Common violations of the norms of the Russian literary language. Speech errors: types, causes, examples

4.1. Violations of orthoepic norms.

Orthoepic (Greek orthos - correct + Greek epos - speech) norms - norms of pronunciation and stress. Their observance facilitates and accelerates mutual understanding in the process of communication. The rules of orthoepy and Russian can be divided into three groups:

a) pronunciation of vowels;

b) pronunciation of consonants;

c) pronunciation of borrowed words.

Common deficiencies in pronunciation:

In the pronunciation of consonants, the laws of assimilation and deafening apply. Voiced consonants at the end of a word are stunned, this norm, as a rule, is not violated, with the exception of the voiced consonant [r] at the end of a word. It should sound like an explosive deaf [k] - boot [k].

But in practice, the pronunciation is often found as a deaf fricative [x]. Such a pronunciation is unacceptable as a dialect (a feature of the southern dialects) - (an exception is the word “god” - bo[x].

Often there are errors in the pronunciation of “ch”. In accordance with the norms, this combination is pronounced as [ch]: eternal, marriage, correspondence, cereal, planting. The pronunciation [shn] is required in female patronymics - Fomini [shn] a, Kuzmini [shn] a - and is preserved in the words bitter [shn] yy, horse [shn] o, empty [shn] yy, square [shn] ik. There is also a double pronunciation - bulo [shn] th and bulo [ch] th, kope [shn] y - kopee [ch] th, young [shn] y - young [ch] th, order [shn] th - order [ch] ]th, plum [shn] th - plum [ch] th.

Vowel pronunciation standards include stress norms. They are being studied accentology(lat. accentus - stress). In russian language free stress, that is, it can be on any syllable in a word, unlike some languages of the world, where the stress is assigned to a specific syllable:

a) in Estonian, Latvian, Czech, Finnish - 1 syllable;

b) in Polish and Georgian - penultimate;

c) in Armenian and French - the latter.

Another feature of Russian stress is its morphemic mobility- the stress can move from one significant part of the word to another in its different forms and cognates.

Main stress function - phonetic association of a word. But there are words where the stress plays a semantic - distinctive role - torment a- m at ka, drank and- P and whether. In polysyllabic words, in addition to the main stress, a secondary (collateral) one also appears: avalanche a knowing, four floors a zhy.

Often accentological errors occur in the formation of the following forms of various parts of speech:

In monosyllabic nouns. husband. kind in R.p. units numbers, the emphasis falls on the ending: umbrella - umbrella a, ladle - ladle a, fruit - fruit a, coat of arms - coat of arms a. Exception: goose - g at Xia, coal - at looking.

Ex. zh.r. 1st declension in V.p. units numbers have an accent on the ending: angry at, izb at, kirk at, goats at, nor at, floor at, grew at, resin at, owls at, stanza at, herbs at, based on (b about kind, b about ronu, c e well, sh e ku), double stress (rec at- R e ku, board at– d about sku).

Some nouns 3rd sk. When used with the prepositions “in” and “on”, they have an accent on the ending - in the pile and, in cost and, in blood and, at night and, on oven and, in connection and, in Sep and, in step and, in ten and, in chain and.

Ex. 3rd sk. in R. p. pl. numbers are accented based on (m e density, n about honors, etc. and past, pr about ruby, sh a losty), double stress ( about trades and industry e y, in e domosti i vedomosti e d), at the end (branch e th, gorst e th, position e y, fortress e th, plane e y, degree e y, tablecloth e y, speed e j).

Prepositions used with nouns and numerals can take on stress, making an independent part of speech unstressed - b e h news, b e s year, b e out of the blue a winter, s a hand, s a soul, s a year, and out of sight and from the forest and from the nose, n a mountain, n a back, n a wall, n a two, n a six, n a stop about forest, p about sea, p about field, p about two, p about stop about three, p about d legs, n about d nose, p about d hands.

Short adjectives have an accent on the first syllable of the stem in the masculine, neuter, and many others. number. In the feminine, it goes to the ending: b about ek - boyk a, in e sat down - cheerful a, ch at p - stupid a. Double stress occurs in the plural form - bl e bottoms and pale s, bl and close and close and, G about lazy and hungry s, G at thick and dense s, etc at wives and friendly s, w and rny and fat s, P at sta and empty s, t e dreams and cramps s, t at py and dumb s, X about lazy and cold s.

Stress in past verbs. time can stand on the basis in all forms (b and th, br and t, cl a st, cr a st, m I t, w and t), on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form in which it passes to the ending: br a la, b s la, vz I la, gn a la, dral a, called a, on a prefix in all forms, except for the form of wives. kind (d about nyal, s a measures, h a nyal, s a lane, n a nyal, n a chal, about tbyl, pr and nyal, at was). Double stress in the forms of verbs d about lived - doge and l, d about drank - additional and l, h a gave - back a l, n a lived - press and l, about took - rel I l, about tpil - otp and l, p about gave - under a l, p about day - lower I l, pr about gave - prod a l, pr about lived - lived and l, pr about lil - prol and l, section a l - r about building

There are two groups in the verbs na - "to": with an emphasis on "and" (block and rove, guarantor and argue, debate and rove, conductor and screw up, disqualify and quote, inform and rove, cop and ration, sums and rovat) and with an emphasis on “a” (scorers a th, engravers a th, make-up a th, grouped a th, ice cream a th, premium a th, shapers a t, etc.).

In passive past participles, the stress in the feminine form falls on the ending (taken - taken a, twisted - vit a, obsolete - obsolete a, started - started a, accepted - accepted a), in others - on the prefix. In participles on - abusive - tattered - called, the stress falls on the prefix (d about bran, s a bran, s a drana, s a rank, and selected, pr and bran, pr e torn, pr and called, with about tattered).

Mistakes in stress There may be other reasons to keep in mind:

one). Ignorance of the rules of stress in the source language. Miz e rny (lat. miser - poor) from the French "mis e r” and pronounced “miz e rny”.

2). The absence of the letter “ё” in the printed text. Meanwhile, it is known that, in accordance with the norm, it always takes on stress. Not right: beets a, w e lie, w e personal, new about conspiracy about feminine (correct: beets, bile, bile, newborn, bewitched).

3). Ignorance of spelling rules. The words "br about nya" and "bron I” are nouns of the 1st declension.

The stress performs a semantic function: br about nya - pre-emptive right to receive something and armor I- protective covering.

The word “reservation” is often misused.

4). Ignorance of the belonging of a word to a particular part of speech.

For example, the adjective "developed about th” and participle “r” a called."

The first is used in the phrases “developed about th young man”, “developed a i industry”, “developed about e agriculture”, the emphasis falls on the ending. The participle formed from the verb “develop” is pronounced with an accent on the first or second syllable - p a activities carried out by citizen N, p a question raised by the teacher a twisted rope, r a curled curl.

Mastering the norms of Russian accentology, one must also keep in mind the phenomenon of stress variability. There are words in which the following are recognized as normalized: two variants of stress; one is considered bookish, and the other is colloquial; one version is general literary, and the other is professional.

(from the Greek lexikos - “verbal, dictionary” and gr. logos - “word, concept, teaching”) - a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of the language, considering the basic unit of the language - the word in various aspects. Lexical norms of the Russian literary language- these are the rules for using words in speech in accordance with their lexical meaning and taking into account their lexical compatibility and stylistic coloring.Is it correct to say: imagine vacation, television nowadays is of great importance, memorable souvenir? These and similar questions are answered by the lexical norms of the Russian literary language.The main requirement of lexical norms is the use of words in accordance with the meaning that is inherent in them. This usage rule is often violated. Consider examples of violations of the lexical norms of the Russian literary language.

