Rational use of nature and its protection message. Use and protection of natural resources

With the help of this video lesson, you can independently study the topic "Rational use of nature and its protection." During the lesson, you will learn that nature is not an inexhaustible resource. The teacher will talk about the need for rational use of nature and ways to protect it.

Rational use of nature and its protection

BIOLOGY

9 CLASS

Topic: fundamentals of ecology

Lesson 64

Anisimov Alexey Stanislavovich,

biology and chemistry teacher,

Moscow, 2012

Each of us, regardless of age, has the power to positively or negatively influence the future of nature. Scientists and environmentalists argue that in order to contribute to saving the future of the biosphere, it is enough not to throw away plastic bags, constantly buying new ones, to refuse goods in plastic bottles, not to throw away batteries, accumulators and equipment with the appropriate designations. Being the master of nature is harder than being its consumer. But only responsible owners care about their future.

For many centuries, mankind has treated nature as an almost inexhaustible source of well-being. Plowing more land, cutting down more trees, extracting more coal and ore, building more roads and factories was considered the main direction of progressive development and prosperity. Already in ancient times, with the beginning of agriculture and cattle breeding, human activity led to real environmental disasters: irreversible change of large ecosystems and devastation of large areas.

By the middle of the 20th century, it was already obvious that environmental disturbance was caused by anthropogenic impact, which has not only local, but also planetary significance. The question of the limits of the ecological capacity of the planet for the existence of mankind has become acute.

Population growth and the technogenic nature of the use of nature have led to the threat of environmental violations affecting not only individual states and countries, but also the biosphere as a whole. Change planetary circular cycles - the circulation of matter. As a result, mankind has faced a number of environmental problems caused by anthropogenic impact on the environment.

Depletion of natural resources. The resources on which humanity lives are divided into two categories:

1. Renewable (soil, vegetation, wildlife).

2. Non-renewable (reserves of ores and fossil fuels).

Renewable resources are capable of recovery if their consumption does not exceed critical limits. Intensive consumption has led to a significant decrease in the populations of salmon, sturgeon, many herring, and whales.

Soil losses, settling and erosion, destruction and removal of the fertile layer by water and wind have acquired enormous proportions. Both arise as a result of improper agricultural exploitation of land. Tens of millions of hectares of valuable soils are lost every year.

Environmental pollution

As a result of industrial production, a huge amount of harmful substances enter the atmosphere, water and soil as waste, the accumulation of which threatens the lives of most species, including humans.

A powerful source of pollution is modern agriculture, which saturates soils with excess amounts of fertilizers and poisons to control pests. Unfortunately, the practice of using these substances is still widespread.

Rational use of natural resources and nature protection

Currently, global environmental threats have begun to be recognized by society. Environmentally competent and rational nature management is the only possible way for the survival of mankind.

It is impossible to ensure the survival of mankind without the development of environmental science, rational use and nature conservation. The science of ecology makes it possible to understand in what ways it is necessary to build relationships with nature in various areas of human activity. In addition, over many centuries, different peoples have accumulated extensive experience in caring for the natural environment and using its resources. This experience was largely forgotten with the advent of the scientific and technological revolution, but now it is again attracting attention. It gives hope that modern mankind is armed with scientific knowledge (http://spb. ria. ru/Infographics/20120323/497341921.html). The main difficulty lies in the fact that in order to prevent global environmental disasters and ensure the rational use of nature, it is necessary to maintain consistency in the activities of many environmental groups, all states of the world and individuals.

It is necessary to restructure each person from the old forms of exploitation of nature to constant care for it, the transition to new technologies of industry and agriculture. All this is impossible without large investments, universal environmental awareness and deep knowledge in every area of interaction with nature.

Universal environmental education is becoming one of the main requirements of the time. The present and future generations will face an intense conscious struggle for the coordinated activity of people to preserve the biosphere (http://spb.ria.ru/Infographics/20120418/497610977.html). In the present and future, the restructuring of industry and agriculture on an ecological basis, the introduction of new legislation, new moral standards, the formation of an ecological culture in the name of further prosperity and development of mankind on Earth is inevitable.

