Professionalisms are examples of auto sphere words. Professional vocabulary: education and use

Professionalisms- these are special words used in the colloquial use of professionals. Professionalisms are "unofficial" names of special phenomena and concepts of the profession, they constitute professional jargon.

An important difference between professionalisms and terms is that professionalisms are relevant mainly in the colloquial speech of people of a particular profession, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always marked “professional”. Unlike terms - official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. These words make up the lexical layer, which is also sometimes called professional slang or professional jargon.

For example, in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, a specialist who selects illustrations is called build editor. Bild editor is a term. However, in a real production process, it is most often referred to for brevity build is professionalism, professional jargon. Bild trampled all the pictures on the layout- undoubtedly, professionalisms are used in this sentence, but not terms (With terms, the same phrase would sound more cumbersome. In addition, the terms often have a foreign language origin, they are difficult to pronounce, which also does not contribute to their use in business colloquial use. By the way, this is why reduced terms often become professionalisms: build editor – bild, calipers(special measuring ruler) – shtangell etc.).

Professionalisms simplify speech, make it more suitable for quick everyday support of production processes.

Professionalisms, like terms, can be grouped according to their area of use: in the speech of economists, financiers, athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. Technicisms are distinguished into a special group - highly specialized names used in the field of technology.

Professionalisms most often serve to designate various production processes, tools of production, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. In other words, they designate such phenomena for which the use of terms, although possible, is cumbersome and unprincipled. In addition, professionalism is often the result of creative rethinking, "mastering" a highly specialized phenomenon. These are the words spare tire(spare wheel for car mechanics and drivers), paddock(spare typeset texts from newspaper editors), paws and herringbone(types of quotes for proofreaders and printers). Such professionalisms, easily and in their own way replacing terms, make special speech more lively, simple and mastered, easier for quick use and understanding.

For example, the following professionalisms are used in the speech of printers: ending- graphic decoration at the end of the book, clogged font- worn out, developed font with outdated linotype printing, etc. Journalists prepare a future text, a draft is called fish or dog. Engineers jokingly call a self-recording device snitch. In the speech of pilots there are words nedomaz,remaz, meaning undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark, as well as: bubble, sausage- balloon-probe, give a goat landing the plane hard, causing it to bounce after touching the ground, etc. Many of these professionalisms have an evaluative or understated tone.

In the professional speech of actors, a complex abbreviated name is used glavrezh; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name of overhaul is used capital; specialists who build and maintain computer systems in firms are sysadmins. On fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called shkershchik. Bankers in conversation among themselves instead of the term car loans use the word auto loans, officials call housing and communal services communal, and the social sphere social etc.

Many professional words have entered into wide business and colloquial use: give out on the mountain, assault, turnover etc.

Professional vocabulary is indispensable for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader or listener. However, the information content of narrow professional names is reduced if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in large-circulation industry (departmental) newspapers and is not justified in publications oriented to a wide readership.

Professionalisms, being mainly words for colloquial use, often have a reduced stylistic coloring, being, in fact, slang words. This should also be taken into account when using professionalisms in an official situation or in official publications. Not only can they be incomprehensible to outside a professional audience, but they can also sound risky to the reputation of the person who uses them.

On the other hand, the skillful use of professional jargon can even add richness and color to official speech, help to demonstrate knowledge of the subject, which is characteristic of a professional who has regular and direct contact with the working environment. A top manager of a large oil company, professor and doctor of science, said that when you go on a business trip to the north, then in no case can you speak on the drilling rig mining The oilmen simply won't talk to you. It is necessary to speak like they are: mining. Then you are a person from the industry, and you will be recognized as one of your own. Thus, the manager deliberately deviates from the accentological (sometimes lexical) norms of the Russian language in order to speak the same language with specialists.

The use of professionalisms, as well as the word "professionalism" in everyday speech

Research Chernyshova Irina, Novikova Dasha and Kostrova Zosya

Purpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.

