Simple sentences with divisive conjunctions. SSP with separating unions
The main groups of compound sentences.
According to the unions that connect parts of a complex sentence, compound sentences are divided into three main groups:
1) compound sentences with connecting and unions (and, yes, no-no, also, also, 2) compound sentences with separating and unions (or,either, that - that, not that - not that); 3) compound sentences with opposing and conjunctions ( but, but, yes, but, but, however, otherwise, not that ).
Different unions express different relationships between simple sentences that are part of a compound, for example: 1) union and can express the simultaneity of phenomena: The transparent forest alone turns black, and spruce through frost turns green, and the river shines under the ice (P.); 2) union but expresses "opposition: I called you, but you didn't look back. (Block.)
Various semantic relations between sentences during their composition are expressed not only by conjunctions, but often by the ratio of verb forms, as well as by lexical means, in particular, by pronominal words included in the second sentence.
1) The sun has just village, and scarlet thin light lay on green vines, on tall stamens, on dry ground. (T.) Union and expresses a sequence of events. Predicate in the first sentence (village) expressed by a perfective verb, and in the second sentence - by an imperfective verb (lying). These verb forms allow you to indicate that after a short action, a long action arose.
2) and that's why I didn't wait for dinner and went to bed. (Ars.) In this example, the second sentence is semantically a consequence of the first; this meaning is supported by the pronominal adverb because.(Compare: That day I was a little unwell, and I did not wait for dinner and went to bed.)
3) Marianne not She was a child, but in her directness and simplicity of feeling she resembled a child. (T.) The opposition value is supported in this example by the negative particle not with the predicate of the first sentence.
Compound sentences with connecting conjunctions.
1. Union and ambiguous: it may indicate simultaneity of actions (sitting and silent) to their sequence (jumped up and ran) on the conditionality of one action by another (He cried out in his sleep and woke up, i.e., woke up from a scream), etc. Therefore, in a complex sentence, he can connect parts that speak of the simultaneity of events, or of their following one after another, or of the conditionality of one event by another. Consider examples: 1) Harvest bent spike, and wheat rises like a wall, and girlfriends silver voice sings our sonorous song. (OK.)(This compound sentence consists of three parts; in a complex sentence, the simultaneity of phenomena is established; simultaneity is expressed by enumerative intonation, union and and the same type of verb forms: in all three parts, the verbs of the imperfect form of the present tense are predicates.) 2) The coachman whistled and the horses galloped. (P.)(This complex sentence conveys a sequence of phenomena; the sequence is expressed by the union and, lexical meanings of verb forms; predicates are expressed by verbs of the perfect form of the past tense.) 3) Lightning flashed , and after that a sharp clap of thunder was heard.(This sentence conveys a sequence of phenomena; the sequence is expressed primarily by the combination after that, a also union i.) 4) The darkness, meanwhile, thickened more and more, and objects lost their contours. (Ch.)(The second part of the sentence has the meaning of the corollary.) 5) I don't know you, Daria Mikhailovna, and because you can not like me. (T.)(In this example, the presence of a pronominal adverb because in the second part emphasizes the meaning of the consequence.) In scientific prose, the temporal sequence is very often combined with the meaning of the consequence, for example: The Earth gradually cooled down, gave off its heat to the cold interplanetary space. Finally, her temperature approached 100°, and then the water vapor of the atmosphere began to condense into drops and rushed in the form of rain onto the hot desert surface of the earth.(Oparin.) In the second compound sentence, a simple sentence attached by the union and , which is combined with the word then, includes subsequent events that are a consequence. In scientific and business speech, there are also compound sentences with a conditional-investigative meaning, for example: Change the type of metabolism of a living body, and you will change heredity. (The first part with the predicate in the form of the imperative mood has the meaning of the condition, and the second - with the predicate in the form of the future tense - has the meaning of the consequence.)
