direct control action. Abstract direct and indirect human impact on the environment

An indirect impact on a person is an impact that is not carried out through direct contact, but through a change in the abiotic and biotic environment.

An indirect effect is expressed in the fact that diseases can occur as a result of a violation of the natural balance.

So, with the latest insecticides In Africa, in the Sahel eon, large areas were spared from the tsetse fly, the carrier of the Nagant disease, which prevented the development of pastoralism. The number of livestock increased dramatically, which led to cattle overgrazing the scarce savannahs; then, when the drought came, hundreds of thousands of cattle fell victim to it, and people starved to death by the thousands.

Evaporation of dichlorvos is perhaps the most convenient method used to completely free living quarters from insects. Tapes used in the household to control textile pests that evaporate this substance are considered

The United States is toxic: they “cause birth injuries and death of embryos in rats, and therefore are unsafe for humans.”

Long-range transport of technogenic substances has an indirect effect on humans. In the Moscow region, the average pH value in precipitation is 3-3.5 (with a norm of 5.6). For example, acid precipitation, especially in the form of snow, is regularly observed in the Istra region. Such precipitation is dangerous for humans not so much by its direct action as indirectly. They worsen its physico-chemical properties and disturb the nutrition of plants, and therefore adversely affect the health of animals, increase the toxic effect of other pollutants, etc.

The main pollutants, their classification. Terrestrial plantations as a means of human protection

Pollutant - the subject of environmental impact, the amount of which is higher than the natural level. Pollution can be caused by any agent, including the cleanest, i.e. pollution is everything that is in the wrong place, at the wrong time and in the wrong amount that is natural for nature, which brings it out of balance .

As already noted, by origin they distinguish natural and anthropogenic pollution . natural pollution occurs as a result of natural, as a rule, catastrophic processes. Anthropogenic pollution arises as a result of human activities, including their direct or indirect influence on the intensity of natural pollution.

Atmospheric pollutants. Air pollutants are mechanical, chemical, physical and biological.

Mechanical contaminants - dust, rubbish. They are formed during the combustion of fossil fuels and during the production of building materials. With this type of pollution, the most harmful are particles with a diameter of up to 0.005 mm. Many diseases are associated with dusty air: tuberculosis, allergic diseases of the bronchi, etc.; a high concentration of dust in the air causes atrophy of the mucous membranes of the nose, bleeding.

Green spaces purify the air of dust and weaken the effect of other harmful impurities. For example, a spruce plantation

collects from the air 32 tons of dust per 1 ha, pine - 36.4 tons, beech - 68 tons per 1 ha. The forest, being able to filter out annually up to 50-70 tons of dust on an area of ​​1 hectare, reduces the risk of disease as listed, and many other diseases.

Chemical contaminants - these are substances alien to it that have penetrated into the ecosystem or are present in it, but in concentrations exceeding the norm.

The most common toxic substances polluting the atmosphere are the following.

Carbon compounds: carbon dioxide CO 2 , which is not harmful in small concentrations; carbon monoxide (CO), highly toxic but diffuses rapidly in the atmosphere; unburned hydrocarbons or oxidized substances (aldehydes and acids).

Sulfur compounds: sulfurous anhydride (SO 2), which can turn into sulfuric anhydride (SO 3) and in the presence of water or its vapor forms sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4).

afforestation can serve both as a mechanical barrier to gas and as a protection against chemical pollution of the atmosphere.

One hectare of forest plantations absorbs in 1 hour all the carbon dioxide emitted during this time by 200 people, that is, 8 kg. One broad-leaved tree with a crown projection of 150 m 2 gives in 10 years the amount of oxygen needed for 2 years of the life of one person.

Physical contaminants - these are excess sources of energy entering the biosphere from technogenic causes.

One of the unfavorable factors of the urban environment is noise, which is random non-periodic sound vibrations of various physical nature. It has been established that noise within 30-40 dB is a comfort zone, above 120 dB is a pain threshold for a person.

Green spaces can provide protection from noise sources. More reliable noise protection is achieved by installing noise barriers from noise sources.

Biological contaminants - species of organisms alien to the ecosystem. Contamination by microorganisms is also called bacteriological.

Particularly dangerous is the special or accidental pollution of the atmosphere. strains of pathogenic microorganisms

mov, created in the laboratories of the armed forces of some countries.

Ecosystem plants are able to fight alien species with the help of specific substances they secrete, which are called phytoncides. For example, 1 m 2 of air in a pine forest contains only 200-300 bacteria, that is, 2 times less than in a mixed forest.

Water pollutants. The situation with drinking water in Russia is characterized as critical - it is a direct threat to public health. The impurities on which the safety of drinking water resources depends are divided into the following categories.

inorganic chemicals, which include mercury, cadmium, nitrates, lead and their compounds, as well as chromium and copper compounds. Toxic substances in sewage are toxic to hydrobionts and often cause their death. For example, arsenic for planktonic crustaceans, daphnia and cyclops is lethal at concentrations of 0.25-2.5 mg/l, and for fish -10-20 mg/l.

organic contaminants may be of plant, animal or chemical origin. Vegetable residues include the remains of paper, fruits and vegetables, vegetable oils, and other pollutants of animal origin - the physiological secretions of people, animals, the remains of fatty and muscle tissues, adhesive substances, etc. Organic chemical pollutants include oil and oil products, pesticides; wastewater; waste from leather, pulp and paper, brewing industries.

