The collapse of Yugoslavia causes the progress of the results. Map of Yugoslavia: before and after the collapse

Proletarian internationalism - this is the ideology that reigned on the territory of the Yugoslav Republic in the 40-60s.

Popular unrest was successfully suppressed by the dictatorship of IB Tito. However, already in the early 1960s, reformers increased their influence on the masses and the republican movement in the territory of such modern countries as Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia began to gain momentum. This went on for about a decade, until the dictator realized his precarious position. The defeat of the Serbian liberals was preceded by the fall of the "Croatian spring". The same fate awaited the Slovenian "technocrats".

It's the mid 70's. On the basis of national hostility, relations between the population of Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia escalated. And May 1980 brought for someone a sad, but for someone a joyful event about the death of dictator Tito. The presidential office was abolished and power was concentrated in the hands of a new authorized body called the collective leadership, which did not receive the recognition of the people.

Reasons for the collapse of the SFRY

1981 Intensification of conflicts in Kosovo between Serbs and Albanians. The first clashes began, the news of which soon spread throughout the world. This is one of the main reasons for the future collapse of the republic.

Another reason for the collapse of statehood was the SANI Memorandum, published in the Belgrade newspaper press. The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts analyzed the political situation of the republic and compared them with the demands of the Serbian population.

The document became a manifesto, which was skillfully used by Serbian nationalists. However, the official authorities criticized its content, and it was supported by other republics that were part of Yugoslavia.

Serbs rallied under political slogans calling for the defense of Kosovo. And on June 28, 1989, Slobodan Milosevic addressed them and urged them to be loyal to their homeland, ignoring the difficulties and humiliation associated with cultural and economic inequality. After the rallies, riots broke out, which eventually led to bloodshed. Ethnic disputes led to NATO military intervention.

Today, the majority expresses the opinion that it was NATO troops that served as the main impetus for the collapse of the state. However, this is only one of the stages of disintegration that has been going on for decades. As a result of the collapse, independent states were formed and the division of property began, which continued until 2004. The Serbs were recognized as the most affected in this protracted bloody war, and Yugoslavia fell apart on the basis of national hatred and third-party intervention of interested countries - this is the opinion of most historians.

In 1992 Yugoslavia broke up. To which states? How many? Why did the collapse happen? Not every European can answer these and other questions.

Even residents of neighboring countries can hardly describe the events of the 90s of the last century. The Yugoslav conflict was so bloody and confusing that without proper analysis it is difficult to understand the processes that took place there. The collapse of this Balkan country is considered the bloodiest conflict in Europe since World War II.

Prerequisites

1992 was not the first time that Yugoslavia broke up. Many did not remember which states and how much it broke up in the past. But it was then, on the eve of World War II, that a bomb was planted under the future country. Until the early 1920s, the Balkan Slavs were under the yoke of Austria-Hungary. The lands were divided into different regions. After the defeat of Austria-Hungary in the First World War and its subsequent collapse, the Slavs gained freedom and created their own state. Almost all territories from Albania to Bulgaria were united in it. Initially, all peoples lived in the world.

However, the Balkan Slavs could not become a single ethnic group. Due to a number of reasons, among which was a small internal migration, the relatively small population of the country was divided into five or six ethnic groups. National divisions flared up from time to time, but did not lead to sharp conflicts. The country developed slowly. After all, the local authorities had no experience of conducting an independent policy.

First breakup

When a new war began, the country took the side of the anti-Hitler coalition. And in 1941 Yugoslavia broke up. The Nazis decided which states to divide the kingdom into.

The Nazis, in full accordance with the well-known principle of "divide and rule", decided to play on national differences among the Balkan Slavs. Within a few weeks, the territory of the country was completely occupied by the Axis troops. The state of Yugoslavia collapsed. It was decided on April 21 which states to divide the country into. As a result, an independent Croatian state, Serbia and Montenegro were formed. The rest of the country was annexed by Italy, the Third Reich, Hungary and Albania.