Confusion of paronyms

Violation of lexical norms is often associated with the fact that speakers or writers confuse words that are similar in sound but different in meaning. Such words are called paronyms.(from Greek. para - "about" and onima - "name") - these are words, in most cases the same root, similar in sound, but having different meanings: addresses nt(sender) - addresses t(recipient); amy grant(leaving the country) - immi grant (entering).Words are paronyms diplomatic and diplomacy h th. diplomatic maybe something related to diplomacy ( diplomatic bag); diplomatic - something correct, corresponding to etiquette ( diplomatic behavior of the parties). A typical speech error is the confusion of paronyms q put and pre to put. A certificate of illness of the child is submitted to the school, a new teacher introduces himself class, but the opportunity to take a study tour provided. Thus:

submit - 1) give, hand over, report something for review, information; 2) show, demonstrate something;
before leave- 1) give the opportunity to possess, dispose, use something; 2) give the opportunity to do something, entrust someone with the execution of any business (see the list of paronyms given in Appendix 2).

Mixing paronyms often leads to a distortion of meaning: Dense thickets of shrubs alternated with eternal oak groves and birch forests.(instead of century old). The confusion of paronyms also indicates an insufficient speech culture of the speaker: He put on a sweater (instead of put on). Another common lexical error is the use of pleonasms(from the Greek pleonasmos - "excess") - phrases in which one of the two words is superfluous, because its meaning coincides with the meaning of another, adjacent word, for example: memorable souvenir(souvenir - a keepsake), native aborigine(aboriginal - a native of the country), unusual phenomenon(phenomenon - an unusual phenomenon). Remember the following pleonastic phrases and avoid using them in speech:

monumental monument

main leitmotif

my autobiography

folklore

facial expressions, etc.

Use of phraseological units

- this is a stable combination of words that is reproduced in speech as something holistic in terms of semantic content and lexical and grammatical composition.Phraseological units in a broad sense include all types of language aphorisms: catchwords, proverbs, sayings. Phraseological units are often used in journalistic statements, artistic texts, for example:

from Holy Scripture: Do not make yourself an idol;
from literary works: Blessed are those who believe...(A.S. Pushkin);
Latin and other foreign language expressions: Post factum (lat. Post factum - after what happened);
expressions of our contemporaries that have become winged words: Velvet revolution, orange coalition and etc.

The use of phraseological units requires the accuracy of their reproduction. This condition is often violated. Typical mistakes are:

abbreviation of the expression: and not worth a penny instead of and not worth a damn;
word replacement: lion's share instead of lion's share;
combination of two rotations: is of great importance instead plays a role or is of great importance.

However, a skillful variation of phraseological units can give sharpness to speech, for example, in Chekhov: "He looked at the world from the height of his meanness" instead of from the height of his majesty.

He put on his coat and went outside

It is necessary to improve the training of specialists
Specialist training can be good or bad. It can be improved, not upgraded

It is necessary to improve the training of specialists

More than half of the group is engaged in sports sections
Half cannot be more or less

More than half of the group is engaged in sports sections

Various examples of violation of lexical norms

Lexical error	Lexical norm
1. Behind elapsed time period (pleonasm)	1. Behind elapsed period* we carried out drainage works*
2. technical (mixing of paronyms)	2. The performance of the young gymnast was very technical
3. Necessary increase the level* welfare of our veterans(inappropriate use of the word increase* without taking into account its lexical meaning and without taking into account its lexical compatibility: the level of well-being can be high or low; it can be increased, but not increased)	3. Necessary level up* the welfare of our veterans*

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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NRU HSE - Nizhny Novgorod

Faculty of Business Informatics and Applied Mathematics

On the Russian language and culture of speech

Violations of the norms of the Russian language. Common Mistakes

Russian literary language norm

Prepared

Zelenov Alexey Alexandrovich

Group: 12PMI

Lecturer: Batishcheva T.S.

Nizhny Novgorod, 2012

Many, including myself, believe that a language (no matter what) resembles a self-learning machine that develops under the influence of people and it is not possible to stop or leave its development within certain limits. But, of course, each language at a certain point in its development has its own norms, and the language, as a rule, has an oral or written form.

Let's move on to the Russian language, the ideal use of the language is described by the "Law on the state language of the Russian Federation", which states that "3. The procedure for approving the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as the state language of the Russian Federation, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

4. The state language of the Russian Federation is a language that promotes mutual understanding, strengthening interethnic ties between the peoples of the Russian Federation in a single multinational state.”

Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and the state simply cannot regulate the Russian language and its development, except perhaps the literary language, which, at the current pace of development, is not so easy to keep track of. So what are the norms of the Russian language? Are they really government regulated? There are 2 norms in the Russian language - linguistic and literary. “Language norm is a historically conditioned set of commonly used language means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a particular historical period. The norm is one of the essential properties of the language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variance of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is intended, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other hand, to satisfy current and changing needs of society "Language norm -https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0% D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0.

The literary norm is aimed at "preserving the means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations" Literary norm - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0% BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0. Who must follow these rules? Naturally the media, writers, and other organizations/people working in the cultural field. But do they always follow these rules? - No. Often, in order to interest a person, it is necessary to use a language that is more “close to the people”, i.e. resort to colloquial turns and vernacular, and here language norms come into force, which, in my opinion, are wider than literary ones. How often are the rules broken? Yes, the rules are violated, and often, and this cannot be avoided.

“When analyzing the Second World War, American military historians discovered a very interesting fact, namely: in a sudden clash with the forces of the Japanese, the Americans, as a rule, made decisions much faster and, as a result, defeated even superior enemy forces. Having studied this pattern, scientists came to the conclusion that the average word length for Americans is 5.2 characters, while for the Japanese it is 10.8, and, therefore, it takes 56% less time to issue orders, which plays an important role in a short battle ... For the sake of of interest, they analyzed Russian speech, and it turned out that the length of a word in Russian is on average 7.2 characters per word. However, in critical situations, the Russian-speaking command staff switches to profanity and the word length is reduced to ... 3.2 characters per word. This is due to the fact that some phrases, and even phrases, are replaced by ONE word” Order Joke - http://vvv-ig.livejournal.com/25910.html

We can conclude that it is almost impossible to get rid of the mat, although it is recognized as petty hooliganism, the rules exist to break them, which people do, because it is not fatal. But my attitude towards swearing is negative, because a person gave meaning to all words, therefore, if swear words were given some negative meaning, then you should not use such words.

It is worth talking about slang, “Slang (from English slang) is a set of special words or new meanings of existing words used in various human associations (professional, social, age and other groups)” Slang - https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3. Most often, slang is used by representatives of certain professions or social groups, most often slang is used by young people. What's wrong with slang? The main plus is the acceleration of communication, but the minus is misunderstanding, i.e. not everyone can understand what a person is talking about, especially this applies to the past generation, where technical progress has not gone so far. You can give an example: “yesterday I found a bug in the program”

Here you can clearly see the use of slang, and professional ones, and many will not understand that a person has found an error in his program, but representatives of the corresponding profession will immediately understand what is the matter and communication between them will happen faster if they use slang.

Another type of the most common violations is the incorrect placement of stress in words. Most of all, such mistakes are made in the words “spoil (a child), contract, leisure, extraction, (he) calls, (you) call, invention, tool, catalog, self-interest, more beautiful, medicines, intention, start, facilitate, provide , convict, put, reward, means, carpenter, Ukrainian, deepen (knowledge), in-depth (knowledge), phenomenon, intercession, hosts, cement, linguistic (culture) "emphasis - http://ege-legko.livejournal.com/ 23795.html. But the most common word in which a huge number of people incorrectly stress is the word “call” (does not call, but calls), and in different contexts the stress is placed differently (that is, many say call, but in a different context, for example “ Will you call me?" put the wrong stress. Such errors are most often due to the fact that the stress in the Russian language is "movable". The stress in the word can also change over time, with the development of the language, for example, during the development of air transport (then the flight time was not measured hours, but kilometers), most spoke not kilometer, but kilometer, then somehow smoothly turned into kilometer, but some still say kilometer.

There are a huge number of mistakes that people make, but there are “Top 13 mistakes”, they are so common that people, trying to rid humanity of them, create such memos:

"one. "PAY FOR THE TRAVEL"! You can either "pay the fare" or "pay the fare"!