Ecological disasters of antiquity

The first ecological catastrophes caused by man occurred several millennia ago. So, forests were cut down in Ancient Greece and Asia Minor, the territory of deserts was greatly expanded due to overgrazing, and the number of ungulates fell sharply.

Ecological catastrophes caused by the violation of natural ties have repeatedly occurred in different regions of our country.

Dust storms caused by the plowing of large areas lifted up and carried away fertile soils in the USA, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan.

Because of the deforestation, navigable rivers became shallow.

In areas of dry climate, excessive watering caused soil salinization.

In the steppe regions, ravines sprawled, taking away fertile lands from people.

Polluted lakes and rivers turned into sewage reservoirs.

Species extinction

Through the fault of man, the species diversity of plants and animals is catastrophically reduced. Some species have disappeared as a result of direct extermination. For example, a passenger pigeon, sea Steller's cow and others.

Significantly more dangerous were abrupt changes in the natural environment caused by man, the destruction of habitual habitats. Because of this, death threatens 2/3 of the existing species. Now the pace of anthropogenic impoverishment of wildlife is such that several species of animals and plants disappear daily. In the history of the Earth, the processes of extinction of species were balanced by the processes of speciation. The pace of evolution is incomparable with the destructive influence of man on species diversity.

Earth Hour

Earth Hour is an annual international event organized by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). It takes place on the last Saturday of March and calls on all individuals and representatives of organizations to turn off the lights and other electrical appliances for one hour. Thus, ecologists seek to draw attention to the problems of climate change. The first Earth Hour took place in Australia in 1997, and the following year this goodwill action received worldwide support. To date, Earth Hour is the most massive attempt in the history of mankind to draw attention to environmental problems.

According to the estimates of the Wildlife Fund, more than a billion inhabitants of the planet participate in this action every year.

1. When did a person begin to think about the harm caused to nature by his activities?

2. What international environmental organizations do you know?

3. How has the chemical composition of the atmosphere changed before and is changing now due to the growth of industry?

4. Suggest your own promising ways to save the natural environment from human destruction.

1. Mamontov S. G., Zakharov V. B., Agafonova I. B., Sonin N. I. Biology. General patterns. – M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Pasechnik V. V., Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A. Biology. Introduction to General Biology and Ecology: Textbook for Grade 9. 3rd ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2002.

3. Ponomareva I. N., Kornilova O. A., Chernova N. M. Fundamentals of general biology. Grade 9: A textbook for students in grade 9 of educational institutions / Ed. prof. I. N. Ponomareva. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005.

BIOLOGY

9 CLASS

Topic: fundamentals of ecology

Lesson 64

Anisimov Alexey Stanislavovich,

biology and chemistry teacher,

Moscow, 2012

Population growth and the technogenic nature of the use of nature have led to the threat of environmental violations affecting not only individual states and countries, but also the biosphere as a whole. Planetary circular cycles - circulations of substances change. As a result, mankind has faced a number of environmental problems caused by anthropogenic impact on the environment.

Depletion of natural resources. The resources on which humanity lives are divided into two categories:

1. Renewable (soil, vegetation, wildlife).

2. Non-renewable (reserves of ores and fossil fuels).

Environmental pollution

Rational use of natural resources and nature protection

Currently, global environmental threats have begun to be recognized by society. Environmentally competent and rational nature management is the only possible way for the survival of mankind.

It is impossible to ensure the survival of mankind without the development of environmental science, rational use and nature conservation. The science of ecology makes it possible to understand in what ways it is necessary to build relationships with nature in various areas of human activity. In addition, over many centuries, different peoples have accumulated extensive experience in caring for the natural environment and using its resources. This experience was largely forgotten with the advent of the scientific and technological revolution, but now it is again attracting attention. It gives hope that modern humanity is armed with scientific knowledge (http://spb.ria.ru/Infographics/20120323/497341921.html). The main difficulty lies in the fact that in order to prevent global environmental disasters and ensure the rational use of nature, it is necessary to maintain consistency in the activities of many environmental groups, all states of the world and individuals.