Bacterial and biological contaminants are various microorganisms, yeasts and molds, small algae and bacteria, including pathogens of typhus, paratyphoid, dysentery, as well as helminth eggs that come with human and animal secretions. Self-purification agents are bacteria, fungi and algae. It has been established that during bacterial self-purification, no more than 50% of bacteria remain after 24 hours, and 0.5% after 96 hours. The process of bacterial self-purification is greatly slowed down in winter.

Radioactive pollutants pose a great threat to the life of water bodies as ecosystems and human health. Their sources are tests of thermonuclear weapons under water, plants for the purification of uranium ore and for the processing of nuclear fuel for reactors, nuclear power plants, and locations of radioactive waste.

Soil contaminants. The main soil pollutants are:

pesticides, used to control weeds, insects and rodents - pests of agricultural crops;

fertilizers;

oil and refined products;

industrial emissions . Soils around large cities and large enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering, thermal power plants at a distance of several tens of kilometers are contaminated with heavy metals, lead compounds, sulfur and other toxic substances;

landfills for household and industrial waste. A special problem in the urban environment, associated exclusively with a high population, is the elimination of household waste, especially inorganic. Disposal of industrial and household waste to landfills leads to pollution and irrational use of land, pollution of the atmosphere, surface and ground water, increased transport costs and the irretrievable loss of valuable materials and substances.

Questions for self-examination

In what forms does the impact of biosphere pollution on the human body manifest itself?

What are the sources of pollution of the biosphere?

What is the direct impact of biosphere pollution on humans?

What diseases are caused by pollution of the biosphere?

What is the indirect impact of biosphere pollution on humans?

Give examples of the indirect impact of biosphere pollution on humans.

Name the main air pollutants.

What protective measures are used to reduce at-

atmospheric pollution?

Name the main soil pollutants.

What types of economic activities lead to soil pollution?

On the economy. First of all, this is a block of power ministries (the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Border Service, the Federal Counterintelligence Service, and the State Committee for Emergency Situations). The functions of these organizational structures are determined by constitutional requirements, and the object of regulation is not directly related to economic relations (with the exception of the work of military builders at civilian facilities and prisoners in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). These industries have initially budgetary nature of financing. Their functions are stable, and the control mechanism is rather conservative.

The effectiveness of the functioning of the quality management system is initially represented by its structure, that is, the composition and interaction scheme of its constituent elements. The measure of its complexity must correspond to the complexity of the control object, that is, it must be able to generate optimal control actions on all factors that directly or indirectly affect product quality. It must be adapted to possible changes in quality requirements, the method of its change and control, technical and organizational support, and is susceptible to new management theories.

The process of destruction of diversity is an information process based on the receipt and processing of information, the development of control actions, carried out with the help of direct and feedback channels.

As is known from the history of civilization, social systems limited by rigid linear communications were doomed to gradual death. The traditional, still dominant approach to the management of natural and social processes was based on a simplified view of the functioning of the systems of nature and society. According to this idea, the result of an external control action is a directly proportional consequence of the applied efforts. The more energy and effort you put in, the higher (the result).

In some cases, the most effective way to avoid negative consequences or reduce the level of risk of innovation is direct managerial impact on possible manageable risk factors. Such as the

In the overwhelming majority of cases, private approaches suffer from significant one-sidedness, which is unacceptable. So, often, the problems of risk management are reduced only to the level of stabilization of the financial condition. Undoubtedly, the achievement of such a private goal is a success. But in the overwhelming majority of cases, the financial condition only indicates the presence of a problem, but does not demonstrate the deep causes of the realized risks. Thus, the problem of fighting the disease is actually replaced by fighting the symptoms. Obviously, there is a fairly wide range of management measures that, if properly applied, can provide the desired effect in relation to symptom management. But the causes of negative processes are not radically affected. This means that after the removal of the appropriate control action, there will be no reasons preventing a new manifestation of the problem. Moreover, the enterprise is such a complex organism that a new aggravation may be accompanied by other manifestations, unlike the previous ones. New tools will be re-invented to deal with them, but in the end, the actual cause will not be discovered (and, therefore, eliminated in a qualified manner). It is quite possible that the direct identification of the causes of risks and the implementation of measures to eliminate them will require much less resources of the enterprise compared to a sluggish fight against its consequences. Such a radical treatment will help to better preserve the potential of the enterprise and more qualified adaptation to new, changed conditions of existence.

I can be direct instructions and control over their implementation, a clear construction of the management apparatus and the definition of the responsibilities of each employee, the correct use of the mechanism of interest, financing and lending in order to combine the interests of the state, the enterprise and the individual contractor. All methods are based on the use of the economic laws of socialism, but differ depending on the content and method of influencing the controlled object.