2. In Russian, the word "LIE" DOES NOT EXIST! With prefixes - please: Put, Lay, Shift.

3. Are you still "calling"?! Educated people say: “Vasya is calling you”, “you will call your mother”.

4. As you know, in Russia there are two troubles: “-TSYA” and “-TSYA”. Everyone made this mistake!

5. There are no words "in general" and "in general"! There are words "IN GENERAL" and "IN GENERAL".

6. Spelling "sorry" instead of "sorry."

7. How can you shove the letter “U” into the word “future” to get “future”? “I will” - “future”, “follow” - “next”.

8. How much can you doubt: "come" or "come"? Remember once and for all, correctly - "come". BUT in the future: I WILL COME, COME, COME.

9. Ordered an espresso? To cook faster? The coffee is called ESPRESSO! And there is also "latte" (emphasis on "A", two "T") and "capu Chino" (one "H").

10. Congratulations on (what?) Birthday (what?)! I'm going (where?) On the day (of what?) of my birthday! Was on a birthday party.

No “going to my birthday”, “congratulations, happy birthday”, etc.!

11. Girls, if a guy writes “pretty girl” and “looks good”, put a fat cross on him! Why are you so literate?!

12. Keep in mind that "TO HAVE IN_VIEW" is written separately!

13. Everyone who still says "THIS" will burn in hell!

But of course, the most common mistake (by the way, this is the MOST common mistake in the exam) is the spelling: “-TSYA” and “-TSYA”. This really looks like a “trouble”, you can stumble upon such a mistake anywhere, I can’t even say for sure if I made this mistake in this text? After all, many write on the machine, forgetting about spelling, although there are people who just have great intuition, and they almost never make mistakes. But how can one develop such an intuition? - reading, if you read a lot, then you will develop a kind of memory and the words will simply be remembered, and, as a rule, there will be much fewer mistakes, even if you did not learn Russian well at school.

Summarize. Violation of the norms of the language is quite normal for any language, but we must try not to make such mistakes. We are native speakers and must respect it, first of all, without distorting it with our mistakes, if everyone does this, the language will become cleaner, and foreigners will begin to understand us and they will awaken interest in the language.

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Types of speech errors

First, let's look at what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from the current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live normally, work and communicate with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Zeitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's consider special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or pronunciation errors occur as a result of violation of the rules of orthoepy. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. They also include accentological errors - violation of the norms of stress. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plot” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktric” (“electric”), “colidor” (“corridor”), “laboratory” (“laboratory”), “thousand” (“thousand”), “right now” (“now”).

stress: “calls”, “dialogue”, “contract”, “catalog”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beetroot”, “phenomenon”, “chauffeur”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors - violation of the rules of vocabulary, first of all - the use of words in unusual meanings, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They are of several types.

The use of a word in an unusual sense. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type, there are three subtypes:

Mixing words that are close in meaning: "He read the book back."
Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, ear - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
Mixing words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diplomat, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignorant. "Cashier for business trips" (necessary - seconded).

word writing. Error examples: Georgian, heroism, underground workers, winder.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the line of their real meanings. For example, you cannot say: I raise this toast", since "raise" means "move", which is not consistent with the wish. “Through the door wide open” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (slightly open) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “May month”, “traffic route”, “address of residence”, “huge metropolis”, “to be on time”. A tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “The task was set”, “One public organization acted as the organizer”, “I wish you long creative longevity”.

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in an unusual meaning. Yu. V. Fomenko distinguishes 7 varieties:

Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “While the essence and the case” instead of “While the court and the case”;
Truncation of a phraseological unit: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseologism: “hit his head against the wall”);
Expansion of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “You turned to the wrong address” (phraseologism: contact the address);
Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: "I can't stand to sit with my hands folded." Correct: "difficult";
Contamination (association) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything idly by” (a combination of phraseological units “sleeveless” and “idly folded”);
The combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "A random stray bullet";
The use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: "Today we're going to talk about the film from cover to cover."

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are the incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers”.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are associated with a violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules for combining words. There are a lot of varieties of them, so we will give only a few examples.

Wrong match: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
Mismanagement: "Pay for the fare";
Syntactic ambiguity: "Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression"(did Mayakovsky read or did you read Mayakovsky's works?);
Structural displacement: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask you is attention”;
Extra correlative word in the main sentence: "We were looking at those stars that dotted the whole sky."

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of spelling, hyphenation, abbreviation of words. characteristic of speech. For example: “The dog barked”, “sit on chairs”, “come to the railway station”, “Russian. language", "gram. mistake".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks with.

Stylistic mistakes

We devoted a separate topic to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Your speech work should include:

Reading fiction.
Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
Communication with educated people.
Constant work on improving the culture of speech.

Online course "Russian language"

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course "" to these topics. In the classroom, you will get the opportunity to work out the skill of competent writing using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of the material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors ...
Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. - Novosibirsk: NGPU, 1994.
Zeitlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

City scientific and practical conference

"Schoolchildren of the city - scienceXXIcentury"

Research

Section "Russian language"

Literary norm and speech practice of the newspaper

(on the material of the newspaper "News of Mordovia")

Prepared by: students of grade 10A

MOU "Secondary school No. 35"

Likinova Olga,

Enikeeva Kristina

2008

Introduction

ILiterary language and language norm

1.1 The concept of "literary language" and its main features

IINewspaper and journalistic style as one of the varieties of the Russian literary language

2.2 General characteristics of the periodical press as a mass media

III The main types of violations of the literary norm on the pages of the newspaper "Izvestia of Mordovia"

3.1 Grammar errors

3.2 Mistakes in word usage

3.3 Spelling errors

3.3.1 Spelling errors

3.3.2 Punctuation errors

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Subject This study includes cases of various types of errors (spelling, punctuation, speech, grammar) found on the pages of the local press.

Subject proposed work - "Literary norm and speech practice of the newspaper (on the basis of the newspaper" News of Mordovia ")". The choice of this topic is due primarily to the importance of the object of study at the present stage of development of the Russian language. I would like to emphasize that Izvestia Mordovia is the official newspaper in Mordovia, each issue of the newspaper as a whole corresponds to the level and all the criteria for a quality publication, such as: awareness, reliability, objectivity, representativeness of opinions, independence of judgment. The publication promptly covers all the events taking place in the world and the republic, gives them a balanced, professional assessment. The information and analytical part of the newspaper is devoted to the news of politics, economics, culture, sports and social problems, as a result of which it is of interest to all residents of Mordovia. At the same time, the texts of the articles contain various violations of the norms of the Russian literary language, which cannot but affect the quality of the materials.

Relevance the topic under consideration is due to the negative process of non-compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language in the speech practice of the media in general. It is no secret that in the speech of TV presenters, announcers there are deviations from orthoepic, speech norms, and on the pages of newspapers and magazines you can find errors of various kinds. It should be noted that the language of the media should be a model for readers, the leading role in this should belong to print media: newspapers, magazines, etc. Today, there are serious concerns about non-compliance with the norms of the literary language in the press, which can lead to a violation of the idea of correctness. as a key point in the culture of speech among newspaper readers, especially among young people, who absolutely need a role model.

aim This work is to identify, analyze and classify typical deviations from the literary norm in the articles of the newspaper "Izvestia of Mordovia". Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

1. Analyze the available theoretical scientific materials related to the concepts of "literary language", "norm", "types of norms".

2. Consider and analyze specific articles in the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia" in terms of the presence / absence of errors.

3. To classify the detected deviations from the norms of the literary language in newspaper materials.

4. Suggest possible options for correcting the detected errors.

In solving the above tasks, the following research methods:

1. descriptive method with methods of observing linguistic phenomena;

2. research method;

3. method of systematics and classification.

The material of the study may be of interest to philology students, school teachers, students, as well as to everyone who is not indifferent to the problems of speech culture. Practical value work lies in the fact that the results can be used as theoretical and practical exercises in the classroom of optional and elective courses on the style and culture of speech, as well as in preparation for the exam in grade 11, because, in our opinion, it is at school it is necessary to carry out systematic work on the education of schoolchildren of speech culture.

