These accidents in our lives have become commonplace. No one will be surprised by the accident heating or power supply in a separate house, at the enterprise. Whole cities are now “freezing”. So, on January 9, 1996, the entire residential area of ​​Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was completely de-energized. Due to the lack of fuel at the thermal power plant, without light and heat, people sat in their apartments for almost a day. And in the city for the fifth day a blizzard with heavy wind continued. The power supply was restored, but intermittently.

Slightly warm batteries in Khabarovsk apartments and soldiers' barracks of military units stationed in the city. Boilers were on the verge of shutdown. Many believed that again, as it had already happened, they would have to warm themselves and cook food on fires built on city streets.

On a February night in 1996, in a 45-degree frost in Omolon (Chukotka), all three village boiler houses stopped: the deep-well pump that feeds them with water broke down. The heating main was defrosted, 70 residential buildings, all settlement enterprises and institutions were left without heat and light. Freezing people began to build home-made stoves from metal barrels, bonfires were made right in the apartments. As a result, a 12-apartment building burned down.

The District Commission for Emergency Situations allocated two diesel power plants for those in need.

The entire Sakhalin city of Okha with a population of 26 thousand people was left without heat due to a breakthrough in the heating main. On the street - minus 25 ° С with the wind. More than 100 houses have literally turned into refrigerators.

The city declared a state of emergency. For a long time it was not possible to stabilize the situation: only one house was warmed up, another nearby went out of order. Surprisingly, the simple adjustable wrenches did not turn out to be in the right amount in the city utilities. Truly, thoughtlessness, irresponsibility and negligence have no limits.

The fact that the winter of 1995/96. will be heavy in the Far East, it was known in advance. But none of the territories of the region was adequately prepared for the onset of cold weather.

This winter, there was practically not a single city on the territory of Russia where there were no accidents on the utility and energy networks.

And February 6, 1996. in the Federation Council - our highest body - there was an unpleasant incident. During the morning meeting, the lights in the main hall suddenly went out. The unplanned break lasted approximately 50 minutes, during which the emergency was eliminated.

On November 24, 1995, due to a severe fire in an underground collector on Chertanovskaya Street in Moscow, about 150 cables burned out, electricity and heat were cut off in houses. The phones of 20 thousand subscribers fell silent. Heat and electricity were soon “given”. But it took a long time to mess around with phones. The damage is estimated at many billions of rubles.

There are countless such examples. Everything rests on the ability to manage the economy, the necessary sense of responsibility of leaders of all ranks and the fulfillment of requirements for increasing sustainability so that the utility and energy networks are able to work with the destruction of individual elements.

Water supply. The most frequent accidents are at distribution networks, pumping stations, and pressure towers. Water intakes, sewage treatment plants, clean water tanks are less likely to be damaged.

The water supply is stopped not only due to an accident directly on any pipeline, but also during a power outage, and, as a rule, there is no backup source.

Underground pipelines are destroyed during earthquakes, landslides and, for the most part, from corrosion and dilapidation. The most vulnerable places are connections and inputs to buildings.

The stability of the water supply system is to ensure the supply of the required amount of water under any conditions. To do this, it is necessary to equip a certain number of disconnecting and switching devices that provide water supply to any pipeline, bypassing the damaged one.

One of the best ways to increase the sustainability of the water supply of enterprises is the construction of independent water intakes on open sources. From here, water can be fed directly into the facility's network.

Sewerage. Most often, accidents occur on collectors, sewer networks. When they are destroyed, fecal water enters the water supply system, which leads to various infectious and other diseases. What if there is an accident at the pumping station? Then the reservoir overflows with waste liquid, its level rises and pours out. In order not to flood the surrounding area, it is necessary to provide for the installation of channels for discharging effluents from the network into low areas of the area. They must be selected in advance and agreed with the sanitary supervision and fish protection authorities.

At sewage pumping stations, it is very important to have a standby electric unit or a mobile power plant that would provide a minimum need for electricity. The current collector must be prepared so that it can quickly switch to a backup current source.

Gas supply. Of particular danger today are destruction and breaks in gas pipelines, in the distributing networks of residential buildings and industrial enterprises. Accidents at compressor and gas control stations, gas tanks, although they occur, are less common.

Due to aging and dilapidation, deformation of the soil, breaks in pipelines have become almost commonplace. To eliminate this shortcoming, capital investments are needed, but they just do not exist.

But explosions in residential buildings and enterprises as a result of gas leaks can be eliminated without much cost, only care and elementary discipline of each user are needed.

Power supply. In almost all natural disasters - earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes - overhead power lines suffer, less often buildings and structures of transformer stations and distribution points. When wires break, short circuits almost always occur, and they, in turn, lead to fires. Lack of power supply creates a lot of trouble: elevators with people stop in houses, water and heat supply stops, the work of enterprises, urban electric transport is disrupted, the activities of medical institutions are hindered, that is, the entire established rhythm of life breaks down.

