Distribution of heat and light on earth.

So, the Moon is at a distance from 50x114=6000 km to 260x114=30000 km. Actually, the Sun too, so consider how it illuminates the entire earth. (By the way, why is the sun at different heights at different latitudes? If it is close, it’s understandable that the viewing angle changes. And an extra thousand kilometers does not affect the solar parallax in the official model.)

High-quality picture, built on the wrong assumption that the Sun (Moon) is at a distance of 2050 km:
cosZ=6371/8420=0.757, Z=41°

In reality, the Z angle is between 60° and 80°.

It would seem that the Sun moves in a spiral from the North Pole to the South with a coverage of 157 °, leaving 23 ° for the Arctic Circle: in the north - polar day, and in the south - polar night. But as soon as the Sun drops a little to the south, the North Pole will be in eternal darkness.

To cover all 180 °, you cannot do without auxiliary luminaries.

And here it would be appropriate to recall the legend of the three moons.

So, the Sun always spirals up/down over the equator by 23°, covering 134° (Z=67°).
cosZ=6371/(6371+H)=0.2924 and H=9936 km (with a solar diameter of 90 km and a sphere radius of 16300 km).

And above the North and South Poles, two small luminaries hang, illuminating the dead zones if necessary, depicting the sun in summer, and the moon in winter.
The maximum coverage angle of the small star is 23° (another 23° fall on the polar night).
6371/cos(11.5°)=6371/ 0.9799=6502 km, i.e. the maximum height is 130 km with a diameter of 1.5 km.

But in most cases, the luminary has to cover a smaller area, so it descends and increases its angular size. Or it is smaller and reduces the angular size, rising. Therefore, the following parameters seem to be real: height in the region of 100 km, diameter in the region of 1 km.

If there are several luminaries, then failures should occur. And several suns have been repeatedly observed:

Parhelion (from steam... and Greek hylios - sun) (false sun) - one of the halo forms, in which one or more additional images of the Sun are observed in the sky. It arises due to the refraction of sunlight in anisotropically oriented ice particles falling in the atmosphere. The Tale of Igor's Campaign mentions that before the offensive of the Polovtsians and the capture of Igor, "four suns shone over the Russian land." The warriors took this as a sign of impending big trouble.

Sometimes you can see several suns in the sky. In fact, this is the effect of millions of lenses: ice crystals. As water freezes in the upper atmosphere, it creates small, flat, hexagonal ice crystals of ice. The planes of these crystals, circling, gradually descend to the ground, most of the time they are oriented parallel to the surface. At sunrise or sunset, the observer's line of sight can pass through this very plane, and each crystal can behave like a miniature lens that refracts sunlight. The combined effect results in a phenomenon called parhelion, or false sun.

Like everything else, the proposed lighting scheme has drawn criticism on the Internet. Moreover, it is not at all possible to achieve an understanding that it is she who explains the observed phenomena. For example, the height of the Sun at noon depending on the latitude.
Let's look at a simple model:
A pyramid of decreasing radius cylinders rotates counterclockwise and is illuminated by a parallel beam of sunlight (red arrows) perpendicular to the edges of the pyramids.
The right edge of each cylinder corresponds to the position of the sun at its zenith at noon.
As it is easy to understand, with any movement up and down along this edge, nothing in the position of the Sun above the observer's head on the edge changes.
And it does not change on any of the cylinders.
And there is no difference between the upper and lower cylinders.
And now we will begin to increase the number of cylinders, proportionally reducing their height and radius.
The limit of such an operation is a hemisphere.
Let's add the same lower part - and our earth ball will turn out. For those who do not understand mathematics, but worked in Photoshop: if the photo of the Earth is greatly enlarged, then the circle will turn into a set of rectangular pixels - otherwise you cannot depict it by machine.

Conclusion: on the entire globe, the Sun should be at its zenith at noon.

But how do we see in reality: the higher the latitude, the lower the Sun above the horizon?
Let's conduct a thought experiment: fix the Sun on the right side of the lower arrow and draw blue arrows from this point to each cylinder (if it's difficult, write to the conference and I'll draw them).
For a blue cylinder, the blue arrow will match the red one. For yellow it will be already with a slope, and for green it will be with a large slope.
This is how the earth is illuminated.

How did we manage to deceive?

