Separating b and b. Using ъ and ь as separators

No matter how hard they try to convince students that the knowledge they received in their school years will be needed in the future, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, some things that are taught in school will actually come in handy in adulthood. For example, the ability to write well. To master it, you need to know the basic grammatical laws of the Russian language. Among them are the rules governing the use of separators ъ and ь signs.

Solid sign: history and its role in the word

The twenty-eighth letter of the Russian alphabet, despite the fact that it does not denote sounds, performs an important function in words. Therefore, before consideringthe rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs are worthlearn a little about its history and role in the word.

A solid sign existed in the Slavic languages almost from the very moment of their formation. At first, it was a short vowel sound, until it became an unpronounceable letter used to divide a word into syllables, as well as replacing spaces.

At the end of the XIX century. it was noted that the frequent use of ъ in texts (4% of the total volume) is inappropriate, especially in telegraphy, cursive writing and typography. In this regard, more than once they tried to limit the use of a solid mark.

After the 1917 revolution, this letter was generally abolished for almost ten years. In those years, the apostrophe was used as a separator in words.However, in 1928 it was excluded from the Russian language (but preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian), and its dividing function was taken over by a solid sign, which it still performs to this day.

In what cases is put ъ in words

As for the use of a solid sign, there are several rules for putting it before e, u, yo, i:

After prefixes that end in a consonant: connector, pre-anniversary.
In terms that came from other languages, with the prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, ob- and sub-: adjuvant, disjunction.
After counter, pan, super, trans and feld: pan-Europeanism, superyacht.
In compound words starting with two-, three-, four-: two-core, three-tier, four-language.

There are several exceptions when ъ is not at the junction of the prefix and the root, but inside the word itself. These nouns include: courier and flaw.

When do not put

In addition to the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth remembering the cases when they do not need to be put:

A solid sign is not put in words with a prefix ending in a consonant letter, when it is followed by vowels a, o, and, y, e, s: cloudless, secluded.
This sign is not put in complex abbreviated terms: foreign language, head of trade.
It is also not put in lexemes written with a hyphen: half a diocese, half an apple.

Considering the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs that perform a separating function in a word, it is worth remembering that the lexemes "interior" and "clerk" are written through a soft sign. Such a spelling is no exception, since in the word "interior" the inter is not a prefix, but part of the root. And in the "clerk" the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot under-, but po-, but -clerk is the root.

What are the functions of a soft sign

As for ь, in ancient times it meant a short vowel [and], but gradually, like ъ, it lost its sound.

At the same time, he retained the ability [and] to give softness to the previous consonant sound.

Unlike a solid word, it can perform 3 functions.

Dividing.
Informs about the softness of the preceding sound.
Used to denote certain grammatical forms.

Rules for the use of a soft sign

Studying the laws of the Russian languageregulating the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth learning a few rules:

A soft sign that performs a dividing function is never placed after a prefix (this is the lot of a hard sign). Parts of words in which the separating b is written are the root, suffix and ending before e, e, u, i: monkey, interior. This rule applies to both Russian vocabulary and borrowed terms from other languages.
The separating b is placed in some words before the letter combination he: champignon, medallion, broth and million.

In the case when b informs about the softness of the previous sound, and does not perform a separating function, its setting is determined by the following rules:

In the middle of a word, ь indicates the softness of the letter l if it precedes another consonant, except for l: finger, prayer. Also, a soft sign “does not wedge” into letter combinations: lf, nsh, nn, rsh, chk, ch, rch, schn ( drummer, candle).
In the middle of a word, this sign is placed between soft and hard consonants: please, very much.
In the middle of a word, ь can stand between two soft consonants. Provided that when the form of the word changes, the first remains soft, and the second becomes hard: a request is a request, a letter is a letter.
In some cases, this symbol is located at the end of a word after consonants. In doing so, it helps to set the value of the lexeme: linen(plant) - laziness(quality of character), con(place for bets in the game) - horse(animal).

As a marker for individual grammatical forms, this sign is used in such cases:

In adjectives arising from the names of the months (except January): February, September.
At the end of numerals from 5 to 30, as well as in their middle, if they denote tens from 50 to 80 and hundreds from 500 to 900: six, seventy, eight hundred.
In the imperative mood of verbs (except lie down - lie down): take out - take out, throw - throw.
In the infinitive (the initial form of the verb): keep, grow.
In all cases, the words "eight" and in the instrumental plural. numbers of individual numerals and nouns: six, lashes.

The use of b and b signs after hissing w, h, u, sh

Following these soft sign letters is possible under the following conditions:

At the end of most adverbs and particles, except for: really, already, unbearable, married and in the preposition between.
In the infinitive: save, bake.
In the imperative mood of verbs: smear, soothe.
In the endings of the II person singular of the future and present tenses: sell, sell.
At the end of the nominative case of nouns f. kind, in the third declension: daughter, power. For comparison in the m. gender - call, broadsword.

In some cases, ь is not used after these letters:

In nouns II declension: executioner, fake.
In short forms of adjectives: fresh, poignant.
In the genitive case of plural nouns: puddle, cloud

A solid sign after w, w, h, u at the end of a word or root is not put, since its “place” is always after the prefix before e, e, y, i.

Use of ь and ъ signs: exercises

Having familiarized yourself with all the cases of setting soft and hard signs, it is worth moving on to the exercises. To avoid confusion, we have collected together most of the above rules governing the use of ь and ъ signs. The table below will serve as a hint for completing tasks.