Croatian nationalists supported the Germans from the first days. Subsequently, a partisan movement unfolded on the territory of the country. The war was fought not only against the Germans, but also against their Croatian minions. To which the latter responded with a mass genocide of the Serbs. Ethnic cleansing was also carried out by Albanian collaborators.

After the war

When the war ended, the new Federal State of Yugoslavia was formed.

At the same time, the new socialist government deliberately drew the borders so that they did not correspond to ethnic settlement. That is, on the territory of each republic there were enclaves with a population that did not represent the titular nation. Such a system was supposed to balance interethnic contradictions and reduce the influence of separatism. Initially, the plan gave positive results. But he also played a cruel joke when Yugoslavia broke up. It was already clear in the autumn of 1991 which states the federal republic would decompose into. As soon as Josip Tito died, nationalists came to power in all the republics. They began to kindle the fire of hatred.

How Yugoslavia broke up, into which states and how it was destroyed

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, socialist regimes began to overthrow throughout Europe. In Yugoslavia, a deep economic crisis began. Local elites sought to concentrate more power in their hands. They wanted to achieve this through nationalist populism. As a result, by 1990, nationalist parties came to power in all the republics. In every region where representatives of different nationalities lived, minorities began to demand secession or autonomy. In Croatia, despite the huge number of Serbs, the authorities banned the Serbian language. Serb cultural figures began to be persecuted.

Day of Wrath

The day of the beginning of the war is considered the riots at the Maksimir stadium, when Serbian and Croatian fans staged a massacre right during the game. A few weeks later, the first republic, Slovenia, leaves the country. Ljubljana becomes the capital of an independent state. The central leadership does not recognize independence and introduces troops.

Combat clashes between local armed groups and the Yugoslav army begin. Ten days later, the command withdraws soldiers from Slovenia.

How Yugoslavia broke up, into which states and capitals

The next to separate was Macedonia, whose capital is located in Skopje. And then Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia also seceded. Serbia and Montenegro entered into a new alliance.

So, Yugoslavia broke up into 6 states. It was not clear which of them were legitimate and which were not. Indeed, in addition to the "main" powers, there were many semi-independent enclaves. This happened because of sharp ethnic contradictions.

I remembered old grievances. To protect their national interests, several regions of Croatia inhabited by Serbs declare independence. The Croatian authorities issue weapons to the nationalists and begin to form a guard. The Serbs do the same. A conflict erupts. The Croatian army organizes a genocide of the Serbs, trying to drive them out of the country.

Similar processes are beginning in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Riots are taking place in the capital Sarajevo. Local Muslims are arming. They are supported by Albanian and Arab Islamists. The Serbian and Croatian communities are arming to protect their rights. These territories require secession from the federation. The war begins in Bosnia. The most bloody clashes took place here. Another flashpoint was Serbian Krajina, where Croatian troops were trying to retake the territory inhabited by Serbs.

NATO's role in the conflict

In Bosnia, the Serbs managed to defend their lands and even advance towards Sarajevo. However, then NATO forces entered the war. Together with Croatian and Muslim militants, they managed to suppress the military advantage of the Serbs and push them back.

During the bombing, uranium ammunition was used. At least three hundred civilians died due to radiation exposure.

The Serbs could not fight modern NATO aircraft. After all, they only had at their disposal the old air defense systems that Yugoslavia "left" them when it collapsed. The Americans now decided which states to divide the former republic into.

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was formed in 1945 as a result of the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany. Partisans of many nationalities, peoples, who later became part of the new state, made a great contribution to this on their own land. It is worth recalling that the liberation army merciless to the Nazis under the leadership of the only marshal (1943) Josip Broz Tito, the permanent leader of Yugoslavia until his death in 1980, was fundamentally different from the French Resistance, the significance of which is greatly exaggerated, including in order to taste delicious feeding, in every possible way appeasing the German occupiers, at the end of World War II, France suddenly miraculously, incomprehensibly entered the close circle of victorious countries, becoming a permanent member of the UN Security Council with the right of veto (!) On a par with the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition -, Great Britain, the USA, really, seriously , who fought hard with the Empire of Japan, China. What states did Yugoslavia break up into? Part of the answers to this difficult question can be found if you remember how it was created.