It's simple: we see a small Sun above our head and draw lines from it in our drawings: to the left and to the right. But in fact, it is not small, but very large. And there is no left and right of the Sun: both to the left and to the right there is a stream of parallel rays down on us. We are knocked down by a children's drawing "Let there always be sunshine!". Already in childhood, this image firmly enters the consciousness and it is impossible to knock it out with any drawings and formulas. If the meme doesn't match, it's rejected. This is an axiom of psychology.

Gentlemen, tear off the blinders hung on you since childhood. Know that everything is a lie!

It’s a pity that it didn’t work out, but it seemed to me that this was a good seed for a conversation about how the sense organs relate to the surrounding reality. The pyramid can be considered as a joke in which there is some truth. The pyramid paradox was quickly figured out on the forum: http://falsehood.my1.ru/forum/2-6-1
An attempt to push for further discussion failed. But there is something to be said here.

What prevents the proposed model? The force of gravity that is directed away from the center of the earth. Formally, this is discussed in the next section, but it is clear what we have done, especially if you have already read the entire text. Here we have built a model in which the Earth is surrounded by a protective sphere. But those who are able to build such a huge Earth may well build something else that is not entirely clear to us. For example, the force of attraction acts from the side of the rod on which the cylinders are mounted (several schemes can be proposed for how this force remains constant when the radius decreases). Then the paradox is removed. Anywhere the observer will be perpendicular to the axis of rotation, even at the pole. Well, why not a model? By the way, it can well explain why the Earth is a geoid, and not a ball (in terms of conservation of gravity along the rod). Doesn't this remind you of some children's fairy tales with friction on the axis of rotation (where it's always cold)? Maybe the axis of rotation is not an abstraction at all, but a real thing?

Backyard lighting is a whole art, without which landscape design will be incomplete and incomplete.

Properly selected light carries a functional load, allowing you to navigate the territory well in the dark. In addition, site lighting is also an important decorative element that helps to highlight the most interesting elements of garden design and landscaping, highlight all the strengths of the site and hide problem areas. The project of lighting the territory should be well thought out, because an excess of light and color will deprive the garden of mystery, mystery and naturalness, and a lack will hide its charms at night, plunging everything into a frightening darkness. Truly fantastic effects are created by lighting built into fountains, ponds, garden paths, rock gardens.

Types of garden lighting

Security or emergency lighting

Helps to create the effect of the presence of people on the site. It works, as a rule, offline from a time relay or twilight photo sensors, therefore it does not require constant attention from the owners. Illuminates the perimeter of the site and areas that should be under video surveillance. An interesting security solution is searchlights with built-in passive infrared detectors that are triggered when a person or car approaches.

Functional site lighting

Everyday lighting of the territory: garden paths, playgrounds. Its main task is to ensure comfortable, convenient and safe movement around the site in the dark. First of all, lighting devices must be placed along winding garden paths, near stairs and bridges. Preference should be given to lamps with diffused light, which do not dazzle and most harmoniously interact with the surrounding space. Lamps located on tall poles and spikes, with vertically falling light, perfectly illuminate paths, steps and entrances, but they look too strict and formal, so low lamps are the best solution for creating home comfort. Functional lighting should be reliable, durable, easy to operate and maintain. Since it is used all year round, the lamps must certainly be made of frost-resistant material. Despite all its functionality and practicality, do not forget about its compliance with garden design.

decorative lighting

It is used to decorate a personal plot, allowing you to place light accents in the most interesting and attractive places: flower beds, rock gardens, trees, fountains, ponds. To achieve the desired effect, it is extremely important to consider its spectral characteristics when choosing a backlight: warm and cold light. This seemingly insignificant detail can completely change the whole mood. For example, thuja looks great in the rays of warm light, and blue spruce - in the rays of cold. Luminous portable pots and flowerpots made of matte plastic, luminous decorative stones and garden figures that can be cleverly placed in the most unexpected places will help create a truly fabulous atmosphere in the garden at night. Light also makes it possible to play with space, creating the illusion of space or, conversely, isolation. So, a bench deployed to brightly lit curbs will look more secluded, even being in the middle of a lawn. On the surface of the water, light shadows, masking the bottom, create the effect of depth. The right lighting turns the most nondescript fountain into a real diamond. The ideal lighting method for creating a romantic atmosphere is "moonlight", when the light source is placed over an object, such as a tall tree with a dense crown, for example, and the beam, penetrating the foliage, draws whimsical patterns of shadows on the ground.

