An industrial center in the city is built. Industrial Exodus

Alexei SERGEEV, Chairman of the Committee for Economic Development, Industrial Policy and Trade, tells in more detail about the course of this process, as well as how the city sees the development of new industrial zones, in an interview with the magazine.

– How fast is the withdrawal of industry from the center today? Which companies have decided to move?
– The process of transferring industrial enterprises outside the historical center of the city has been going on for many years. In parallel, the functional purpose of territories previously occupied by industry is changing. Among the largest projects, one can note the relocation of the Petmol OJSC plant and the construction of a new workshop for the production of children's dairy products in the Parnas non-residential area. Also, this is the relocation of OAO Krasnoye Znamya to the Vostochnaya industrial zone and OAO NPP Burevestnik to Rybatskoye. Among the pioneers were also the Vulkan Plant, the First Furniture Factory. The relocation of the terminal and logistics complex of Modul LLC from the territory of Varshavsky railway station is at the final stage.

In the near future, JSC Sestroretsk Tool Plant is expected to move from Sestroretsk to the Konnaya Lakhta zone. Space-Motor CJSC from the Northern Valley region transfers production to Konnaya Lakhta. Also JSC "Lenpoligraphmash" from the embankment of the river Karpovka is ready to move to the non-residential zone "North-West".
The profile committees of St. Petersburg supported the idea to change the functional purpose of a number of territories, giving them the status of residential development zones.
In particular, these are the production sites of the branch of OJSC Power Machines - the plant Electrosila, OJSC Optimed-Invest and OJSC KLIMOV.

The territories occupied by OAO Compressor, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Zavod im. Kalinin, CJSC Plant Izmeron, OJSC Steel Rolling Plant, OJSC Nevskaya Manufaktura. Such changes are a green light for investors who want to buy the rights to the territory from enterprises for the purpose of redevelopment.
According to recent amendments made to the General Plan of St. Petersburg, the area of ​​industrial territories is now 18 thousand hectares - 13% of the area of ​​the entire city.

- Which of the existing industrial zones are being developed most actively?
- Horse Lakhta, Metallostroy, Rybatskoye, Izhora Plants, Novo-Orlovskaya, where the next residents of the SEZ will be located.

Among the promising territories, Predportovaya-3, which will be allocated for IT-cluster enterprises, and Beloostrov should be singled out.

– How is the land management and engineering preparation of new industrial zones carried out?
– In 2007–2010 about 1.1 billion rubles are allocated for the construction of engineering infrastructure facilities KERPPiT as a state customer. In 2007, 200 million rubles were spent for these purposes.
In 2008, 350 million rubles are allocated. In 2009 - 350 million rubles. In 2010 - 200 million rubles.
Last year, planning projects and land surveying projects for the Krasnoselskaya and Shushary-2 zones, as well as the Neudorf and Novo-Orlovskaya SEZs, were approved. There are projects for planning and surveying the territory for the industrial zones "Rybatskoye", "Ruchi", "Obukhovo", "Rzhevka", "Predportovaya-3", partially - for the territories "South-West", "Beloostrov", "Pushkinskaya", " Kolomyagi”, “Parnas”, IT park sites.
In the next two or three years, it is planned to conduct engineering preparations for the Metallostroy, Predportovaya-3, Horse Lakhta, and Parnas industrial zones. This process will continue in Kamenka, Shushary-2, and Rybatsky. The design of integrated sanitary protection zones for industrial areas has begun.

– Is it possible to motivate the owners and managers of enterprises to more actively move capacities outside the center? What is the effect of the applied economic levers?
- There is no dictate from the executive branch of the city. Based on economic benefits, business itself decides how expedient it is to transfer production facilities from the city center to industrial zones.
Today, land lease rates in the city center are much higher than in industrial zones, so maintaining an industrial site in the city center becomes inefficient. Industrialists are starting to count lost profits. A residential building or a business center in most of these cases shows a higher profitability. In addition, old enterprises need to upgrade their machine park and technologies. Technical re-equipment allows the same volume and range of products to be produced on smaller areas.
The laws of St. Petersburg "On tax incentives", "On state support for investment activities in the territory of St. Petersburg" also provide for certain tax benefits.

