consonant.

letter will be written with at the end of these prefixes, if the root begins with a letter denoting a voiceless consonant.

There are also phonetic spellings and another familiar rule:

If the root starts with a vowel and and a prefix ending in a consonant is added, then, in accordance with the pronunciation, it is allowed to reflect this change in sound in writing and into sound s:

and play - under s play

This is a phonetic principle, a phonetic rule. But if you think about it, after a solid consonant, with all the desire, it is impossible to pronounce only and, vowel only s:

b s l - b and l

m s l - m and l

P s l - p and l

This rule has two exceptions:

1. it is impossible to reflect living pronunciation in writing s-shaped sound, if these are two Russian prefixes inter- and above- :

between and university evening

above and interesting game

In these words we hear the sound s, but we write the letter at the beginning of the roots of these words and. Because if we allowed writing -s after prefix inter- , then one of the basic rules of Russian spelling would be violated ( zhi-shea write with a letter and). The same goes for the Russian prefix above- : in Russian there is not a single word with a sequence of letters hey(only hee), so we write and at the root of the word after this prefix.

2. after foreign prefixes, you cannot change after the pronunciation of the letter and on the s. This rule is not entirely good for Russian speakers in that a native speaker must know the list of these foreign language prefixes. But in the main school rule, you have them all listed ( counter-, dez-, ab-, hell- and etc.)

There is another principle according to which words are written. It is called differently: traditional, historical, traditional-historical.

The essence of the principle: write the word as it was written before.

There are very few such words of traditional spelling (dictionary words) in the original Russian vocabulary. You get acquainted with the spelling of these words in elementary school:

about cucumber, m about rkov, with about tank

These are all vocabulary words you learn in elementary school. Remember what's in the word dog you need to write a letter in the first syllable about although it sounds a, not so difficult.

Even if you run after the changing pronunciation of words, this does not mean that you need to immediately change the spelling of the word. Or, for example, it so happened that in the word dog vowel about we cannot check with the help of a strong position in any way, we cannot find in the same-root words or in the forms of this word that stress falls on it. But this also does not mean that this orthographic presentation of the word should be changed. We just remember how the word is spelled. The spelling of any language must be conservative, it must fix and restrain those unconditional linguistic changes that occur. With these vocabulary norms (our native words by origin) there have been changes. Previously, these words had cognates, where the spelling of the vowel about or a checked (these vowels were stressed). With the development of the language, these "relatives" were lost, but this does not mean that the spelling of words needs to be changed.

The Russian language has a large number of borrowed words that are written in accordance with the traditional historical principle. This is internationalisms - words that are created according to the models of Greek and Latin words and which are included in almost all Western European languages. They will be written in these languages ​​the same way. For example:

passionarity -passionarity

As you can see, in Russian in this word we write double with, which means that this doubled with will be written in English, and in French, and in German. Their spelling is the same. These traditional-historical words, in which we, relying on our language, cannot check the spelling of vowels, consonants, double consonants, must memorize or find out their spelling in dictionary order. There are many such words today. All languages ​​develop, coexist with each other, interact. And these internationalisms are present in every language. This presents some difficulty for the student, for the writer. Therefore, the number of high school vocabulary dictations is large.

Knowing some other Western language can sometimes help, because we often deal with internationalisms.

Let's return to the morphological principle. There are two more things that often no one thinks about. For example, with the attachment from- pronunciation undergoes all sorts of changes. Everyone knows that a vowel can be checked by putting it in a strong position (under stress). And for a consonant, the strong position will be the position before the vowel. That is why our orthography, with its leading morphological principle, is very well and clearly organized. We always, without even realizing it, do a quick check and understand that in some word, for example, the root - water-, and in the other - the prefix from- or under-, because we do these checks without thinking.

"A high degree of organization of spelling is an indicator of the high culture of the nation."

Our spelling meets this requirement.

Rice. 7. S.I. Ozhegov ()

And another well-known linguist, Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (Fig. 8), wrote:

Rice. 8. L.V. Shcherba ()

The orthography of the Russian language is organized very well. All exceptions to the rules only emphasize the good organization of the spelling system of the Russian language.