Words from the poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Poltava" fully reflect what socialist Yugoslavia was, created, directed and "wisely" led by the country's Communist Party.

The peoples and nationalities included in its composition were too different - Serbs, related Montenegrins, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Bosnians, Albanians, as well as Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Turks. Some were Orthodox Christians, others were Catholics, others professed Islam, and others did not believe in anything or anyone. For the majority, Cyrillic was their native language, and for the rest, it was Latin.

The SFRY included six socialist republics:

• Serbia. The leader of the united Yugoslavia, including because 40% of the population of the new state were ethnic Serbs. By the end of the country's existence in 1991, other members of the Federation did not like it very much. Conflicts and strife began in the country on any, at least slightly significant occasion.
• Croatia.
• Slovenia.
• Montenegro.
• Macedonia.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• As well as two autonomous regions - Kosovo and Vojvodina, where the first was mainly inhabited by Albanians, and the second - by Hungarians.

During the years of Yugoslavia's existence (1945–1991), its population grew from 15.77 to 23.53 million people. It must be said that ethnic and religious strife has become one of the main reasons for the collapse of a single country into separate, independent states. A good example: basically, only children from mixed marriages, which in 1981 accounted for 5.4% of the total population of the SFRY, officially recognized and identified themselves as Yugoslavs, in contrast to the remaining 94.6% of citizens.

For many years, the SFRY was, along with the GDR, the leader of the socialist part of Europe, often called the Eastern, both geographically and figuratively, opposed to the Western, led by the FRG, and other satellites of the United States. The economy, the standard of living in Yugoslavia and the GDR favorably differed from most countries that were part of the socialist "European Union", united as part of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the military Warsaw Pact. The army of Yugoslavia was a well-armed, trained formidable force, reaching a maximum of 600 thousand soldiers and officers during the years of the country's existence.

The general economic, ideological decline, later called stagnation, which struck the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist camp, could not bypass Yugoslavia. All the problems (interethnic, economic, ideological) kept under the veil of a tough state broke free in 1990, when nationalists came to power as a result of local elections throughout the country. The centrifugal forces that are destroying the state, ideological foundations, successfully fueled by the West, began to rapidly gain momentum.

This multinational, multi-confessional state (Orthodox, Catholics, Muslims) could not resist the collapse in 1991. However, to our great regret, simultaneously with the "big brother" - the Soviet Union. The most daring, such long-awaited aspirations of the enemies of the Slavic world have come true. Fortunately, the fate of the SFRY did not befall the RSFSR, from which modern Russia was reborn, a worthy successor to the might of the USSR and the Russian Empire.

From one SFRY, at first six independent states turned out:

With the withdrawal in early 2006 of Montenegro from Lesser Yugoslavia, the union state - the successor, the last territorial remnant of the SFRY, the former Yugoslavia finally ceased to exist.

Later in 2008, after years of armed conflict between Serbs and ethnic Albanians, Kosovo seceded, which was an autonomous province within Serbia. This became largely possible as a result of brazen, unprincipled pressure on Serbia, starting in 1999 during the war in Kosovo, accompanied by "high-precision" bombing of Yugoslavia, including Belgrade, by NATO led by the United States, which was the first to recognize the absolutely illegitimately created state entity on par with the extremely democratic but duplicitous European Union.

This example, as well as the situation with the armed pro-fascist seizure of power in Ukraine, inspired by the unanimous non-recognition of Crimea as part of the Russian Federation, the imposition of economic sanctions against our country clearly showed the rest of the world how convenient it is to be, in every sense, a tolerant "general" European or North American , with an externally customizable, selective outlook.