How to work:

one). Survey using a questionnaire

2). Observations

3). Analysis of the results

4). Comparing the received data and bringing them together

Work plan:
one). Introduction - theoretical part

2). Chart Results

3).Result analysis

4).Conclusion

What are professionalisms? Professionalisms - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning.: a typo in the speech of newspapermen - a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists - a saucepan, etc. The terms are the legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their unofficial substitutes only in the speech of persons related by profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is a synonym for the concept of "term". According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.

By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of everyday vocabulary words to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, the form of a detail and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.

Professionalisms are always expressive and are opposed to the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargon and words of colloquial vocabulary in terms of reduced, rough expression, and also in that they, like jargons and colloquial speech, are not an independent language subsystem with their own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalism, they relatively easily pass into common speech, as well as into colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: overlay - "error" (from the actor's speech), janitor - "windshield wiper" (from the speech of motorists).

Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.

And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.

At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.

To the diagram: 40% of the respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% guess, more than 30% of the respondents answered that they know. Some respondents assured that the word "professionalism" does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept that is close in meaning). Slightly more than half claimed that they often use professionalisms in everyday life, the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but a few people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.

Here are the examples we got:

Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are fake (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of a compass).

From the above examples, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word "professionalism" well. Some teachers of the Russian language assured that the word "professionalism" in this sense does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term "professionalism" itself refers to professional vocabulary.

After conducting a survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we absolutely do not need the term "professionalism" in everyday life. We perfectly understand each other without him. For example, when we explained what these same professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass helped a lot. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession to better understand each other. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (as, for example, a major mood means “good mood”)

Professionalisms are words that belong to the speech of a certain speaking group, united by some kind of production activity, specialty or profession (medical workers, printers, lawyers, sailors, etc.). Professionalisms designate special concepts, tools or products of labor, labor processes of production. Therefore, they are sometimes called special words or special terms.
Here are a few examples: a scalpel is a small surgical knife, usually with an arcuate blade, for operations, anatomy (lat.); veneer (German Spon "sliver") - a thin metal plate that does not reach the height of the font, inserted between the lines of the set to increase the distance between them; dowels - part of the upper deck of a warship (Dutch); alibi (lat. alibi "in another place") - the absence of the accused at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission as evidence of his non-involvement in the crime; mezra - the wrong side of dressed leather, etc.
Like dialectisms, professionalisms constitute such a layer of words in the vocabulary of the national language, the scope of which is limited. However, they seriously differ from dialectisms: 1) the scope of their use is limited not territorially, but socially,

they are part of the vocabulary of the literary language.

Among the professionalisms, there are also highly specialized words, for example, glinka - the highest grade of clay (kaolin), used in print printing (a technical term), and words of wider use, for example, a dagger - a knife, a cold weapon in the form of a dagger for the command staff of the sea and air fleet.
In a number of cases, the scope of the use of certain professionalisms expands so much that they turn into popular words. This is explained either by the wide distribution of a special subject and concept, or by their metaphorical use to designate objects and phenomena of reality that they had not previously named. For example, the words harvester, globe, screen became the property of a nationwide dictionary after harvesting with a combine was firmly established in our agriculture, the globe became a necessary accessory for teaching geography, and cinema became one of the most popular forms of art. Due to metaphorical use, the words became popular among professionalisms, for example, the words: all hands on deck (cf .: “An all-hands job was announced”) - originally the marine command “All up!”; fermentation (cf .: fermentation of minds) - originally a biological term; sphere (in higher spheres) - originally a mathematical term; soft-bodied - originally a special word for gardeners, a term for determining the ripeness of fruits; tempo (cf .: growth rates) - originally a musical term.
Among professionalisms, they stand out as words that are known as lexical units only in special use, for example: troetes (from the dictionary of carpenters) - a long nail that connects three clefts at once; print - an impression or a photograph from an engraving (from French, cf.: stamp); smelting - a piece of metal; asbestos is a fibrous white material from which fireproof products are made (this word first came to us from the Greek language in the form of the word lime), etc., and the words that, with other meanings, are part of the popular vocabulary: bridge - place on deck, from where the commander commands the ship; cap - title in large print, title of several articles (typography), etc.
Professionalisms are usually used in the oral speech of representatives of any profession, specialty, and in scientific and technical literature.
Professionalism is also possible in journalism and fiction, but there they can be justified only as a certain stylistic means for depicting labor activity and the industrial landscape, for the speech characterization of characters. When using certain professionalisms, one should remember about rum that some of them are unfamiliar to representatives of other areas of labor activity, and, if necessary, explain their meanings in one way or another. "