In this exercise, you need to choose which of the letters should be put in words.

This task concerns the use of a soft sign following the hissing letters. It should open the brackets and, where necessary, put a soft sign.

In the last exercise, you need to write out the proposed words in 2 columns. In the first - those that are used with ь, in the second - those that are without it.

That both hard and soft signs are "silent" letters, they play an important role in the Russian language. You can make many mistakes in your writing if you do not know the laws of grammar that govern the use of ъ and ь signs. You will have to learn more than one rule so as not to confuse which of the signs should be put in a particular situation. However, it is worth it, especially in the case of a soft sign, since often only its presence helps to determine the lexical meaning of a word.

21. Use of ь and ъ

1. To indicate the softness of consonants except for hissing) letter b it is written:

1) at the end of a word (including in the indefinite form of the verb and the imperative mood): eight, pour, horse;

2) in the middle of a word - after a soft l standing before any consonant (hard or soft): album, flatter, boy, however, between the two l letter b not written: illustration, allergy; after a soft consonant before a hard consonant ( braid); after a soft consonant before soft g, k, b, m, resulting from changes in the corresponding solids ( earrings - earring). In other cases b in the middle of a word to indicate the softness of consonants is not written ( bush).

Note: It is useful to remember that the letter b not written in combinations h and sch with other consonants: chk, ch, low, nsch, schn, rch, rch (babysit)(although nurse), predator); letter b stored before suffix -sya in the indefinite form of the verb, before the ending -those in the imperative mood ( to meet - to meet.)

2. Since sizzling are either only hard ([g], [w]), or only soft ([h], [u]), then when writing the letter b after them does not serve as an indicator of softness. After the hissing letter b is used primarily to denote the grammatical form of a word and is written in the following cases:

1) in nouns g. R. 3 declensions in the form of units. h. (a trifle, but a noun m. p. rich man without a soft sign);

2) in the following forms of verbs: in an indefinite form ( captivate, indulge); in the imperative mood ( hide, hide); in the 2nd person singular. hours of present (and future) time ( wash, wash). In addition, according to tradition b after hissing is written: in adverbs), except imbecile, already, married (wide open, completely); in particles ( just, uh).

3. Divider b written in the following cases:

1) before e, e, u, i inside the word, not after prefixes: career, sparrow;

2) in some foreign words before about: broth, companion.

Dividing b written before letters e, yo, yu, i in the following cases:

1) after a prefix ending in a consonant (entry, internuclear);

2) in foreign words in which there is a prefix ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans-), the compound particle pan– (injection);

3) in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals two, three, four– (bunk).

As the rule shows, the letter b not written in the specified conditions before vowels uh uh uh (cloudless, restrain).

Note: this rule does not apply to compound words: foreign language, children.

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1.11. The use of the letters b and b

In Russian, there are no two types of letters for denoting hard consonants and soft consonants. In writing, paired hard and soft consonants are indicated by the same letter (see paragraph 1.5. Sounds of speech and letters).

To designate a soft consonant in Russian, there is a special letter ь ( soft sign, or "er").

Wed: a table - so, a bank - a bathhouse.

In words nanny, tone the second consonant is hard, the softness of the first consonant is indicated by the letter b.

In words nya low it, then low there is a combination of nch, which is written without ь.

2) b is not written between two l and two n.

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

A soft sign, or er (b), can be used as an indicator of a certain grammatical form.

1.11.3. The use of dividing b and Kommersant

As noted, dividing b and b signal the presence of a sound in the word [j] (after the consonant letter and before the vowels e, e, u, i).

1. The separating b is written after the consonant before the letters e, e, u, i in the following cases:

after a prefix ending in a consonant;

In the ride, before the anniversary, to announce, volume.

in compound words, the first part of which is made up of numerals two-, three-, four-;

Two tier, three tier.

in words of foreign origin after a prefix on a consonant: ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, super-, trans- or compound particle pan-.

Adjutant, disjunction, injection, interjection, conjunction, counter-tier, object, subject, trans European, pan European.

Wed: inter atomic, counter strike, trans oceanic, three-story.

2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!).

Wed: dress, deacon. Exception – field huntsman.

3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.

Wed: children(children's nursery), Foreign language(University of the Foreign languages).

4) The letter ъ is not written in a noun under yachiy(There is no prefix sub- in this word!). In the middle of the word, a dividing b is written, since the prefix po- and the root dyak (-diach-) stand out here.

5) In the middle of a word (at the root) ar ergard the separating ь is written, and not ъ, since there is no prefix ar- in Russian.

6) In the word from ъ yang(Turk.) is written ъ by analogy with the verb withdraw.

2. Separating b is written in the following cases:

in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after the consonant before the letters e, ё, u, i, if after the consonant before the vowel sounds [ j ] ;

in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [ j ]) after a consonant before the letter o.

Bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].

The rule of using hard and soft signs

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In this lesson, you will observe the structure of words with b and b signs, solve the mystery of choosing b or b in words, study the rule for using the separating b and b signs, and practice applying this rule.

Introduction

After a consonant before a vowel, denote the sound [y ’] with the letters e, e, u, i (u) help b and b. In this case signs are called separators.

In the lesson you will learn how to choose from two delimiters the desired one.

Theme of the lesson: "The rule for the use of separating b and b signs."