Ecological disasters of antiquity

Ecological catastrophes caused by the violation of natural ties have repeatedly occurred in different regions of our country.

Dust storms caused by the plowing of large areas lifted up and carried away fertile soils in the USA, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan.

Because of the deforestation, navigable rivers became shallow.

In areas of dry climate, excessive watering caused soil salinization.

In the steppe regions, ravines sprawled, taking away fertile lands from people.

Polluted lakes and rivers turned into sewage reservoirs.

Species extinction

Earth Hour

According to the estimates of the Wildlife Fund, more than a billion inhabitants of the planet participate in this action every year.

Questions:

1. When did a person begin to think about the harm caused to nature by his activities?

2. What international environmental organizations do you know?

3. How has the chemical composition of the atmosphere changed before and is changing now due to the growth of industry?

4. Suggest your own promising ways to save the natural environment from human destruction.

1. Mamontov S.G., Zakharov V.B., Agafonova I.B., Sonin N.I. Biology. General patterns. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Pasechnik V.V., Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A. Biology. Introduction to General Biology and Ecology: Textbook for Grade 9. 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002.

3. Ponomareva I.N., Kornilova O.A., Chernova N.M. Fundamentals of General Biology. Grade 9: A textbook for students in grade 9 of educational institutions / Ed. prof. I.N. Ponomareva. - 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2005.

Rational use of natural resources

At the end of the last century, the attention of scientists turned to the impact of economic and other human activities on the biosphere. Increasing the pace of material production has a negative impact on the state of the environment, producing an unequal exchange of valuable resources for waste and toxic substances that cannot be disposed of. This poses a direct threat not only to human existence, but also to the entire ecosystem of the planet, so a rational approach to nature management, natural resources freed from negative impacts and environmental protection are the only optimal solution to the problem.

The rational use of water resources is one of the main problems, the solution of which lies in the following processes:

the use of single-stage production processes instead of multi-stage ones;
transition from liquid to gas processing processes;
replacement of water in industry with other solvents;
extraction of useful substances from wastewater;
transfer of industrial enterprises to waste-free production technology;
transition to complex processing of raw materials.

The rational use of soil resources is also one of the main problems in connection with the activation of soil salinization and the destruction of perennial plants due to the use of excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers. Deforestation is also a significant problem due to the increased demand for wood fuel, leading to their degradation and reduction of forest areas. The main goal of environmental protection is to ensure the safety of the population and reduce deforestation in order to prevent the threat of a total lack of oxygen and, as a result, a growing incidence of respiratory diseases.

Basic principles of protection and rational use of natural resources

The principles of protection and rational use of natural resources include:

The principle of complexity, meaning the widespread and organized use of natural resources in various economic sectors.
The principle of regionality, which implies taking into account the peculiarities of local conditions in the use and protection of natural resources.
The principle of unity of conservation activities and the use of natural resources, which refers to the protection of nature simultaneously with the use of natural resources.
The principle of forecasting, which implies the prediction of possible negative consequences of economic and other activities for nature and their timely prevention.
The principle of increased intensity of the development of the natural environment, which means an increase in intensity, along with taking into account the characteristics of the territories being developed and the elimination of significant losses of minerals during their extraction and processing.
The principle of the significance of natural phenomena and objects, which implies the use of natural resources, taking into account the interests of various economic sectors.
The principle of indirect protection, which implies exclusive attention to the indirect protection of natural objects along with the main protection and the elimination of the possibility of causing harm to them.

Measures for the protection of natural resources

The use and protection of natural resources in Russia require the implementation of certain measures to restore and improve them.

Article 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" dated February 21, 1992 states that the main directions for the rational use of subsoil are:

complete extraction of minerals from them, both basic and co-occurring;
a progressive method of geological study of the subsoil for a correct assessment of the presence of minerals, their quantitative and qualitative composition, as well as for studying the characteristics of territories not intended for mining.

Subsoil protection includes activities, the main of which are:

protection from fires, flooding, flooding and other negative factors of minerals;
protection of valuable deposits from a decrease in the quality of extracted resources or from complications in their processing;
prevention of pollution during subsoil use.