Organizational and administrative-legal methods of management, unlike economic ones, are not advisory, but mandatory, directive. These methods are expressed in a direct impact on the managed object and, as a rule, imply an unambiguous solution to the corresponding economic situation, which is binding on the performer.

In the organization, these methods serve as a means of direct influence on the production process and the work of workers, which makes it possible to coordinate the performance of individual functions or the solution of a common problem. This creates favorable conditions for the existence and development of the controlled system, and has a purposeful impact on the object of control. The characteristic features of direct influence include the direct connection between the leader and the subordinate. However, in general, direct influences ultimately lead to an increase in the passivity of subordinates, and sometimes to covert disobedience. Therefore, the most effective are indirect methods of influence, which are carried out by setting a task and creating stimulating conditions.

management decisions . All management decisions in the field of formation and implementation of investments are closely interconnected and have a direct or indirect impact on the final results of financial activity in general. Therefore, investment management should be considered as a complex functional management system of management decisions, each of which contributes to the overall performance of the enterprise.

We complete our graphical picture of the money market with three potential money supply curves, Sal, Sm2, and z. In all three cases, the money supply curve is a vertical straight line, indicating some fixed amount of money determined by the Fed's Board of Governors. Since the interest rate is set under the influence of monetary policy (and hence the money supply), the location of the money supply curve does not depend on it.

Organizational and administrative management methods are based on their direct impact on the managed object. They are prescriptive and mandatory. Based on such management relations as discipline, responsibility, power, coercion.

Keeping in mind the direct impact on the control object, which is characteristic of administrative methods, one can imagine production management as a system of decisions, actions, messages (information) that ensure purposefulness, coherence, economy (efficiency) of the operation of the managed object.

The complex nature of the formation of managerial decisions. All management decisions in the field of the formation, distribution and use of financial resources and the organization of the enterprise's cash flow are closely interconnected and have a direct or indirect impact on the results of its financial activities. In some cases, this impact can be contradictory. For example, the implementation of highly profitable financial investments can cause a deficit in the financing of production activities and, as a result, significantly reduce the amount of operating profit (ie, reduce the potential for generating own financial resources). Therefore, financial management should be considered as an integrated management system that ensures the development of interdependent management decisions, each of which contributes to the overall performance of the enterprise's financial activities.

MANAGEMENT - ways of influencing economic processes and phenomena through the interests of workers, labor collectives in order to achieve the results necessary for society. Unlike administrative methods of management, which have a direct impact on managed objects with the help of directive tasks and other methods, E. m. do not limit the independence and initiatives of the latter, contribute to a more complete combination of the interests of the state, the enterprise and each employee. To E. m. at. include economic calculation, economic standards, prices with a system of allowances and discounts to them, economic incentive funds, bonuses (see Bonuses), depreciation, credit, capital investments, fines and other sanctions, etc. (see also Economic levers and incentives). Increasing the role of E. m. is the most important direction of formation

Other strategic directions (goals) can be the deployment of new projects, the introduction of new products, the adoption of certain growth rates (achieved, faster, slower than in the industry), achieving or maintaining leadership in the field of cost and brand prestige, the materialization of a competitive advantages, concentration of efforts on a certain part of current operations, finding a specific segment or product niche in the market, returning positions previously handed over to competitors, etc. All this the sales manager must take into account and take into account when considering, from the point of view of sales management, the possible overall strategies of the company and their direct and indirect impact on sales dynamics, which ensures their practical implementation.

The characteristic features of organizational and administrative management methods are a direct impact on the managed object, the mandatory nature of the implementation of instructions, orders, orders and other administrative decisions of higher authorities for subordinate (controlled) objects, strictly defined responsibility of subordinates for failure to comply with instructions, orders.

The degree of regulation of impacts depends on the scale of the managed object, as well as on the qualifications and competence of the performers, their ability to work independently. In all cases, the leader must carefully consider which method of influence is most appropriate in a given situation. The head of the production unit (section, workshop, etc.) first of all takes into account the object and purpose of the impact. The object can be one employee or a group (team), respectively, the goal can be to determine and ensure the implementation of an individual or group (collective) task. In the first case, depending on the relationship with subordinates, taking into account their qualifications, the degree of discipline and consciousness, the manager chooses ways to communicate with them and control their work - from direct instructions (in documentary or oral form) to recommendations, advice, giving the employee independence in work and self-control. In the second case, the leader draws up a team work plan with the establishment of appropriate powers, responsibilities and rights.

For example, the interaction of the state and the market system is provided by flows of direct and reverse information links. This interaction circuit ensures the functioning of the socio-economic system and therefore can be defined as functional. Second-order feedbacks form a second interaction loop - dynamic, which ensures self-development of the entire system. In doing so, the following needs to be clarified. Management is often understood as a phenomenon opposite to self-organization, which, in turn, is understood as something that happens on its own, without a control action. From the standpoint of a synergistic view of the world, the control mechanism is the most important component of the self-organization process, and vice versa5. There is an additional mechanism of dialectical interaction between management and self-organization. We have listed only some general principles of organizational systems, which give an idea of ​​the need to take them into account in the process of practical and research activities of various types of organizational systems.