We observe the structure of words with b and b signs

Let's observe the structure of words with b sign. To find the root, we select words with the same root.

fun, fun, fun(root -fun-),

bear, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),

sparrows, sparrows, sparrows(root -sparrow-).

Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign.

I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix c-),

entrance, drive(root -ride-, prefix under-),

announcement, statement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).

We formulate the rule for the use of separating b and b signs

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, u, i, and.

The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, u, i.

How to use the rule

1. Say the word, listen if it has a sound [y '] after a consonant sound before a vowel.

2. Select the root in the word.

3. Look where you need to write the separator sign - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If in the root - write b, if between the prefix and the root - write b.

Applying new knowledge

Using the rule, determine what you need to write in place of the gaps - a separating b or b.

Ul_i, nightingales, pre-anniversary, travel, edible, brother_ya.

Hives - root -ul-, we write b;

nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, we write b;

pre-anniversary - anniversary, root - anniversary-, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

razezd - ride, root -ride-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

edible - food, root -ed-, prefix c-, ends in a consonant, we write b;

brothers - brother, root -take-, we write b.

Apply new knowledge, write down the words with the root -EX- correctly, do not fall into traps.

from? went, went? went, went in? went, went to

moved out, went, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in

In words went, arrived, drove prefixes on-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore You don't need to write a b sign.

In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, under-, - end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.

Write the words in letters.

[with y'e l] - ate. After the consonant [c] before the vowel [e], the letter E helps to denote the sound [th '] b. C - prefix, root -e-. [vy'un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the letter Yu helps to denote the sound [y ’]. Root - loach -. [p'er'y'a] - feathers. After the consonant [p '] before the vowel [a] to denote the sound [th '] letter I helps b. Root - feather -. Listen to yourself and write down the words with sounds.

wings - [wing'y'a], 6 b., 6 stars. I'll go - [sy'edu], 5 b., 5 stars. You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in words is the same.

b, b sounds do not denote, and the letters e, e, u, i denote two sounds[y'e], [y'o], [y'y], [y'a].

We are looking for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

Find in the poetic lines the words with b and b.

It suddenly became twice as bright,

Yard in the sun

This dress is golden

At the birch on the shoulders.

In the morning we go to the yard -

Leaves fall like rain.

Who will have the opportunity

Travel to hot places

Ride a camel!

Right, great, friends!

Rain, rain pours down

Beats the drums. A. Barto

An evil blizzard has flown away.

The rooks brought warmth.

Run after each other

I see a wonderful pleasure

I see fields and fields.

This is Russian expanse,

This is Russian land.(Song)

Gray hare under a pine tree

He announced that he was a tailor ...

The hare cuts, the hare sews,

And the bear is waiting in the den.

The dress(root -dress-),

leaves(root -leaf-),

go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),

friends(root -druz-),

freedom- space, free life (root -vol-),

expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),

announced(the root -yav-, the prefix about-, ends in a consonant).

note: in words sews, pours, beats and related words sew, shed, beat b is written in the root (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).

We are looking for words in the text with separating b and b signs

Find the words in the text with b and b separators.

A small pichuga hovered over the river in a frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment, rise. This is a dipper, a guest from the northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(See Fig. 1)

winds- twist, twist, root -v-, write b,

climb- you can see in the books two options for highlighting the root: root -em-, prefix under-, root -rise-, we write ъ,

guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,

explain- clear, clear, explain, root -clear-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, we write ъ.

Explain what letters are missing

The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Russia, samovars of various shapes and volumes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. The Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: "He who drinks tea will live a hundred years."

Volume- used to allocate the prefix ob-, now they allocate the root -volume-;

removable- shooting, before they singled out the prefix c-, now they single out the root -sem;

family- family, root -seven-;

drinks- drink, root -p-.

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

Here you are, hare, and fox teeth!

Here you are, gray, and wolf legs!

That would be for you, oblique, and lynx claws!

- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?

My soul is still hare.

In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdin the root is written b.

We listen to proverbs

Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.

Streams will merge - the river will be. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.

Happiness is not a fish, you can't catch it with a fishing rod.

Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.

streams- stream, at the root - stream - after the consonant before the letter and is written ь.

Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

Unite- union, single, root -one-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, is written b.

Happiness- happy, at the root - happiness - after the consonant before the letter e is written e.

By flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter Yu is written e.

Honor- at the root - honor - after the consonant before the letter Yu is written e.

We memorize foreign words.

Remember foreign words with b:

object, subject, adjutant, injection(drug injection, injection)

Remember words with b:

bouillon- decoction of meat

battalion- unit in the army

pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park

postman- mail carrier

champignon- edible mushroom

Conclusion

The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, yo, yu, i, and.

Separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, yo, yu, i.

Bibliography

M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
TV Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a separating soft sign, in the right - with a separating hard sign.
Sh.yet, p.yut, l.yut, b.yut, s.ate, healthy, announcement, rise, from.yan, hug, sparrow, and, leave, happy. e, bad weather, cheerful, present, unification, clarification.
Insert b or b. In words with a separating hard sign, highlight the prefixes.

In winter, the titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest. So many trees? She jumped on the branches. Bale with a sharp spout into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats.

Zin?ka looks: a forest mouse jumped out from under the snow. Trembling, all ruffled. She explained to Zinke her fear. A mouse fell into a bear's den.

Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Solve riddles. Solve spelling problems.