2. The connecting union is used much less frequently in the literary language Yes. It is found mainly in artistic speech, for example: A hungry wolf in the wilderness groaned piercingly, Yes the wind beat and roared, playing on the river. (N.) It has an additional colloquial-everyday or folklore connotation.
3. Unions too and also close in value to the union and, but they do not stand between the parts of the sentence, but inside the second part, with them there may be an additional union and .
EXAMPLES. one) Tears dried up in my eyes, sister too stopped crying. (BUT.) 2) The strange old man spoke very slowly, the sound of his voice also amazed me. (T.)
4. Union neither -neither (only repeating in the modern literary language) combines two meanings: a connecting union and and amplifying particle nor, which is used in negative sentences, therefore the union no no used to link negative sentences.
Example. Neither I can't see the light of the sun neither there is no space for my roots. (Cr.)(Compare: And I can't see the light of the sun and there is no space for my roots.)
Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions.
1. Union or indicates the presence or possibility of one of two or a number of phenomena, as well as the alternation of phenomena referred to in sentences. examples . 1) Only occasionally a shy deer will run through the desert, or the playful herd of horses will anger the silence of the valley. (L.) 2) ile the plague will catch me or frost will ossify or A slow disabled person will slam a barrier in my forehead. (P.)
2. Union then-that (repeating only) indicates an alternation of phenomena.
EXAMPLE That the door creaks then the gate quietly opens, then a hunched figure weaves from house to house through the gardens.
(Kor.)
3. Union not that - not that(repeating only) indicates the difficulty of distinguishing one from two or from a series of phenomena due to the uncertainty of the impression from each
Example. Not that to whom the horses were given, not that who is new.(Danilevsky.)
Unions or, that-that stylistically neutral, sentences
they can be used in any style of speech. Unions il, not that - not that have a touch of colloquialism, designs with them are more characteristic of everyday style
Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions.
1. Union a indicates that the second phenomenon is opposed to the first or is somewhat different from it.
EXAMPLES. one) They woke up a we are going to sleep. (T.) 2) I met a man and a woman in a swamp. He walked with a scythe a she is with a rake. (Etc.)
2. Unions but, yes, but, however, indicate that the second phenomenon is opposed to the first. Union Yes, like a connecting union Yes, has an additional colloquial-everyday or folklore connotation.
EXAMPLES. one) The sun has set but it's still light in the forest. (T.)
2) I lay as if in oblivion, but sleep did not close my eyes. (Ext.) 3) A hot face sought the wind Yes there was no wind. (T.) 4) More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your hollow whip, but in the courtyards of the inns you ate plenty of oats. (N.)
3. Union same combines two meanings: an opposing union and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between parts of sentences, but after the first word in the second part of sentences (highlighting this word); it is used, as a rule, to connect sentences, and not individual words.
EXAMPLE The student himself laughed most cheerfully and loudest of all, he but most likely he stopped all of them. (M. G.)
4. Unions and that, not that match the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in colloquial everyday speech.
EXAMPLES. one) You, Tisha, come quickly, otherwise mother will scold again. (Sharp). 2) Tell the truth not that you will get.
The conjunctive meaning of coordinating conjunctions.
Some coordinating conjunctions (and, yes, or, a, but, but) are used in an adjunctive sense. In this case, they add additional thoughts, which are: a) a consequence, a conclusion; b) a passing remark; c) something unexpected, suddenly came to mind. Some alliances such as yes and, have only an associated value. Before conjunctions with a connecting meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made.