The media have the ability to change the proportions of a real event, making it either more powerful or weaker. An example is the statement of Guy Khanov, president of the agency "Publiity PR"1 "[B]o during one of the election campaigns, we almost artificially inflated the hype around one situation with the lack of hot water and heating. This situation was in fact, we We didn't come up with anything, but we organized a lot of publications about this in all local media, forced the candidate to abandon the election campaign until the problem was resolved. "places of events". Thus, the situation was resolved as soon as possible, and a few days before the election, the candidate's rating increased, according to our calculations, by about twenty points." Here is an example

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY"

Department of Biology
Specialty geography

DIRECT AND INDIRECT HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

ESSAY

Completed by: Postnikova V.S.
Checked:

Kemerovo 2011
Table of contents:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3
1. Human impact on nature: intentional, unintentional, direct and indirect…………………………………………………………………….4
2. Impact of mining………………………………………………5
3. Impact on the hydrosphere……………………………………………………….7
4. Impact on wildlife……………………………………………………9
5. Impact on the earth's crust………………………………………………….10
6.Impact on climate…………………………………………………………..12
7.Impact on marine ecosystems…………………………………………...13
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….15
References…………………………………………………………………16

Introduction
Each of us, each of those who consider themselves a part of world humanity, must know what impact human activity has on the world around us and feel a share of responsibility for certain actions. It is man who is the cause of his own fears about nature, as a house that provides food, warmth and other conditions for his normal life. Human activity is a very aggressive and actively destroying (transforming) force on our planet. Man from the very beginning of his development felt himself the master of everything that surrounds him. But, as the proverb says: "Do not cut the branch on which you sit." One wrong decision and it may take tens or even hundreds of years to correct a fatal mistake. The natural balance is very fragile. If you do not seriously think about your activity, then this very activity will certainly begin to stifle humanity itself. This suffocation has already begun to some extent, and if it is not stopped, it will instantly begin to develop at an incredibly fast pace.
However, the first steps towards nature are already being taken, nature is beginning to be respected, cared for and maintained in elementary order. Although more and more pollution comes in, a huge number is eliminated, but this is not enough. Pollution should not be eliminated, but prevented.
We need a worldwide unification, a long, well-coordinated and purposeful activity of the driving and producing forces of the planet.
But, initially, in order to fight against the influence of man on the surrounding nature, it is necessary to find out the influence of human activity on individual sections of nature. This knowledge allows mankind to study the problem more deeply, to find out what causes the violation of the natural balance and the deterioration of the ecological state. Also, a deep study of the sections of nature allows you to develop optimal plans for correcting the situation on the globe in a shorter time.
The solution to the problem of the natural environment - if we take into account the costs of research, the creation of new technologies, the re-equipment of production and the restoration, at least partial, of the destroyed natural systems - grows into perhaps the largest, largest and most expensive program.
1. Human impact on nature: intentional, unintentional, direct and indirect.
Impact- the direct impact of human economic activity on the environment. All types of impact can be combined into 4 types: intentional, unintentional, direct and indirect (indirect).
Intentional impact occurs in the process of material production in order to meet certain needs of society. These include: mining, construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals, hydroelectric power stations), deforestation to expand agricultural areas and to obtain timber, etc.
Unintended impact occurs side by side with the first type of impact, in particular, open pit mining leads to a decrease in the level of groundwater, to pollution of the air basin, to the formation of man-made landforms (quarries, heaps, tailings). The construction of hydroelectric power plants is associated with the formation of artificial reservoirs that affect the environment: they cause an increase in the level of groundwater, change the hydrological regime of rivers, etc. When energy is received from traditional sources (coal, oil, gas), the atmosphere, surface watercourses, groundwater, etc. are polluted.
Both intentional and unintended impacts can be direct or indirect.
Direct impacts take place in the case of a direct impact of human economic activity on the environment, in particular, irrigation (irrigation) directly affects the soil and changes all the processes associated with it.
Indirect impacts occur indirectly through chains of interrelated influences. Thus, intentional indirect impacts are the use of fertilizers and a direct impact on crop yields, while unintended ones are the impact of aerosols on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.
2. Impact of mining.
Impact of mining on the environment - manifests itself in a variety of ways in direct and indirect impact on natural landscapes. The greatest violations of the earth's surface occur with open-pit mining, which in our country accounts for more than 75% of mining production.
Currently, the total area of ​​land disturbed during the extraction of minerals (coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic raw materials, peat, etc.), as well as occupied by mining waste, has exceeded 2 million hectares, of which 65% is in the European part of the country . In Kuzbass alone, more than 30 thousand hectares of land are currently occupied by coal pits, in the area of ​​the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) - no more than 25 thousand hectares of fertile land.
It is estimated that when mining 1 million tons of iron ore, up to 640 hectares of land are disturbed, manganese - up to 600 hectares, coal - up to 100 hectares. Mining contributes to the destruction of vegetation cover, the emergence of man-made landforms (quarries, dumps, tailings, etc.), deformation of sections of the earth's crust (especially in the case of underground mining).
Indirect impacts are manifested in changes in the groundwater regime, pollution of the air basin, surface watercourses and groundwater, and also contribute to flooding and waterlogging, which ultimately leads to an increase in the incidence of the local population. Among the air pollutants, dust and gas pollution are primarily distinguished. It has been calculated that about 200,000 tons of dust are produced annually from underground mine workings; coal mining in the amount of 2 billion tons per year from about 4,000 mines in various countries of the world is accompanied by the release of 27 billion m 3 of methane and 17 billion m 3 of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In our country, during the development of coal deposits by the underground method, significant amounts of methane and CO 2 entering the air basin are also recorded: annually in the Donbass (364 mines) and Kuzbass (78 mines) 3870 and 680 million m 3 of methane and carbon dioxide are emitted, respectively. 1200 and 970 million m3.