1. They beat him, but he is not angry,

He sings and has fun

Because without a bit. I

There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)

2. Itself, like a rocker,

It hung in the air.

The mosquito wants to eat.

3. Dust underfoot, winding and spinning.

Lies, and runs, and circles. What's the name?

Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru (Source).
Internet portal Gramota.ru (Source).
Internet portal Festival.1september.ru (Source).
Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru (Source).

Letters b and b

The letter ъ is written only before e, e, u, i in the following cases:

When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: under the driveway, volume, over natural, volitional phenomenon, inter tiered.
In compound words, after the numerals two-, three-, four-, for example: three b tiered.
In foreign words, after foreign prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial compound particle pan-, for example: ad jutant, dis junction, injection, interactional, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.

The letter ь is written inside the word not after prefixes to separate the pronunciation of the consonant from the ones following it and, e, e, u, i, for example: career, v yun, storm yang, subyachy, seven i, rouge b yo, night yu, rye yu, sparrow other, curious, fox, fox yu, fox u, ch ya, ch yo, ch yu, p yu, sh yu .

Note. The letter b before about is written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, pocket, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.

The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of the consonant, except for h, u (see § 75), at the end of the word, for example: whether, those, horse, and in the middle of the word before a hard consonant, for example: grind ba, please ba, nya, less.

To indicate the softness of a consonant in front of another soft consonant, ь is written in the following cases:

If, when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nannies (nanny), wedding be (wedding), eight (eighth).
To indicate the softness of l, for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.

In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, u, the letter b is not written, for example: bones, early, nurse, tip, mason.

Note. Between two soft l, the letter b is not written, for example: and ll yuziya, gu ll ivy.

The letter b is also written in the following cases:

In the numerals formed from the numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numbers in which both parts are declined, for example: five ten (fifty, fifty), six ten, seven ten, eight ten, nine hundred, but : fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen, etc.
In creative forms. pad. plural hours, for example: children, people, also four.
In an indefinite form before -sya and in an imperative mood before -sya and -te, for example: drink - drink; fix - fix it, fix it; weigh in - weigh in, weigh in.

The letter ь is not written:

In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from nouns in -ь, for example: Kazan (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Siberian (Siberia), beastly (beast), January (January).

Note. Adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with ь; adjectives formed from Chinese names ending in -n are also written, for example: Yunnan (from Yunnan).

In the genus pad. plural hours from nouns to -nya with a preceding consonant or y and in those formed from them with the help of the suffix -to- diminutives, for example: cherry - cherries, cherry; slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but a bathhouse - a bathhouse, a bathhouse; apple tree - apple trees, apple tree; also village - villages, village; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchenette, kitchenette.

After hissing (x, h, w, u), the letter b is written only in the following cases:

At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wine. pad. units hours, for example: rye, night, mouse.
At the end of the 2nd person singular. hours of the present and future tense of the verb after the final sh, for example: you carry - you carry you, you wear you - you wear you, you accept - you accept.
At the end of the verb in singular h. imperative mood, and the letter b is preserved and before -sya, for example: smear b - smear; hide - hide yourself; eat
In plural h. imperative mood before - those, - these, for example: smear - smear; hide - hide; eat.
At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and the letter b is written before -sya, for example: strich b, strich b.
In all adverbs after the final w and h, for example: completely, jump, away, and also in the adverb wide open.
At the end of the particles: you see, that is, only, you see.

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Spelling words into letters from BUT before I look at the list of letters >>>

The most important spelling rules.

The letters b and b.

4. Letter b written to indicate the softness of consonants other than sibilants at the end of a word, e.g. con b , Sol b , topics b .

Note. At the end of a word after a hissing letter b put to indicate
word forms, for example: backwoods b (see paragraph 20), strich b (see par. 66), cut off b (see par. 67).

5. Letter b is written to denote the softness of a consonant before a hard consonant, for example: WHO b mu, the hammer b ba, nanny b ka, vos b my.

6. Letter between soft consonants b it is written in the event that when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first retains its softness, for example: WHO b mi WHO b mu, the hammer b be the hammer b ba, nanny b ki nanny b ka, vos b mi vos b my, (compare words in which a letter is not written between soft consonants b ; branches(because branch), worms(because worm-hole), death(because mortal).

Note 1: In some cases, the letter b is placed between consonants to indicate the grammatical form: 1) in imperative mood verbs ( ready b those, sit down b those, familiar b tes); 2) in the indefinite form of the verb ( cook b Xia, sits down b Xia, will introduce b Xia); 3) when declining some nouns and numerals ( children b mi, people b mi, horse b mi, four b me).

Note 2. After the hissing letter b is used either to indicate the form of a word, or as a separate sign: 1) yes b those, dir b those(form of the imperative mood); 2) you wash your face b Xia(form of the second person singular); 3) sharp b Xia(infinitive); 4) erysipelas b Yu(as a separator).

7. Letter b used after soft l , standing before any consonant (both hard and soft), for example: in eh ny, me eh nitsa, se eh d, soon eh sz.

Note. between two soft l letter b not written, for example: gu ll willow, uh ll in(Greek).