EXAMPLES. one) We climbed another mountain, the last one, and right in front of them a large, cheerful city lit up with a bunch of lights.(Union and joins the corollary.) 2) This continues until everyone laughs together, and finally he himself. (Hound.)(Union and combined with the word finally appends the conclusion in time sequence.) 3) The snub-nosed high school student Vyacheslav Semashko came to the owner, Yes sometimes young lady Ptitsyna came in. (M. G.)(Union Yes joins a thought in a sequential statement, but which arose, as it were, after the first one.) 4) Poor Nadia has nowhere else to hear those words Yes and no one to speak them. (Ch.)(Special affiliation union Yes and attaches an additional remark of the narrator, pitying Nadenka and sympathizing with her.) 5) A hungry hut stood before my eyes, and in a hungry hut an ailing mother lies.(Neverov.) (Union a , by logical value approaching the union and , adds an additional thought, caused in the creation of the picture of the hut that arose before my eyes.) 6) AT house on Polevaya Street grandfather lived no more than a year , but also During this time, the house gained a resounding reputation. (M. G,)(Union but combined with union and joins the opposite of what follows from the content of the first sentence.)
Very often, conjunctions with an attached meaning do not attach part of a complex sentence, but a new sentence, for example: 1) At every corner there are lanterns and they burn with full heat. And the windows are lit. (K.S.)(Union and attaches a new proposal; the connecting connection allows you to highlight something that is very surprising and very important at the moment for the narrator, who has not seen illuminated windows for a long time. Wed: There are lanterns on all corners, they burn with full heat, the windows are lit.) 2) It's time, my child, get up! .. Are you ready, beautiful? (P.)(Union Yes starts a new interrogative sentence, prompted by something unexpected; here Yes approaches in value to interrogative particles isn't it.)
explanatory sentences.
A special group close to sentences joined by coordinating unions is explanatory sentences with unions that is, viz. In these sentences, the speaker explains, concretizes the idea expressed in the first part, for example:
1) Our garden is dying, strangers are already hosting it, i.e the very thing that the poor father was so afraid of happens. (Ch.) 2) The storm has a beneficial effect on nature, namely: it purifies and cools the air.
Punctuation marks in a compound sentence with coordinating conjunctions.
Between the parts of the sentence connected by coordinating unions, a comma is placed.
EXAMPLES. one) The sea murmured dully, and the waves beat furiously and angrily against the shore. (M. G.) 2) Nezhdanov was sleeping, and Marianna was sitting under the window and looking into the garden. (T.) 3) You work hard, but there is no benefit in this. (Cr.) 4) The sun had set behind the mountains, but it was still light. (L.) 5) There was a strong explosion, but the guys were not taken aback. If the word but is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas as an introductory word, for example: There was a strong explosion, the guys, however, were not taken aback.
If the connected parts are significantly common, already have commas inside them, then a dot with a semicolon is placed between them; a semicolon is also placed before such a sentence, which, although not very common, but has an additional character, is less related to the previous one in meaning. In these cases, between sentences, the voice drops and there is a pause.
EXAMPLES. one) Almost every evening they went somewhere out of town, to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time. (Ch.) 2) I only had blue paint; but, despite this, I started to draw a hunt. (L.T.) 3) Irina again looked him straight in the face; but this time she smiled. (T.)
EXAMPLES. one) The arrow comes out of the quiver, soared, and the Cossack falls. (P.) 2) I moved to the second hut - and in the second hut not a soul. (T.) 3) I I'm in a hurry to go there - and there already the whole
city. (P.)
Note. A comma is not placed before connecting and separating unions if the sentences they connect have a common secondary member or a common subordinate clause, which determines the close semantic unity of these sentences, for example:
1) Through the streets heavy trucks were moving and cars were racing. 2) The stars have already begun to fade and the sky is gray, when the carriage drove up to the porch of the house in Vasilyevsky.(T.)
Exercise 115. Write by inserting the missing letters. Indicate the unions connecting the parts of the complex sentence, and the relationship between these parts; Explain punctuation.