There are several ways to increase the stability of the power supply.

Firstly, the supply of an enterprise, institution, settlement from two independent energy sources. This significantly improves reliability, since the simultaneous failure of two power transmission lines (with a loopback) is less likely.

Secondly, the replacement of overhead lines with underground cable ones.

And thirdly, the creation of autonomous energy sources to provide electricity, primarily to shops with a continuous technological cycle, water and sewer stations, boiler houses, medical and other institutions.

Heat supply. As the experience of the past two winters shows, accidents on heating mains, in boiler houses, at thermal power plants and distribution networks have become a real scourge, a headache for many managers. The breakthrough of any heating main is a big disaster, and it happens mostly on the most frosty days, when the pressure and temperature of the water increase.

Laying heating networks on overpasses, along the walls of buildings is more economical and easier to maintain, but is unacceptable in a city. Therefore, pipes have to be buried in the ground or laid in special collectors.

Currently, most boiler houses run on natural gas. Damage to pipelines leads to the fact that the gas supply stops, work stops. To prevent this, each boiler room must be equipped so that it can operate on several types of fuel: liquid, gaseous and solid. The transition from one type to another should take place in the shortest possible time.

It must be remembered that in addition to fuel, boiler houses must also be continuously supplied with electricity. Therefore, in addition to power from two sources, it is advisable to have a standby electric unit designed to operate pumps and other equipment. Each boiler room must have a device for switching power from the main electrical network to an autonomous source.

The object has 1 underground power supply input from the feeder located to the north-west of the plant. The power supply network on the territory is a buried gallery. The energy management control room is located in the northwestern part of the facility. The plant does not have autonomous sources of power supply for production needs.

The facility is supplied with gas from two independent inputs through hydraulic fracturing. Western hydraulic fracturing under repair. All networks are buried. Inputs to the buildings of workshops are external. The facility uses low and medium pressure networks. There are no automatic disconnect devices on the networks. In the northern part of the storage area there are gas holders of liquefied natural gas. Gas holders are ground unbunded.

Water supply of the object is carried out from the city water conduit. The network is buried. As a reserve, a mothballed artesian well equipped in the southwestern part of the production site can be used. The facility does not have a circulating water supply system and industrial wastewater treatment systems.

Heat supply. The plant has its own gas-fired boiler house. The reserve type of fuel is diesel fuel. Heating networks are located openly. For heating in winter, the cooling system of a metallurgical plant can be used.

In the western part of the facility, a fire pond with a volume of 1500 cubic meters is equipped.

The buildings of the main production shops were built in 54. Reconstruction was not carried out. The roof of shop N 10 is in disrepair.

The facility has a Main Computing Center that provides automation of production management, monitoring and operation of security systems. There is no backup ACS system. There is no backup power supply to the MCC.

During the operation of the plant, there were 9 major accidents on the KEH networks with more than one shift downtime.

The machine-building plant is located in the city assigned to the 2nd civil defense group.

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 3.7. The construction of basic warehouses for the storage of SDYAV, explosives and materials, combustible substances should be envisaged in a suburban area away from urban and rural settlements and national economy facilities in accordance with the current all-Union and departmental standards.

Water supply: The facility does not have an industrial wastewater treatment system, which does not meet sanitary and epidemiological standards. There are no reservoirs for drinking water with filters-absorbers for air purification from drop-liquid agents (for 3 days, at the rate of 10 liters per person), which contradicts Art. 4.11 of SNiP “ITM GO”. The facility does not provide for a recycling water supply system, which contradicts Article 4.12 of SNiP “ITM GO”. The hot water pipeline system is supplied both for drinking needs and for industrial needs, which does not comply with SNiP 2.04.01-85 * “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings”.

The network is buried. As a reserve, a mothballed artesian well equipped in the southwestern part of the production site can be used. The facility does not have a circulating water supply system and industrial wastewater treatment systems.

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 4.15. When connecting industrial enterprises to urban water supply networks, existing wells at enterprises should be sealed and stored for possible use as a backup.

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 4.10. ... categorized cities and objects of special importance should be based on at least two independent water sources, one of which should be underground

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 4.11. In order to guarantee the provision of drinking water to the population in the event of failure of all head structures or contamination of water supply sources, it is necessary to have reservoirs in order to create in them at least a 3-day supply of drinking water at a rate of at least 10 liters per day per person.

Drinking water tanks should be equipped with absorber filters for air purification from RW and drop-liquid 0V and should be located, as a rule, outside the zones of possible severe damage. If tanks are located in areas of possible severe damage, their design must be designed for the effect of excess pressure in the front of the air shock wave of a nuclear explosion.

Drinking water tanks should also be equipped with hermetic (protective and hermetic) hatches and devices for distributing water into mobile containers.