8. Letter b used only as a separator before letters her) , Yu , I in the following cases:

a) between a prefix on a consonant sound and a root starting with letters her) , Yu , I , For example: under b rides, about b eat, above b natural, volition b phenomenon, between b longline;

b) in compound words after numerals two-, three-, four-, For example: two b longline, three b lingual;

c) in foreign words after foreign prefixes, for example: hell b dutant, in b section, con b juncture, counter b tier, about b ect, sub b ect, trance b European etc.

dictionary.liferus.ru

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SUMMARY OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE LESSON IN GRADE 10

Lesson topic"Using ь to denote grammatical forms"

Teacher: Mikhaltsova Tatyana Sergeevna

MKOU "Secondary school No. 11", Miass, Chelyabinsk region

Lesson type: Lesson of generalization and systematization of knowledge

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Repeat and consolidate information about the use of the b sign to indicate grammatical forms,repeating the key terms of the topic, studied spellings.
2. Develop spelling vigilance, self-controlbe able to apply knowledge of theoretical material in writing.
3. Educateinterest in the subjectstriving for literate speech;

Forms of work : frontal, independent work, self-examination, work in pairs, mutual examination.

In the course of work, the following are formed:

Subject Results : recognize spellings in the text, classify them, know the rules.

Metasubject:

regulatory UUD : the ability to plan the result, control and evaluate their actions, the ability to express their assumptions based on work with the material of the textbook; evaluate the results of your work.

cognitive - know the spelling of usageb be able to distinguish the spelling of words fromb , analyze, build logical chains, synthesize material when compiling a table with the completion of missing components;

communicative : the ability to work in pairs, the ability to express their opinions, the ability to listen and understand others;

personal : Determine your learning goals.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Texts for individual and pair work
2 Textbook “Russian language. 10-11 grades. Authors V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.A. Cheshko»

3. Test.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment. Motivation for learning activities.

Purpose: to create conditions for the emergence of an internal need for inclusion in educational activities.

Greetings, checking readiness for the lesson.

Hello guys, dear guests! I'm glad to see each of you! I hope you are in a good mood and we will work together today.

I wish you success and good grades.

2. Motivation for learning activities.Checking the assimilation of the previous material.

At the beginning of the lesson, we will check the homework on the material studied in previous lessons. Some of the children will work individually at the blackboard and in a notebook. At the end of the lesson, hand over the notebooks for verification with completed exercise 108. They will be checked and evaluated. Did you have any difficulty doing this exercise?

Pupils at the blackboard are preparing for the answer:

1 student. Oral answer to the question "Using b to indicate the softness of consonants":

After any soft consonant (except hissing) at the end of words (including at the end of the first part of a compound word): shadow, horse, lantern, mill, copper-containing.

In the middle of a word:

A) after a soft l, standing before any vowel (sick, herring, sawy)

B) after a soft consonant standing before a hard consonant (Kuzma, more)

C) between two soft consonants in the case when, when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft: about the request (request), about the struggle (struggle), but! umbrella (umbrellas).

b is not written:

In letter combinations h and u with other consonants (except l + h and l + u): river, nurse, lamplighter.

Between two soft l: illusion, alley.

Before the suffix -sk- in adjectives formed from nouns ending in -n, -r: horse - horse, beast - brutal.

2 student. Task: make a phonetic analysis of the word and determine the role of the sign in the word viet

Does b represent a sound? (Not).

Name when the letters e, e, u, i stand for 2 sounds?

The dividing b is written before vowels: e, e, u, i, and (play, linen, blizzard, zealous, nightingales).

3 student parses the sentence:

Vadim turned sharply to the side, ran away, got down, tied his horse to a thick birch and sat down on the ground. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

2 . Knowledge update . Each of you has a diagnostic card on your desk, with the help of which you will evaluate your activities during the lesson.

3. Orthoepic warm-up . Preparation for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language (task A1)

Assignment for students (words written on the board): put stress in accordance with the norms of pronunciation

Zach At spoil, indulge, perceiving, blinds, call, busy, rust, leisure, indulge, lay, spoiled, prettier, cakes, oil pipeline, dispensary,

Helpful information: remembering the correct placement of stress in some words allows the selection of rhymes for them and the compilation of the resulting pairs of couplets. . Read rhymes that help memorize words.

For example:

Let's not smile

Stop messing around.

Dear Our Sir,

Visit the dispensary.

Can't fit in shorts

If you eat only cakes.

hippo again

Broke an oil pipeline.

Let's see how the guys at the blackboard worked. Who wants to become a consultant and evaluate the work. (answer complete (incomplete), with examples, assessment….)

Conclusion - What is the role of the sign, judging by the answers of the guys?

1. Soft sign is used forsigns of softness in writing.

2. Soft sign can perform separating function.

3. And what else does it serve for? (The soft sign can be used for notation of the grammatical form of the word ) - creating a problem situation.

Work on the main topic of the lesson.

Analysis of the proposed spelling task:

In the sentence that was sorted out at the blackboard, we came across the wordaway , why is the sign written in it? (This is an adverb with a stem for hissing).

The soft sign also serves to designate a grammatical form.

Consider the table (each on the desk), insert the missing spellings. Do I need to write a sign in them? Are they all the same part of speech? Remember the rules of spelling and sign, grammatical signs of parts of speech.

- What is it used for? (to indicate the grammatical form of a word)

- What is the topic of today's lesson?? The use of ь to denote grammatical forms. Write down the topic in your notebook.

- Vocabulary. What is grammar?

- Grammar form?

Do all parts of speech have the same grammatical form?

(No. For nouns - gender, number, case; for verbs - mood, time, person, number, indefinite form of the verb).

The purpose of our lesson? (to consolidate the spelling skills of the sign in various parts of speech, given the grammatical form of the word).