1. Breathe air ... with spring aroma, and all nature comes to life .... (L.) 2) A year passes ... t, and Theodore returned to his side. (P.) 3) And the batteries fell silent, and the drums pounded. (L.) 4) Here the drums were busy - and the infidels retreated. (L.) 5) Only in some places ... they flickered, stretched out ... and immediately ... trembling reflections of stars scratched on the running jets, and sometimes a playful wave jumped ashore and ran towards us. (Kor.) 6) The nightingale finished his last songs, and the other songbirds all stopped singing. (A.) 7) He was silent for a second, and his mother looked at him in silence too. (M. G.) 8) It was dark, but I still saw trees, and water, and people. (Ch.) 9) The cart was driving straight, and for some reason the mill began to go to the left .... (Ch.) 10) He was joking, and I was spiteful. (P.) 11) Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately let me go and left me. (P.) 12) My father wished me a good journey, and my daughter saw me off to the cart. (P.) 13) His friends advised him to complain ... sya; but the caretaker thought, waved his hand and decided to step back. (P.) 14) Zala ... a brownie dog, or a breeze blows ... flatters in the leaves of a darkening oak tree, or a bird timidly flies. (Yaz.) 15) Now breathe the truth ... everything in it, then everything in it is feigned and false. To understand n...maybe, but n...love n...possible. (L.) 16) She was brought up ... but in the old way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls, sewed with gold and n ... knew letters. (P.) 17) Fog rises faster and faster from the meadows and silver in the sunbeam, and behind it bushes rise from the ground. (M. G.) 18) Everyone knew her (Lizaveta Ivanovna), and no one ... noticed. (P.)
116 . Read and title the text, indicate compound sentences with conjunctions and the meaning of these sentences; write off, placing the missing punctuation marks.
The weather was fine at first. The thrushes were crying, and in the neighborhood in the swamp something alive was plaintively buzzing, as if blowing into an empty bottle. He held out one woodcock and a shot at it sounded booming and cheerful in the spring air. But when it got dark in the forest, a cold piercing wind blew inopportunely from the east, everything was silent. Ice needles stretched through the puddles and it became uncomfortable, deaf and unsociable in the forest. It smelled like winter.
(A.P. Chekhov)
117. Indicate compound sentences and their meaning; write off, placing the missing punctuation marks. Then explain the spelling of the particles not and neither.
I. 1) I was frisky and quick-tempered, but sensitive and ambitious, and everything could be achieved from me with kindness. Unfortunately, everyone interfered in my upbringing and no one knew how to take on me. (P.) 2) A dormant pond is covered with a green net of grasses, and behind the pond the village smokes and fogs rise in the distance over the fields. I enter the dark alley through the bushes, the evening beam looks and the yellow leaves rustle under timid steps. (L.) 3) Ostap had already gone about his business and had long gone to the kurens, while Andri himself, not knowing why, felt some kind of stuffiness in his heart. (G.) 4) The table and the bed were in their original places, but there were no flowers on the windows anymore and everything around showed dilapidation and neglect. (P.) 5) The days of late autumn are usually scolded, but she is dear to me, dear reader. (P.) 6) The air of the birds is not audible anymore, but far before the first winter storms, and pure and bright azure is pouring onto the resting field. (Tyutch.) 7) Sometimes again I will get drunk with harmony over fiction, shed tears and maybe my sad sunset will flash love with a farewell smile. (P.) 8) A rumor about me will spread throughout all of Great Russia and every language that exists in it will call me. (P.)
II. 1) It was spring. The sun got hotter. The snow melted on the southern slopes of the mounds, and the earth, red from last year's grass, at noon was already covered with a transparent lilac haze of fumes. On the mounds of mounds, from under the native stones grown into the loam, the first bright green sharp sprouts of verdigris grass appeared. The chill was exposed. From the abandoned winter roads, the rooks migrated to the threshing floor to the winter flooded with melt water. In the logs and beams, snow lay blue to the top, saturated with moisture; from there it still blew severely cold, but already thinly and melodiously rang in the ravines under the snow, spring streams invisible to the eye, and quite like spring, slightly noticeable and gently, the trunks of poplars turned green in the copses. (Shol.) 2) Soon a huge convoy stretched from the farm to the mountain. The women who went out to the drive waved their handkerchiefs for a long time, and then a snowstorm rose in the steppe and behind the snowy, boiling haze it was not visible either the carts slowly climbing the mountain or the Cossacks walking next to them. (Shol.)