Architectural and artistic lighting

External illumination of the house, adjacent buildings and all kinds of small architectural forms. The simplest version of architectural lighting is the general flood lighting of the entire facade, structure or a significant part of it with lighting fixtures. It is much more difficult to place light accents on the walls of the house, creating an interesting light pattern that emphasizes the architectural advantages of the building.

holiday lighting

To create a festive atmosphere on the site, raising the mood for yourself, guests and all passers-by, the original elegant lighting of facades, garden compositions, trees will help. The most popular are New Year's decorations that can turn the site into a real winter fairy tale.

Top illumination

Light is directed from bottom to top. It is used to highlight individual elements of the garden. Most often, the choice falls on the most relief objects. Particularly picturesque in the soft rays from the ground level look pergolas entwined with plants, colorful stone compositions, cereal grasses, and bamboo. Light sources directed upwards are best placed at a small distance from the illuminated object or behind.

Bottom illumination

The light is directed from top to bottom. The downward flowing soft light is ideal for illuminating steps, stones, paths and all places where there is a danger of walking at night. In this case, it is best to install light sources directly in front of the illuminated object or near the surface of the earth.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACE. THE UNIVERSE AND ITS DEVICE

WHAT LIGHTS THE EARTH AT NIGHT?

At night, the earth's surface is illuminated by the moon and some other light sources. On clear moonlit nights, when the eye adapts, i.e. get used to the lunar level of illumination, you can admire the beauty of the night landscape. A landscape bathed in moonlight; not once inspired artists and poets. One of the aphorisms of Kozma Prutkov says: "If you are asked: what is more useful, the sun or the month? - answer: the month. For the sun shines during the day, when it is already light; and the month - at night." The strongest source of light at night is the moon. During the full moon, the illumination created by the "young" Moon is greater than the illumination created by the "old" Moon, by about 1/5 part. This can be explained by the fact that there are spots on the surface of the Moon facing the Earth; areas of the lunar seas and oceans are located unevenly: on the "portrait" of the Moon in its left side there are more dark areas than in the right side. If the night is moonless (the most convenient time for observing the starry sky), then terrestrial objects are still illuminated, although very weakly. This illumination of the Earth is created by stars. To the extent that the eye becomes accustomed to the darkness, a person begins to distinguish more and more faint stars and more and more. Gradually opens "... the abyss of stars is full." The vast majority of bright stars are found in the Milky Way region. This is the brightest part of the starry sky. Attempts to evaluate the role of the glow of stars in illuminating the earth's surface at night were first made in 1901 by the American astronomer Newcomb. He found that all the illumination created by the stars is only enough for half the illumination observed from the Earth on a moonless night. The role of the planets in illuminating the Earth is negligible. What else is the source of light? It was discovered in the same 1901 by German scientists, thanks to photographing the spectrum of the night sky. Green lines characteristic of the auroras were found everywhere on the spectral plates. There was an assumption that continuous green light is sent by a source located in the earth's atmosphere. Scientists from Holland and England in 1909-1915 studied the spectrum of the Milky Way at different latitudes, even where auroras are extremely rare. There was a green line everywhere, in every spectrum shot. The brightness of the line was the greater, the closer to the horizon the photograph was taken. It remained to be concluded that the whole sky emits a continuous light every night, similar to the light of the auroras.

Thus, the night glow of the atmosphere was discovered. It turns out that the Earth's atmosphere, its "air coat", not only "warms" the Earth, absorbing the heat radiated by the Earth into outer space, not only protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays and from "heavenly stones" - meteorites, but also illuminates the Earth at night. That is, in the absence of the Moon, the Earth's atmosphere is its main "lamp".

In the atmosphere, not all of its layers glow, but the upper ones, rarefied at altitudes from 100 to 300 km. Under the action of the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, a splitting occurs, or, as they say, the dissociation of gas molecules into their constituent atoms. When atoms collide with each other, they recombine with molecules, and energy is released - the energy of radiation.

WHY THE MOON IS A SATELLITE?

In astronomy, a satellite is a body that revolves around a larger body and is held by its force of attraction. The Moon is the Earth's satellite. Earth is a satellite of the Sun. All planets in the solar system, with the exception of Mercury and Venus, have satellites.

Artificial satellites are man-made spacecraft orbiting the Earth or another planet. They are launched for various purposes: for scientific research, for studying the weather, for communication.

The Earth-Moon system is unique in the solar system, since no planet has such a large satellite. The moon is the only satellite of the Earth, but so big and close!