Bibliography

1. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. Grade 11. - M.: Russian Word, 2014.
2. R.N.Buneev, E.V.Buneeva, L.Yu.Komissarova, Z.I.Kurtseva, O.V.Chindilova. Russian language. Grade 11. - M: Balass, 2012.
3. Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V., Mishcherina M.A. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook. - M.: Russian Word, 2014.

1. Pandia.ru ().
2. Textologia.ru ().
3. pyat-pyat.ru ().

Homework

1. List the areas that spelling covers. State the essence of the basic principles of spelling.
2. Rewrite with missing letters.

Without ... gloomy, without ... action, without ... inventory, without ... togo, vz..mother, vz...say, misinformation, counter ... gra, heavenly ... famous, ob ... scanned, under ... toge, post ... impressionistic, before ...Yulian, super...exquisite, sport...gra, since...old, since...zmala, with...improvise, trans...Ordanian, without...hidden, without...initiative, disinfection, inter...institutional, above...individual, heavenly...interesting , about ... faceted, excellent ... different, pre ... impressionistic, pre ... history, super ... industrialization.

THIRD CONCLUSION: in order to consciously apply the morphological principle of spelling, it is necessary to have an idea of ​​the grammatical meaning of both the word as a whole and its individual parts in particular.

The morphological principle of Russian spelling is so logical and generally consistent that it practically knows no exceptions. (It is estimated that 96% of spellings in Russian texts correspond to this principle.) One can easily imagine what a storm of indignation this peremptory statement will cause among diligent readers of grammar reference books, where almost every rule is accompanied by a long list of notes and exceptions, bashfully compressed in small lines of petita. However, most of these seemingly anomalous spellings are by no means exceptions. They were born as a result of the action of certain restrictions and violations of the morphological principle, which, in turn, also have their own historical pattern and are subject to the logic of the centuries-old development of the very system of our language.
Let's compare two well-known verbs - get angry and quarrel. It is easy to see that both of them are written through a double C, although such a spelling corresponds to the morphological composition of the word only in the first case (prefix ra s + angry), and in the second (prefix ra s + ss quarrel) - the word, according to the morphological principle, should to write through the triple C: sss to ss. However, the absence of such a form is well explained. The fact is that in Russian "there are only two degrees of longitude of consonants: consonants can be either long (which is conveyed in writing by writing two letters, cf. kassa), or short (which is conveyed by writing one letter, cf. braid). The third there is no degree of longitude of consonants, so writing three identical consonants is phonetically meaningless" [Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. M., 1976. S. 168-169]. Thus, it turns out that the spelling of only two consonants at the junction of morphemes, although morphologically there should be three such consonants (bath - but bathroom, although the adjective suffix -n- is attached to the root of baths), or one consonant, when, according to the morphological principle, they should be written two (crystal - but crystal, Finn - but Finnish, Finn, column - but column, semolina - but semolina, shaped - but uniform, operetta - but operetta, ton - but five-ton, antenna - but antenna), is explained by the action historically the established phonetic patterns of the Russian language.
Now the spelling of adjectives such as Nice, Cherepovets, German is becoming clear, which, at first glance, contradicts the spelling of Konstanz, which was mentioned above. Indeed: adding the suffix -sk- to the stem nice-, according to the morphological principle, we would expect to see the form nice. However, such a form would reflect the third degree of longitude of consonants, which is absent in the Russian language. Our orthography was free to choose from two options (Nice or Nice), equally violating the morphological principle for the sake of phonetic regularity. The reasonableness of preferring the first of the possible options is obvious: it at least preserves the spelling of the generating stem of the word, especially the word of a foreign language, intact.
We must not forget that orthographic norms developed gradually, preserving the heritage of the past, and therefore they cannot but reflect the linguistic state of previous eras. It is safe to say that the remaining 4% of "anomalous" spellings that do not fall within the scope of the morphological principle of spelling did not arise spontaneously, but under the influence of certain phonetic traditions that have developed over the long centuries of the existence of our language. On the pages of various manuals, textbooks and grammars, the same orthograms are often interpreted differently (for example, spellings in root morphemes with alternating vowels like -zor- -zar- are subject to the phonetic principle of spelling, while others consider it a consequence of the principle of traditional ). However, since we are currently concerned with problems not so much scholastic as practical, let's forget about terminological accuracy and ask ourselves a more specific question: "What, in fact, are these phonetic traditions and what mark did they leave in Russian spelling?".