Professional vocabulary: education and use. Special vocabulary in English

Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words used mainly by people of a certain profession, specialty. Among special words stand out terms and professionalism.

Terms(from lat. lermiz - border, limit) - these are catches, which are officially accepted names of scientific concepts, instruments, tools, machines. The set of terms of a particular science or profession is called terminology(for example, terminology physical, linguistic, medical).

The characteristic features of the term are: 1) unambiguity, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has a precise, logical definition, so it doesn't need context like most common words. For example:

Sharp [ie], -a, m.(specialist.). A musical notation requiring a semitone to be raised.

Lysis,-a, m.(specialist.). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual easing of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.

Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings that are used not in one, but in several professional areas. For example:

Diaphragm,-s, well.(special) 1. Muscular septum separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. 2. Plate in optical instruments with hole for light to pass through.

Deviation [de], -i, well.(specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of large masses of iron located nearby. 2. Deviation from the desired direction (for example, the flight of a projectile, bullet, ship's course, etc.) under the influence of some reason.

Terms are highly specialized and commonly used.

Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, words abasia(loss of ability to walk) abulia(pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia(slow heart rate contraction) are used only in medicine, ablaut(morphologically determined vowel alternation), prosthesis(the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word), thesaurus(language dictionary with complete semantic information) are used in linguistics, aval(guarantee for a bill made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee entry), advice note(a notice sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus- (the excess of revenue over expenditure) are used in the field of economics; av.(aviation), anat.(anatomy), biol.(biol;); military(warfare), lingu,(linguistics), mat.(mathematics), psychol.(psychology), physical(physics), etc.

Common terms have a wider scope and are understood by many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine(honey.); square, rectangle, trapezoid(math.), balance, deficit, credit(economy).

professional words- these are words used in colloquial speech of people united by any profession, specialty, which are not officially recognized names of special concepts. For example: window(in the speech of teachers) - “a free lesson in the middle of the school day”; null(in the speech of teachers) - “preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of the school, etc. When using professionalism in texts, words are often taken in quotation marks.

Special words, used in a work of art, give color to the work, brightness!, connect the literary text with life. For example:

Four domain furnaces dominated the factory with their monstrous chimneys. Beside them rose eight cowpers, intended for circulation heated air - eight huge iron towers topped with round domes. Around domain ovens scattered other buildings: repair workshops, foundry yard, locomotive, rail rolling, open-hearth and puddling ovens and so on (A. Kuprin).

Professionalisms are words and expressions characteristic of people, as a rule, of one profession and, unlike terms, are semi-official names for the concepts of this profession, take-off for hunters. Professional jargon - unofficial designations for concepts of a special and non-special nature that are common in colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession among chemists - a hodgepodge among journalists - a hat attic basement a nail among pilots - a ladybug's belly among athletes - a mustard plaster to extinguish logs.

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Special vocabulary of the Russian language- words and combinations of words denoting the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. Three types of special vocabulary:

1 Terms.

2 professionalism.

3 Professional jargon.

Term (lat. terminus - border, limit) - a word or phrase that is the officially accepted, legalized name of any concept of technology, science, art. The system of terms of a given field of science, production or art constitutes its terminology.

Unlike other words of the language, terms are created artificially. Among them, narrowly special and commonly used are distinguished. The boundaries between narrowly specialized and commonly used terms are changeable. A characteristic feature of the term is unambiguity, so the term does not need a context like most ordinary words.

Professionalisms- words and phrases characteristic of people, as a rule, of the same profession and, unlike terms, are semi-official names of the concepts of this profession (takeoff, prone for hunters).

Professional jargon- informal designations of concepts of a special and non-special nature that exist in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession (chemists have a hodgepodge, journalists have a hat, an attic, a basement, a nail, pilots have a belly, a ladybug, athletes have a mustard plaster, pancake, extinguish, log log).