Article 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation states that the protection of water bodies is the activity aimed at their conservation and restoration. The main need, which is indicated by Article 11 of the same code, is prevention and maximum elimination of possible negative consequences of the use of water bodies. Ignoring this need leads to legal consequences.

The Forest Code of the Russian Federation in Article 2 establishes the rational use of forest resources, their protection and reproduction as the main direction of the legal activity of forest legislation.

The main measures for the protection of forests:

carrying out forest work in ways that limit the negative impact on the territories used;
application of reforestation measures;
clearing woodlands.

Protection of wildlife objects The Federal Law "On the Wildlife" of April 24, 1995 is defined as activities aimed at the stable existence of the wildlife and the conservation of the animal gene pool, associated with the creation of legal conditions for the use of wildlife objects without negative consequences.

Land protection, according to Article 12 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, has the following goals:

prevention of degradation, littering, disturbance and pollution of lands under the influence of human economic activity;
restoration and improvement of lands that have been adversely affected by human activities.

According to Article 1 of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", the protection of atmospheric air is a set of measures to improve the properties of atmospheric air in order to prevent its harmful effects on the environment.

Summarizing the provisions of environmental legislation on the protection and use of the environment, we can conclude that measures for the protection of natural resources are aimed at preserving and improving the specific, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of renewable and non-renewable natural resources and preventing harm to them.

Today, the consumer attitude to nature, the expenditure of its resources without the implementation of measures to restore them are a thing of the past. The problem of the rational use of natural resources, the protection of nature from the detrimental consequences of human economic activity have acquired great national importance. Society, in the interests of present and future generations, takes the necessary measures for the protection and scientifically based, rational use of the earth and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, for keeping the air and water clean, ensuring the reproduction of natural resources and improving the human environment. Nature protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex problem, and its solution depends both on the consistent implementation of government measures and on the expansion of scientific knowledge.

For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause tangible consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure the correct combustion of fuel, the transition to gasified central heating, and the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In aluminum smelters, installing filters on pipes prevents fluorine from being released into the atmosphere.

In addition to the construction of sewage treatment plants, a search is underway for a technology in which the generation of waste would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces less harmful substances. Cars with an electric motor are being developed for movement within the city. Proper city planning and green enjoyment are of great importance. For example, sulfur dioxide is well absorbed by poplar, linden, maple, horse chestnut.

Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms.

Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce water consumption by dozens of times.

Proper agricultural practices and the implementation of special soil protection measures are of great importance for increasing the productivity of agriculture. For example, the fight against ravines is successfully carried out by planting plants - trees, shrubs, grasses. Plants protect soils from being washed away and slow down the flow of water. A variety of plantings and crops along the ravine contributes to the formation of persistent biocenoses. Birds settle in the thickets, which is of no small importance for pest control. Protective forest plantations in the steppes prevent water and wind erosion of fields.

The development of biological methods of pest control can dramatically reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture.

Currently, 2,000 species of plants, 236 species of mammals, 287 species of birds need protection. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established a special Red Book, which provides information about endangered species and provides recommendations for their conservation. Many endangered animal species have now regained their numbers. This applies to elk, saiga, white heron, eider.

Preservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of reserves and reserves. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as a basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. Reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in the area, or for the purposes of enriching the local fauna. In Russia, the North American muskrat has taken root well, giving valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the musk ox, imported from Canada and Alaska, successfully breeds. The number of beavers, which almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century, has been restored.

Such examples show that a careful attitude based on deep knowledge of plant and animal biology not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect.

Conclusion.

Mankind, in its striving to improve the conditions of existence, is constantly increasing the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the volume of pollutants familiar to nature so much that it does not have time to process them. Moreover, he began to produce such pollution, for the processing of which there are no corresponding species in nature yet, and for some pollution, for example, radioactive, they will never appear. Therefore, the "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an ever-increasing ultimatum factor in relation to man. Therefore, the future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.