118. Read, indicate complex sentences and their meaning; then indicate the isolated members of the sentence. Write with missing punctuation marks. Then explain the spelling of adjective suffixes and participles.
1) Under the clouds, flooding the air with silver sounds, the larks trembled, and above the greening arable land, the rooks swooped solidly and decorously flapping their wings. (Ch.) 2) The leaves did not move on the trees, cicadas screamed and the monotonous dull sound of the sea coming from below spoke of peace. (Ch.) 3) The distance was visible as in the daytime, but already its delicate purple color, shaded by the evening mist, disappeared and the whole steppe was hiding in the mist. (Ch.) 4) From behind a ridge of sandy mounds to the left of them, the moon appeared pouring a silver sheen on the sea. The big meek one slowly floated up through the deep vault of the sky, the bright brilliance of the stars paled and melted in its even dreamy light. (M. G.) 5) The oars fell together into the waves and the longboat rushed forward into a wide plain of illuminated water. (M. G.) 6) At night, the soft noise of his sleepy breathing floats smoothly over the sea, this immense sound pours calmness into the human soul and gently taming its evil impulses will give birth to powerful dreams in it. (M. G.)
119. Read and title the text; indicate where coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members, where are simple sentences and where are conjugated sentences; then indicate the meaning of compound sentences; write off, placing the missing commas. Fill in the missing letters and explain their spelling.
The black cloud moved in completely and it became visible not the skylights, but the lightning that illuminated the entire courtyard and the collapsing house with broken porches, and thunder was already heard overhead. All the birds were quiet, but on the other hand, the leaves rustled and the wind ran up to the porch on which Nekhludoff moved his hair. One drop flew by another, drumming on the burdocks of the iron of the roof, and all the air flared up brightly; everything was quiet and before Nekhlyudov had time to count three, something terribly cracked just above his head and rolled across the sky.
(L. N. T o l s t o y.)
120. Write by opening brackets. Underline the coordinating conjunctions.
1) He [Saburov] had the most people, for (then) he had to go straight across the whole square. (K.S.) 2) By dusk we (before) walked (before) watershed. The people were very hungry, the horses (same) needed a rest. (Ars.) 3) Ahead, on a dusty field, then (same) carts were moving, and those (same) yellow sheaves were seen, and so (same) the sounds of carts, voices and songs came from afar. (L. T.) 4) Not (then) they were flashes of distant explosions, not (then) lightning flashed. 5) That popped where (then), then suddenly there was a howl, then as if someone (then) walked down the corridor. (S.-SH.) 6) A few minutes later everything fell asleep in the village, only one month (same) brilliantly and miraculously floated in the vast deserts of the luxurious Ukrainian sky. So (same) solemnly breathed in the sky ... (G.)
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« »Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences in complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied and unionless. Allied proposals are subdivided into compound and complex subordinate.
Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by the nature of the union and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relationship). | AND; Yes(in meaning and); no no; yes and; too; also; not only but. |
They opened the door, and air from the yard flowed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with opposing alliances(opposite relationship). | BUT; but; Yes(in meaning but); but(in meaning but); but; but; and then; not that; not that; a particle(in the meaning of union a); particle only(in the meaning of union but). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with divisive unions(separating relations). | Or; or; not that ..., not that; then ... then; whether... or. |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).
Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I’ll give money for the road, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) - a compound sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).
In some places, the Danube serves as a border, but it serves as a road people to each other(Peskov).
The exceptions are unions, too, also, particles-unions are the same, only. They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I were crying, my mother was also crying.(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, while the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double union not only ..., but also expresses gradation relations and is referred to as connecting unions in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only its second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly referred to as adversarial unions. In order not to be mistaken, try replacing this double union with the union and.