Mining negatively affects surface watercourses and groundwater, which are heavily polluted with mechanical impurities and mineral salts. Every year, about 2.5 billion m 3 of polluted mine water is pumped to the surface from coal mines. During open-pit mining, high-quality fresh water resources are depleted in the first place. In the quarries of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, infiltration from tailings impedes a decrease in the level of the upper aquifer of the horizon by 50 m, which leads to a rise in the groundwater level and swamping of the adjacent territory.
Mining production also negatively affects the bowels of the Earth, since they bury industrial waste, radioactive waste (in the USA - 246 underground disposal sites), etc. In Sweden, Norway, England, Finland, storage facilities for oil and gas, drinking water, underground refrigerators, etc.
3. Impact on the hydrosphere.
Impact on the hydrosphere- Man began to have a significant impact on the hydrosphere and the water balance of the planet. Anthropogenic transformations of the waters of the continents have already reached global proportions, disrupting the natural regime of even the largest lakes and rivers of the globe. This was facilitated by: the construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, irrigation canals and water transfer systems), an increase in the area of ​​irrigated land, watering of arid territories, urbanization, pollution of fresh water by industrial and municipal wastewater. At present, there are about 30,000 reservoirs in the world, which are under construction, with a volume of water exceeding 6,000 km 3 . But 95% of this volume falls on large reservoirs. There are 2,442 large reservoirs in the world, with the largest number in North America - 887 and Asia - 647. 237 large reservoirs were built on the territory of the former USSR.
In general, while the areas of reservoirs in the world make up only 0.3% of land, but at the same time they increase river flow by 27%. However, large reservoirs have a negative impact on the environment: they change the groundwater regime, their water areas occupy large areas of fertile land, and lead to secondary soil salinization.
There are direct and indirect impacts of reservoirs on the environment. The direct impact is manifested primarily in permanent and temporary flooding and land flooding. Most of these lands are classified as highly productive agricultural and forest lands. Thus, the share of agricultural lands flooded by the reservoirs of the Volga-Kama HPP cascade is 48% of the entire flooded territory, and some of them are located in the floodplain zone, which is characterized by high fertility. About 38% of the flooded lands were forests and shrubs. In the desert and semi-desert zones, three-quarters of all flooded land is pasture.
The indirect impacts of reservoirs on the environment have not been studied as fully as the direct ones, but some forms of their manifestation are evident even now. This is the case, for example, with climate change, which manifests itself in the zone of influence of the reservoir in an increase in air humidity and the formation of fairly frequent fogs, a decrease in cloudiness in the daytime over the water area and a decrease in the average annual precipitation there, a change in wind direction and speed, and a decrease in the amplitude of air temperature fluctuations during the day and year.
The experience of operating domestic reservoirs also shows that the amount of precipitation in the coastal zone is noticeably increasing, and the average annual air temperature in the zone of large southern reservoirs is somewhat reduced. There are also changes in other meteorological indicators. Climate change, together with flooding and reshaping of the coast, sometimes leads to a deterioration in the state of coastal tree vegetation and even its death.
The indirect impacts of reservoirs should also include the appearance of territories that become less suitable for economic use (for example, islands in the upstream, dry flood plains in the downstream, etc.). It is also impossible not to note the impact of the creation of reservoirs on fisheries. Two things must be pointed out here. On the one hand, the construction of a hydroelectric dam prevents the passage of fish to spawning grounds, and on the other hand, the requirements of the fish industry for the flow regime completely contradict the tasks of flow regulation, i.e. the purpose for which the reservoir is created.
In Russia, large reservoirs (90% of 237 in the former USSR), with a surface area of ​​15 million hectares, occupy about 1% of its territory, but of this amount, 60–70% are flooded lands. Hydraulic structures lead to the degradation of river ecosystems. In recent years, schemes have been drawn up in our country for improving the natural and technical condition and beautification of some large reservoirs and canals. This will reduce the degree of their adverse impact on the environment.
4. Impact on the animal world.
Impact on wildlife- animals together with plants play an exceptional role in the migration of chemical elements, which underlies the relationships existing in nature; they are also important for human existence as a source of food and various resources. However, human economic activity has greatly influenced the animal world of the planet. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, since 1600, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals have become extinct on Earth. Animals such as the tarpan, aurochs, marsupial wolf, European ibis, and others have disappeared. The fauna of the oceanic islands has especially suffered. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the continents, the number of endangered and rare species of animals (bison, vicuña, condor, etc.) has increased. In Asia, the number of such animals as the rhinoceros, tiger, cheetah, and others has declined threateningly.
In Russia, by the beginning of this century, certain animal species (bison, river beaver, sable, muskrat, kulan) became rare, therefore, reserves were organized for their protection and reproduction. This made it possible to restore the bison population, to increase the number of the Amur tiger and polar bear.
However, in recent years, the animal world has been adversely affected by the excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, pollution of the oceans and other anthropogenic factors, all of which are indirect factors influencing the environment. Thus, in Sweden, the use of pesticides led to the death of primarily birds of prey (peregrine falcon, kestrel, white-tailed eagle, eagle owl, long-eared owl), larks, rooks, pheasants, partridges, etc. die. A similar picture is observed in many Western European countries. Therefore, with an increasing anthropogenic load, many animal species need further protection and reproduction.
etc.................