The work consists of an introduction, three parts and a conclusion. The introduction defines the purpose, objectives, subject, relevance, methods and techniques of research, as well as the practical significance of the work. Chapter I is an analysis of theoretical material on the topic of research, it identifies and defines the main scientific concepts: the literary language, the norm of the literary language. In Chapter II, the main features of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, the press as one of the most popular mass media are considered, as well as the characteristics of the communicative qualities of speech are given and their connections with the literary norm are determined. Chapter III presents a practical study, the purpose of which was to find in the newspaper material cases of violation / deviation from the norms of the Russian literary language, their systematization, classification and description. The most important component of the chapter is the proposed options for editing the detected errors. In conclusion, the main conclusions of the work are presented. The bibliography includes a list of works that served as theoretical sources for this study, dictionaries. We relied on research on the stylistics and culture of speech,. When classifying the norms of the Russian literary language and describing, we focused on the works,. When analyzing spelling norms - for textbooks, manuals and reference books.

I Literary language and language norm

The Russian literary language dates back to the 11th century. Thanks to the written fixation of the literary language, written and printed texts, the process of its improvement is greatly facilitated: on the basis of the language of texts, the most adequate ways of conveying thoughts, feelings, new forms and methods of linguistic expression are developed, while everything archaic is ignored, although sometimes it returns to speech use. , receiving a new understanding (for example, the words philanthropist, lyceum).

The modern Russian literary language is developing in line with those principles of organizing linguistic means in literary texts that have been defined and consolidated, approved in its authorial practice. Many books and articles have been written about the Russian literary language. They tell about its complex and whimsical history, and about the richness and expressive power of this greatest national treasure, and about the important role played by the Russian literary language in our country and in the international arena. “Being a living connecting thread of generations, the literary language has absorbed all the best, healthy from folk speech. It embodies the worldview of the Russian people, reflecting, as in a mirror, the achievements of its national spirit and culture” [Gorbachevich, 1989:6].

1.1 The concept of literary language and its main features

Literary language they call the historically established higher (exemplary, processed) form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles [Gorbachevich, 1989: 6]. Literary language has special properties. Among its main features, researchers distinguish the following:

1) the presence of certain norms (rules) of word usage,
stress, pronunciation, etc., the observance of which is of a general educational nature and does not depend on the social, professional and territorial affiliation of native speakers of a given language;

2) possession of a rich lexical fund;
3) the desire for sustainability, for the preservation of the general cultural heritage and literary and book traditions;

4) suitability not only for designating the entire amount of knowledge accumulated by mankind, but also for the implementation of abstract, logical thinking;

5) stylistic wealth, consisting in abundance
functionally justified variant and synonymous
means, which allows you to achieve the most effective expression of thought in various speech situations.

6) concentration and the best organization into a single system of linguistic elements of all levels of the language: vocabulary, phraseological units, sounds, grammatical forms and constructions of a national character; all these linguistic elements have been selected from the national language for many decades by the efforts of many generations of writers, publicists, and scientists;

7) availability of written and oral forms.

These properties of the literary language did not appear immediately, but as a result of a long and skillful selection, carried out by the masters of the word, the most accurate and weighty words and phrases, the most convenient and expedient grammatical forms and constructions.

Thus, the modern Russian literary language, which has become one of the world's languages, has the richest lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and an extensive system of styles. At the current stage of development, it is opposed not to gradually disappearing territorial dialects, but to irregular speech and outdated facts of word usage. During the time separating us from the era of Pushkin, significant changes have taken place in the norms of the Russian literary language. However, this did not destroy his ties with a rich cultural tradition.

1.2 The concept of "literary norm", its features and types

The ability to distinguish between right and wrong in speech is associated with the concept of a language norm. The norm of the literary language - this is the generally accepted use of linguistic means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, their forms, syntactic constructions [Maksimov: 2004, 272]. Among its main properties, the professor singles out: obligation for all speakers and writers in Russian, stability, but at the same time historical variability. “If the norms were not stable, if they were subjected to various kinds of influences, the linguistic connection between generations would be broken. Of course, it is difficult for an unprepared reader, for example, to understand texts written in the 11th-12th centuries, according to the works of A. Pushkin, we understand, with the exception of individual words and expressions, although these works were created almost three centuries ago” [Maksimov: 2004, 272] The stability of the norms is also ensured in many respects by the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the possibility of the emergence and development of a powerful stream of national literature.

In the Explanatory Dictionaries, “norm” is a legalized establishment, the usual generally accepted, mandatory order, the state of something; sample; rule.

In the textbook "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" we find the following definition: "A literary norm is a set of fixed socially approved rules of a language that are obligatory for implementation in speech, reflecting the laws of the language system and confirmed by the use of authoritative native speakers of the Russian language" [Ippolitova, 2008: 132].

According to the opinion, a norm is not only a socially approved rule, but also a rule that reflects the laws of the language system and is confirmed by the word usage of authoritative writers [Gobachevich, 1989:31].

Perhaps the most complete definition of a literary norm belongs to: “A norm is a set of the most suitable (“correct”, “preferred”) language means for serving society, which are formed as a result of the selection of elements (lexical, pronunciation, morphological, syntactic) from among coexisting, existing formed again or extracted from the passive stock of the past in the process of social, in a broad sense, evaluation of these elements.

In the culture of speech, each type of norm (ethical, communicative and speech) suggests its own scale for assessing communication in general and its specific aspects (especially speech) in particular. Ethical standards are evaluated on a scale decent / indecent, good / bad. Communicative: successful / unsuccessful, effective / ineffective, etc. Etiquette (within the framework of ethical and communicative): accepted / not accepted. Speech - for each of the virtues: logical / illogical, accurate / inaccurate, appropriate / inappropriate, accessible / inaccessible, varied / monotonous, expressive / inexpressive, etc. Language: correct / incorrect.

According to scientists, the norm is necessary for people to understand each other correctly (social and communicative functions); to distinguish an educated person from an uneducated person (social and cultural functions); so that the educated part of people with the most developed linguistic taste influence the upbringing and development of the rest (social and aesthetic functions); to preserve linguistic traditions (social and cultural functions) [Ippolitova, 2008: 130].

Norms require a clear correlation of stylistic features, semantic and expressive shades of parallel ways of expression with a specific context or speech situation.

Recognition of the normativity of a linguistic fact is usually based on the indispensable presence of three main features:
1) regular use (reproducibility) of this mode of expression;
2) the correspondence of this way of expression to the possibilities
literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);
3) public approval of regularly reproduced
way of expression (moreover, the role of the judge in that case is usually you
falls to the share of writers, scientists, the educated part of society) [Ippolitova, 2008: 289].

Literary norms are fixed in dictionaries, grammars, reference books on pronunciation, stress, management, spelling rules, etc. This is called the codification of norms (obtaining the status of law). Because of this, the literary language turns out to be the only possible means of communication in the most diverse spheres of human life, therefore, knowledge of the basic rules for its use is necessary for everyone.

The norms of the modern Russian literary language are very diverse, numerous and in most cases quite definite and strict. The ability to use them allows a person to speak and write correctly, helps the accessible expression of thoughts for others and a clear understanding of the thoughts expressed by others.

In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of linguistic means in science, the following types of norms of the Russian literary language are distinguished:

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Orthoepic norms - these are the rules for the sound design of words, parts of words, sentences, i.e., the rules for pronouncing sounds, setting stress, using intonation.

Lexical norms- these are the rules for the use of words, as well as set phrases in strict accordance with their meanings.

Stylistic norms - these are the rules for the use of language units in accordance with their stylistic qualities and characteristics, i.e., stylistic coloring.

To grammar rules include word-formation, morphological and syntactic norms.

Word-building norms are the rules for the formation of words.

Morphological norms- these are the rules for the formation of word forms of different parts of speech.

Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

Spelling norms includes spelling and punctuation rules.

Spelling norms are the spelling rules.

Punctuation norms- these are the rules for setting punctuation marks, which serve for the semantic, intonational and grammatical design of written speech [Ippolitova, Zagorovskaya, etc.].

1.3 Variation of norms in the literary language

Speaking of the norm, one cannot fail to point out its relative stability. The norm, like everything in the language, is slowly but continuously changing under the influence of colloquial speech, local dialects, the vocabulary of various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc. Since something inevitably and constantly becomes obsolete in the language, something appears new, there is a variability of the norm. The norm changes: 1) when it is functionally expedient and necessary; 2) when the norm is unknown to speakers of the given language; 3) when the violation of the norm does not affect the functioning of the language (mutual understanding).