Bibliography:

General biology. Reference materials. M., Bustard, 1995.

General biology. Textbook for secondary specialized educational institutions.

S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, M., Higher School 2000

Lesson summary on the topic:

"Rational use of nature and its protection".

the date the lesson: 05/12/2015. Grade: 9.

Teacher: Podshibyakina E.V.

Lesson type : combined.

Lesson Objectives:

1. Form concepts:

Rational nature management;

Biotechnology.

2. To continue the formation of a caring attitude towards the environment.

3. To cultivate a responsible attitude towards natural resources, the formation of a conviction in the need for their protection and rational use;
4. Develop learning skills and abilities, highlight main ideas, explain key expressions, summarize what has been said, draw conclusions, and contribute to the formation of one's own judgments and opinions.

During the classes.

1. Checking absentees.

2. Checking homework:written survey under paragraph 59.

3. Learning new material. The work is carried out using the DER of the 1C-Education platform. Biology. Grade 9.

3.1. The teacher asks the class questions:

1. What global environmental problems facing humanity do you know?
2. What natural resources do you know?
3. What is the cause of the ecological crisis on our planet?

Only a highly educated society that understands its goals and is able to measure the failures of needs with the opportunities that nature gives it can enter the era of the noosphere.

For smart managementbiosphere and the transition to the level of the noosphere, it is necessary not only to know the device and the principle of "work of this huge and complex system, but also to be able to influence the processes taking place in it in the desired direction.

And yet, even a perfect knowledge of the biospheric mechanisms and a clear understanding of what needs to be done will not give real results in the absence of a certain level of maturity and culture of society. Here the most important task is the formation of a new social and environmental morality. To replace slogans like "Man is the king of nature" or "You can't expect favors from nature, it's our task to take them from her!" installations must come to a reasonable and careful attitude to what we exist, to our common and only home - the planet Earth.

It is necessary to formulate such a strategy for the development of human society, which would make it possible to harmoniously combine its needs with the possibilities of the normal functioning of the biosphere. This means not only the widespread use of production methods (technologies) for saving energy andresources but also (primarily!) changing the nature of people's needs.

We now live in a society that is called the "disposable society". It is characterized by irrational wasteful exploitation of natural resources. To preserve human civilization, it is necessary to build a nature-saving society that uses natural resources wisely.

Natural resources are the most important components of the human environment used to meet all kinds of material and cultural needs of society. They are very diverse (Fig. 112),
The limited resources of the Earth is currently becoming one of the most urgent problems of human civilization. The search for ways to rationally manage natural resources is one of the most important tasks of our time.

The limited nature of natural resources, the imperfection of the technology of their extraction and processing often lead to the destruction of biogeocenoses, environmental pollution, climate disturbances and the circulation of substances inecosystems e.

General objective of rational management of natural resourcesconsists in finding the best (according to certain criteria), or optimal, ways of exploiting natural and artificial ecosystems.
The creation of new technologies should be combined with a competent, competent environmental assessment of all, especially large-scale, projects in industry, construction, transport, agriculture and other sectors of human activity. Carried out by special independent bodies, such an examination will make it possible to avoid many miscalculations and unpredictable consequences of the implementation of these projects for the biosphere.

In general, environmental protection and the tasks of restoring natural resources should include the following activities:

Local (local) and global environmental monitoring, i.e. measurement and control of the state of the most important characteristics of the environment, the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, water, soil;
- restoration and protection of forests from fires, pests, diseases;
- expansion and increase in the number of protected areas, unique natural complexes;
- protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;
- wide enlightenment and ecological education of the population;
- international cooperation in environmental protection.

Only active work in all areas of human activity on the formation of a new attitude to nature, the development of rational nature management, nature-saving technology of the future will be able to solve the environmental problems of today and move on to harmonious cooperation with nature.

The development of perfect environmental legislation and the creation of effective mechanisms for its implementation is an indispensable element in building a society that lives in harmony with nature.

Awareness of common goals and difficulties standing in the way will inevitably give rise to a sense of the planetary unity of people. We need to learn to feel like members of one family, the fate of which depends on each of us. Awareness of the unity of mankind is one of the foundations of ecological morality and humanism.