With the advent of man, an anthropogenic cycle or metabolism arose. Anthropogenic cycle (exchange) - the cycle (exchange) of substances, the driving force of which is human activity. Two components can be distinguished in it: biological, associated with the functioning of a person as a living organism, and technical, associated with the economic activity of people (technogenic circulation (exchange)).

Unlike the geological and biological cycles of substances, the anthropogenic cycle of substances in most cases is not closed. Therefore, they often talk not about the anthropogenic cycle, but about the anthropogenic metabolism. The openness of the anthropogenic circulation of substances leads to the depletion of natural resources and pollution of the natural environment.

In addition to influencing the circulation of substances, a person has an impact on energy processes in the biosphere. The most dangerous is the thermal pollution of the biosphere associated with the use of nuclear and thermonuclear energy.

Thus, the impact of man on nature consists in the redistribution of matter in the environment and the change in its physical, chemical and biological characteristics.

Human impact on nature can be direct (immediate) or indirect (indirect).

Direct (immediate) impact -- a change in nature as a result of the direct impact of human economic activity on natural objects and phenomena. Indirect (indirect) impact - a change in nature as a result of chain reactions or secondary phenomena associated with human economic activity.

Under the influence of non-natural factors, both the structural organization of ecosystems and their functional properties change. Depending on the nature of the impact, there is either a complication or simplification of the structure, and sometimes its complete transformation and the formation of new technogeosystems that are not characteristic of natural formations (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 - Scheme of the impact of the anthropogenic factor on the ecosystem

The technogenic impact of mining enterprises on the environment is fundamentally different from other industrial facilities in that it affects the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

The impact on the last three spheres always occurs as a result of technogenic changes in the lithosphere during the extraction of a mineral, while the geological predetermination of the location of the mining enterprise leads to the fact that any of the ecosystems existing on Earth can be in the zone of this impact. With such a statement, the general problem of environmental safety in the development of subsoil can be divided into several independent parts, determined through the unity of the ultimate goal, and the global contradiction between the techno- and biosphere is overcome by turning it into a number of local contradictions resolved on the basis of various methodological approaches.

As the analysis of the most common systems for assessing the level of technogenic change in biota has shown, the difference between the technocratic and biotic position here lies in the fact that in the first case, the concept of a general impact is formed by combining various detailed differentiated technogenic factors, and in the second, the concept is formed according to the same principle. biota. The other element of the considered system “impact-ecosystem” in both cases is a priori accepted as integral.

The internal inconsistency of this approach lies in the dissimilarity of the principles for the formation of criteria that evaluate the state of equally complex interacting objects.

As follows from the logical scheme for the development of any technogenic processes, shown in fig. 3, the use of any geotechnology is accompanied by the appearance of any technogenic factors (pollutants). Spreading in the transit environment, they form a zone of technogenic damage, within the boundaries of which the ecosystem experiences a technogenic load. As a result of its appearance, the values ​​of certain life-supporting factors for biota objects change, which leads to its subsequent disruption (degradation).

Figure 3 - Logic diagram of the formation of technogenic pressures on ecosystems

Direct influence consists in the open presentation of claims and requirements of the consultant to the client: direct communication, prescription.

Direct communication involves the open presentation of one's thoughts, feelings about an event or phenomenon. In advisory practice, it can be used both to receive feedback from the client, and as a technique to initiate the client to greater frankness, to create a trusting atmosphere. Direct influence is prescriptions.

prescriptions present tasks for the client (or clients, if the reception is a married couple or family), which he performs in between meetings with a consultant.

Orders differ from advice in that the counselor insists on following them.

Allocate two types of orders: direct and indirect.

direct instructions are given when the consultant has sufficient authority to comply with the instructions.