Wed: The language should not only understandable or vulgar but also the language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language should be understandable or vernacular, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences vary greatly in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: You leave - and it becomes dark(Schefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, when parsing, it is not this particular meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of the coordinating union (connective, adversative, divisive).
Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, compound sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions. that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to this(Kuprin); The flights of birds have developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives the birds opportunity to avoid adverse winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers attribute them to complex sentences or distinguish them as an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers of sentences with particles only refer to non-union sentences.
Every day the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a compound sentence can lead an adult to a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
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Compound sentence
A compound sentence (CSP) is one in which the parts are connected writing connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. All elements are equal and independent.
Division by the meaning of conjunctions of a compound sentence
- Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so;
- Dividing: or, or .. or, either, then .. that, or .. whether, not that .. not that;
- Opposite: ah, but, yes (= but: handsome, yes stupid), but, however.
When children are only introduced to the types of sentences at school, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above stand out. However, in high school Students are divided into three groups:
- Gradational: not only, not so much .. how much, not that .. but, not that .. but also;
- Explanatory: namely, that is;
- Connecting: moreover, moreover, and, too, also.
Thus, a compound sentence is distinguished with connecting unions, dividing and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational unions, explanatory and connecting.
Compound sentences: examples and schemes
After the weekend, he felt better, and he recovered completely.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction and shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do his homework or help his mother with the housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing andwhether mutually exclusive events.
You now shoot something, and I'll make a fire.
Scheme: (), and (). Union a- adversative, which means that there is an opposition in the sentence.
Not only relatives admired her mind, but also complete strangers.
Schema: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure separates events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory union i.e.
We have to do it, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesgives additional facts and information.
Punctuation in compound sentences
In SSP, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeating coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be obeyed.
Scheme: (), and ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: either (), or ().
Semicolon used when SSP elements are very common and commas are already in use:
The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the happiest man; and the elements are already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); a ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have an opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), and (); and ().
Dash is put in the event that parts of a compound sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
Hall froze for a second – and then there was wild applause.
Scheme: () - and ().
When there are no punctuation marks
The parts of the MTP are:
- Interrogative: When will you be in town again and do I dare to ask for a meeting?
- Incentives: Do everything well and let you cope with everything.
- Exclamation points: You are so good and I love it so much!
- Denominations: Cold and wind. Dullness and heat.
- Impersonal offers: Cold and windy. Dull and sultry.
Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences in complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied and unionless. Allied proposals are subdivided into compound and complex subordinate.
Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by the nature of the union and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relationship). | AND; Yes(in meaning and); no no; yes and; too; also; not only but. |
They opened the door, and air from the yard flowed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with opposing alliances(opposite relationship). | BUT; but; Yes(in meaning but); but(in meaning but); but; but; and then; not that; not that; a particle(in the meaning of union a); particle only(in the meaning of union but). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with divisive unions(separating relations). | Or; or; not that ..., not that; then ... then; whether... or. |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).
Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I’ll give money for the road, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) - a compound sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).
In some places, the Danube serves as a border, but it serves as a road people to each other(Peskov).
The exceptions are unions, too, also, particles-unions are the same, only. They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I were crying, my mother was also crying.(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, while the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double union not only ..., but also expresses gradation relations and is referred to as connecting unions in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only its second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly referred to as adversarial unions. In order not to be mistaken, try replacing this double union with the union and.
Wed: The language should not only understandable or vulgar but also the language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language should be understandable or vernacular, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences vary greatly in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: You leave - and it becomes dark(Schefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, when parsing, it is not this particular meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of the coordinating union (connective, adversative, divisive).
Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, compound sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions. that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to this(Kuprin); The flights of birds have developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives the birds opportunity to avoid adverse winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers attribute them to complex sentences or distinguish them as an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers of sentences with particles only refer to non-union sentences.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
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The path of cassandra, or adventures with pasta War on earth and underground