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 4.20. Fire hydrants, as well as valves for shutting off damaged sections of the water supply system of a categorized city or an object of special importance located outside a categorized city, should, as a rule, be located on a territory that is not flooded during the destruction of buildings and structures.

Gas supply: It is required to install automatic shut-off devices triggered by the pressure (impulse) of the shock wave, in accordance with Article 4.24 of SNiP “ITM GO”. The facility is not equipped with underground bypass gas pipelines (bypasses) with the installation of disconnecting devices on them, which contradicts Article 4.25 of SNiP “ITM GO”. The gas supply system is not looped (contradicts Art. 4.26 of SNiP “ITM GO”). In the northern part of the storage area there are gas holders of liquefied natural gas. Gas holders located on the territory of the plant are ground-based, unbundled, that is, it is necessary to raise the issue of creating a reserve located outside the zones of possible severe damage, their design must be designed for the effect of excess pressure in the front of an air shock wave.

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 4.25. The ground parts of gas distribution stations (GDS) and supporting gas distribution points (GDP) in categorized cities, as well as GDP of objects of special importance located outside categorized cities, should be equipped with underground gas bypass pipelines (bypasses) with installation on them.xshutdown devices. Underground bypasses should provide gas supply to the gas supply system in case of failure of the ground part of the GDS or GRP;

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 4.26. In categorized cities, it is necessary to provide for underground laying of the main distribution gas pipelines of high and medium pressure and branches from them to the facilities of these cities that continue to work in wartime. The laying of gas pipelines on the territory of these facilities should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of gas supply design standards.

Networks of high and medium pressure gas pipelines in categorized cities and at facilities of special importance located outside categorized cities must be underground and looped.

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": clause 4.27 When designing new and reconstructing existing gas supply systems in categorized cities, it is necessary to provide for the installation of disconnecting devices triggered by pressure (impulse) of the shock wave, as well as the arrangement of jumpers between dead-end gas pipelines);

Power supply:

The object has 1 underground power supply input from the feeder located to the north-west of the plant.

According to SNiP 2.01.51-90 "ITM GO": 5.3 Distribution transmission lines of power systems with a voltage of 110-330 kV should, as a rule, be looped and connected to several sources of power supply, taking into account possible damage to individual sources, and should also, if possible, pass along different routes.When designing power supply systems, small stationary power plants should be kept as a reserve, and the possibility of using mobile power plants and substations should be taken into account.

The power supply network on the territory is a buried gallery. The energy management control room is located in the northwestern part of the facility.

The plant does not have autonomous sources of power supply for production needs.

5.5. When designing external power supply schemes for categorized cities, it is necessary to provide for their power supply from several independent and territorially separated power sources (power plants and substations), some of which should be located outside the zones of possible destruction.

Clause 5.7 To ensure the possibility of reducing the electrical load in categorized cities, the power supply systems of objects that are not switched off in wartime must be separated from the power supply systems of other objects.

Non-switchable objects should, as a rule, be provided with electricity via two cable lines from two independent and geographically separated power centers (sources);

Heat supply: The plant has its own gas-fired boiler house. The reserve type of fuel is diesel fuel. The plant is in a satisfactory condition, but should be equipped with bypass lines. Also, heat supply networks are located openly, it is necessary to carry out measures for additional protection of networks. For heating in winter, the cooling system of a metallurgical plant can be used.

Sewerage of the object is mixed gravity single-collector.

Accidents on utility networks

These accidents in our lives have become commonplace. No one will be surprised by an accident in a heating network or electricity supply in a separate house, at an enterprise. Whole cities are now "freezing". So, January 9, 1996ᴦ. the entire residential area of ​​Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was completely de-energized. Due to the lack of fuel at the thermal power plant, without light and heat, people sat in their apartments for almost a day. And in the city for the fifth day a blizzard with heavy wind continued. The power supply was restored, but intermittently.

Slightly warm batteries in Khabarovsk apartments and soldiers' barracks of military units stationed in the city. Boilers were on the verge of shutdown. Many believed that again, as it had already happened, they would have to warm themselves and cook food on fires built on city streets.

February night 1996 ᴦ. in a 45-degree frost in Omolon (Chukotka), all three village boiler houses stopped: the deep pump supplying them with water broke down. The heating main was defrosted, 70 residential buildings, all village enterprises and institutions were left without heat and light. Freezing people began to build home-made stoves from metal barrels, bonfires were made right in the apartments. As a result, a 12-apartment building burned down.

The District Commission for Emergency Situations allocated two diesel power plants for those in need.

The entire Sakhalin city of Okha with a population of 26 thousand people was left without heat due to a breakthrough in the heating main. Outside - minus 25°С with wind. More than 100 houses have literally turned into refrigerators.

The city declared a state of emergency. For a long time it was not possible to stabilize the situation: only one house was warmed up, another nearby went out of order. Surprisingly, the simple adjustable wrenches did not turn out to be in the right amount in the city utilities. Truly, thoughtlessness, irresponsibility and negligence have no limits.