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Meaning of SPECIAL VOICE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

SPECIAL VOICE

Words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of human labor activity and are not commonly used. The special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is SPECIAL VOICE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

SPECIAL
ECONOMIC ZONE - see FREE ECONOMIC ...
SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS STATISTICS - information from the customs authorities of the Russian Federation used to ensure the solution of special tasks assigned to these authorities, and ...
SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS DUTY - a duty that is applied as a protective measure if goods are imported into the customs territory of a given country in quantities of ...
SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
DISCOUNT - price discounts provided to those buyers with whom the company has long-term relationships and forms of special relations. These discounts are...
SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
DUTY - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES...
SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
MISSION - a temporary foreign body of external relations, also called. diplomatic mission (temporary). In Art. 1 of the Convention on Special Missions ...
SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SHARE - a share owned by a state organization. Takal action for a certain period gives the state organization broad rights close to ...
VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
- (from the Greek lexis - speech; way of expression, syllable; turnover, word) - the totality of all the words of the language, its vocabulary. AT …
VOCABULARY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
(Greek) - a set of words of some language, the vocabulary of a language. L. is one of the sides of the language, most clearly revealing the connection of the language. …
VOCABULARY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek lexikos - related to the word) 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ...
VOCABULARY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), a set of words, the vocabulary of the language. L. of any language or dialect is studied by lexicology and ...
VOCABULARY in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ...
VOCABULARY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
and, pl. no, w. The vocabulary of a language or the works of a writer. Russian l. L. Dostoevsky. Lexical - relating to ...
VOCABULARY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -i, f. Vocabulary of a language his style, sphere, and also someone's. works, individual works. Russian l. Spacious l. …
SPECIAL
SPECIAL RELATIVITY (particular theory of relativity), see Relativity theory ...
SPECIAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
SPECIAL ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY (SAO) RAS. Main in 1966 in the Zelenchuksky district of Karachay-Cherkessia. In 1975 introduced at high. 2070 m is the largest ...
VOCABULARY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LEXIKA (from the Greek lexikos - referring to the word), the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. The set of words characteristic of this variant ...
VOCABULARY in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
le "ksika, le" ksiki, le "ksiki, le" ksik, le "ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksiki, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, ...
VOCABULARY in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from g * speech. lexikos - related to the word) - a set of words of the language, its vocabulary. This term is also used for...
VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(from the Greek lexikos - verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Oral vocabulary...
VOCABULARY in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-and, only units. , w. 1) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 2) About the layers of the vocabulary: the totality ...
VOCABULARY in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Vocabulary ...
VOCABULARY in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
Syn: See...
VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. lexikos verbal lexis word, expression, figure of speech) a set of words that make up a language; vocabulary of works of some kind, ...
VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[a set of words that make up a language; the vocabulary of the works of some author, or a collection of words used in some s-l. sphere…
VOCABULARY in the Russian Thesaurus:
Syn: See...
VOCABULARY in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
Syn: See...
VOCABULARY in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
well. 1) a) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in any. field of activity. c) The set of words used ...
VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
l`exics, ...
VOCABULARY in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
vocabulary, ...
VOCABULARY in the Spelling Dictionary:
l`exics, ...
VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
! the vocabulary of the language, some of its styles, spheres Russian l. Spacious l. L. Pushkin. vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language, some of its ...
VOCABULARY in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ...
VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
vocabulary, pl. no, w. (from Greek lexikos - dictionary) (philol.). A collection of words of a language, dialect, works of some writer, etc., ...
VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
vocabulary 1) a) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in any. field of activity. c) a collection of words...
VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
well. 1. A set of words of any language, dialect. ott. A set of words used in any field of activity. ott. A set of words used by someone ...
VOCABULARY in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
well. 1. A set of words of any language; vocabulary of this language. 2. A set of words, distinguished by any sign (origin, sphere ...
Nitroglycerine in the Medicines Directory:
NITROGLYCERIN (Nitroglycerin). Chemically, nitroglycerin is glycerol trinitrate. Synonyms: Angibid, Anginine [one of the synonyms of parmidine (see)], Angiolingual, Angised, ...
ROCKET AND SPACE INDUSTRY
The first steps in the development of their own rocket technology were made in Japan in the early 50s. at the Research Institute of Industrial Technologies ...
BON MATSURI in Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
- Day of Remembrance of the Dead - celebrated since the VI century. In ancient times, it was associated with the religious rituals of the cult of ancestors. …
CUSTOMS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL STATISTICS - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS STATISTICS...
CUSTOMS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL DUTIES - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES ...
STATISTICS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS SPECIAL - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS STATISTICS...
DISCOUNT in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL - see SPECIAL DISCOUNT...
DUTY in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS SPECIAL - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES ...
DUTY in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL. see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES...
GRADE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
BALANCE SHEET ITEMS - an expression in monetary terms of the types of economic assets reflected in the balance sheet and the sources of their formation: capital ...
MISSION in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL - see SPECIAL MISSION...

