Professional words in speech. Professionalisms are ... The meaning of the term, examples

Professionalisms are words that belong to the speech of a certain speaking group, united by some kind of production activity, specialty or profession (medical workers, printers, lawyers, sailors, etc.). Professionalisms designate special concepts, tools or products of labor, labor processes of production. Therefore, they are sometimes called special words or special terms.
Here are a few examples: a scalpel is a small surgical knife, usually with an arcuate blade, for operations, anatomy (lat.); veneer (German Spon "sliver") - a thin metal plate that does not reach the height of the font, inserted between the lines of the set to increase the distance between them; dowels - part of the upper deck of a warship (Dutch); alibi (lat. alibi "in another place") - the absence of the accused at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission as evidence of his non-involvement in the crime; mezra - the wrong side of dressed leather, etc.
Like dialectisms, professionalisms constitute such a layer of words in the vocabulary of the national language, the scope of which is limited. However, they seriously differ from dialectisms: 1) the scope of their use is limited not territorially, but socially,

1. they are part of the vocabulary of the literary language.

Among the professionalisms, there are also highly specialized words, for example, glinka - the highest grade of clay (kaolin), used in print printing (a technical term), and words of wider use, for example, a dagger - a knife, a cold weapon in the form of a dagger for the command staff of the sea and air fleet.
In a number of cases, the scope of the use of certain professionalisms expands so much that they turn into popular words. This is explained either by the wide distribution of a special subject and concept, or by their metaphorical use to designate objects and phenomena of reality that they had not previously called. For example, the words harvester, globe, screen became the property of a nationwide dictionary after harvesting with a combine was firmly established in our agriculture, the globe became a necessary accessory for teaching geography, and cinema became one of the most popular forms of art. Due to metaphorical use, the words became popular among professionalisms, for example, the words: all hands on deck (cf .: “An all-hands job was announced”) - originally the marine command “All up!”; fermentation (cf .: fermentation of minds) - originally a biological term; sphere (in higher spheres) - originally a mathematical term; soft-bodied - originally a special word for gardeners, a term for determining the ripeness of fruits; tempo (cf .: growth rates) - originally a musical term.
Among professionalisms, they stand out as words that are known as lexical units only in special use, for example: troetes (from the dictionary of carpenters) - a long nail that connects three clefts at once; print - an impression or a photograph from an engraving (from French, cf.: stamp); smelting - a piece of metal; asbestos is a fibrous white material from which fireproof products are made (this word first came to us from the Greek language in the form of the word lime), etc., and the words that, with other meanings, are part of the popular vocabulary: bridge - place on deck, from where the commander commands the ship; cap - title in large print, title of several articles (typography), etc.
Professionalisms are usually used in the oral speech of representatives of any profession, specialty, and in scientific and technical literature.
Professionalism is also possible in journalism and fiction, but there they can be justified only as a certain stylistic means for depicting labor activity and the industrial landscape, for the speech characterization of characters. When using certain professionalisms, one should remember about rum that some of them are unfamiliar to representatives of other areas of labor activity, and, if necessary, explain their meanings in one way or another. "

Professionalisms- these are special words used in the colloquial use of professionals. Professionalisms are "unofficial" names of special phenomena and concepts of the profession, they constitute professional jargon.

An important difference between professionalisms and terms is that professionalisms are relevant mainly in the colloquial speech of people of a particular profession, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always marked “professional”. Unlike terms - official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. These words make up the lexical layer, which is also sometimes called professional slang or professional jargon.

For example, in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, a specialist who selects illustrations is called build editor. Bild editor is a term. However, in a real production process, it is most often referred to for brevity build is professionalism, professional jargon. Bild trampled all the pictures on the layout- undoubtedly, professionalisms are used in this sentence, but not terms (With terms, the same phrase would sound more cumbersome. In addition, the terms often have a foreign language origin, they are difficult to pronounce, which also does not contribute to their use in business colloquial use. By the way, this is why reduced terms often become professionalisms: build editor – bild, calipers(special measuring ruler) – shtangell etc.).

Professionalisms simplify speech, make it more suitable for quick everyday support of production processes.

Professionalisms, like terms, can be grouped according to their area of ​​​​use: in the speech of economists, financiers, athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. Technicisms are distinguished into a special group - highly specialized names used in the field of technology.