That the winter of 1995/96 was. will be heavy in the Far East, it was known in advance. But none of the territories of the region was adequately prepared for the onset of cold weather,

This winter, there was practically not a single city on the territory of Russia where there were no accidents on the utility and energy networks.

A February 6, 1996ᴦ. in the Federation Council - our highest body - there was an unpleasant incident. During the morning meeting, the lights in the main hall suddenly went out. The unplanned break lasted approximately 50 minutes, during which the emergency situation was eliminated.

November 24, 1995 ᴦ. due to a strong fire in an underground collector on Chertanovskaya Street in Moscow, about 150 cables burned out, electricity and heat were turned off in houses. The telephones of 20 thousand subscribers fell silent. Heat and electricity were soon given. But with telephones I had to fiddle for a long time. The damage is estimated at many billions of rubles.

There are countless such examples. It all comes down to the ability to manage the economy, the extremely important sense of responsibility of leaders of all ranks and the implementation of requirements for increasing sustainability so that utility networks are able to work with the destruction of individual elements.

Water supply. The most frequent accidents are at distribution networks, pumping stations, and pressure towers. Water intakes, sewage treatment plants, clean water tanks are less likely to be damaged.

The water supply is stopped not only due to an accident directly on any pipeline, but also during a power outage, and, as a rule, there is no backup source.

Underground pipelines are destroyed during earthquakes, landslides and, for the most part, from corrosion and dilapidation. The most vulnerable places are connections and inputs to buildings.

Sustainability of the water supply system is, in essence, to ensure the supply of an extremely important amount of water under any conditions. To do this, it is necessary to equip a certain number of disconnecting and switching devices that provide water supply to any pipeline, bypassing the damaged one.

One of the best ways to increase the sustainability of the water supply of enterprises is the construction of independent water intakes on open sources. From here, water can be fed directly into the facility's network.

Sewerage. Most often, accidents occur on collectors, sewer networks. When they are destroyed, fecal water enters the water supply system, which leads to various infectious and other diseases. What if there is an accident at the pumping station? Then the reservoir overflows with waste liquid, its level rises and pours out. In order not to flood the surrounding area, it is necessary to provide for the installation of channels for discharging effluents from the network into low areas of the area. Οʜᴎ must be selected in advance and agreed with the sanitary supervision and fish protection authorities.

At sewage pumping stations, it is very important to have a standby electric unit or a mobile power plant that would provide a minimum need for electricity. The current collector must be prepared in such a way that it would be possible to quickly switch to a backup current source.

Gas supply. Of particular danger today are destruction and breaks in gas pipelines, in the distributing networks of residential buildings and industrial enterprises. Accidents at compressor and gas control stations, gas tanks, although they occur, are less common.

Due to aging and dilapidation, deformation of the soil, breaks in pipelines have become almost commonplace. To eliminate this shortcoming, capital investments are needed, but they just do not exist.

But explosions in residential buildings and enterprises as a result of gas leaks can be eliminated without much cost, only the care and elementary discipline of each user is needed.

Power supply. In almost all natural disasters - earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes - overhead power lines suffer, less often buildings and structures of transformer stations and distribution points. When wires break, short circuits almost always occur, and they, in turn, lead to fires. Lack of electricity creates a lot of trouble; elevators with people stop in houses, the supply of water and heat stops, the work of enterprises, urban electric transport is disrupted, the activities of medical institutions are hindered, that is, the entire established rhythm of life breaks down.

There are several ways to increase the stability of the power supply.

First of all, the supply of an enterprise, institution, settlement from two independent energy sources. This significantly improves reliability, since the simultaneous failure of two power transmission lines (with a loopback) is less likely.

Secondly, the replacement of overhead lines with underground cable ones.

And thirdly, the creation of autonomous energy sources to provide electricity, primarily to shops with a continuous technological cycle, water and sewer stations, boiler houses, medical and other institutions,

Heat supply. As the experience of the past two winters shows, accidents on heating mains, in boiler houses, at thermal power plants and distribution networks have become a real scourge, a headache for many leaders. A breakthrough in any heating main is a big disaster, and it happens mostly on the most frosty days, when the pressure and temperature of the water increase.

Laying heating networks on overpasses, along the walls of buildings is more cost-effective and easier to maintain, but is unacceptable in a city. For this reason, pipes have to be buried in the ground or laid in special collectors.

Today, most boiler houses run on natural gas. Damage to pipelines leads to the fact that the gas supply stops, work stops. To prevent this, each boiler room must be equipped so that it can operate on several types of fuel: liquid, gaseous and solid. The transition from one type to another should take place in the shortest possible time.

It must be remembered: in addition to fuel, boiler rooms must also be continuously supplied with electricity. For this reason, in addition to power from two sources, it is also advisable to have a backup electrical unit designed to operate pumps and other equipment. Each boiler room must have a device for switching power from the main power supply to an autonomous source.