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND YOUTH POLICY OF THE KHANTY-MANSIYSK AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT-YUGRA
GOU VPO KHMAO-YUGRA
"SURGUT STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of Linguistic Education and Intercultural Communication

Coursework on the topic

"Special Vocabulary in English"

Performed:

3rd year student

Faculty of Philology

Malyk Julia

Group 941

Supervisor:

Bystrenina N.N., lecturer

Surgut, 2010

Introduction………………………………………………………… …...3

Goals and objectives ……………………………………………………...4

What is special vocabulary……………………………………..5
Special vocabulary………………………………………………..6

Professionalism…………………………………… ………
Terms………………………………………………………. ten
Slang……………………………………………………………13
Jargon…………………………………………………… 20
Vulgarisms………………………………………………… ..24
Dialectisms………………………………………………… ..26

Conclusion…………………………………………………………..28

Bibliography…………………………………………………. 29

Introduction

The special vocabulary of the English language is a very important part of the general lexicology. Special vocabulary is used in all styles of the English language, but with varying degrees of intensity. For example, highly specialized terms are used mainly in the scientific style of speech, when talking about production and technical problems, etc. In fiction, professionalisms and terms are used in science-fiction works, works on industrial topics, etc. Special vocabulary includes: professionalisms, terms, professional jargon and slang, which, as a rule, are not commonly used. Special vocabulary is a source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the literary language. Special vocabulary, mainly terms, is used with other lexical means in non-industry newspapers and magazines, in fiction. Special vocabulary is widely used to create non-specialized words, i.e. metaphors. When using special vocabulary, for one purpose or another, it is necessary to present it in such a way that the reader understands the need for a special word, understands its meaning, or imagines at least in general terms that special subject, the concept in question.

Goals and objectives

The object of this work is special vocabulary as part of lexicology.

The subject of this work is the special vocabulary of the English language.

The purpose of this work is to study the special vocabulary of the English language.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to set certain tasks:

To study the theoretical foundations of the vocabulary of the English language.
To study the theoretical foundations of the special vocabulary of the English language.
To study the types of special vocabulary of the English language.

What is special vocabulary

SPECIAL VOCABULARY - words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of human labor activity.