professional words. Examples of professionalisms in Russian?

Professionalisms are words that are used in the oral speech of people in the environment of a narrow profession. They are often confused with professional terms. However, these are different words, even if professionalism is recorded in the dictionary, the mark professionalismquot ;.

Examples of professionalism:

The spare tire is a wheel for drivers, paws are quotes for a text editor, a corral is a pre-written text for newspaper editors, a billhook is a welder's hammer.

Professional words are those words that are used between people of a certain profession or specialty.

For example, in medicine - history, diagnosis, hypotension; for sailors - cook, galley, keel, fairway, rynda; for artists - watercolor, airbrush, aquatint, etching, impasto.

Professional words, like dialect ones, are used only by people of certain professions. These words are most often not dictionary words, but many of them have already entered common use among people of other professions. Dialect words are words that are used only in specific regions. Examples:

For example, the military often say charterquot ;, buildingquot ;, orderquot ;.
And teachers often use terms such as rulerquot ;, meetingquot ;, plankquot ;.
Professional words, or professionalisms, are words that are characteristic of a particular profession, people who are united by one or another professional activity. Doctors have their own set of such words, as do lawyers, linguists, programmers, etc. As a rule, these words are little known and little understood by a wide range of people, especially highly specialized words, although there are also those that are widely used in the speech of most people.
It is worth noting that official terms and professionalism are not the same thing, for example, professionalism goat - Remains of solidified metal in metallurgy, of. the term is
Here are some examples of professionalism:
candle (doctors have a type of temperature curve),
sandpaper (sandpaper).
Professional words and terms, as a rule, do not have ambiguity and synonyms. They are completely specific. This distinguishes them from all the others. For example: Easel, print, tweezers, accommodation, assimilation, diaeresis, anacrusis, clause, etc.
Professional words are sometimes incomprehensible in meaning, because their meaning denotes a specific action and often words are borrowed from foreign languages.

For example, a cook prepares fondue - this is such a dish and a dancer performs fondue - this is such a movement.
The surgeon uses a scalpel and the common man uses a knife.
professional words belong to the vocabulary of a narrow scope of use. Most often, such words are not used actively in the speech of the general public. Often, professionalisms are terms that are full in every field of knowledge or in production, for example:
amalgam, differentiation, arbitration, isotopes.
Professionalisms sometimes have a literary analogue - a word with a different root.
For example, in the speech of sailors there is a professionalism cookquot ;, and in the generally accepted sense there is a name for this profession cookquot ;, and on the ship - this is the kitchen in the generally accepted sense.
This line between true professionalism and the terminological vocabulary of this area is very fragile and thin. An abundance of technical terms is used in works on a production theme, and military terms are used in stories about the war.
The abundance of special vocabulary is used by writers to create the situation, the speech characteristics of the characters, and even for a humorous purpose. Here is what A.N. Apukhtin P.I. Tchaikovsky:
Professional words in Russian are a group of words united by one common theme that are used either in a narrow specific professional activity, such as medical terms, or they are words that have a certain meaning, but in this particular profession these words have a completely different semantic load. Examples of professional words:
Mathematician - root, task, hyperbole.
Medic: angina pectoris, encephalopathy, epicrisis.
Builder: collar, winch, bucket.
And many others.
Professionalisms are found in every area of activity, only some are widespread, and some are known and recognizable in a narrower circle.
For example, professional words can be distinguished by the following list:

Professionalisms are words that are usually used in a certain field of activity, profession. There are even special dictionaries of professionalisms, which contain words from various fields of activity. For example, bottle in the speech of sailors means half an hourquot ;.
Professionalisms, therefore, are most often used within the same professional group.
PROFESSIONALISMS- These are special words that are used in the field of a wide variety of professions. A significant part of professional words is terminological in nature.
In science, art, agriculture, industrial production - everywhere there are terms.
For example, as a mathematician by education and profession, I have always used mathematical terms: integral, differential, equation, names of trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, etc.).
Musicians naturally use musical terms, for example: fugue, overture, chord, gamma, backart, dominant, minor tone.
Professional words are special vocabulary characteristic of a particular profession.
However, it should be noted that professional vocabulary is used not only in a certain environment of people united by one professional activity.
It is also used in journalism and fiction so that the reader can imagine the environment in which a character of a certain profession works. The speech of the hero of a work of art may also contain terms related to his activities.
So, for example, many of our classic writers (Turgenev, Aksakov, Nekrasov, Tolstoy and many others) used the so-called hunting terminology: fallen(hidden hare) hang on tail(chase the beast with hounds), copalo(sharp lower fang of a boar), accept the beast(take away the hunted beast from the dog), wheel(loose tail of a capercaillie), etc.
There is even a Dictionary of hunting terms. Of course, there are various other dictionaries that provide professional terms related to a particular profession.
Words that are used by representatives of a particular specialty or profession are called professionalisms.
Professional words in ordinary speech are rare. They can be heard if you ask some employee to tell in more detail about his activities, about what he specifically does.
For example, in the medical field, the following words can be attributed to professionalism:

Relevance: When parents come home and begin to communicate with each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their speech is mostly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.

I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, for me, the topic "Professional vocabulary of my parents" has become relevant, which is why I chose it.

Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the phrase "professional vocabulary".

Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?

Find out what my parents' job is. To attend the workplace of the parents and write down words unfamiliar to me.

Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Observe how often professional words are used by mom and dad at home.

Object of study: mother, father.

While doing the work, I put hypothesis: professional vocabulary is needed for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.

Research methods: Questioning of students of 6 "b" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the data obtained.

Self-education is hard work

and improvement of its conditions -

one of the sacred duties of every person,

because there is nothing more important

as the education of oneself and one's fellow men.

Socrates

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are primordially Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire.

Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, it's all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.

There are three ways of forming professionalism:

- Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb "shkerit" (gut fish) formed the name of the profession - "shkershik".

– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. The pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

– Lexical and derivational. Examples of professionalisms that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. For example, the editor-in-chief is the editor-in-chief.

Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.

Professional vocabulary- this is the vocabulary characteristic of this professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.

"Balda"(heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.

"Galley"(kitchen on board) cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors

professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively rethought words and expressions characteristic of many professions, taken from the general circulation. Professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "special", sometimes the sphere of use of a particular term is indicated: physical, medical, mathematical, astronomer. etc.

Professionalisms- a circle of conditional expressions of some profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic merit of the text (L.I. Timofeev).

Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.

Professionalisms can be grouped according to the scope of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.

Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word "hat" (a common heading for several notes) - in the speech of printers, in everyday life "hat" is a headdress; "Slopes" - wheel tires (driver's); "Piglet" - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)

Some linguists consider professional vocabulary to be "semi-official" compared to terminology:

Professionals needed:

For a better understanding of people of the same profession.

For the convenience of explaining the term.

To understand professionalism in the Russian language course of the 6th grade.

For better assimilation of information through the figurativeness of special vocabulary.

To be able to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts

Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers-magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.

Some professionalisms designate scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology

Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.