Language changes lead to options some norms. This means that the same grammatical meaning (for example, place, time, reason, purpose), the same human thought can be expressed differently, through different words, their forms and combinations, using different phonetic means. Without exaggeration, we can say that the variance of norms is an invariable and inevitable companion of the development of such languages \u200b\u200bthat live an intensive life, like Russian, and often the cause of difficulties for those who speak it.

In case of inequality of options, the main option is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech. . A secondary, non-primary variant is recognized, the use of which is limited to any one style.

Within the limits of the literary language, the presence of "senior" and "junior" variants of use, the absence of sharp boundaries between right and wrong, subjectivity in assessing linguistic facts from the point of view of their admissibility are noted - all this allows, on the one hand, to maintain the integrity of the literary language and, on the other hand, to prevent its necrosis. However, the literary language always strives to avoid facts, phenomena that are absolutely identical in their semantics (meaning) and function, or to reduce such words and forms to an acceptable minimum, therefore, variants of the same norm are often distributed according to speech styles.

Thus, linguistic norms are not absolutely immobile, but nevertheless it is they who orient in the boundless sea of speech activity, and turn out to be one of the main conditions for the unity of the national language.

Most linguists agree that the variation of the norm is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. [Ippolitova, 2008: 288] The fluctuation continues for a more or less long period, after which the variants either diverge in meaning, acquiring the status of independent words, or the productive variant completely displaces its competitor.

At the same time, in the speech of the people around us, from the TV screen, on the radio, we all the time observe violations of the norms. Is it really necessary to strictly observe them? After all, in most cases we understand what exactly these people are saying.

As with any violation of the established rules, there is a punishment for breaking the rules. This punishment is communicative interference (misunderstanding, switching attention to how a person speaks - how competently, and not to what he says. In addition, the very perception of a person by others as uncultured, uneducated, and as a result may there will be an internal barrier in communication with the speaker himself: I don’t know how to say it, I won’t say anything (as if I had to speak in a foreign language).The result of this may be a drop in self-esteem.It is especially important to comply with the norms in the language of the media, because it is he who is understood under the modern Russian literary language, serves (or should serve?) as a role model.

IINewspaper and journalistic style as one of the varieties of the Russian literary language

2.1 The concept of newspaper and journalistic style of speech and its features

The newspaper and journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage, etc.), in journalistic articles in the periodical press. It is implemented both in written and oral form.

One of the main characteristic features of the newspaper-journalistic style is the combination of two trends - the tendency towards expressiveness and the tendency towards the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: the information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. Information in this area of social activity is addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of this society, and for the relevance of information, the time factor is very significant: information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible. In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out by means of an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being reported, but, as a rule, it is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example, some party, movement, etc. So, with the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive character is associated, and the standard of this style is associated with the speed of transmission of socially significant information.

The trend towards the standard means the desire of journalism to be rigorous and informative, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is characteristic of the artistic style and colloquial speech - the features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech.

The newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, publicistic speech contains a sufficient number of clichés, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires ever new language means to influence them. It is this purpose that all the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve.

The vocabulary of newspaper and journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even slang elements, such lexical and phraseological units and phrases are used here that combine functional and expressive-evaluative coloring, even includes proper names in the sphere of evaluativeness , titles of literary works, etc. Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words.

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, phraseological constructions, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses.

2.2 General characteristics of the periodical press as a mass media

Periodical press, the most traditional type of mass media, devoid of many advantages of television (the illusion of "live" communication, the presence of a "picture", the use of paralinguistic means, ample opportunities for the formation of a "journalistic image" - up to the demeanor and appearance), remains the same less and today the most important mass media, which has a significant potential to influence not only the reader, but also on different aspects of the life of society.

The periodical press performs the following functions:

Informational (message about the state of affairs, various facts and events);

Commentary-evaluative (often the statement of facts is accompanied by a commentary on them, their analysis and evaluation);

Cognitive and educational (transmitting diverse cultural, historical, scientific information, the media contribute to replenishing the knowledge fund of their readers, listeners, viewers);

The function of influence (the media is not accidentally called the fourth power: their influence on the views and behavior of people is quite obvious, especially during periods of so-called inversion changes in society or during mass socio-political actions, for example, during general elections of the head of state);

Hedonistic (we are talking here not just about entertaining information, but also about the fact that any information is perceived with a great positive effect, when the very way it is transmitted causes a feeling of pleasure, meets the aesthetic needs of the addressee).

The newspaper belongs to the visual media, that is, it uses a written form of information expression. The periodical press presents a binary sign system: natural language in its written (printed) form + iconic signs (photographs, drawings, cartoons) playing an auxiliary role, as well as various types of font highlights, layout methods, etc.

In general, the difference between the written and oral forms of the language is not only that one is written and read, and the other is pronounced and listened to. Writer and reader do not see each other. This makes it difficult to establish contact, so the writer should strive to improve the text as much as possible in order to be understood. Written speech exists indefinitely, and the reader always has the opportunity to clarify an incomprehensible expression in the text. The linguistic features of written speech are as follows: the predominance of book vocabulary, strict adherence to literary norms, the absence of non-verbal elements, a complex system of graphics and spelling, the possibility of preliminary reflection and selection of vocabulary and phraseology, the presence of a processed syntax with complex sentences, a more strict word order and sequence of presentation, slow reading, the possibility of re-reading, thinking after reading, etc. Therefore, written speech is much more complex than oral speech.

2.3 Communicative qualities of speech and literary norms of the language

Communicative qualities of speech are those properties of speech that help organize communication and make it effective [Ippolitova, 2008: 184]

Relevance- this is one of the most important communicative qualities of speech, because very often the success of the entire statement is determined by its appropriateness or inappropriateness. Appropriate is the speech that corresponds to all the components of the communicative situation. Relevance is a communicative quality that, more than other qualities, is focused on the situation of communication as a whole and, accordingly, more than others indicates the communicative competence of the addresser. Relevance in a broad sense reflects the observance of ethical and communicative norms in speech, its compliance with the main parameters of the communication situation, therefore this kind of manifestation of this quality is defined as situational appropriateness. Relevance in the narrow sense involves the implementation of the named quality in the text, that is, an assessment of the appropriateness of using one or another speech means in a particular statement regarding the features of this speech work.

Wealth language and speech as a whole reflects the abundance of different means of language and speech that can be used in any situation of communication and in any speech genre. The richness of speech is an indicator of the degree of diversity of speech and language means used, a quality that indicates a certain level of speech skill and a conscious desire to diversify one's speech using different language and speech means. Accordingly, figurative speech is called rich, and monotonous speech is called poor. Wealth is assessed as the dignity of speech only when the various means of language and speech are used appropriately. The main sources of speech wealth are: phonetics, word-formation models, synonyms, antonyms, vocabulary of different stylistic layers, polysemy, syntax, phraseology. Thus, it is possible to single out the wealth of intonational, semantic, etc.

Accuracy speech is its unconditional dignity, an indicator of the speech skill of its author. The accuracy of speech is a necessary condition for its adequate and complete understanding, and hence the effectiveness of speech communication in general. Speech is called exact if the meanings of words and phrases used in it are fully correlated with the semantic and subject aspects of speech. In an effort to create an accurate speech, the author takes care that it cannot be understood approximately, incorrectly or differently.

Accurate word usage is achieved primarily through the following speech skills associated with linguistic means: the ability to choose the right word from a synonymic series; avoid speech inaccuracy due to inattention to the form of expression; distinguish between single-root words and paronyms; the ability to use words of passive vocabulary.

Logic of speech- this is the quality of speech, which must necessarily be inherent in it, and if logic is observed in everything, then it becomes one of the most important virtues of speech. The main definitions of the logic of speech emphasize that speech can be called logical when it complies with the laws of logic.