For investors who, within one calendar year, made investments in fixed assets that were not previously in operation in the territory of St. Petersburg, in the amount of more than 150 million rubles, the corporate property tax rate is halved for a period of 3 years.
If investments amount to 150-300 million rubles, the income tax rate is reduced from 24% to 22% for the same period. If more than 300 million rubles, the rate is reduced to 20% in the part that falls into the regional budget.
If the amount of investments in fixed assets during 3 calendar years of investment amounted to at least 3 billion rubles, then the city provides the investor with benefits for a period of 5 years. In particular, the company is exempt from property tax, the income tax rate is also reduced to 20%.

The city also helps to find a site convenient for future production in the allotted territories. All applications for the provision of land plots for industrial enterprises are submitted to the St. Petersburg Investment Department.
The department submits the application to the City Industrial Investment Agency. The agency is actually engaged in individual project support. The size of capital investments, the scale of the project, its socio-economic significance for the city are the criteria by which a particular project is recognized as important or strategic.

– Does the integrated development of territories for industrial construction make urban planning and economic sense?
– The city's approach to the system of development of industrial territories is fixed in the Sectoral (cluster) scheme for the development and specialization of industrial zones of St. Petersburg. The document was developed by KERP&T and CGA.

The main reason for the emergence of the cluster scheme was the shortage of large free plots (more than 10 hectares) for the placement of industrial facilities. Also, the need for such a document arose due to logistical and environmental restrictions, as well as different volumes of land reserves within industrial zones.

In the process of forming industry specialization, the main and reserve functions of each industrial zone will be determined. Places for engineering infrastructure facilities will also be preliminarily designated.

Prepared by Natalia Andropova

Increasingly, in the strategic plans for the development of our country, the government is focusing on the need to move away from the status of a “resource power”. At the same time, the main stake is placed on the development of its own processing of raw materials and the establishment of production, and large industrial centers are attracting more and more attention.

We offer Top 10 largest industrial centers of Russia, compiled according to the Institute of Territorial Planning "Urbanika".

10. Novokuznetsk

The volume of industrial production is 264 billion rubles.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal industry enterprises operate in the city. Among the owners of the leading industrial facilities are Evraz Group, UMMC, Sibuglemet, Rusal.

9. Chelyabinsk

RUB 277.3 billion.

The city is a recognized leader in Russia in the field of ferrous metallurgy, high-level mechanical engineering and the food industry. In Chelyabinsk, there are enterprises of OAO Mechel, groups Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant, Cheboksary Electromechanical Plant, Coca-Cola, Russian Technologies State Corporation.

8. Norilsk

312 billion rubles

The life of this polar city is built around the activities of the leader in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy, MMC Norilsk Nickel.

7. Ufa

313.6 billion rubles

The city received the status of a major industrial center thanks to the development of oil and gas processing, mechanical engineering, food and pharmaceutical industries. The leading enterprises are owned by OAO ANK Bashneft, Russian Technologies State Corporation, Wimm-Bill-Dann, Pharmstandard.

6. Perm

331.3 billion rubles

The city can boast of significant success in the field of oil and gas processing, mechanical engineering, food and chemical industries. The owners of the leading industrial facilities are OAO Lukoil, State Corporation Rostekhnologii and Roskosmos, Nestle, Henkel and others.

5. Omsk

348.4 billion rubles

The city has large enterprises operating in such industries as oil and gas processing, chemical and food industries, and mechanical engineering. The main industrial facilities are owned by OAO Gazprom Neft, Unilever, Wimm-Bill-Dann, State Corporation Rostekhnologii and Roskosmos.

4. Nizhnevartovsk

481.6 billion rubles

This is one of the leading Russian centers for the production and processing of oil and gas. Industrial facilities of TNK-BP, Gazprom Neft, Russneft, Slavneft, SIBUR operate in the city.

3. Surgut

800.3 billion rubles

A leader in the extraction and processing of oil and gas, the city also has large enterprises operating in the electricity, food processing and R&D industries. The main industrial facilities are owned by OAO Surgutneftegaz, OGK-2, OGK-4, SIBUR.

2. St. Petersburg

1282.7 billion rubles

The northern capital has industrial facilities for the food and chemical industries, mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, production of building materials, and R&D. Philip Morris International Inc., JTI, BAT, Kraft Foods, Procter&Gamble, United Shipbuilding Corporation, Russian Technologies, Toyota, Nissan, GM, HP, Rosatom State Corporation, Intel and many others have production facilities in the city.