Accidents on utility networks - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Accidents on utility networks" 2017, 2018.

These accidents in our lives have become commonplace. What is there an accident with a heating network or power supply in a separate house, enterprise. Whole cities are now "freezing". So, on January 9, 1996, the entire residential area of ​​Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was completely de-energized. Due to the lack of fuel at the thermal power plant, without light and heat, people sat in their apartments for almost a day. And in the city for the fifth day a blizzard with heavy wind continued. The power supply was restored, but intermittently.

Slightly warm batteries in Khabarovsk apartments and soldiers' barracks of military units stationed in the city. Boilers were on the verge of shutdown. Many believed that again, as it had already happened, they would have to warm themselves and cook food on fires built on city streets.

On a February night in 1996, in a 45-degree frost in Omolon (Chukotka), all three village boiler houses stopped: the deep-well pump supplying them with water broke down. The heating main was defrosted, 70 residential buildings, all settlement enterprises and institutions were left without heat and light. Freezing people began to build home-made stoves from metal barrels, bonfires were made right in the apartments. As a result, a 12-apartment building burned down.

The District Commission for Emergency Situations allocated two diesel power plants to those in trouble.

The entire Sakhalin city of Okha with a population of 26 thousand people was left without heat due to a breakthrough in the heating main. On the street - minus 25 ° with the wind. More than 100 houses have literally turned into refrigerators. The city declared a state of emergency. For a long time it was not possible to stabilize the situation: only one house was warmed up, another nearby went out of order. Surprisingly, the simple adjustable wrenches did not turn out to be in the right amount in the city utilities. What to talk about next. Thoughtlessness, irresponsibility and negligence have no limits.

It just so happened that in the Far East, many cities "freeze" almost every year. The utility and energy networks are systematically failing. As always, there is no money for their repair.

The capital of Russia suffers from the same disease. So. On the night of January 25, 2000, the largest break in a heating pipe occurred on Elektrozavodskaya Street. Almost 250,000 residents of the Eastern District were left without heat. The catastrophe was avoided only thanks to the prompt and selfless actions of the repair teams.

And the problem of what is happening is that 17% of heating systems require replacement. One meter costs almost 80 thousand rubles. In Moscow, 60 km of obsolete pipes are replaced annually, while 120 are needed.

That is why there was not a single city in Russia where there were no accidents on the utility and energy networks.

Due to a strong fire in an underground collector on Chertanovskaya Street in Moscow, about 150 cables burned out, electricity and heat were turned off in houses. The phones of 20 thousand subscribers fell silent. Heat and electricity were soon given. But it took a long time to mess around with phones. The damage is estimated at many billions of rubles.

There are countless examples of such. Everything depends on the ability to manage the economy, the mandatory sense of responsibility of leaders of all ranks and the fulfillment of requirements (measures) to increase sustainability, that is, to ensure that utility networks are able to work with the destruction of individual elements. Water supply.

The most frequent accidents are at distribution networks, pumping stations, and pressure towers. Water intakes, sewage treatment plants, clean water tanks are less likely to be damaged.

The water supply is stopped not only due to an accident directly on any pipeline, but also during a power outage, and, as a rule, there is no backup source.

Underground pipelines are destroyed during earthquakes, landslides and, for the most part, from corrosion and dilapidation. The most vulnerable places are connections and inputs to buildings.

The stability of the water supply system is to ensure the supply of the required amount of water under any conditions. To do this, it is necessary to equip a certain number of disconnecting and switching devices that provide water supply to any pipeline, bypassing the damaged one.

One of the best ways to increase the sustainability of the water supply of enterprises is the construction of independent water intakes on open sources. From here, water can be fed directly into the facility's network.

Sewerage.

Most often, accidents occur on collectors, sewer networks. When they are destroyed, fecal water enters the water supply system, which leads to various infectious and other diseases. What if there is an accident at the pumping station? Then the reservoir overflows with waste liquid, its level rises and pours out. In order not to flood the surrounding area, it is necessary to provide for the installation of channels for discharging effluents from the network into low areas of the area. They must be selected in advance and agreed with the sanitary supervision and fish protection authorities.

At sewer stations for pumping wastewater. it is very important to have your own standby power plant or mobile power plant, which would provide a minimum need for electricity. The current collector must be prepared so that it can quickly switch to a backup current source.

Gas supply.

Of particular danger today are destruction and ruptures in gas pipelines, in distribution networks of residential buildings and industrial enterprises. Accidents at compressor and gas control stations, gas tanks, although they occur, are less common.

Due to aging and dilapidation, deformation of the soil, breaks in pipelines have become almost commonplace. Capital investments are needed to eliminate this shortcoming.

But explosions in residential buildings and enterprises as a result of gas leaks can be eliminated without much cost, only the care and elementary discipline of each user is needed.