The answer to the question "Into what states did Yugoslavia break up?" simple and complex at the same time. After all, behind him are the fates of millions of fellow Slavs, whom Russia, torn apart by its own problems, could not help in its time.

Like all countries of the socialist camp, Yugoslavia in the late 80s was shaken by internal contradictions caused by the rethinking of socialism. In 1990, for the first time in the post-war period, free parliamentary elections were held in the republics of the SFRY on a multi-party basis. In Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, the communists were defeated. They won only in Serbia and Montenegro. But the victory of the anti-communist forces not only did not mitigate the inter-republican contradictions, but also painted them in national-separatist tones. As in the situation with the collapse of the USSR, the Yugoslavs were taken by surprise by the suddenness of the uncontrolled collapse of the federal state. If the role of the "national" catalyst in the USSR was played by the Baltic countries, then in Yugoslavia this role was taken by Slovenia and Croatia. The failure of the GKChP speech and the victory of democracy led to the bloodless formation of their state structures by the former republics during the collapse of the USSR.

The disintegration of Yugoslavia, unlike the USSR, took place according to the most sinister scenario. The democratic forces that were emerging here (primarily Serbia) failed to avert the tragedy, which led to grave consequences. As in the USSR, national minorities, feeling a decrease in pressure from the Yugoslav authorities (increasingly making various kinds of concessions), immediately asked for independence and, having been refused by Belgrade, took up arms, further events and led to the complete collapse of Yugoslavia.

I. Tito, a Croat by nationality, creating a federation of Yugoslav peoples, sought to protect it from Serbian nationalism. Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had long been the subject of disputes between Serbs and Croats, received a compromise state status, first of two, and then of three peoples - Serbs, Croats and ethnic Muslims. As part of the federal structure of Yugoslavia, the Macedonians and Montenegrins received their own nation-states. The 1974 Constitution provided for the creation of two autonomous provinces on the territory of Serbia - Kosovo and Vojvodina. Thanks to this, the issue of the status of national minorities (Albanians in Kosovo, Hungarians and over 20 ethnic groups in Vojvodina) on the territory of Serbia was settled. Although the Serbs living on the territory of Croatia did not receive autonomy, but according to the Constitution, they had the status of a state-forming nation in Croatia. Tito was afraid that the state system he had created would collapse after his death, and he was not mistaken. Serb S. Milosevic, thanks to his destructive policy, the trump card of which was the game on the national feelings of the Serbs, destroyed the state created by "old Tito".

Let's not forget that the first challenge to Yugoslavia's political balance came from the Albanians in the autonomous province of Kosovo in southern Serbia. The population of the region by that time was almost 90% Albanians and 10% Serbs, Montenegrins and others. In April 1981, the majority of Albanians took part in demonstrations, rallies, demanding the status of a republic for the region. In response, Belgrade sent troops to Kosovo, declaring a state of emergency there. The situation was aggravated by the Belgrade “recolonization plan”, which guaranteed the Serbs moving to the region, work and housing. Belgrade sought to artificially increase the number of Serbs in the region in order to annul the autonomous formation. In response, the Albanians began to leave the Communist Party and perpetrate repressions against the Serbs and Montenegrins. By the autumn of 1989, demonstrations and riots in Kosovo were ruthlessly suppressed by the Serbian military authorities. By the spring of 1990, the Serbian National Assembly announced the dissolution of the government and the people's assembly of Kosovo and introduced censorship. The Kosovo issue had a distinct geopolitical dimension to Serbia, which was concerned about Tirana's plans to create a "Greater Albania", which meant the inclusion of ethnic Albanian areas such as Kosovo and parts of Macedonia and Montenegro. Serbia's actions in Kosovo gave it a very bad reputation in the eyes of the world community, but it is ironic that the same community said nothing when a similar incident took place in Croatia in August 1990. The Serbian minority in the town of Knin in the Serbian Krajina decided to hold a referendum on the question of cultural autonomy. As in Kosovo, this turned into riots, quelled by the Croatian leadership, which rejected the referendum as unconstitutional.