2.1. Professionalisms

Professionalisms are words associated with the production activities of people united by one profession or occupation. Professionalisms are correlated with terms. Professionalisms in a new way designate already known concepts, usually objects and processes of labor (activity). Professionalisms are a specialized part of non-literary colloquial vocabulary. Professionalisms for the most part remain in the circulation of people associated with this occupation. The semantic structure of the term is usually clear and logical. The semantic structure of professionalism is obscured by a figurative representation in which the distinguished features can be very random and arbitrary. At the heart of the emergence of professionalism is semantic specialization - the narrowing of the meaning of the word. Here are examples of professionalisms used by American financiers:
Frank soon picked up all of the technicalities of the situation, A "bull", he learned, was one who bought in anticipation of a higher of the opposite sex is said to be quite nutty upon him or her." - Ibid. Out of context it becomes quite obvious that these words are incomprehensible not only to the hero of the work, who joins the ranks of the financial figures of his city, but also to a wide circle of the reading public.
Professionalism, in contrast to jargon, is the name of objects (tools, tools, their parts) and processes that are directly related to a given profession and, in most cases, are intended for the emotional and figurative characteristics of objects and phenomena. Such, for example, are the following professionalisms from military vocabulary: tin fish (lit. tin fish) - a submarine; block-buster (lit. sweeping quarter) - a special bomb designed to destroy large buildings; tin-hat (lit. tin hat) - a steel helmet.
The closer one or another area of production activity is to the general interests of society, the sooner professionalisms become well-known, the less they need the author's explanations if they need to be used. For the English people, one of these areas of industrial activity is navigation. A huge number of terms and professionalisms from this area have entered the vocabulary of the literary language and, therefore, are almost not felt as professionalisms. Many, although generally understood, have remained the professionalism of navigation. So, the expression fore and aft - from the bow of the ship to the stern - remained professionalism. The same can be said about the following words and expressions: to let go the lines - give up, ompile, set off; poop - poop; fo "c" sle - tank, forecastle, etc.
The same combinations as to be well under way, to come alongside, to muster (the crew) and others have moved from the category of professionalism to the category of neutral English vocabulary.
A considerable number of professionalisms appeared in the English language from sports. Here are some examples of sports professionalisms (sports terminology and common vocabulary known to the British is given in brackets): four-bagger (home-run); coveted paste boards (hard-to-get tickets); grid classic (big game); tankmen (swimmers); centure (100-yard dash).
In English newspapers, in reports about sports life, such professionalism is not highlighted and not explained. It is assumed that they are well known to the reader interested in sports.
In the style of artistic speech, professionalisms are usually distinguished by quotation marks (as an indication of the foreignness of such elements in the literary language system) and, if the meaning is not clear, they are explained.
So in the Pickwick Papers:
In his most expressive language he was "floored". So was Mr. Ben Allen. So was Mr. Pickwick.
The word "floored", from boxing terminology, the meaning of which is clear without explanation. The emotional significance of such professionalism is emphasized by the author. Among people united by one profession and connected by one type of labor activity, the need constantly arises to designate this or that phenomenon in a new way. This need is caused by the use of new, more advanced forms of work, new methods, rationalization innovations. Often, however, a new designation is an expression of the estimated attitude of a professional group to a given subject, tool, and labor process (activity). Professionalisms are often used in a figurative sense, that is, not in relation to the production processes of a given area of human activity. In this regard, professionalisms, unlike terms, are easily overgrown with additional shades of meaning. The stylistic functions of professionalisms follow from the very nature of this layer of vocabulary. In an environment where professionalism was born, if it is used for its intended purpose, it does not carry any stylistic function. But the professionalism used in various speech styles acquires stylistic functions. It either serves as a means of speech characteristics, or is used as a figurative expression, highlighting, emphasizing one feature, one sign of the described phenomenon.
For example, boxing terminology is used in O. Henry's story "The Duel", where, in accordance with the author's intention, the fight between New York (Father Knickerbocker) and two seekers of happiness who arrived in this city is described by professional boxing terms.
Father Knickerbocker met them at the ferry giving one the righthander on the nose and the other uppercut with his left, just to let them know that the fight was on. Professionalisms righthander, uppercut, as well as other professionalisms of boxing technique like ring, to counter, to clinch are used figuratively in this story. The function that they carry in such descriptions is the function of figurative interpretation of the abstract idea of the story. It is difficult to separate certain professionalisms of some sports and other areas of activity from production and technical terminology, on the one hand, and from professional jargon, on the other. The only criterion here may be the presence of a synonymous series. These wrestling techniques.They approach production and technical terminology and are considered as professionalism only in figurative use.But four-bagger, tankmen, centure, fan (fan) from sports vocabulary and words from financial vocabulary like bull, corner, to be loaded up , bear, etc. are professionalisms.
Professionalisms are sometimes identified with the jargon of certain professions. This is natural, because often among professionalism there can be jargon elements. Professionalisms are most often figurative names for production processes, tools, products, labor, inventions, etc. Professionalisms are very often used as a means of speech characterization of the heroes of works. Their professional orientation, the limited scope of use immediately determines the field of activity, the scope of treatment, the interests and aspirations of the heroes of the work.
Let us give as an example the following passage from the 14th canto of Byron's Don Juan, stanza XXXIII:
And now in this new field, with some applause, He clear "d hedge, ditch, and double post, and rail, And never craned, and made but few "faux pas,"
The word craned is professionalism. Its meaning is not clear to the general public, and so the author gives an explanation in a footnote: “to crane,” writes Byron, “an equestrian expression denoting the rider’s attempt to stretch his neck to look over the fence before jumping over it.”
In order to understand the differences between professionalism and jargon, one must first consider the nature of the latter.

2.2. Terms

In the functional literary and book vocabulary of the English language, a significant place is occupied by a layer that bears the generalized name of the term. As you know, terms are words that denote newly emerging concepts related to the development of science, technology and art. Terms in English are mostly devoid of emotional meaning, although in some cases they can acquire a certain emotional coloring in the text. By their very nature, terms in English are more resistant to the process of being overgrown with additional meanings.

The scope of the term is the style of scientific prose. However, one should not think that English terms belong only to this style of speech. The terms are also widely used in other styles of English speech, such as, for example, in newspaper and journalistic, artistic, official and business style of English speech, etc.

The assignment of terms in other styles of English speech is different from what they have in scientific literature. In the style of scientific prose, English terms are used to denote a new concept that has arisen as a result of research and experiments.