Power supply.

During natural disasters: earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, as a rule, overhead power lines suffer, less often buildings and structures of transformer stations and distribution points. When wires break, short circuits always occur, and they, in turn, lead to fires. The lack of power supply creates a lot of trouble: elevators in houses stop, and people get stuck in them, the supply of water and heat stops, the work of enterprises, urban electric transport is disrupted, the activities of medical institutions are hindered, one might say, the entire established rhythm of life breaks down.

There are several ways to increase the stability of the power supply. First- supply of an enterprise, institution, settlement from two directions, from independent energy sources. This significantly improves reliability, since the simultaneous failure of two power transmission lines (with a loopback) is less likely. Second method - replacement of overhead lines with an underground cable. The third- creation of autonomous energy sources to provide electricity, primarily to shops with a continuous technological cycle, water and sewer stations, boiler houses, medical and other institutions.

Heat supply.

As the experience of the past two winters shows, accidents on heating mains, in boiler houses, at thermal power plants and distribution networks have become a real scourge, a headache for many managers. A breakthrough in any heating main is a big disaster, and it happens, for the most part, on the most frosty days, when the pressure and temperature of the water increase.

Laying heating networks on overpasses, along the walls of buildings is more economical and easier to maintain, but is unacceptable in a city. Therefore, pipes have to be buried in the ground or laid in special collectors.

Currently, most boiler houses run on natural gas. Damage to pipelines leads to the fact that the gas supply stops, work stops. To prevent this, each boiler room must be equipped so that it can operate on several types of fuel: liquid, gaseous and solid. The transition from one type to another should take place in the shortest possible time.

It must be remembered that, in addition to fuel, boiler rooms must also be continuously supplied with electricity. Therefore, in addition to power from two sources, it is advisable to have a standby electric unit designed to operate pumps and other equipment. Each boiler room must have a device for switching power from the main electrical network to an autonomous source.

Similar information.

Energy economy of the country

Energy economy of the country- a complex of material devices and processes designed to provide the national economy with fuel, electricity, heat, hot and cold water, compressed and conditioned air, oxygen, etc.

There are two areas in the energy sector:

first brings together energy producing(oil, gas, coal, nuclear, etc.) and energy producing(electric power and thermal power) industries;

second – energy-consuming industries that directly consume fuel, electricity and heat, and other energy resources.

The energy economy can be considered as an energy chain that includes a number of interrelated links:

1) energy resources (fuel, nuclear, hydro resources, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal);

2) transport (railway, water, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, etc.);

3) warehouses (coal, gas storage, oil storage);

4) generating plants (thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, gas turbine stations, blower stations, oxygen stations, boiler houses, etc.);

5) storage installations (electric storage batteries, etc.);

6) transforming, transmitting, distribution devices (electric networks, heating networks, air networks, oxygen networks, etc.);

7) consumers.

Elements or links in the supply of any energy resource (for example, coal) from the extraction of the resource to its consumption represent a single chain:

Production → Transport (railway, road, pipeline, as well as electric and heat networks) → Storage (fuel resource warehouses) → Generating plants → Accumulation devices → Transforming, transmitting, distribution devices → Consumer.

All these systems are interconnected and are designed to provide the intended energy supply with a sufficient level of reliability. A change in one of the links leads to a change in all other links.

For example: A decrease in coal production at one of the mines leads to a downtime of the transport planned to transport this part of the coal, a decrease in the generation of electricity and heat at power plants operating on this coal, undersupply of electricity and heat to the consumer, a decrease in output by industrial and other consumers, etc. d.

Or interruptions in transport - they cause overstocking of coal at the mine, a decrease in the generation of electricity and heat at a thermal station, etc.

Therefore, the study of each link in the energy chain should not be carried out in isolation, but taking into account the influence of the considered technical solutions on other links. At the same time, each of the links in the power supply chain must reliably ensure the performance of its functions.

In the energy sector, there are connections both within the energy economy and connections with other economic and sectoral systems and structures (external).

External links Energetics manifest themselves in two directions: operational and providing.

Operational communications are carried out with technological processes of industry, transport, agriculture, public utilities.

The continuity of these links is determined by the practical coincidence in time of the processes of production, transmission and consumption of electricity and heat. The inability to store energy in practically tangible amounts leads to the need to create reserves in generating capacities, fuel at thermal and nuclear power plants, and water at hydroelectric power plants.

Providing links are determined by the need to ensure the advance coordinated development of the fuel industry, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, the construction industry, and transport devices.

The totality of enterprises, installations and structures that ensure the extraction and processing of primary fuel and energy resources, their transformation and delivery to consumers in a form convenient for use forms fuel and energy complex(TEK).