Professionalisms most often serve to designate various production processes, tools of production, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. In other words, they designate such phenomena for which the use of terms, although possible, is cumbersome and unprincipled. In addition, professionalism is often the result of creative rethinking, "mastering" a highly specialized phenomenon. These are the words spare wheel(spare wheel for car mechanics and drivers), paddock(spare typeset texts from newspaper editors), paws and herringbone(types of quotes for proofreaders and printers). Such professionalisms, easily and in their own way replacing terms, make special speech more lively, simple and mastered, easier for quick use and understanding.

For example, the following professionalisms are used in the speech of printers: ending- graphic decoration at the end of the book, clogged font- worn out, developed font with outdated linotype printing, etc. Journalists prepare a future text, a draft is called fish or dog. Engineers jokingly call a self-recording device snitch. In the speech of pilots there are words nedomaz,remaz, meaning undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark, as well as: bubble, sausage- balloon-probe, give a goat landing the plane hard, causing it to bounce after touching the ground, etc. Many of these professionalisms have an evaluative or understated tone.

In the professional speech of actors, a complex abbreviated name is used glavrezh; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name of overhaul is used capital; specialists who build and maintain computer systems in firms are sysadmins. On fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called shkershchik. Bankers in conversation among themselves instead of the term car loans use the word auto loans, officials call housing and communal services communal, and the social sphere social etc.

Many professional words have entered into wide business and colloquial use: give out on the mountain, assault, turnover etc.

Professional vocabulary is indispensable for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader or listener. However, the information content of narrow professional names is reduced if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in large-circulation industry (departmental) newspapers and is not justified in publications oriented to a wide readership.

Professionalisms, being mainly words for colloquial use, often have a reduced stylistic coloring, being, in fact, slang words. This should also be taken into account when using professionalisms in an official situation or in official publications. Not only can they be incomprehensible to outside a professional audience, but they can also sound risky to the reputation of the person who uses them.

On the other hand, the skillful use of professional jargon can even add richness and color to official speech, help to demonstrate knowledge of the subject, which is characteristic of a professional who has regular and direct contact with the working environment. A top manager of a large oil company, professor and doctor of science, said that when you go on a business trip to the north, then in no case can you speak on the drilling rig mining The oilmen simply won't talk to you. It is necessary to speak like they are: mining. Then you are a person from the industry, and you will be recognized as one of your own. Thus, the manager deliberately deviates from the accentological (sometimes lexical) norms of the Russian language in order to speak the same language with specialists.

This methodological development for grade 6 can be used both when studying a new topic and when fixing it, by slightly changing some elements of the lesson. The development contains a systematic repetition of all the terms studied in the section "Lexicology"

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Extended Russian lesson plan

in 6th grade on the topic:

"Professionalisms"

(according to the textbook by T. A. Ladyzhenskaya)

teachers of Russian language and literature

MKOU Verkhnetereshanskaya school

Starokulatkinsky district

Ulyanovsk region

Aksyanova Guzel Saitovna

Target setting:

Learning goals.

Knowledge: to give knowledge about the vocabulary of limited use, in particular - about professionalism.

Skills: to form a practical ability to correctly use professionalisms in everyday speech, “not to clog” the Russian literary language with an excessive number of professionalisms; improve the ability to correctly perform linguistic analyzes: morphemic, phonetic, spelling elements.

Skills: improve writing skills: orthograms (spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word, spelling of unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word),punctograms (end-of-sentence sign).

Speech development: improvement of various types of speech activity: reading educational texts, expressive reading, listening to the teacher and each other, development of oral monologue and dialogic speech, writing(the number of words recorded in the lesson is 115), the development of communicative and speech skills (composing phrases, sentences, the ability to title the text, determine its topic).

1. High speech-developing nature of didactic material.
2. Stylistic aspect: the lesson used the artistic style and the educational and scientific sub-style of the scientific style.

1. Development goals:

1. development of thinking, memory, attention, imagination;
2. creating a psychologically comfortable environment in the classroom.

III. Educational goals:

1. educate attention to the world around;
2. to develop interest in the Russian language, oral and written speech;
3. to cultivate a serious attitude to teacher and student work, to the subject.
4. to attach through proverbs and sayings to the cultural heritage of the Russian people.