The use of English terms in other styles of speech is already associated with the specific tasks of the utterance. The terms of the English language are used in a work of art, giving the most general idea of the facts of social, industrial, scientific activity. Terms act here only as a characteristic of the phenomenon and serve as one of the means of creating the necessary color. For example, financial terms in English:

There was a long conversation - a long wait. His father came back to say it was doubtful whether they could make the loan. Eight per cent, then being secured for money, was a small rate of interest, considering its need. For ten per cent Kugel might make a call-loan. Frank went back to his employer, whose commercial choler rose at the report.

(Th. Dreiser. The Financier.)

The English words call-loan, loan and combinations to secure for money, rate of interest are almost well-known financial terms in the English language. In any case, the semantic structure of these financial terms is so transparent that it does not require any additional explanations, the use of an English dictionary of terms. So, the financial term of the English language call-loan is a loan that must be repaid at the first demand (call); rate of interest and loan are almost deterministic and have a terminological function only in a number of other financial terms.

Sometimes terms in works of art in English are also used as a means of speech characterization of characters. In this case, the scientific and technical terms of the English language act as conventional methods of indirect description of the environment, environment, interests of the characters in the work. Sometimes the reader does not even need an exact knowledge of the content of these terms to understand the text, an English dictionary of terms. In some cases, special terminology in the direct speech of the characters creates not so much a speech portrait as a satirical effect. For example:

"What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been," Clump replied, "to go and marry a governess! There was something about the girl, too."

"Green eyes, fair skin, pretty figure, famous frontal development," Squills remarked.(W. M. Thackeray. Vanity Fair.)

The English medical term frontal in combination with the word development forms here a periphrastic turnover with a euphemistic and satirical connotation.

As is known, two processes operate in the formation of a term and in its further fate, a) the process of forming a new term from the commonly used dictionary of the English language, Latin and Greek morphemes, borrowings, and b) gradual determinologization, i.e., as can be seen from the very designation of the process - gradual loss of terminological meaning.

So, for example, it is known thatEnglish wordsatmosphere (lively atmosphere), the missing link (a zoological term introduced by Darwin to designate a species transitional from great apes to humans, also used to characterize humans) became determinologized. Such English words as telephone, radio, electricity, etc. have completely lost their terminological coloring.

In the history of the development of the English language, as is known, marine terms were very easily determinologized. This phenomenon is connected with the specific history of the English people, their position as an island people and the place that shipping and navigation in general occupied in the life of the English people. Some navigational terms of the English language have become so determined that they are included in the general phraseological fund of the English language.

The use of such determinologized words and phrases can have a stylistic effect only in the case of forcible restoration of terminological coloring in them.

2.3. Slang

In English lexicography, the term "slang" became widespread around the beginning of the last century. The etymology of this term is controversial and has not been accurately established by any of the Soviet or foreign linguists who have dealt with this problem.

Slang is recognized as the antipode of the literary language and is partially identified with jargon and professionalism, and with colloquial language.

Various concepts of slang are known in the literature, the essence of which can be reduced to the following:

1. Slang is often recognized as the antipode of the so-called literary language and is identified partly with jargon and professionalism, and partly with colloquial language (at the same time, some authors strongly reject slang as a littering oral and literary standard, while others, on the contrary, consider it a sign of life and progressive development language);

2. Slang is seen as the deliberate use of certain vocabulary items for purely stylistic purposes; some researchers do not consider it possible at all to speak of slang as an independent language category and attribute the corresponding phenomena to various categories of vocabulary and style;

3. From a psychological point of view, slang is understood as a product of individual linguistic (or even "spiritual") creativity of individual social and professional groups, serving as a linguistic expression of the social consciousness of people belonging to a particular environment.