The fuel and energy complex is the core of the country's economy, which ensures the vital activity of all branches of the national economy and the population. The role of the fuel and energy complex in the development of the country's economy has always been very significant. The fuel and energy complex produces more than a quarter of Russia's products, has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget, and provides almost half of the state's foreign exchange earnings. The fixed assets of the fuel and energy complex make up a third of the production assets of the industry; more than three million people work at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex

Energy companies, unlike others, have certain features. The main ones are:

1. Energy enterprises not only produce products, but also transport (transfer) and distribute them.

2. The production process is a continuous chain of energy transformations.

In this chain, three phases are distinguished, clearly differing in their functions and tasks:

Production of energy or conversion of the energy of the used energy resources into the type of energy that the consumer needs;

Transportation of the produced energy and its distribution between individual receivers;

Energy consumption, consisting in its conversion into other types of energy used in various receivers or in changing energy parameters.

3. The process of production, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy proceeds almost simultaneously and continuously.

The continuity of the energy production process, in turn, leads to certain features:

a) In the process there is an absolute proportionality between the production and consumption of energy, i.e. there are no local accumulations of semi-finished products and products.

In any other branch of industry, it is possible to accumulate products of production in a warehouse, as a result of which the mutual dependence between its individual links is reduced. The impossibility of storing energy determines the fundamental feature of the work of energy enterprises, which lies in the fact that energy production is subordinated to the consumer and changes in accordance with the change in its consumption.

b) Defective products and their withdrawal from consumption are excluded.

The impossibility of rejecting products (energy) and withdrawing it from consumption imposes on energy enterprises a special responsibility for the constant quality of energy, i.e. for maintaining energy parameters within certain limits, the main characteristics of which are:

voltage and frequency for electrical energy;

steam pressure and temperature for thermal energy.

This requirement is due to the fact that a decrease in the quality of energy leads in some cases to a decrease in the quality of products manufactured by an energy consumer (for example, fluctuations in the frequency of current during paper production, leads to a change in the speed of the production line, respectively, to a change in the thickness of the layer of mass entering the line and paper thickness, i.e. product defects), reduced resource of consuming devices, increased energy consumption.

c) There is no problem of sale, in view of which overstocking is impossible.

d) There is no need to store products, since everything that is produced is all consumed at the same moment.

4. Energy enterprises are closely connected with industry, transport, communications, utilities and agriculture - with the whole set of various receivers of electrical and thermal energy. This predetermines the rigid dependence of energy production on the mode of consumption, i.e. there is a constant change in energy production during the day, week, month, year. This is based on, on the one hand, natural and climatic factors (temperature fluctuations, changes in natural lighting, etc.), and on the other hand, the features of the technological process of various enterprises and sectors of the national economy, work and rest regimes, etc. ., changes in household load.

5. High requirements for the reliability of fuel and energy facilities

High requirements for reliability are due to a whole range of reasons.

Violations in energy and fuel supply can lead not only to a violation of the sustainable development of the economy of an individual village, city, region, etc. according to the scale of the emergency and economic losses, but also to serious social problems. In addition, an emergency situation can threaten human life, and, as a rule, leads to negative impacts on the environment.

In the power industry, the technological interconnectedness of individual elements of power systems is the cause of the almost instantaneous spread of emergency situations. Thus, sometimes even minor violations of the rules of normal operation can lead to man-made disasters. Therefore, in order to localize emergency situations, emergency sections of networks, consumers and generating sources are turned off.

Fuel extracting industries and energy production using traditional technologies have a significant impact on the environment. Insufficient attention to reliability problems can lead to irreversible consequences for the environment and the national economy due to man-made disasters. All this makes the problem of the reliability of the functioning of the fuel and energy complex the most significant in solving the problems of developing its constituent industries.

The necessary reliability can be ensured only with an integrated approach to solving this problem. Reliability requirements should be taken into account when making engineering decisions in the course of developing equipment, choosing schemes for connecting elements, creating automated control systems, as well as when training personnel. At the stage of production of equipment, modern quality management systems should be in place. In the process of operation, monitoring of the technical condition of the equipment should be ensured, and an effective system for improving the qualifications of personnel should function.

Features of the energy economy led to the need to use system method of economic research.

The importance of optimization technical and economic calculations in the power industry is especially great due to the wide interchangeability of individual power plants, types of energy products and the relatively high capital intensity of power plants. So, for the production of electricity, condensing power plants (CPP), combined heat and power plants (CHP), hydroelectric power plants (HPP), nuclear power plants (NPP), etc. can be used. Thermal power plants, boiler houses, and utilization plants are used to produce heat. They can be equipped with units of various types, operating at different steam parameters and using various types of fossil fuels, gas, coal, fuel oil, etc., non-traditional energy sources. A large number of options are also available at the stages of energy transport and use by consumers.

The interchangeability of product types is determined by the possibility of using different energy carriers in these installations. For example, the use of natural gas or electricity in heating furnaces, the use of a steam or electric compressor drive, etc.