There is a lot of confusion, fuzziness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. It should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise, normative vocabulary in its essence, and their share in the composition of the literary vocabulary is huge.

Ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

Despite the fact that professionalism and professional jargon are defined in almost the same way in some scientific sources, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in a literal sense, they are not figurative. Jargonisms, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between "us" and "them", a sign of the speaker's belonging to a particular social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.

Professional jargon is more familiar, emotional and expressive than professional jargon. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of the use of professional jargon is limited to the oral speech of specialists in an informal setting.

Like jargon, professionalisms are corporate vocabulary, they recognize "their own" by it (doctor - doctor, physicist - physics, etc.). but unlike jargon, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of the literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. One and the same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, and jargon, and professionalism. Everyone, for example, understands the word work, that is, any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists, work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. in common sense, it is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things, for chemists gold is one of the elements of the periodic system of Mendeleev with its own properties, and for economists gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.

Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.

Chapter 3

My mother works in the Central District Hospital as a chief nurse.

I attended my mother's work.

In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, lyuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.

Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.

Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).

Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance.

In the field of specialized and professional communication and the exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is due to the nature of its information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the qualitative result of their joint work.

Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).

Grandma-violation - an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.

BNVPNPG - blockade of the lower branch of the right leg of the bundle of His, an abbreviation that is often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.

Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksenia, Oksana.

Betseshnik is a patient who has both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Valezhnik - a ward with bedridden patients. See lounger.

Check mark with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.

An accordion is a manually operated artificial lung ventilation apparatus (IVL). They brought a client on an accordion - an ambulance delivered a patient connected to a ventilator.

Pull the esophagus - conduct transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) pacing. See CHPEX.

Childhood - children's department of the hospital.

Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance. See Color Music.

Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.

Start a patient - restore sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.

Load the patient - inject psychotropic drugs.

Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See violinist.

Caesareans - women after a caesarean section.

The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.

Clinic - clinical death. See stop.

Canned food - patients who are in the department (usually of a surgical profile) on a conservative, i.e. non-surgical treatment.

Ksenia is the same as Tug. See Oksana.

Bed - bedridden patient.

A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from the visual axis during strabismus.

The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling along the corridor with their slippers.

Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.

Magnolia - magnesium sulphate - a drug used to lower blood pressure. Intramuscular administration of magnesium sulfate is very painful.

Flicker, Mertsuha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.

Tinsel - a film for a single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands unfolds like a serpentine.

Anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner - insufficient pain relief. See operation under krikain.

Violation is an acute violation of cerebral circulation.

A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be eliminated by radiofrequency ablation.

Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.

UFO - motionless object; most often the patient is in a coma.

Operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words "scream" and "novocaine".

Stop - the same as the Clinic.

Skydivers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.

Transfuse the patient - inject too many solutions intravenously, most often through a drip.

Submarine - revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of the strong antipsychotic droperidol and the diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of prozerin, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.

Lost is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.

Soak grandmother - to achieve urine output through the catheter after an operation or an acute condition, accompanied by a cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units - a very expected event.

Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.

Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.

Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology, a large number of tools similar to metalwork are used: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.

Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.

Glasses - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.

Shoot, knock - restore the work of the heart with the help of an electric discharge of a defibrillator.

Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the back of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.

TV - X-ray.

Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).

Chatter - atrial flutter.

Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation (ALV) devices. Put on the tube - intubate the patient.

Platypus is a medical student in nursing practice. Usually he is entrusted with the care of bedridden patients, including the supply and removal of "ducks".

Ears - phonendoscope.

The trunk is the same as the Trumpet. To insert a trunk is the same as to put on a pipe.

Chelyuskintsy, jaws - patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery.

Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.

Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (an apparatus for recording ECG).

A sword swallower is a patient with metal foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.

Yaremka is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.