1. Moscow

1895.2 billion rubles

The largest enterprises of the capital operate in such industries as mechanical engineering, food and pharmaceutical industry, oil and gas processing, R&D. The main industrial facilities are owned by Roscosmos, Rosatom, Rostekhnologii, Sukhoi Design Bureau, Renault, United Technologies, Volvo, Wimm-Bill-Dann, United Confectioners, Kraft Foods, Coca-Cola, RusHydro, GlaxoSmithKline.

During the Soviet period industrial cities arose, as a rule, on the basis of a systematically developing industry. So, in their time, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Norilsk, Lipetsk developed rapidly on the basis of metallurgy, Kharkov, Chelyabinsk, Minsk on the basis of tractor building, Berezniki, Solikamsk on the basis of chemistry. Many new cities have emerged, including on the basis of the development of the chemical industry (Nizhnekamsk, Navoi, Tobolsk), automotive industry (Tolyatti, Zhodino, Naberezhnye Chelny), metallurgy (Novolipetsk, Kostomuksha, Stary Oskol), oil industry (Tyumen, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk) , hydropower, aluminum, timber and woodworking industries (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk). On the basis of nuclear energy, new cities arose near Kostroma, Smolensk, on the Southern Bug, etc. The main city-forming objects were large enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, energy, mechanical engineering, timber industry complexes, etc.

Industrial cities often arise on the basis of:

• one enterprise or production;
• an industrial complex of enterprises of one leading industry, where the leading enterprise is complemented by related ones;
• several production complexes of various industries that are not directly related to each other.

When designing a city, they always provide for the possibility of its development, since the emerging city itself serves as a place of attraction for other industries. It has become a common phenomenon when in a city with an enterprise dominated by male labor (metallurgy, chemistry), light and food industries, instrument making, etc., are located in which women predominantly work.

Also in the Soviet period, cities arose - scientific centers with research institutes, higher educational institutions and experimental and experimental production. Among these cities, the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, the cities of Pushchino, Krasnaya Pakhra, Dubna, Chernogolovka, etc., gained fame.

In industrial cities, up to 80% of workers are employed in the city-forming industries.

In many cities, along with enterprises of class I and II in terms of sanitary characteristics, there is also a relatively harmless industry that requires a large number of qualified personnel. These include machine-building and instrument-making plants, watch factories and enterprises of machine-tool, textile and light industries, etc.

With the emergence of a city-forming industry and the growth on this basis of the city itself, an accompanying or, as it is commonly called, service industry is created. It includes enterprises of the light, food and meat and dairy industries, refrigerators, food and manufactured goods warehouses, trade, municipal and consumer services, urban transport, etc. Such enterprises are closely connected with the residential part of the city. Examples of the location of industrial enterprises are shown in rice. 2.

Fig. 2. Examples of the location of industrial enterprises in the city: a - the industrial zone is located along the railway line passing through the city center, b - enterprises are located along the railway line passing through the outskirts of the city, and occupy a central position in it: c - enterprises are located along the river and the railway line; d - enterprises are concentrated in two large industrial zones of the city; e - enterprises are dispersed throughout the city; e - enterprises are concentrated in three large zones along the railway lines; g - enterprises are located in the central part of the city and form several industrial hubs; and - enterprises are concentrated in one industrial hub on the outskirts of the city along the railway line

When placing enterprises, their town-planning differentiation is necessary. Only on such a basis can a harmonious integration of industry into the body of the city be achieved. According to this principle, the General Plan of Moscow was implemented in the Soviet Union, which, in particular, laid down the principle of creating eight planning zones of the city. According to this plan, residential areas and places of employment of the population of the capital are evenly distributed, which contributes to bringing housing closer to places of employment.

However, in modern urban planning there are many complex and difficult to solve functional, technical, social, economic, transport, architectural, aesthetic and other problems. Almost all of them are closely connected with the development of industry.

A characteristic feature of modern urban planning, which is developing in the conditions of scientific and technological progress, is the intensity of the implementation of the planned plans. For example, in a number of newly created cities, the initial population was planned to be 80-100 thousand inhabitants. However, many of these cities, already in the process of building the first industrial enterprises, grew faster than planned indicators based on the expansion of the industrial base of related or new industries.