The communicative quality of speech, which depends entirely on the characteristics of the communication situation, namely, on the addressee, is availability. Accessibility implies such a structure of speech, in which the level of complexity of speech, both in terms of terminology, content, and structurally, corresponds to the level of understanding of the addressee. Accessibility implies the obligatory response of the addressee as a confirmation of the degree of comprehensibility of what is heard or read. At the same time, accessibility is not so much a quality as a dignity of speech, since accessibility is manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

expressive such a speech is called, in which the expression of one's attitude to the subject and / or form of speech corresponds to the communicative situation, and the speech as a whole is assessed as successful and effective. The expressiveness of speech is achieved by using expressive means that contribute to a positive impression on the reader or listener. The main condition for expressiveness is that the author of the speech has his own feelings, thoughts, his own position, his own style. Expressiveness usually implies originality, originality, surprise. In this regard, expressive speech is always new, "fresh", creative. This is how it is able to arouse interest and approval among those to whom it is intended.

Correctness of speech- this is the correspondence of its linguistic norms: orthoepic, lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic. Taking care of the correctness of speech is one of the main tasks that, in our opinion, journalists should face. However, the researchers note that "often the neglect of normative recommendations and the traditional literary norm leads to obvious errors in the use of linguistic means, and modern printing provides abundant examples of such errors" [Krysin, 2005:54]

In any case, we should talk about the relationship and interdependence of the communicative qualities of speech and the norms of the Russian literary language: non-compliance with the norms inevitably entails violations of various communicative qualities of speech.

IIIThe main types of violations of the literary norm on the pages of the newspaper "Izvestia of Mordovia"

Based on the classification of the norms of the modern Russian literary language and the classification of errors, we identified three groups of errors found on the pages of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper: grammatical, word usage and spelling errors (spelling and punctuation). It is not possible to talk about the violation of orthoepic norms, since we have studied the written form of the Russian language. In total, we analyzed 35 issues of the newspaper, and identified more than a hundred errors.

3.1 Grammar errors

3.1.1 Confusion of verb types

Connection as homogeneous members of verbs of different species is not allowed.

1) Much more difficult, according to Lobanov, lead people organize the working process.

Verb lead organize - perfect.

2) There are almost 30 people in Victor's brigade. They need distribute by sections, guide and prompt. Art. Olga Shuvalova "I am proud of my profession!" August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 1.

Verbs guide and prompt imperfective form, and the verb distribute - perfect. (The erroneous use of the pronoun will be discussed below).

3) Everyone could to play or observe playing tennis, volleyball, basketball. August 12, 2008 No. 000 page 2. Art. "The sports festival was a great success."

Verb observe imperfective form, and the verb to play - perfect.

To correct these sentences, you need to use verbs of the same type, for example: Much more difficult, according to Lobanov, lead people organize the working process. - They need distribute by sections, guide and tell them. - Anyone can to play or observe playing tennis, volleyball, basketball.

3.1.2 Control disorders associated with the choice and use of prepositions

The correct choice of case and preposition is important for constructing sentences. Sometimes, instead of prepositional constructions, prepositional combinations are incorrectly used. For example:

1) The object was delivered on time and with good quality. Art. “Modern sports complexes and schools are being built by Spetsmontazhstroy” August 8, 2008, No. 000, p. 16.

Correctly: good quality.

In this case, there was an erroneous change in the second part of the union not only but. the correct option should be: At this moment you are performing Not only as a coach but also like a psychologist.

3.3 Spelling errors

3.3.1 Spelling errors

According to the majority of researchers, “attention should be paid to the negative role of the press, to a certain extent, in the spread of typical spelling errors” [Maksimov, 2004: 344]. We analyzed the articles of the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia" for the presence of spelling errors in them. Unfortunately, the neglect of spelling norms takes place on the pages of this respected publication.

1) At the stage of completion, find to be installation of a line for the production of columns. Art. “construction company” - we work globally!” August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 4.

Spelling error of the verb form. In the manual "Russian language. For high school students and those entering universities "we read:" The letter b is written:

1) in an indefinite form (wash - wash);

2) at the end of the 2nd person singular. h. (rejoice);

3) in the imperative mood after consonants (suspension - weigh);

4) in the reflexive particle (suffix) after the vowel (learn).

Thus, in accordance with paragraph number 1 in the verb find to be no need to write a soft sign: installation (what does?) is located.

2) For example, work can be carried out under rivers, ravines, forests, agricultural facilities, in specific soils (such as rocks, floating waters, etc.)

An error in the spelling of roots with alternating vowels. The spelling of a vowel in the root of a highlighted word cannot be checked by selecting a single-root word to swim , but obeys the following rule: “At the root floating spelled a under stress and without stress; pilaf- - - swim- written in words swimmer, swimmer, quicksand". Thus, at the root of the word, you should write a vowel s.

3) We must pay tribute to our Olympians: they did not refuse autographs no one although it took them a long time. August 27, 2008. No. 000. art. Kirill Dashkova "Mordovia met the heroes of the Olympic Games" Page 3

Error in the spelling of a negative pronoun. The particle NI, which is part of negative pronouns, is written together with them in the absence of a preposition: no one - no one.

3.3.2 Punctuation errors

Articles published on the pages of the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia" provided a wealth of material for the analysis of violations of punctuation. There were much more errors associated with incorrect punctuation marks than spelling errors. As a result of the analysis of the articles of the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia", we found the following groups of punctuation errors.

1) Mistakes in punctuation with homogeneous members of a sentence

1) The city simply fascinated me, we were already talking about the wedding, and decided to get married here. August 12, 2008 No. 000 page 1. Art. Natalia Zamotaeva "We like it in Mordovia!"

2) “You probably won’t push through,” he agreed, and immediately left the conversation about his work. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. A. Gromykhina, I. Borodacheva "From love to" Brownie "p. 7

Before us are sentences complicated by homogeneous members (predicates), connected by a single coordinating union AND, therefore a comma before it is not needed in any of their sentences.

2) Mistakes in punctuation with homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalizing word

1) "Son of the Regiment" is aimed at teenagers from the "risk group" » - orphans, children from dysfunctional and low-income families. Art. Olga Shuvalova "Young commandos from Mordovia will be shown on Channel One" August 7, 2008. No. 000 page 1

2) We have everything for excellent and productive work – technical base and a well-coordinated team of experienced workers. August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 13. Art. "Burvodstroy": keeping up with the times"

3) Yesterday the winners of the Beijing Olympics returned to Mordovia - Olga Kanisknna, Denis Nizhegorodov and their coach Viktor Chegin. They were greeted by hundreds of residents of the republic - coaches, young athletes, relatives. August 27, 2008. No. 000. Art. Kirill Dashkova "Mordovia met the heroes of the Olympic Games" Page 3

4) Here, too, tenants and owners understood that they were paying for specific services - water, gas, heating, electricity.

The rule says: "After a generalizing word, a colon is placed before the enumeration of homogeneous members." Thus, after the generalizing words of adolescents, everything in front of homogeneous additions should not be a dash, but a punctuation colon: "Son of the Regiment" is aimed at adolescents from the "risk group": orphans, children from dysfunctional and low-income families. - For excellent and productive work, we have everything : technical base and a well-coordinated team of experienced workers. - Yesterday, the winners of the Beijing Olympics returned to Mordovia: Olga Kaniskina, Denis Nizhegorodov and their coach Viktor Chegin. They were greeted by hundreds of residents of the republic: coaches, young athletes, relatives. - And here the tenants and owners understood that they were paying for specific services: water, gas, heating, electricity.

3) Mistakes in punctuation in introductory words

Introductory words are words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (i.e., not related to them by the way of agreement, control or adjacency), which are not members of the sentence and express the speaker's attitude to the expressed thought, characterize the way it is framed, etc. Introductory words the intonation of the introduction is inherent, expressed in a lowering of the voice and their faster pronunciation compared to the rest of the sentence. Water words are separated by commas in writing.

When analyzing the articles, we found two types of such errors: the lack of separation of introductory words and the erroneous separation of words with commas that are not introductory.