Lesson equipment:board, textbook

(T. A. Ladyzhenskaya), cards with text, dictionaries (spelling, explanatory).

Methods: teacher's word with elements of conversation, training exercises, work with illustrations, elements of language analysis, observation of the language phenomenon.

During the classes.

1. Organizing time

1. Greetings
2. Report of the attendant on readiness for the lesson.
3. Creating a positive psychological mood of students

II. Poll

Checking homework

Frontal survey on the topic "Lexicology"

What does lexicology study?

What sections of vocabulary did we study last year?

What words are commonly used?

What sections of non-common vocabulary are we already familiar with?

III. Studying new material

1. Conducting the game "Guess the profession." Let's talk about professions today.

A) He showed me his watercolors and still lifes. The impression of still lifes is a bright, colorful carpet of colors that shimmer and sparkle with all the colors of the palette.

B) Leshy Rimsky - Korsakov came up with two themes. He entrusted one to stringed instruments. The second is played by four horns and cymbals. The theme of Santa Claus sounds harsh and depressing.

How did you define it?

2. The word of the teacher about professionalism. Writing in the notebook of the topic of the lesson.

3. Acquaintance with the objectives of the lesson.

4.Filling out directories:

Professionalisms are words associated with the peculiarities of the work of people of a particular specialty or profession.

5. Work in pairs.

In each of the envelopes - the name of the profession. Choose the terms used by people of a particular profession.
Musicians Military Doctors Mathematicians Historians Chauffeurs Lawyers;
opera artillery potion square emperor accumulator advocate;
clarinet projectile bronchitis equation peasants carburetor prosecutor;
romance landing inhalation multiply voivode tire fitting judge;
violin patron inoculation equality feudalism bumper witness;
note battalion furuncle circumference reform brake appeal.
Examination. Each pair reads 1 column. The rest check the correctness of the work. Whoever notices a mistake, let him silently raise his hand.

Correct answer:

musicians doctors projectile
military mathematics bronchitis
vaccination inhalation drivers
boil square opera
lawyers multiply equation
equality potion feudalism
accumulator circumference clarinet
romance violin reform
emperor battalion carburetor
tire fitting peasants governor
historians bumper brake
lawyer patron prosecutor
judge note landing
witness appeal artillery

1. Consolidation of the studied material

1. Work with the textbook.

Performing exercises 67, 68.

1. Work with text

Aunt Polya is a surgeon, and my mother is the head of the factory outpatient clinic. As soon as they meet, a conversation begins between them, in which ordinary words are replaced by medical ones. Before I could get in, Aunt Polya asked me:
- Well, Alik, how is your caries?
I just shrugged my shoulders.
- I don't have any caries.
- How about your tooth? Have you had a filling already?
It was only then that I realized what was the matter: a week ago I had a toothache and they treated it at the clinic.
But, in my opinion, it is much easier instead of the words caries and put a filling to ask: "Did you cure the tooth?" But I didn't argue! You won't convince them.

Is the hero of this story right that professional words should not be used at all?

V. Summary of the lesson

What words did you learn in class today?

VI. Reflection.

Continue the sentence using professionalism:

I consider this lesson...

VII. Homework

P. 15, ex. 69

VIII. Evaluation

Not understanding their meaning, we feel a little out of place when these words refer directly to us. Words that characterize specialized processes and phenomena from any particular branch of knowledge are professional vocabulary.

Definition of professional vocabulary

This type of vocabulary is special words or turns of speech, expressions that are actively used in any person. These words are a little isolated, since they are not used by a large mass of the country's population, only by a small part of it that has received a specific education. The words of professional vocabulary are used to describe or explain production processes and phenomena, the tools of a particular profession, raw materials, the end result of labor, and the rest.

The place of this type of vocabulary in the language system used by a particular nation

There are several important questions concerning various aspects of professionalism that linguists are still studying. One of them: "What is the role and place of professional vocabulary in the system of the national language?"

Many argue that the use of professional vocabulary is appropriate only within a certain specialty, so it cannot be called national. Since the formation of the language of specialties in most cases occurs artificially, according to its criteria, it does not fit the characteristics of common vocabulary. Its main feature is that such vocabulary is formed in the course of natural communication between people. In addition, the formation and formation of a national language can take a fairly long period, which cannot be said about professional lexical units. To date, linguists and linguists agree that professional vocabulary is not a literary language, but it has its own structure and characteristics.