Thus, in Yugoslavia, by the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, all the prerequisites were created for the entry of national minorities into the struggle for their independence. Neither the Yugoslav leadership nor the world community could prevent this except by force of arms. Therefore, it is not surprising that events in Yugoslavia unfolded with such swiftness.

Slovenia was the first to take the official step of breaking off relations with Belgrade and defining its independence. The tension between the "Serbian" and "Slavic-Croatian" blocs in the ranks of the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia reached its climax in February 1990 at the XIV Congress, when the Slovenian delegation left the meeting. At that time, there were three plans for the state reorganization of the country: confederal reorganization, put forward by the Presidiums of Slovenia and Croatia; federal reorganization - of the Union Presidium; "Platform for the Future of the Yugoslav State" - Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. But the meetings of the republican leaders showed that the main goal of the multi-party elections and the referendum was not the democratic transformation of the Yugoslav community, but the legitimization of the programs for the future reorganization of the country put forward by the leaders of the republics.

Slovenian public opinion since 1990 began to look for a solution in the withdrawal of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. On July 2, 1990, the Parliament, elected on a multi-party basis, adopted the Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Republic, and on June 25, 1991, Slovenia declared its independence. Serbia already in 1991 agreed with the withdrawal of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. However, Slovenia sought to become the legal successor of a single state as a result of "disengagement", and not secession from Yugoslavia.

In the second half of 1991, this republic took decisive steps towards achieving independence, thus determining to a large extent the pace of development of the Yugoslav crisis and the behavior of other republics. First of all, Croatia, which feared that with the withdrawal of Slovenia from Yugoslavia, the balance of power in the country would be upset to its detriment. The unsuccessful end of inter-republican negotiations, the growing mutual distrust between national leaders, as well as between the Yugoslav peoples, the arming of the population on a national basis, the creation of the first paramilitary formations - all this contributed to the creation of an explosive situation that led to armed conflicts.

The climax of the political crisis came in May - June as a result of the declaration of independence of Slovenia and Croatia on June 25, 1991. Slovenia accompanied this act with the capture of border checkpoints, where the insignia of the state distinction of the republic were installed. The government of the SFRY, headed by A. Markovic, recognized this as illegal and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) guarded the external borders of Slovenia. As a result, from June 27 to July 2, battles took place here with well-organized detachments of the republican territorial defense of Slovenia. The six-day war in Slovenia was short and inglorious for the JNA. The army did not achieve any of its goals, losing forty soldiers and officers. Not much compared to the future thousands of victims, but proof that no one will give up their independence just like that, even if it has not yet been recognized.

In Croatia, the war took on the character of a clash between the Serb population, who wanted to remain part of Yugoslavia, on the side of which the JNA soldiers were, and the Croatian armed units, who sought to prevent the separation of part of the territory of the republic.

In the elections to the Croatian Parliament in 1990, the Croatian Democratic Community won. In August - September 1990, armed clashes between local Serbs and the Croatian police and guards began here in Klinskaya Krajina. In December of the same year, the Council of Croatia adopted a new Constitution, declaring the republic "unitary and indivisible".

The allied leadership could not accept this, since Belgrade had its own plans for the future of the Serbian enclaves in Croatia, in which a large community of Serbian expatriates lived. The local Serbs responded to the new Constitution by creating the Serbian Autonomous Region in February 1991.

On June 25, 1991 Croatia declared its independence. As in the case of Slovenia, the government of the SFRY declared this decision illegal, declaring claims to part of Croatia, namely the Serbian Krajina. On this basis, fierce armed clashes took place between Serbs and Croats with the participation of JNA units. In the Croatian war, there were no longer minor skirmishes, as in Slovenia, but real battles using various types of weapons. And the losses in these battles on both sides were enormous: about 10 thousand killed, including several thousand civilians, more than 700 thousand refugees moved to neighboring countries.