- Read again the theoretical material in the textbook on p. 86-87 or table

Conclusion: To determine whether a sign is needed in a word, you need to determine the part of speech and the grammatical form of the word.

Pupil: He is very polite, gentle sign!

He does not like disputes and fights:

He tries to help everyone!

He is in the word "mother" and in the word "daughter",

He is in the quiet moon word "night".

To not upset anyone

He tries to soften everything.

Cut - cut!

Eat - eat!

Fix it - fix it!

Leave - leave! -

So softly asks for a soft sign,

That cannot be denied.

IV . Consolidation.

1. Solve the spelling problem.

Tasks by options: in pairs . If something is not clear, you can ask questions to your desk mate, also refer to the materials of the textbook and to the table.

1 var . Ex. 112(1)

2 var. Ex. 112(2)

3 var . Ex. 113 - 2 lines

4 var . Change the words according to the model. Task: form a short form of the adjective. For example: Fresh - fresh.

Hot, odorous, burning, viscous, powerful, prickly, clingy, good, red, furious.

5 var. Task3. Insert the missing letters T or Th. Orally check yourself with questions: what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what will he do?

1. Everyone work....sya, we must work....sya. 2. We decided to study....study, and each of us study diligently....sya. 3. The comrade thinks to prepare .... for the university exams and, probably, prepare .... sya.

Checking completed tasks.

So, in order to use the sign correctly, there are certain rules.

The letter ь in modern Russian can be used:

a) as a separator;

b) to indicate the softness of a consonant;

c) to designate grammatical forms.

Independent work . Task: take the test, test your theoretical knowledge.

Test

1. mark the row of words in which b is written

A) smiles ... at me, dreams ... a dream, hurries ... she

B) smile .. widely, take care of .. health, take care of .. from colds.

2. mark the row of words in which b is not written

A) walking ... smiling ... smiling, kleish ...

B) burning ..., viscous ..., crackling ...

3. mark the row of words in which b is written

A) completely ..., jump ..., wide open ....

B) already ..., married ..., unbearable ...

4. mark the row of words in which ь is written

A) birth ..., night ..., mice ....

B) rook ..., ball ..., landscape ...

5. mark a number of words in which b is not written

A) appoint .. those, comfort ... te, cut .. those

B) from schools ..., because of summer cottages ..., because of clouds ...

How to measure progress:

"5" - everything is correct

"4" - one mistake

"3" - 2 errors "

Exchange your work, check your answers. Rate it. Standard self-control. (1b, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5b) .

Reflection

What was the lesson about?

What difficulties did you experience?

What helped you overcome them?

V. Homework: I recommend choosing to overcome your difficulties, to choose from:

1. § 19, table, exercise 114

2. § 19, table. Compose a vocabulary dictation on the studied topic, including 35 words

Additional task "Think!"

/Imagine that you have found an ancient manuscript. The grammar of this language is the same as we have now, and the meaning of most words has been lost. Try to figure out where to put ь.

Melestnaya devezh ... dragged a comey borer ...

Lusy cloudberry ... dodged the stocked bicycle ... ... .... \

Diagnostic card

!!!

I learned to distinguish spellings with the use of the ь sign after hissing and in some case and verb forms. I can explain to a friend. I'll tell myself: "Well done!"

Interactive dictation

LITERATURE textbook: spelling

Literacy Tutorial: Punctuation

Names and titles. Interactive simulator

useful links

Summer Reading

Memoirs

Language Quotes

Tongue Twisters

Proverbs and sayings

Choose the correct answers. To check the completed task, click the "Check" button.

Spelling separator b and b

Although the letters b and b by themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: SEED (without a soft sign) and FAMILY (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.

The dividing b is written inside the word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, Ya, I (BLOWER, BURYAN, FOX TRACKS), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O ( BOUILLON, SIGNOR, GUILLOTINE). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound that precedes it and, in addition, makes us pronounce an additional sound [Y].

The separating Ъ (solid sign) must be written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends in a consonant, and the root of the word begins with the letters E, Yo, Yu, Ya. In addition, the dividing bj is written in compound words with numerals: TWO-STORY, TRILINGUAL.

Please note: before other vowels, Ъ is not written: SAFETY, COUNTERATTACK, TRANSARCTIC.

The exceptions are complex abbreviated words (CHILDREN, INYAZ, ORGEDITSA) and complex words written with a hyphen (POL-YURTS). These words do not need a hard or soft sign.

1. The newspapers honestly and courageously, with severe frankness, reported that the "fiction writer" Banev sincerely thanked Mr. President for all the remarks and clarifications made during the conversation. (A. and B. Strugatsky, Ugly Swans.)

2. In the morning, the scientist _ e, arena; lunch at the regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards. (A.S. Pushkin, "Shot".)

3. Masha wrapped herself in a shawl _ yu, put on a warm hood, picked up her box and went out onto the porch. (A. S. Pushkin, "Snowstorm".)

4. More from him, pig _ and, draw a portrait! (N.V. Gogol, "Portrait".)

5. Isn't it easier to go to Mirgorod twice a year? (N.V. Gogol, “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka.”)

6. Most of the paintings were painted with oil paints. (N. V. Gogol, "Portrait".)

7. Recently married Lise Meyen, adjutant of Kutuzov, he will be here today. (L. N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace".)