1) And since then this sport has become for me, one might say relatives. August 7, 2008 No. 000 p. 6. Art. Vladimir Kirillov "Boxing does not like the weak" Interview with boxing coach Sergei Morozov.

water word you can say indicating the design of the expressed thoughts, should be separated by commas on both sides, because it stands in the middle of the sentence: And since then, this sport has become, one might say, native to me.

2) First of all, these are Chamzinsky and Ruzaevsky. August 19, 2008 No. 000 p. 5. Natalia Zamotaeva "New buildings in Dubyonki"

In the science of language, the following main groups of introductory words are distinguished:

1) introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, to joy, to annoyance, to horror etc.;

2) introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of what is being reported (confidence, assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, perhaps, probably, maybe, maybe, should be, it seems, it would seem, obviously, obviously, apparently, obviously, naturally, obviously, certainly, really, truly, probably, perhaps etc.;

3) introductory words indicating the source of what is being reported: they say, report, transmit, according to ..., according to the message ..., according to ..., according to information ..., in my opinion, in your opinion, they say, heard, etc.;

4) introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation: so, therefore, it means, firstly, secondly, etc., then, finally, first of all, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, by the way, in general , in particular, by the way, to say, therefore, in addition, on the one hand, on the other hand, the main thing, for example, in this way, etc .;

5) introductory words indicating the design of: expressed thoughts: in a word, in one spruce, in short, in general, generally speaking, in other words, in fact, as they say, so to speak, etc.;

6) introductory words, which are an appeal to the interlocutor or to the reader in order to draw his attention to what is being reported, to inspire a certain attitude to the facts presented: see (if), see (if), understand, understand, understand (if), understand, imagine, know, know (if), please, excuse, forgive, believe (if), believe (if), let's say, let's say, suppose etc.

3) By analogy , design estimates are being developed for residential facilities on the street. Veselovsky and on pr. 60 years of October. Art. "Four" and "" Gorstroyzakazchika "August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 6.

4) - I would not refuse to work with the artists of the Mordovia Museum Theater either, - assured , from my side , choreographer in a conversation with an IM correspondent. August 15, 2008 No. 000 p. 4. "Saranian artists dance no worse than Volochkova"

Word (Similarly and the phrase from my side do not belong to any of the above groups, therefore they are not introductory and should not be separated by commas.

4) Mistakes in punctuation with isolated members of a sentence

Separation is the semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence contain an element of an additional message, due to which they are logically emphasized and acquire greater syntactic weight and stylistic expressiveness in the sentence.

1) construction company" carries out the whole range of works and services allowing to be called a full-cycle construction company and fulfill its obligations on a turnkey basis. Art. “construction company” - we work globally!” August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 4.

The sentence has a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover ( allowing to be called a full-cycle construction company and fulfill its obligations on a turnkey basis), which comes after the word being defined services. In this case, the participial phrase must be separated by a comma: construction company" provides a full range of works and services , allowing to be called a full-cycle construction company and fulfill its obligations on a turnkey basis.

2) After all, as models, the brothers chose real-life girls-painters who finished the apartments in a neighboring house in their overalls powdered with chalk. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. “Fresh Wind” by the Shadrin Brothers, p. 5

Participial powdered with chalk stands before the noun being defined, so it should not be separated by commas.

3) If earlier the funds collected from all the houses of the district were concentrated on one account, now each house has a separate savings personal account, on which all the money is accumulated. August 27, 2008. No. 000. Art. Irina Mazina “Give a salary to the janitor!” Page 2

Participle phrase referring to a noun facilities and standing after it, should be separated by commas on both sides: funds collected from all houses in the district , were focused on one account.

4) But the Rogulev family is also directly related to aviation, Igor Vladimirovich's uncle is a pilot, he died protecting the skies of Moscow. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. Valentina Kovshova "Russian Knights" from Mordovia "p. 7

The adverbial turnover is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: died defending the skies of Moscow.

5) Mistakes in punctuation in turnovers with a union as

1) As an athlete , Viktor Volkov failed to achieve great heights in boxing. August 7, 2008 No. 000 page 4

Not separated by commas turnover with a union as, if it is close in meaning to the expression with the words as or from one side: I took it as a refusal to work.

Therefore, a comma should not be used in this sentence: How athlete Viktor Volkov failed to achieve great heights in boxing(as an athlete).

2) Respect, recognition, as well as prestigious and responsible orders do not come by themselves. August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 14. Art. "We build for the people."

The sentence is simple, complicated by a comparative turnover with the union as. In Russian spelling, there is the following rule: if the main part of the sentence has a demonstrative word so, such, that, so, turnover with the union as highlighted or separated by commas. So, punctuation marks should be placed as follows: Respect, recognition, as well as prestigious and responsible orders, do not come by themselves.

3) For example, work can be carried out under rivers, ravines, forests, agricultural facilities, in specific soils (such as rocks, quicksand, etc.) August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 9. Art. "Modern technologies "SMU-412" - trenchless construction of pipelines even in extreme conditions"

In accordance with the above rule, punctuation marks should be as follows: in specific soils (such as rocks, quicksand, etc.).

6) Comma with complex subordinating unions

1) In order , it took him only two years to get into the national team of Mordovia. August 7, 2008 No. 000 page 5. Art. Vladimir Kirillov "My girls don't like to lose" Interview with a freestyle wrestling coach.

Before us is a complex sentence with a subordinate goal attached to the main part by a complex union in order to.

In the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" we read: "If the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause with the help of a complex subordinating union (due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, because, despite the fact that, instead of, in order to, so that, while, after, before, since, just as etc.), then the comma is placed once: before the union, if the subordinate clause follows the main clause or is inside it, and after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main one, for example: ...Breathing became deeper and freer as his body rested and cooled. However, depending on the meaning, the logical underlining of the subordinate clause, the presence of certain lexical elements in the sentence, a complex union can be divided into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence as a correlative word, and the second plays the role of a union, in these cases a comma is placed only before the second part combinations (i.e. before the union what, how, to). More often, a complex subordinating conjunction is not divided if the subordinate clause precedes the main one. Therefore, the first comma should not be placed: It took him only two years to get into the national team of Mordovia.

7) Dash errors in a simple sentence

As a result of the analysis of sentences, the following types of punctuation errors were found associated with the use of a dash in a simple sentence:

1) dash between subject and predicate

In the absence of a linking verb between the subject and the predicate, expressed by nouns in the nominative case, a dash is put: Pine is a resinous tree. Including before words this, here, means, this means: Avral is a common work.

Dash usually not put in conversational sentences: My sister is a Komsomol member. If a comparative conjunction acts as a link: This garden is like a forest. If there is an introductory word between the predicate and the subject: Ivanov, apparently, is a student. If there is a negation before the predicate: The heart is not a stone.

1) Rain or wind, snow or scorching sun – no reason to stop work on the objects. August 8, 2008 No. 000, p. 7 “Happiness has been “registered” in our house.”

Thus, putting a dash in the sentence under consideration is a mistake.

2) a dash in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence, a dash is placed when one of the members is omitted: Terkin - further. The author follows.

1) The first set was won by Elgin, the second by Istomin. Art. “Cup of Mordovia-2008 leaves for St. Petersburg” V. Kirillov August 5, 2008 No. 000 Page. one

In place of the missing predicate in the second part of the complex non-union sentence, there should be a dash: The first set was won by Elgin, the second by Istomin.

8) Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

1) Sometimes even the natives find it difficult to understand _ Which street does the corner house belong to? August 14, 2008 No. 000 page 3. Art. Olga Ruzmanova "Mordovia is preparing for the All-Russian population census of 2010"

The subordinate clause must be separated from the main comma. Correct should be: Sometimes even the indigenous people find it difficult to understand which street the corner house belongs to.

2) The history of the Air Fleet holiday goes back to the distant 30s, when the whole country created aviation, when pilots were considered gods, when Chkalov was played in the yards , and every boy dreamed of becoming an aviator.

Before us is a complex sentence with several homogeneous subordinate clauses, the last two are connected by a coordinating union AND, so a comma is not needed before it.