At the end of 1991, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution on sending peacekeeping forces to Yugoslavia, and the EU Council of Ministers imposed sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro. In February-March 1992, on the basis of a resolution, a contingent of UN peacekeeping forces arrived in Croatia. It also included a Russian battalion. With the help of international forces, hostilities were somehow contained, but the excessive cruelty of the warring parties, especially in relation to the civilian population, pushed them to mutual revenge, which led to new clashes.

On the initiative of Russia, on May 4, 1995, at an urgently convened meeting of the UN Security Council, the invasion of Croatian troops into the zone of separation was condemned. At the same time, the Security Council condemned the Serbian shelling of Zagreb and other civilian concentration centers. In August 1995, after the punitive operations of the Croatian troops, about 500 thousand Krajina Serbs were forced to flee their lands, and the exact number of victims of this operation is still unknown. So Zagreb solved the problem of a national minority on its territory, while the West turned a blind eye to the actions of Croatia, limiting itself to calls for an end to the bloodshed.

The center of the Serbian-Croatian conflict was moved to the territory disputed from the very beginning - to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Here, the Serbs and Croats began to demand the division of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina or its reorganization on a confederate basis by creating ethnic cantons. The Party of Democratic Action of Muslims headed by A. Izetbegovic, which advocated a unitary civil republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, did not agree with this demand. In turn, this aroused the suspicion of the Serbian side, who believed that it was about creating an "Islamic fundamentalist republic", 40% of whose population were Muslims.

All attempts at a peaceful settlement for various reasons did not lead to the proper result. In October 1991, the Muslim and Croatian deputies of the Assembly adopted a memorandum on the sovereignty of the republic. The Serbs, on the other hand, found it unacceptable for them to remain with minority status outside of Yugoslavia, in a state dominated by the Muslim-Croatian coalition.

In January 1992, the republic appealed to the European Community to recognize its independence, the Serb deputies left the parliament, boycotted its further work and refused to participate in the referendum, in which the majority of the population voted for the creation of a sovereign state. In response, the local Serbs created their Assembly, and when the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognized by the EU countries, the USA, Russia, the Serbian community announced the creation of the Serbian Republic in Bosnia. The confrontation escalated into an armed conflict, with the participation of various armed formations, ranging from small armed groups to the JNA. Bosnia and Herzegovina on its territory had a huge amount of equipment, weapons and ammunition that were stored there or were left by the JNA that left the republic. All this became an excellent fuel for the outbreak of armed conflict.

In her article, former British Prime Minister M. Thatcher wrote: “Terrible things are happening in Bosnia, and it looks like it will be even worse. Sarajevo is under constant shelling. Gorazde is besieged and is about to be occupied by the Serbs. Massacres are likely to begin there... Such is the Serbian policy of "ethnic cleansing", that is, the expulsion of the non-Serb population from Bosnia...

From the very beginning, the supposedly independent Serb military formations in Bosnia operate in close contact with the Serbian army high command in Belgrade, which actually supports them and supplies them with everything necessary for waging war. The West should present an ultimatum to the Serbian government, demanding, in particular, to stop economic support for Bosnia, sign an agreement on the demilitarization of Bosnia, facilitate the unimpeded return of refugees to Bosnia, etc.”

An international conference held in London in August 1992 led to the fact that the leader of the Bosnian Serbs, R. Karadzic, promised to withdraw troops from the occupied territory, transfer heavy weapons to UN control, and close camps that held Muslims and Croats. S. Milosevic agreed to allow international observers into the JNA units stationed in Bosnia, pledged to recognize the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina and respect its borders. The parties fulfilled their promises, although the peacekeepers have more than once had to call on the warring parties to end the clashes and ceasefire.

Obviously, the international community should have demanded from Slovenia, Croatia and then Bosnia and Herzegovina to give certain guarantees to the national minorities living on their territory. In December 1991, when the war was going on in Croatia, the EU adopted criteria for the recognition of new states in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, in particular, “guaranteeing the rights of ethnic and national groups and minorities in accordance with the commitments made within the framework of the CSCE; respect for the inviolability of all frontiers, which cannot be altered except by peaceful means by common consent.” This criterion was not very strictly enforced when it came to Serb minorities.