Hailey identifies the following situations for the application of prescriptions:

1) prescriptions are given with the aim of acquiring a new subjective experience by the client;

2) prescriptions are used to intensify the relationship between the family and the counselor (for the duration of the prescription, the counselor is present in the client's life);

3) prescriptions serve to collect information (client's reactions to the prescription itself, its fulfillment or non-fulfillment).

In order for the prescription to be fulfilled, it must be given in a clear and understandable form for the client. In addition, before giving an order, it is necessary to motivate the client to carry it out. To do this, the consultant must explain to the client that the implementation of the prescription is consistent with his goals. If a prescription is given to a family and the goals of the family members are not the same, then it is necessary to explain to everyone how this prescription is connected with the achievement of its goal.

In the event that the task is difficult, then it is necessary to ask the client to repeat it, and also discuss with him how he will remind himself of its completion. “First of all, the therapist should consider that the hardest thing is to insist that a person stop doing what he is doing. This is possible only if the therapist's authority is very high and the problem is very small. The therapist will achieve more if he directs family members to behave differently from the way they behaved before. For example, if the therapist during the session asks the father to intervene and help the mother and daughter, then the fulfillment of this instruction during the next week will be perceived simply as a continuation. The therapist needs to select tasks suitable for the family. For example, some families are better off presenting prescriptions as something small and easy to do. This may be appropriate in the case of a reluctant family. Other families love crises, they have a strong sense of the dramatic, and they should present the injunction as something big and significant. In some cases, it is better for the therapist not to give any motivation at all. It will work if he has a family of intellectuals who find fault with every word and debunk every idea. In this case, he can simply say: “I want you to do “something and chill.” I have my reasons for this prescription, but I prefer not to discuss them. I just want you to do it within the next week; besides, "many people will be willing to follow any prescription, only to prove that the therapist was wrong and his method did not work" 91 . At the end of the session, the date of the next meeting is set, which begins with checking the completion of the task. There are three possible options: fulfillment of the prescription, partial fulfillment, non-fulfillment. In the event that the last two options are present, then the consultant, according to Haley, should take this seriously. He can, depending on the situation, choose one of two possible ways of behavior in this situation. "Pleasant" for the client, consisting in an apology from the consultant: "I must have misunderstood you or your situation, otherwise you would have completed the task." "Unpleasant" to the client - The counselor expresses his displeasure by blaming him for "failing" as the task was important to the client's resolution.

The indirect “lute” can manifest itself in two ways: firstly, according to the direction, in the case when the influence has a direct focus, but not on the client himself, but on his environment; secondly, when the influence is directed at the client, but in indirect ways of influence. Examples of indirect influence include paradoxical prescriptions and metaphorical messages.

Paradoxical prescriptions belong to the type of indirect prescriptions. Indirect prescriptions are used if the personal characteristics of the client require it or the consultant is not sure of his authority. As a result, he has to work by indirect methods in order for those
changes that he defines as favorable for the client.

The meaning of paradoxical prescriptions is that clients resist them and, resisting, change. They are effective with clients who are "struggling" with the consultant. “For example, the mother is overprotective of the child, so that he cannot make his own decisions and take responsibility for what he does. If the therapist tries to convince her to do less for the child, she will respond by doing more and saying that the therapist does not understand how helpless her child is. The therapist may use a paradoxical approach and instruct the mother to devote a week to caring for the child. She needs to watch him, protect him and do everything for him. The therapist may give various reasons for her prescription, for example, he might say that she needs to do this in order to understand how she really feels in this situation, or so that she can observe herself and the child. For this approach to work well, the therapist must insist on even more extreme behaviors than the original. For example, a mother needs not only to take care of her child, but also to devote an hour a day to warn the child of all the dangers that he may face in life. If this approach is successfully applied, then the reaction of the mother will be to protest against the therapist's prescriptions and she will begin to patronize the child less” 92 . Stages of the paradoxical approach:

1. The consultant establishes a relationship with the client, defining it as a relationship that leads to a solution to the problem.

2. The consultant clearly defines the problem and goals.

3. Offers his plan of work, offering reasonable justifications for his plan and paradoxical prescriptions.

4. In the case of family counseling, disqualifies other "experts" on the issue (one of the family members),

5. The consultant gives a paradoxical prescription.

6. Observes the client's reaction and encourages him to continue his problematic behavior or expresses doubt about the stability of the changes.