The difference between professional vocabulary and terminology

Not all ordinary people know that the terminology and language of the specialty differ from each other. These two concepts are distinguished on the basis of their historical development. Terminology arose relatively recently, the language of modern technology and science refers to this concept. Professional vocabulary reached its peak of development during the time of handicraft production.

Also, the concepts differ in terms of their official use. Terminology is used in scientific publications, reports, conferences, specialized institutions. In other words, it is the official language of a particular science. The vocabulary of professions is used "semi-officially", that is, not only in special articles or scientific papers. Specialists of a certain profession can use it in the course of work and understand each other, while it will be difficult for an uninitiated person to learn what they are saying. Professional vocabulary, examples of which we will consider below, has some opposition to terminology.

1. The presence of emotional coloring of speech and imagery - the lack of expression and emotionality, as well as imagery of terms.
2. Special vocabulary is limited to colloquial style - the terms are independent of the usual style of communication.
3. A certain range of deviation from the norm of professional communication - a clear correspondence to the norms of the professional language.

Based on the above characteristics of terms and professional vocabulary, many experts tend to the theory that the latter refers to professional vernacular. The difference in these concepts can be determined by comparing them with each other (steering wheel - steering wheel, system unit - system unit, motherboard - motherboard and others).

Varieties of words in professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary consists of several groups of words:

• professionalism;
• technicalisms;
• professional jargon.

Professionalisms are lexical units that do not have a strictly scientific character. They are considered "semi-official" and are needed to denote any concept or process in production, inventory and equipment, material, raw materials, and so on.

Technicisms are words of professional vocabulary that are used in the field of technology and are used only by a limited circle of people. They are highly specialized, that is, it will not be possible to communicate with a person who is not initiated into a certain profession.

Professional jargon words are characterized by reduced expressive coloring. Sometimes these concepts are completely illogical, and only a specialist in a particular field can comprehend them.

In what cases is professional vocabulary used in the literary language?

Varieties of a special language can often be used in literary publications, oral and sometimes professionalism, technicalism and professional jargon can replace terms with a poorly developed language of a particular science.

But there is a danger of the widespread use of professionalisms in periodicals - it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish concepts that are close in meaning, so many may make mistakes in the processes, materials and products of a particular production. Excessive saturation of the text with professionalism prevents it from being perceived correctly, meaning and style are lost for the reader.

The use of professionalisms, as well as the word "professionalism" in everyday speech

Research Chernyshova Irina, Novikova Dasha and Kostrova Zosya

Purpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.

How to work:

one). Survey using a questionnaire

2). Observations

3). Analysis of the results

4). Comparing the received data and bringing them together

Work plan:
one). Introduction - theoretical part

2). Chart Results

3).Result analysis

4).Conclusion

What are professionalisms? Professionalisms - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning.: a typo in the speech of newspapermen - a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists - a saucepan, etc. The terms are the legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their unofficial substitutes only in the speech of persons related by profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is a synonym for the concept of "term". According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.

By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of everyday vocabulary words to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, the form of a detail and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.

Professionalisms are always expressive and are opposed to the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargon and words of colloquial vocabulary in terms of reduced, rough expression, and also in that they, like jargons and colloquial speech, are not an independent language subsystem with their own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalism, they relatively easily pass into common speech, as well as into colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: overlay - "error" (from the actor's speech), janitor - "windshield wiper" (from the speech of motorists).

Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.

And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.

At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.

To the diagram: 40% of the respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% guess, more than 30% of the respondents answered that they know. Some respondents assured that the word "professionalism" does not exist, but there is only professional vocabulary (a concept that is close in meaning). Slightly more than half claimed that they often use professionalisms in everyday life, the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but a few people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.

Here are the examples we got:

Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are fake (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of a compass).

From the above examples, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word "professionalism" well. Some teachers of the Russian language assured that the word "professionalism" in this sense does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term "professionalism" itself refers to professional vocabulary.

After conducting a survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we absolutely do not need the term "professionalism" in everyday life. We perfectly understand each other without him. For example, when we explained what these same professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass helped a lot. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession to better understand each other. Professionalism can become a synonym for ordinary words in everyday life (as, for example, a major mood means “good mood”)