Interestingly, the West and Russia at this stage could have prevented violence in Yugoslavia by formulating clear principles for self-determination and putting forward preconditions for the recognition of new states. A legal framework would be of great importance, since it has a decisive influence on such serious issues as territorial integrity, self-determination, the right to self-determination, the rights of national minorities. Russia, of course, should have been interested in developing such principles, since it faced and still faces similar problems in the former USSR.

But it is especially striking that after the bloodshed in Croatia, the EU, followed by the US and Russia, repeated the same mistake in Bosnia, recognizing its independence without any preconditions and without regard for the position of the Bosnian Serbs. The rash recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina made war there inevitable. Although the West forced the Bosnian Croats and Muslims to coexist in one state and, together with Russia, tried to put pressure on the Bosnian Serbs, the structure of this federation is still artificial, and many do not believe that it will last long.

The prejudiced attitude of the EU towards the Serbs as the main culprits of the conflict also makes one think. At the end of 1992 - beginning of 1993. Russia has raised several times in the UN Security Council the issue of the need to influence Croatia. The Croats initiated several armed clashes in the Serbian Krajina, disrupting a meeting on the problem of the Krajina, organized by representatives of the UN, they tried to blow up a hydroelectric power station on the territory of Serbia - the UN and other organizations did nothing to stop them.

The same tolerance characterized the attitude of the international community towards the Bosnian Muslims. In April 1994, the Bosnian Serbs were subjected to air strikes by NATO for their attacks on Gorazde, which were interpreted as a threat to the safety of UN personnel, although some of these attacks were instigated by Muslims. Encouraged by international condescension, Bosnian Muslims have resorted to the same tactics in Brcko, Tuzla and other Muslim enclaves under the protection of UN forces. They tried to provoke the Serbs by attacking their positions, because they knew that the Serbs would again be subjected to NATO air raids if they tried to retaliate.

By the end of 1995, the Russian Foreign Ministry was in an extremely difficult position. The state's policy of rapprochement with the West led to the fact that Russia supported practically all the initiatives of Western countries to resolve conflicts. The dependence of Russian policy on regular foreign exchange loans led to the rapid advancement of NATO in the role of the leading organization. And yet, Russia's attempts to resolve the conflicts were not in vain, forcing the opposing sides to the negotiating table from time to time. Carrying out political activity within the boundaries permitted by its Western partners, Russia has ceased to be a factor determining the course of events in the Balkans. Russia once voted for the establishment of peace by military means in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the use of NATO forces. Having a military training ground in the Balkans, NATO no longer represented any other way to solve any new problem, except for the armed one. This played a decisive role in resolving the Kosovo problem, the most dramatic of the Balkan conflicts.

To the question When was Yugoslavia formed and when did it break up? What countries did it split into? given by the author Elizabeth * the best answer is Yugoslavia was formed (as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) as a result of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, disintegrated at the end of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century.