Industrial centre

a city that stands out as the center of one or more industries. Often P. c. simultaneously perform also transport functions. The profile of centers of the extractive industry, as a rule, is narrower than the centers of the manufacturing industry, since the industrial specialization of the former is due to the use of a limited range of natural resources. In the USSR and other socialist countries P. c. are formed in the course of territorial planning for the development of productive forces.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Industrial Center" is in other dictionaries:

industrial centre- A settlement in which industry serves as the main city-forming base and the main branch of specialization. Syn.: industrial node… Geography Dictionary

- (Latin centrum, from Greek kentron). 1) the center, the middle of a circle, a ball, etc. 2) a political party in Germany, as a protest against the further development of the German Union in the name of the independence of the church from state power. Vocabulary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

industrial node- A settlement in which industry serves as the main city-forming base and the main branch of specialization. Syn.: industrial center… Geography Dictionary

growth center- An industrial center or a whole area, designed to give impetus to territorial development in the surrounding region, spreading its influence from the center to the periphery. Syn.: growth pole… Geography Dictionary

App., use. comp. often 1. Industrial raw materials are understood as natural materials used in the production of means of production and consumer goods. Strategic reserves of industrial raw materials are the key to the future of the country's economy. 2.… … Dictionary of Dmitriev

A, m. 1. mat., fiz. The point of intersection of which axes, lines in the figure, the point of concentration of which l. relationships in the body. center of pressure. Center of the lens. Circle center. similarity center. center of symmetry. Ellipse center. 2. A place equally distant from ... ... Small Academic Dictionary

Centre- a, m. 1) (of which, only a unit) The middle, the middle part of which l. City center. Be in the center of the site. She [the veranda] is already empty. Some company was finishing their drink in the corner, and in the center of it was a familiar entertainer in a skullcap and with a glass of Abrau in ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Territory with a pronounced industrial and production specialization. Etc. in the USSR and other socialist countries, it systematically specializes in those industries that provide products with the least expenditure of funds ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Industrial area ... Wikipedia

Industrial Passage Moscow General informationMoscowRussia Country Russia City Moscow District ... Wikipedia

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Industrial agglomerations are understood as territorial economic entities that are characterized by a high level of territorial concentration of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, infrastructure facilities and scientific institutions, as well as a high population density. The economic prerequisite for the development of industrial agglomeration is the advantages inherent in this form of location.

1. A high level of concentration and diversification of production, which determines its maximum efficiency.
2. The most efficient use of industrial and social infrastructure systems.

Placing a group of enterprises of various sectors of the economy in a compact area leads to a reduction in the area required for industrial construction by an average of 30% compared to their dispersed placement, the estimated cost of construction is reduced by 3%, and the number of buildings and structures is reduced by 25%. Savings reach 20% of the cost of common facilities due to the creation of unified utility and auxiliary facilities, production and social infrastructure.

The largest industrial agglomerations are Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Yaroslavl and others. However, the excessive development of industrial agglomerations, as well as the concentration of production, can have a negative impact, significantly reducing the economic effect. First of all, this is connected with the issues of environmental protection and the development of the social sphere.

An industrial hub is considered as a group of industries located compactly in a small area. Its main feature is participation in the system of the country's territorial division of labor, the presence of industrial relations between enterprises, the commonality of the settlement system, social and technical infrastructure. Modern industrial hubs are planned and developed not as autonomous industrial centers, but as elements of dissected production structures of territorial production complexes.

Growing up on the basis of a consistent combination of production and the creation of key infrastructure facilities, industrial hubs represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated process of development of the territorial structure of the economy. Departure from the principle of the complexity of territorial development, the predominance of the departmental approach lead to the emergence of irrational forms of location, disproportions in development between the sectors of market specialization, complex-forming industries and the service sector, reduce the efficiency of the development of the industrial hub.

Such forms of territorial organization of the economy are being developed both in old industrial areas, for example, Zheleznogorsk, associated with the extraction and enrichment of iron ore, the KMA, Cheboksary, the development of which was facilitated by the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, a tractor plant, a chemical plant with related industries, and in areas of new development, for example, Sayanogorsk , which is formed on the basis of the electric power industry generated by the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations, and energy-intensive industries.