9) Mistakes in punctuation in a complex non-union sentence

1) But the Rogulev family is also directly related to aviation , Igor Vladimirovich's uncle, a pilot, died defending the skies of Moscow. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. Valentina Kovshova "Russian Knights" from Mordovia, p. 7

Before us is a complex non-union sentence, the second part of which explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first. Therefore, there should be a colon between the parts: But the Rogulev family is also directly related to aviation : Igor Vladimirovich's uncle, a pilot, died defending the skies of Moscow.

10) Mistakes in punctuation in sentences with direct and indirect speech

1) According to the director of the Tengushevsky Central District Hospital Tatiana Ivanova: “We don’t complain about the shortage of readers” August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. Mila Melnikova "Profitable Reading" p. 6

The mistake lies in mixing direct speech with indirect speech. The following editing methods are possible: Tatyana Ivanova, director of the Tengushevsky Central District Hospital, says that they do not complain about the shortage of readers. - The director of the Tengushevsky Central District Hospital, Tatiana Ivanova, says: "We do not complain about the shortage of readers."

Conclusion

Literary language is the only possible means of communication in the most diverse spheres of human life, therefore, everyone needs to know the basic rules for its use. The presence of certain norms of word usage, stress, pronunciation, etc., the observance of which is of a general educational and mandatory nature for everyone, is one of the main features of the modern Russian literary language. The norms of the modern Russian literary language are very diverse, numerous, quite definite and quite strict. Possessing stability, they ensure the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the possibility of the emergence and development of a powerful stream of national literature, and their historical variability is explained by the ongoing process of development of the Russian language. Since something inevitably and constantly becomes obsolete in a language, something new appears, a variability of the norm arises, which is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. The norm performs various functions: social, communicative, cultural and aesthetic. The cultural function turned out to be a priority for our study, which makes it possible to distinguish an educated person from a poorly educated person, since compliance with norms is an indispensable condition for a person’s speech culture.

In the conditions of a post-industrial society (it is also called informational), the role of information is constantly increasing. It should be noted that a significant share in the information flow belongs to print media: newspapers, magazines, etc. Therefore, it is especially important to comply with the norms in the language of the media, since it is he who is understood as the modern Russian literary language and should serve as a role model .

The study of theoretical material on the issues of speech culture, stylistics led us to the concept of communicative qualities of speech, among which are appropriateness, richness, purity, accuracy, consistency, accessibility, expressiveness and correctness. The latter became for our use

following the fundamentals. As a result of the work done, we identified cases of violation of relevance, consistency, purity (about which the relevant comments were made), but we did not specifically have a goal to analyze them.

Our work is devoted to the consideration of cases of violation of the norms of the modern Russian literary language in the language of the newspaper. The focus was on language norms, assessed by us on a scale of correct/incorrect.

The purpose of the study - to identify, analyze and classify typical deviations from the literary norm in the articles of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper - was achieved by studying not only scientific works, but also by analyzing specific data contained in the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper itself.

When describing the various errors that we found on the pages of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper, we relied on the proposed classification of the norms of the Russian literary language. It was not possible to talk about orthoepic norms, since we studied written speech. The following linguistic features of written speech are distinguished: the predominance of book vocabulary, strict adherence to literary norms, the absence of non-verbal elements, a complex system of graphics and spelling, the possibility of preliminary reflection and selection of vocabulary and phraseology, the presence of a processed syntax with complex sentences, a stricter word order and sequence of presentation, etc. as a result of the analysis of newspaper materials, we came to the conclusion that in often there are cases of violation of the norms of the literary language. We believe that the presence of various errors reduces the quality of newspaper material, since the newspaper-journalistic style is one of the varieties of the Russian literary language, therefore, compliance with the norms in the texts of this style must be mandatory and strict.

We have identified three groups of errors found on the pages of Izvestia Mordovia:

1. Grammar errors (cases of violation of grammatical norms);

2. Errors in word usage (cases of violation of lexical and stylistic norms);

3. Spelling errors (violation of spelling and punctuation).

The grammatical norms include word-formation, morphological and syntactic norms. Among the grammatical errors, we identified: mixing types of verbs; cases of management violations associated with the choice and use of prepositions; monotony of syntactic constructions; errors in the agreement of the predicate with the subject. It should be noted that this is not the most numerous type of errors; in most materials, grammar norms are observed exactly.

The largest block was made up of word usage errors. Unfortunately, the newspaper material is replete with various speech errors and shortcomings. Among them we singled out: stringing cases; errors in the use of compound unions; errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members; inappropriate use of slang, colloquial, borrowed words; speech redundancy (examples of pleonasm and tautology); errors in the use of stable phrases; errors caused by incorrect word choice; use of speech stamps unnecessarily. Some of the proposals met brought a smile.

Articles published on the pages of the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia" provided a wealth of material for the analysis of violations of punctuation. We have identified the following types of punctuation errors: punctuation marks with homogeneous sentence members and introductory words; with separate members of the sentence, punctuation marks in turns with the union as, comma with complex subordinating unions; a dash in a simple sentence; punctuation marks in complex sentences; in direct and indirect speech.

Disregard for the rules of spelling also takes place on the pages of this respected publication, but these are isolated cases.

In conclusion, it should be noted once again that the basic element of the language as a single sign system of communication and transmission of information is the Russian literary language, which is considered the highest exemplary form of the national language. This type of language developed gradually and is now in a state of constant development. It is influenced by writers, poets and other masters of the word, creating new literary norms. It is this type of language that is studied and promoted in schools and the media. However, I would like to emphasize that the media do not always follow the rules and norms of the literary language exactly, it is in the mass media that there are various errors that, as a result of the significant size of the audience covered, are fixed in the mass consciousness. Modern journalism, due to its inextricable connection with everyday life, is replete with colloquial words, you can find vernacular, jargon, a large number of words of foreign origin. Scientists have not yet definitively established whether they, due to their frequent use in various publications, can be fixed in the language as a literary norm over time. Here one can put forward the assumption that such a process cannot yet take place, and deviations from the norms of the Russian literary language in the media are unacceptable.

Unfortunately, the identified errors can negatively affect the quality of perception of information and lead to some decrease in the popularity of this respected publication among readers.

List of sources used

1. Large dictionary of foreign words. Comp. A.Yu. Moskvin. – M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2003.

2. Golovin culture of speech. - M.: Higher school, 1980.

3. Golovin speak correctly. - Gorky.: Volga-Vyatka book publishing house, 1966.

4. Golub of the Russian language. - M.: Iris-press, 2004.

5. Gorbachevich of the modern Russian literary language. – M.: Enlightenment, 1989.

6., Savva language and culture of speech. - M.: Prospect, 2008.

7. Kostomarov language on a newspaper page. Some features of the language of modern newspaper journalism. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1971.

8. Krysin norm and speech practice of newspapers / Language of modern journalism. – M.: Flinta-Nauka, 2005.

9. Literary norm and vernacular / Ed. . – M.: Nauka, 1977.

10. Norms of the Russian literary language / Ed. . – M.: Enlightenment, 2006.

11. Ozhegov. Lexicography. A culture of speech. - M .: Higher school, 1974.

12., Shvedova Dictionary of the Russian Language. - M.: RAS Institute of the Russian Language. , 2003.

13. Rosenthal for spelling and literary editing. – M.: Iris-press, 2006.

14., Telenkova Russian language. - M.: Iris-press, 2006.

15. Russian language and culture of speech / Ed. prof. . – M.: Gardariki, 2004.

16. Stylistics and literary editing / Ed. prof. . - M.: Gardariki, 2007.

Common violations of the norms of the Russian literary language. Speech errors: types, causes, examples

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III The main types of violations of the literary norm on the pages of the newspaper "Izvestia of Mordovia"

Introduction

I Literary language and language norm

1.1 The concept of literary language and its main features

1.2 The concept of "literary norm", its features and types

1.3 Variation of norms in the literary language

2.1 The concept of newspaper and journalistic style of speech and its features

2.2 General characteristics of the periodical press as a mass media

2.3 Communicative qualities of speech and literary norms of the language

9) Mistakes in punctuation in a complex non-union sentence

10) Mistakes in punctuation in sentences with direct and indirect speech