Greater Yugoslavia "First Yugoslavia". (1918-1946):
seaside banovina
Zeta banovina
Savskaya banovina
Moravian banovina
Vrbava banovina
Drina banovina
Vardar banovina
Danube banovina
Belgrade
Croatian banovina (since 1939) - arose as a result of the unification of the Savskaya and Primorskaya banovinas
During the Second World War, Yugoslavia fought on the side of the Anti-Hitler coalition, was occupied by Nazi Germany as a result of the so-called. April war.
The head of the communist movement Josip Broz Tito found a common language both with the West and at first with the USSR. Tito's advantage was the multinational composition of his movement, while other movements were national.
In the late 1940s disagreements arose between the leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito and Stalin, which led to a break in relations with the USSR. Although after the death of Stalin they were partially eliminated.
The regime of Josip Broz Tito played on the contradictions between the states of the capitalist and socialist systems, which allowed Yugoslavia to develop quite rapidly in the post-war decades.
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) (since 1946)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) (since 1963).
Federalism was chosen as the model for nation-building in socialist Yugoslavia, with six socialist republics and two autonomous socialist regions as federal subjects. All the peoples of Yugoslavia were recognized as equal in rights.
Socialist "Second Yugoslavia" (1946-1990):
Serbia (union republic)
Kosovo (autonomous province)
Vojvodina (autonomous region)
Croatia (republic)
Slovenia (republic)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (republic)
Macedonia (republic)
Montenegro (republic)
The factors in the collapse of the Yugoslav federation were the death of Tito and the fiasco of the national policy pursued by his successors, the surge of nationalism in 1990.
During the civil war, Yugoslavia turned into Lesser Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): from 1992 to 2003
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, (FRY), from 2003 to 2006
Confederate State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (GSCX). Yugoslavia finally ceased to exist with the withdrawal from the union of Montenegro on June 3, 2006.
In fact, the disintegration of Yugoslavia (separation of the autonomy of Kosovo and Metohija) continues to this day.
Yugoslavia broke up into states:
Serbia
Croatia. After the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991 and the declaration of independence of the country, recognized by the international community in 1991-1992, a war for independence began, which lasted until the end of 1995. The integrity of the country was finally restored in 1998.
Bosnia and Herzegovina In the spring of 1992 announced its withdrawal from the SFRY. It received its modern name in April 1992, and in May 1992 it was accepted into the UN.
Slovenia - independence from the SFRY June 25, 1991. Slovenia is the only country that left the SFRY with virtually no bloodshed.
Montenegro. The independence of Montenegro was officially recognized by Russia on June 12, 2006.
Macedonia. 1991 - declaration of sovereignty and a referendum on the independence of Macedonia, which led to a bloodless secession from Yugoslavia.

Answer from glorify[guru]
It broke up into Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Slovenia and Croatia, broke up, more precisely, it began from the moment of the collapse of the USSR

Answer from Detached[guru]
Obrasovalas posle vojni vov, a raspalas ny kogda 90, 91, chxoslosvakija v 199, a eti popossche, a voobsche Visantijskij stil, ogromnoe vlijanie Visantii na formirovanie kyltyri, da, i bolgari, a eti voobsche tyrki! Cohn dasche vneschne poxoschi myschini - Greki, tyrki!

Answer from Neurologist[guru]
I wouldn’t say “split”; oh, it’s still splitting!!

Answer from Night Cat[guru]
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was created after the First World War on the ruins of Austria-Hungary, after the Second World War it became known as the SFRY - a socialist federal republic
It broke up in 1991, into the republics that were previously part of this federation:
Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia

Answer from Yuriy[guru]
Between the First and Second World Wars in 1918-1941. Yugoslavia existed under the names of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSHS) (since 1918) and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (KJ) (since 1929).
After World War II, Yugoslavia became a socialist federation of six union republics under the names of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) (since 1946), the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) (since 1963).
In 1991 Slovenia and Croatia became independent states; in Croatia, a war broke out between the government and the Serbs, who did not want to secede from Yugoslavia and announced the creation of an independent state - the Serbian Krajina. In September of the same year, Macedonia proclaimed its independence. 1992 - Bosnia and Herzegovina. On April 28, 1992, Serbia and Montenegro enacted a new constitution that established the creation of a new state - the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding the continuation of cooperation within the framework of a confederal union, which, among other changes, promised the end of the use of the name "Yugoslavia". On February 4, 2003, the federal parliament proclaimed the creation of a confederal State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, briefly - Serbia and Montenegro. Yugoslavia finally ceased to exist with the withdrawal from the union of Montenegro on June 3, 2006. In fact, the disintegration of Yugoslavia (the separation of the autonomy of Kosovo and Metohija) continues to this day.

Answer from Lobster[guru]
Yugoslavia, the empire of violence against Croats, Bosnians, Albanians, ceased to exist,
These peoples have their own free and independent states without Serbian diktat!