The energy factor can play a significant role in solving the problem of locating enterprises in the regions of the country. The location of power plants, especially large hydroelectric power plants, often has a great influence on the formation of industrial complexes around them.

Energy economics studies the issues of choosing the optimal direction for the development of energy production, the optimal operation of equipment, the efficient use of all types of resources.

The economic features of the branches of the fuel and energy complex include the following.

1. Natural monopoly.

Technological features and a special role in the economy create the prerequisites for the formation of a natural monopoly in the fuel and energy sector. Factors of natural monopolism: centralization of transport and high costs of switching to other types of business.

To the greatest extent, monopolism is expressed in the electric power industry as a result of technological features and in the gas industry as a result of the organizational structure. They are followed by the oil and coal industries in accordance with the decrease in the severity of the features of natural monopoly.

2. Capital intensity.

Fuel and energy sectors are among the so-called basic industries. The technological foundations of the fuel and energy complex were formed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Subsequently, the main technologies for energy production and transmission were modernized, mechanized and automated, but the physical foundations and principles of their organization remained practically unchanged to this day and are associated with significant investments in industrial infrastructure (for example, the construction of dams for hydroelectric power plants or treatment facilities for thermal power plants, etc.). The extraction of fuel resources is associated either with underground work, or requires drilling to a great depth, besides, it is associated with the alienation of land, etc., therefore, it also always requires large investments in exploration and preparatory work.

3. High barriers to entry into the industry. These include:

• large initial capital;
• difficulties of adaptation due to the peculiarities of the structure of the industry (the predominance of large enterprises) and the existing system of economic relations;
• the difficulty of creating a highly organized team of professionally trained workers in a short time due to the great importance of experience in this industry.

4. Scale effect.

The economies of scale are significantly manifested only in the electric power industry. First, in this industry, capital investments are one-time. Secondly, due to the high capital intensity of production and transmission of energy, a significant share of semi-fixed costs in the cost of production.

In the fuel extractive industries, economies of scale do not appear despite capital intensity due to the fact that capital investments are almost continuous due to the need to relocate the production site. This is especially pronounced in the coal industry.

5. Features of production costs and the similarity of the structure of production costs.

A specific feature of the economy of fuel and energy industries is a large difference in the value of the cost of production. In the electric power industry, this is due to the use of various technologies and primary energy resources in the production of electricity and heat. Thus, electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants is several times cheaper than electricity produced by thermal power plants. The products of enterprises in the fuel-producing industries differ significantly not only in terms of cost, but also in quality. For example, in the coal industry, underground coal is 1.5–2 times more expensive than open pit coal; coking coals are 1.5–2 times more expensive than power coals.

The similarity of the structure of the cost of production of various sectors of the fuel and energy complex is manifested in the large share of the transport component of costs and the relatively small (compared to high-tech industries) wages.

6. Similarity of investment attractiveness factors.

The most important factor in the investment attractiveness of the fuel and energy sector is the stable demand for fuel and energy resources. The periodic decline in business activity, as a natural phenomenon for market economy countries, affects the fuel and energy sector to the least extent. For a rather distant future, scientists predict a further increase in demand for fuel and energy resources. For this reason, investing in the fuel and energy complex is considered the least risky.

7. Influence of the geographical factor on the competitiveness of industries and economic indicators of production.

The location of enterprises in the fuel-producing industries is determined by the geography of the location of the deposits. This has two important implications.

First, they are mainly located in hard-to-reach and poorly developed areas. This significantly affects the increase in investment in exploration and construction of enterprises.

Secondly, this leads to the fact that in the cost of production of fuel industries, for example, coal, the transport component reaches 50%.

Generating capacities in the electric power industry, which use renewable and non-traditional energy sources, are also tightly tied to certain geographical areas. This factor, along with the remoteness of the main coal basins from the industrialized regions of the European part of Russia, significantly affects the configuration of the electric power industry.

At the heart of the energy economy are two directions: district heating and electrification.

Electrification is of particular importance. This is determined by its special properties: ease of transformation into other types (thermal, mechanical, light); the ability to provide the necessary parameters for the flow of production processes; complexity of mechanization and automation of production; increase in labor productivity. Electricity allows splitting into separate streams and transmission over considerable distances. Without the use of electricity, electrochemical and electrophysical processes are impossible, as well as the drive of automatic machines, manipulators, robots and other production processes.

The required installed capacity of power plants in Russia is determined by the maximum electrical loads of consumers, export of capacity outside of Russia, power losses in electrical networks and the estimated power reserve.

At present, industry remains the main consumer of electricity in the national economy.

To characterize level of electrification a system of indicators expressed in value or in kind is used.

One of the main indicators is electric intensity of products, determined by the ratio of electricity consumed to the volume of output for the same period of time. The dynamics of the indicator indicates that the growth rate of electricity consumption outstrips the growth rate of production. The imperfection of this indicator is determined by the conditionality of calculating the volume of production in value terms.