1. Why can't we say that human society has already entered the era of the noosphere?
2. Why can our society be classified as a "disposable society"?
3. Do you think humanity will be able to overcome the ecological crisis?

3.2. The teacher gives a definition of science for the record:

Biotechnology - a set of industrial methods that use living organisms or biological processes. Since ancient times, man has been using biotechnological processes for the production of various substances and food products (kefir, wine, beer, coffee have their own ancient history, when biology as a science did not yet exist). "Biotechnology" (from the Greek. Bios - life, Technos - art and logos - teaching) the term was introduced in the 70s. years of the XX century.

Today, various types of bacteria and fungi are used in the microbiological industry. In the food industry, high-performance strains of microorganisms can increase the production of high-quality food products (fermented milk, cheeses, beer), animal feed, and others. Biotechnological processes are also used to clean the environment. A biological treatment method based on the ability of certain types of bacteria to decompose organic compounds that enter the environment. Due to selection work, strains of microorganisms have been created that are capable of decomposing those compounds that natural species cannot mineralize. For the treatment of wastewater, natural reservoirs and soil, their updated properties are used.

Task number 1. Prepare a certificate on the methods of ozonizing water during the purification process. Is it a biotechnological method. Justify your answer.

Recently, in the development of biotechnological processes, methods of genetic and cellular engineering are increasingly used, which make it possible to obtain a variety of compounds and drugs.

3.3. Studying the laws of B. Commoner

In the 60s, with the emerging negative environmental trends in the environment, a certain scientific direction was formed - "new ecology". A typical representative of the "new" ecology is the prominent American scientist Barry Commoner. It was he who formulated the famous four "simple" rules of the "new" ecology.

- "everything is connected with everything";

- “everything has to go somewhere”;

- “nature knows best”;

“Nothing is given for free.”

The outward simplicity and bright form of these rules have gained well-deserved popularity among ecologists and specialists in other areas of scientific knowledge, but it should be noted that this is not the main thing in the "Commoner's rules", but their extremely high content and depth.

1. "Everything is connected with everything", as the first of them fixes the great complexity of the structural and functional relationships of ecological systems of any rank: local, regional, global. In particular, mention should be made of the transboundary nature of atmospheric pollution transfers; acid rain rarely falls over the place where sulfur dioxide is released, that is, boiler houses and thermal power plants. With the prevailing northeastern atmospheric transport in the European part of Russia, industrial atmospheric pollution from the industrial central regions is “transferred” to the ecologically sensitive tundra regions.

2. “Everything has to go somewhere”, as the second rule, is in its essence a different presentation of the fundamental physical law of the conservation of matter. This rule defines the maximum permissible boundaries of biosphere pollution, which include its homeostasis. Actually, this rule is a theoretical justification for the development and establishment of a system of maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) and maximum allowable emissions (MAE). Despite the existing objections to MPC and PD, they are still one of the few quantitative environmental legislative indicators that allow for specific practical environmental activities.

3. "Nature knows best" - the third rule - calls for an attentive, careful attitude towards nature. This applies, in particular, to the implementation of construction projects and is, in essence, the rationale for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) system, and determines the need for mandatory preparation of an environmental impact statement (EPS) during the implementation of a project, including a construction project.

To a large extent, this rule determines the need for a thorough study of the natural and man-made-natural situation in places of reconstruction of buildings and structures and, to an even greater extent, during their liquidation, and especially during reclamation work. With errors in the latter, the negative environmental consequences can be much greater than if reclamation had not been carried out at all.

4. "Nothing is free" - the fourth rule - describes the unity of the biosphere, its integrity, lays the foundation for understanding compensatory biospheric mechanisms. Within this, nothing can be gained or lost, and the biosphere itself cannot serve as an object of general improvement. Everything that is extracted from the biosphere by human activity must be compensated. The biosphere will require payment, perhaps after some delay.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

5. Grading for the lesson.

6. Recording homework: item 60, notes in a notebook.