8. Jackdaws, sparrow _ and doves tweeted merrily in spring. (L. N. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.)

9. You, gentlemen, have a little _ I don’t! (I. S. Turgenev, Nov.)

10. Melancholic people do not live with us _ e, but Shrovetide! (Saltykov-Shchedrin, "In the hospital for the insane".)

11. - Well, to the side of the road! commanded the policeman with a displeased face. - And present the documents. (A. and B. Strugatsky, Ugly Swans.)

12. It smelled of ordinary devilry, the floorboards creaked by themselves somewhere, the skin on the back with _ cringed under the gaze of h _ their eyes. (A. and B. Strugatsky, Ugly Swans.)

13. His cousins and brother _ I were ill with whooping cough and mumps - he did not become infected, although under _ he ate milk semolina porridge with jam _ after them, which it was difficult for them to swallow because of a swollen throat. (A. Chudakov. “Darkness falls on the old steps.”)

14. I had a medal - an onchik in a gold frame, remember? (F. M. Dostoevsky, "Humiliated and Insulted".)

15. - Well, why did you bother about _ to show that it is comic?! (F. M. Dostoevsky, Polzunkov.)

16. Go and see if the bool is ready - it's for the uncle! (L. N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace".)

17. As you pass the church, so from the two _ tiered house to the right. (L. N. Tolstoy, "Resurrection".)

18. It was a gentleman of small stature, disheveled, with a swarthy face. (I. S. Turgenev, Rudin.)

19. He saved those huge sums for the treasury. (N. V. Gogol.)

20. Glass crunched underfoot, wrinkled paint tubes lay around, TV was watched by an empty rectangle of the screen, and the table was littered with dirty dishes with rotten scraps. (A. and B. Strugatsky, Ugly Swans.)

21. And for a low life there were numbers, Like domestic, under _ jugular cattle, Because all shades of meaning Clever number conveys. (N. Gumilyov, The Word.)

22. Propaganda, carried out by means successful in advertising, has become one of the recognized methods of the governments of all developed countries, and especially the method by which public opinion is created. (B. Russell, The Art of Thinking.)

23. His eyes narrowed, and his facial features stretched. (F. M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment".)

24. Now, according to the law of the state of New York, Christ and George Washington would be too unstable morally to entrust the education of youth to them. (B. Russell, The Art of Thinking.)

25. Once upon a time, a bright ring united us with a living fire, And the music transformed And burned your face. (A. Blok)

The exercise was prepared by A. Kopeina and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

USAGE b and b

Dividing b (sparrows);

Softening b (horse, fight);

After a prefix to a consonant before the letters E, E, Yu, I (entrance, rise, pre-anniversary, announcement).

Foreign prefixes: AD- (adjutant) IN- (injection) CON- (conjunctivitis) OB- (detour) SUB- (subject)

b to distinguish the grammatical form of words (weeping is a noun, weeping is the main imperative mood).

SEPARATOR b and b

In compound words, the first part of which is formed by the numerals of two, three, four (two-tiered, trilingual).

Before the letters A, O, U, E (agitate, window sill, narrow, save);

In complex abbreviated words (children).

At the root of the word before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I (play, pours, drinker, zealous, nightingales);

In some foreign words before O (broth, champignon).

b FOR DESIGNATION OF SOFTNESS OF CONSONANTS

1. At the end of words, except for hissing consonants (day).

2. In the middle of a word:

After soft L (herring);

After a soft consonant standing before a hard one (Kuzma);

Between two consonants, if when the word changes, the second becomes hard, and the first remains soft (request - in the request).

Combinations CHK, CHN, LF, RR, RF are written without a soft sign;

Between two soft ll b is not written (illusion);

In combinations: ZN, NT, SN, ZD, ST (ZFamous interesting STNOVA Worth it here).

b FOR GRAMMAR FORMS

In 3rd declension nouns (night);

In verbs (2nd person singular, indefinite form, imperative: write, bake, spread);

In adverbs (completely).

In nouns of the 2nd declension (doctor);

In short adjectives (odorous);

In the genitive case of nouns, the plural

significant number (many clouds, pears).

Exceptions: already, married, unbearable;

In particles you see, that is, you see;

In the instrumental case of some nouns and numerals (four).

1. Indicate the wrong explanation for spelling b and b.

a) clerk - dividing b at the root of the word before I

b) companion - dividing b in foreign words before O

c) hide - dividing b is written in the root of imperative verbs

d) three-tiered - divisive b in compound words after the numeral three before I

2. Indicate the correct explanation for the spelling b and b.

a) had dinner - after the prefix on the consonant before Y, it is not written b

b) silence - dividing b is written at the root of the word after hissing

c) far - dividing b at the root of the word

d) vish - b is written in adverbs after hissing

3. In what row is Ъ written in all words?

a) premiere, explanation, career

b) drill..yan, e..capacity, in..jection

c) from .. drive, around .. drive, ad .. yutant

d) rel..ef, from..em, cons..erzhka

4. In what row is b written in all words?

a) disperse, medal .. he, b .. running

b) con..yak, medal..he, in..south

c) from .. go, objective, s.. squirm

d) sheet..i, board..e, s..capacity

5. In which row is a spelling mistake made when writing b and b?

scicenter.online

1.11. The use of the letters b and b

To designate a soft consonant in Russian, there is a special letter ь ( soft sign, or "er").

Wed: a table - so, a bank - a bathhouse.