Shit, asshole - patient with diarrhea

"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages

Negro - an outsider brought in to help transport the patient to the car

Breathe - carry out ventilation

"Asshole" - enter in / m

"skull (belly, kidney) by the window" - on the bed by the window lies a client who is diagnosed with TBI (appendix, kidney disease).

Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.

"Last bullet" - drugs.

"Play war games" - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.

"Field of Miracles" - service area.

"For mushrooms" - go on duty.

"Mom is calling for dinner" - the dispatcher returns for lunch.

"Klizmennaya" - the manager's office.

"Tinsel" - ecg tape.

"Warm up" - get up at night under a lantern to write a map.

"Rats" - random night passers-by, witnesses.

"Whom to rub the back" - who am I in line for?

"Drag on snot" - use a raincoat stretcher.

The boy is the driver.

"Girl" is an ambulance.

"Wheelbarrow" - wheelchair.

"Kindergarten" - a sobering-up station.

"Indians" - cops.

"Banker" - bum

Light music - siren, flashers (with light music)

yelp - call back

Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)

Gift - bum (bring a gift)

"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter

"yellow suitcase" - medical stowage box

"BTR" - ambulance transport

"magnet" - magnesium sulfate

"vitamin A" - chlorpromazine

"pilot, driver" - carrier

"hoarse" - walkie-talkie

"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit

Flyushka - fluorography,

Beam - fracture of the radius,

Physics - physical. solution,

Film - ECG,

Droplet - dropper, system,

Pipe - endotracheal tube,

Tube - tuberculosis.

some professionalisms designate scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology. For example

being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other situations of communication, because any statement is built taking into account its addressee.

inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to curiosities.

the logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms eventually become common words. An illustrative example of such processes is the mass distribution of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; In the last decade, words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.

ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and the corresponding languages), are used in different activities

when isolating professionalisms in the vocabulary of the national language, distinguishing them from commonly used words and from jargon, researchers face considerable difficulties associated with the constant development, updating of vocabulary, the variety of functional styles and contexts of word usage.

professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or its part.

however, Tolstoy cares about his collective reader, for which he resorts to "translation", an explanation in brackets of words that may be incomprehensible.

The ordinary reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and a real commentary on the texts is needed. it is necessary, for example, to explain that .... etc.

the speech of the characters and the narrator is united by the neighborhood of professionalism and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets

professionalisms are often used in the depiction of comic contradictions and characters - in satirical, humorous works. one of the types of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself a specialist can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular, his possession of terminology, professional vocabulary.

in the novel and ilfa and evg. Petrov's "Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lyapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", allows numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his stereotyped texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. employees of the newspaper "Stank" hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of lapis on the wall, circling it with a mourning border. the essay began like this: "the waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack ..." already at this phrase, sarcastic fellow journalists doubted the knowledge of the meaning of the word "jack" by the lapis.

they ask him:

"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.

- such ... falls, in a word ...

- the jack falls. notice everything! the jack is rapidly falling! .. "

and lapis is brought a volume of the brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - "one of the machines for lifting significant weights" (chapter xxix. "the author of" Gavriliad ").

the work of many writers indicates that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. in the arsenal of stylistic means she has a prominent place.

Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.

Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are opposed to terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: they are unofficial synonyms for official scientific names.

The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to a certain circle of people; these words can be used to identify “our own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral in the meaning of "spare typesetting texts"; clogged font - "a worn out, worn-out font; a font that has been in typed galleys for a long time"; tail - "lower edge of the book"; header - "large header"; marashka - "marriage in the form of a square", etc. There are many specific professional expressions in the acting environment: to drop or leave the text means "quickly repeat it with a partner"; walk the text with your feet - "pronounce the text while moving around the stage"; not to give a bridge to someone - "most emotionally complete some scene."

The closer some area of professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become well-known and pass into the category of commonly used words. So, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from the environment of specialists in the field of computer technology have become widespread. Among them are old words with new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, hardware), and neologisms, which are mostly borrowed from English (spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).