It is better visible to the naked eye than any planet through a telescope. Telescopic observations and close-up photographs show that its beautiful surface is uneven and extremely complex. Active study of the natural satellite of the Earth began in 1959, when space probes, automatic interplanetary stations that delivered samples of lunar rocks were launched in our country and in the USA towards the Moon for its comprehensive study. And up to the present time, spacecraft bring a lot of information for the work of selenologists (scientists who study the moon). Our satellite is fraught with many mysteries. For a long time, people did not see its reverse side until 1959, when the Luna-3 automatic station photographed the invisible side of the lunar surface. Later, on the basis of images obtained with the help of the domestic station "Zond-3" and the American spacecraft "Lunar Orbiter", maps of the surface of the Moon were compiled. Flights of automatic lunar stations and landings of lunar expeditions helped to answer a number of unclear questions that worried astronomers. But, in turn, they set new challenges for astronomers.

WHY DOES THE MOON TURN INTO A MONTH?

Watch the moon and you will see that its appearance changes every day. First, a narrow crescent, then the Moon grows fat and after a few days becomes round. After a few more days, the full moon gradually becomes smaller and smaller and again becomes like a sickle. The crescent moon is often called the month. If the sickle is turned with a bulge to the left, like the letter "C", then the Moon is said to be "aging". After 14 days and 19 hours after the full moon, the old month will disappear completely. The moon is not visible. This phase of the moon is called the "new moon". Then, gradually, the Moon from a narrow crescent turned to the right (if you mentally draw a straight line through the ends of the crescent, you get the letter "P", i.e. the month "grows"), turns again into the full Moon.

For the Moon to “grow up” again, the same period of time is required: 14 days and 19 hours. Changing the appearance of the moon, i.e. the change of lunar phases, from full moon to full moon (or from new moon to new moon) occurs every four weeks, more precisely, for 29 and a half days. This is a lunar month. It served as the basis for compiling the calendar. It is possible to calculate in advance when and how the Moon will be visible, when there will be dark nights, and when there will be bright ones. During the full moon, the moon is turned to the Earth with the illuminated side, and during the new moon, it is unlit. The moon is a solid, cold celestial body that does not emit its own light, it shines in the sky only because it reflects the light of the Sun with its surface. Turning around the Earth, the Moon turns to it either as a fully illuminated surface, or as a partially illuminated surface, or as a dark one. That is why the appearance of the Moon is constantly changing during the month.

If a piece of land has a certain effect on the characters or monsters standing on it, then there is ground effect. An example of such an effect is from the use of a fire trap on the ground.

Mechanics

Negative ground effects created by the character do not affect his allies; negative ground effects created by monsters do not affect other monsters. Positive ground effects work in a similar way. Ground effects do not affect all totems.

"Flying" monsters, including Raging Spirits and , are not affected by effects that work directly on the ground/close to the ground. Other effects, such as steam or smoke effects, also affect flying monsters.

Characters and monsters can be affected by multiple ground effects at the same time. Identical effects do not stack with each other. Of the multiple ground effects of the same type that deal damage, only the effects with the highest amount of damage per second will take effect.

Ground effect types

burning earth

Burning Ground is a negative ground effect that deals burning damage (fire damage over time). The amount of damage per second you receive while on burning ground depends on its source.

Wearable Module Error: Item link: No results found for search term "Redblade Tramplers". make the character immune to burning ground.
Wearable Module Error: Item link: No results found for search parameter "Steppan Eard". grant increased damage (regardless of source) if the character is standing on burning ground.
Wearable Module Error: Item link: No results found for search term "Flight of Garukhan". Grants immunity to burning ground.

The source of the burning earth can be:

frozen ground

Frozen Ground - A negative ground effect that causes Chill.

Frozen ground slows by 10%.

Among the various sources of effect, several important ones can be distinguished:

charged earth

Charged Ground - A negative ground effect that causes shock.

While on charged ground, all damage taken is increased by 20% unless otherwise noted.

Various sources of charged ground:

consecrated ground

Consecrated Ground is a positive ground effect that provides additional health regeneration.

The character and allies gain an additional 4% of their maximum health per second.

Defiled Ground

Defiled Ground is a negative ground effect that deals chaos damage over time. The amount of damage per second depends on the source of the desecrated ground.

There are three sources of effect:

The Corrupted Ground created by Renegade's Cassock has a radius of 16 and deals 75 chaos damage over 8 seconds.