Unlike industrial hubs, industrial centers for the most part have a set of industrial enterprises that do not have technological links with each other. Such placement reduces the opportunities for the development of cooperation, and, consequently, the effectiveness of the growth of the industrial center. Regional centers are an example.

One of the progressive forms of territorial organization of industry at the present stage is the combination of production: the enterprises that form the plant have close technological, economic and organizational ties.

Industrial plants have wide opportunities for deep processing of raw materials and recycling of industrial waste, which not only increases their efficiency, but also creates the prerequisites for the organization of waste-free, technologically clean production, practically harmless to the environment. The combination of production has become widespread in heavy industry (metallurgy, chemical, timber) and in light industry (textiles), food.

A significant economic effect is provided by industrial plants created on the basis of the integrated use of mineral resources and represented by enterprises of various sectors of the economy (the formation of gas chemical complexes, the combination of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises with chemical production, etc.).

The economic effect of the combination is formed by saving raw materials, materials, electricity, heat, reducing capital costs and reducing the cost of products. The creation of combines in comparison with the placement of individual enterprises provides a reduction in capital investments by up to 30-35% and a reduction in the cost of manufactured products by 20-25%.

The formation of market relations in Russia leads not only to a variety of forms of ownership - state, cooperative, joint-stock, rental and private, but also to new forms of industrial integration. One of these forms is holding. This is a new form of industrial integration of predominantly joint-stock enterprises with the participation of state capital, both federal and regional.

The holding may include joint ventures and foreign firms. Interested enterprises and firms combine part of their blocks of shares and create the authorized capital of the parent enterprise (holding), which becomes a joint-stock company, mainly of an open type.

An industrial holding company (IHC) is a group of technologically related enterprises located in a specific area. There is a merger of enterprises and joint investment in production, which allows you to increase output, its sale, reduces the likelihood of bankruptcy of enterprises. PHC are created mostly on the basis of fuel and raw materials extractive industries, mainly in the regions of the European North and Siberia. An example of the creation of a holding company is LUKoil. The holding represents a new form of management system and regional integration of the industry.

Another form is the financial and industrial enterprises (FIE), which combine industrial production and banks. FPP is a voluntary production and financial union of independent economic entities.

The development of market relations necessitated the creation of a new system of industrial investment, which led to the formation of new integrated structures capable of self-development in modern economic conditions. One of such systems are financial-industrial groups (FIGs).

The main function of their creation is technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment projects and programs aimed at increasing production efficiency, creating new jobs, increasing competitiveness and expanding markets for goods and services. The first financial and industrial group registered in 1993 was the Ural Plants group.

The FIG system integrates financial, production and commercial structures, while maintaining the legal independence of each of the group members.

The FIG is characterized by a rather diversified development and covers more than 100 areas of activity. Its largest areas are the automotive industry, ferrous metallurgy, and the chemical industry.

In 1993-1996 45 financial and industrial groups were registered, which on a voluntary basis included more than 700 enterprises, organizations and financial and credit institutions with a total number of employees of about 3 million people. Such large industrial enterprises as JSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, West Siberian Iron and Steel Works, JSC NOSTA (Orsko-Khalilovsky Iron and Steel Works), JSC AvtoVAZ, KamAZ, as well as financial organizations are registered as part of FIGs. "Menatep", "Inkombank", "Promstroybank", "Avtobank" and others. Among the financial and industrial groups, in terms of their volume and number of personnel, such as Ruskhim, Magnitogorsk Steel, Nizhny Novgorod Automobiles, Vostochno- Siberian group.

Most financial-industrial groups include in their members organizations whose specialization does not coincide with the main activity of the group. Thus, the financial-industrial group "United Industrial Construction Company" includes enterprises of the light and food industries: JSC "Safyan" and JSC "Ryazanrybprom".

The creation of FIGs is one of the important directions for bringing the defense complex out of a deep crisis. At present, four FIGs are registered in the defense industry - Ural Plants, High-Speed ​​Fleet, Sokol and Sibir. In the coming years, it is planned to create another 30 similar associations.

The creation of new forms of industrial organization of the economy contributes to the further development of market relations, the production of products that are competitive on the world market, and an increase in the efficiency of the development of the entire economic complex of Russia.