7. Changes are stabilizing, but the consultant does not recognize this as his merit.

91 Konner R.V. Strategic family therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001. Part I. S. 21-22.

92 Konner R.V. Strategic family therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001. Part II. pp. 7-8.

Example

“A similar approach was taken in a family who went to a therapist about their son’s problems: he refused to defecate in the toilet, and therefore soiled clothes and bed.” The therapist expressed his concern about what might happen if the child learns to go to the toilet and becomes normal. He questioned the parents' ability to bear a normal child and a normal married life. In fact, the therapist even asked the parents to write down a list of undesirable consequences of this change. The couple could not think of any undesirable consequences and rejected all the consequences proposed by the therapist. But the therapist continued to express doubts. In the next session, the family announced that they had solved the problem, and then the therapist, as one should do in this case, expressed his surprise and doubt that this change would continue, and the family had no choice but to change forever, so that prove to the therapist that he was wrong.This approach requires a definition unified skills, as the therapist transmits several messages at the same time. He reports: "I want you to get better" and "I am full of goodwill and concern for you." And at the same time, he says things to the family that are on the verge of insults: he. says that, in his opinion, family members can actually endure “normality”, but at the same time he says that they cannot” 93:

Metaphorical messages are part of our thinking. Mankind thinks, perceiving itself, the world, itself in the world and the world in itself, with the help of symbols. It is enough to recall any kind of art to be convinced of this, since art is a symbolic representation of what is commonly called objective reality through the prism of subjectivism. A symbol in a cube. In the psychotherapeutic practice of metaphor, symbols can be used both as an element and as an independent type of influence. In the latter case, one speaks of metaphor therapy, the basic principles of which are outlined in the next chapter.

The use of metaphorical messages will be helpful at any stage of the counseling process.

At the stage of collecting information about the problem, when the client finds it difficult to start talking about his difficulties, the consultant can offer him to choose any object attractive to him in the surrounding space and speak on behalf of this object.

Example,

The client may say, “I am the window. People come up to me; They look at the world behind me, not noticing me, despite the fact that it is I who keep the heat in their home. In this elegant way, the consultant will get an idea of ​​both the structure of the client's problem and the specifics of his perception of himself in it.

Some clients find it difficult to talk about the persons involved in the problem. In such cases, in order to clarify the essence of the problem and ways to resolve it, it is useful to transfer the problem from the client's subjective reality to a metaphorical one. This transition can be made by asking: “How could this happen on a ship (if the client goes to sea), in a garden (if the client enjoys this type of activity), in a store?” etc. You select a metaphor, based on previously collected information, for the specifics of the client's life situation. And the client can say: "The gardener is looking after the garden, but he is sad at the thought that when he gets tired, the plants will not give him the opportunity to hide from the rays - the scorching sun." And then the consultant can ask: "What can the gardener do to change the situation?" And perhaps the client will say: "He must clearly tell the plants what he expects from them." When the therapist realizes that he has enough information, he can make the transition back from the metaphorical reality to the reality of the client by asking: "What can this mean for your situation?"

In cases where the client has a memory of a certain situation, the outcome of which he would like to change, the consultant can offer him to come up with a fairy tale (story, anecdote) in which he would be the main character (or the main character got into a similar situation) and led would himself in such a way that this situation had a desired outcome for him, which would satisfy the client and subsequently, finding himself in a similar situation, he could use this structure of behavior to obtain the desired result.

Metaphors are also useful in clarifying the client's relationship to their past, present, and future. To this end, the counselor may ask the client what metaphors he might use to describe his life in any given time period. After listening to the metaphors, the psychologist should continue to work on clarifying them. For example. If the client defines his past as a black hole, then find out: does it lead somewhere, what is behind it, is there life in it, and if so, who inhabits this space.

93 Konner R.V. Strategic family therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001. Ch. P. S. 8.

Task (performed in pairs)

Write down on a piece of paper that poem, a line from a song, a proverb, a quote from a book that you could make an epigraph of your life lately. Swap sheets with a partner. Make an analysis of the received text in the following areas: psycho-emotional state, current problem at the moment, possible ways to solve the situation. Pick a metaphor. Explain your reasoning algorithm: on what basis did you come to this conclusion? Exchange texts again. Read a colleague's analysis of your situation. Assess the degree of reliability of the psychological diagnosis and the degree of effectiveness

proposed activities based on the specifics of your personality and life situation.

P.S. Many methods and techniques of influence are difficult to attribute to any one type due to their multidimensional impact on the client.

Literature

1. Garbuzov V.I. Practical psychotherapy. - SPb., 1994.

2. Konner R.V. Introduction to Family Psychotherapy / Institute of Family Therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001.

3. Konner R.V. Strategic family therapy. Part I. - Novosibirsk, 2001.

4. Konner R.V. Strategic family therapy. Ch. P. - Novosibirsk, 2001.

5. O "Connor J. NLP: A Practical Guide to Achieving the Desired Results / Translated from English - M., 2003.

6. Psychotherapeutic Encyclopedia // Ed. B.D. Karvasarsky - St. Petersburg: Peter Kom, 1998.

test questions

1. Define the influence process.

2. What are the types of influence? Describe them.

3. What classifications of types of influence do you know?

4. What are the main principles underlying these classifications?

5. What is "non-verbal influence"? What are the elements of nonverbal communication?

6. What is the difference between direct and indirect influence?

7. Which of the types of influence, from your point of view, is the most effective?

8. List the rules for presenting prescriptions to a client.

10. What is the meaning of the paradoxical approach?

11. What stages of the paradoxical approach do you know?

Until the word is spoken, it seems to be in prison, from which it seeks to break free. But as soon as the word breaks free, the one who was its owner becomes its prisoner.