In modern foreign lexicography, the concept of "slang" is mixed with such concepts as "dialectism", "jargon", "vulgarism", "colloquial speech", "vernacular", etc.
However, despite the fact that many foreign theoreticians-lexicologists expressed the most diverse and contradictory points of view on the issue of "slang", they all come to the same conclusion: "slang" has no place in the English literary language. This is explained by the fact that the concept of "slang" in English lexicography is mixed with words and phraseological units that are completely heterogeneous in terms of their stylistic coloring and areas of use.
In various dictionaries marked "slang" the following categories of words and phrases are given:
1. Words related to thieves' jargon, for example: barker - in the meaning of a revolver; to dance - to be hanged; to crush - run away; idea pot - meaning head.
Other examples of clearly slang words and expressions are: dirt - in the meaning of money; juice - a sip of Coca-Cola, a drink known in the USA; dotty is crazy.
2. Words related to other jargons, for example: big-boy - in the meaning of a large-caliber gun; knitting needle - in the meaning of a saber (from military vocabulary); to eat the ginger - act in the best role; smacking - meaning having a huge success; dark (literally dark) in the meaning of closed (from theatrical vocabulary); dead hooper in the meanings of a bad dancer; sleeper - in the meaning of a course of lectures (from student vocabulary), etc.
Thanks to the inclusion of a wide variety of jargon in "slang", the latter begins to differentiate. Thus, varieties of "slang" appear in English and American lexicography: military "slang", sports "slang", theatrical "slang", student "slang", parliamentary and even religious "slang".
3. Many colloquial words and expressions - neologisms, inherent only in live informal communication, are also classified as "slang".
The main qualities of these words are the freshness of their use, novelty, the unexpectedness of their use, that is, the typical features of a conversational neologism. But it is precisely these features that contribute to the enrollment of such words in the category of "slang". For example, such words and expressions as for good - forever, to have a hunch - to anticipate, show - in the sense of theater, are classified as "slang"; to get someone - in the meaning of understand, cut-throat - in the meaning of a killer, and many other colloquialisms in a number of dictionaries also have the mark "slang".
The distinction between literary colloquial words and some words classified as "slang" is so difficult to determine that double stylistic labels appear in authoritative English and American dictionaries: (colloquial) or (slang). Such, for example, are the words: chink - money; fishy - suspicious; governor - father; hum (from humbug) cheating, etc.
4. "Slang" also includes random formations that have arisen as a result of literary associations and whose meaning is due to their semantic connections with the original concept. So, for example, the "Abridged Slang Dictionary" fixes the word Scrooge in the meaning of an evil and stingy person with the mark "slang". This word is formed on behalf of the hero of Dickens's work "A Christmas Carol".
5. Figurative words and expressions.
Here it is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, figurative professionalism, for example, shark (literally - a shark) - in the meaning of an excellent student (from student vocabulary); suicide ditch (literally - suicide trench) - in the meaning of advanced (from military vocabulary); black coat - (literally - black cassock) - priest; and on the other hand, commonly used figurative words; for example: rabbit heart (literally - hare heart) in the meaning of a coward or belly-acher (literally - suffering from a stomach) - that is, a person who always complains about something.
6. Many English and American dictionaries refer to "slang" words formed as a result of using one of the most productive ways of word formation in modern English - conversion. For example: the noun agent in the meaning agent does not have the tag "slang"; the verb to agent formed from it - in the meaning of being an agent, has the mark "slang". The word altar is stylistically neutral, it has no mark in dictionaries; the verb to altar formed from it - in the meaning of getting married in one of the English dictionaries is given with the mark "slang".
The same can be said about the adjective ancient - ancient, ancient. The noun ancient formed from it by means of conversion in the meaning of an old-timer has the mark “slang”.
7. In some dictionaries, abbreviations are also considered "slang". Words such as rep (short for reputation) - reputation; cig (from cigarette) - cigarette; lab (from laboratory) - study room, etc. are considered student "slang".
The words ad (short for advertisement) - announcement and flu (from influenza) - flu The Abbreviated Dictionary of English Slang also cites with the mark "slang".
It is characteristic that such commonly used abbreviations, most often used in colloquial speech, as that (short for mama) - mother, or sis (from sister) - sister, also have a litter "slang".
Even the most common words and phrases of the English literary language are included in the category of "slang". For example: to go halves - meaning to enter into a share; to go in for - meaning to get involved in something; to cut off with a shilling - disinherit: affair - love adventure; in a way - in general; how come - why, etc.
Slang is a special variant of language (mainly lexical) norms that has been historically established to a greater or lesser extent common to all social strata of speakers, existing mainly in the sphere of oral speech, and genetically and functionally different from jargon and professional elements of the language. The main and most stable part of slang, its linguistic backbone is the territorial-dialect elements. This is quite understandable, because, as you know, the initial carriers of slangisms were, on the one hand, peasants from various regions of Great Britain, who went to the cities to earn money, as well as ruined petty bourgeois (most of them came from peasants), and on the other, various declassed elements, which for the most part also came from the peasant class. In this regard, one of the specific features of slang is a mixture, a conglomerate of territorially different dialect elements, including those that have already fallen out of use in the corresponding dialects or are archaisms for them (the actual dialect elements at the slang level already go beyond a certain territory). to which they belong).