In words nanny, tone the second consonant is hard, the softness of the first consonant is indicated by the letter b.

In words nya low it, then low there is a combination of nch, which is written without ь.

2) b is not written between two l and two n.

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

A soft sign, or er (b), can be used as an indicator of a certain grammatical form.

1.11.3. The use of dividing b and Kommersant

As noted, dividing b and b signal the presence of a sound in the word [j] (after the consonant letter and before the vowels e, e, u, i).

1. The separating b is written after the consonant before the letters e, e, u, i in the following cases:

after a prefix ending in a consonant;

In the ride, before the anniversary, to announce, volume.

in compound words, the first part of which is made up of numerals two-, three-, four-;

Two tier, three tier.

in words of foreign origin after a prefix on a consonant: ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, super-, trans- or compound particle pan-.

Adjutant, disjunction, injection, interjection, conjunction, counter-tier, object, subject, trans European, pan European.

Wed: inter atomic, counter strike, trans oceanic, three-story.

2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!).

Wed: dress, deacon. Exception – field huntsman.

3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.

Wed: children(children's nursery), Foreign language(University of the Foreign languages).

5) In the middle of a word (at the root) ar ergard the separating ь is written, and not ъ, since there is no prefix ar- in Russian.

6) In the word from ъ yang(Turk.) is written ъ by analogy with the verb withdraw.

2. Separating b is written in the following cases:

in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after the consonant before the letters e, ё, u, i, if after the consonant before the vowel sounds [ j ] ;

in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [ j ]) after a consonant before the letter o.

Bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].

Separating "b" and "b"

The letters "b" and "b".

Dividing b written after consonants before letters i, yu, yo, e , transmitting combinations [ j] with vowels, in the following cases.

1. After prefixes ending in a consonant. Examples:

a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, awake, enraged, pissed off, hackneyed, interlingual, eat up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, cringe, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacity, super-bright ;

b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin: countertier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, subnucleus, superyacht, trans-European .

Words of foreign origin are also written with the initial parts ab, hell, diz, in, inter, con, ob, sub, which are prefixes in the source language, but are usually not distinguished as prefixes in Russian. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, adjunctive, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective.

2. In compound words:

a) after the initial parts two, three, four, for example: two-anchor, two-capacity, three-core, four-tier;

b) in words pan-European, courier.

3. Letter b it is also written when transferring foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters translating paired solid consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Torjal(village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China) Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi(lake in Finland), Manyoshu(anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).

In all cases, except for the above, after consonants before letters i, yu, yo, e , and , transmitting combinations [ j] with vowels, spelled separator b .

Examples: ya Keywords: devil, Yudyachy, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan; ew : loach, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, sew, puff(interjection); yo : nightingale, gun, drinking, crow, serious, life, whose, we sew; ye : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, lull, Vietnam, Fourier; uh : passerine, nightingales, fritters, bearish, vary, articles, whose, Vigny.

Spelling of separating b and b Spelling of separating ъ (solid character).

65. Spelling of dividing b and b Spelling of dividing b (solid sign).

1. Separating b (solid sign) is written before the vowels e, e, u, i:

after a prefix ending in a consonant: entrance, detour;

in words of foreign origin after prefixes ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, per-, trans-) or after a compound particle pan- : adjutant, trans-European;

in compound words, the first part of which is the numerals two-, three-, four-: two-tier, three-story;

2. This rule does not apply to compound words: children.

Spelling dividing b (soft character).

Separating b (soft sign) is written:

inside the word before the vowels e, e, u, i: peasant, blizzard;
in some words of foreign origin before the letter o: medallion, champignon.

Spelling of vowels after hissing and q in suffixes and endings.

1. In the endings and suffixes of nouns, adjectives and suffixes of adverbs, stressed after hissing and q is written o, without stress - e (knife "m, big" go, book "nka, end" m, ring "vy-vat; NO ekila "Zhem, p" search, red "zhey, merchants" of the ring "th).

2. After hissing under stress, yo is written:

in the endings of verbs (neighing, lying),
in the suffix of the verb -yovyva- (uproot),
in the noun suffix -ёr- (trainee),
in the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk- (uprooting),
with the suffix of passive participles -yon (n) - (slain, harnessed),
in the suffix of verbal adjectives (zhzhёny) and in words derived from these adjectives (zhzhenka),
in the pronoun about what,
words and, by no means.

The letter ъ is written to indicate the softness of consonants, except for h, u, in the following cases:

1. At the end of words, for example: horse, measles, notebook.

2. Inside words before a hard consonant, for example: fate, thinner.

3. Inside words, between two soft consonants, if with a change in the word the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first one remains soft, for example: bitter (cf.: bitterly), take (cf.: I'll take).

4. To indicate the softness of l, for example: boy, herring, only.

1. In other cases, between two soft consonants, ь is not written: bones (cf .: bone) where s becomes hard, tip, mason, where the second soft consonants are h and u, which cannot become hard at all.

2. It is not written b between two soft l: husky, illusion, porthole, etc.

Exercise 98. Explain the presence or absence of b.

Bathhouse, attendant, pain, storms, everywhere, nail, nails, illusionist, illustration, mowing, suit, suits, the smallest, threshing, nanny, nurse, request, herring, how much, scrap, scraper, twig, wool, woolen.

Exercise 99. Rewrite, inserting where necessary, b.

I. 1. A spruce appeared behind the second swamp ... nickname. (Fedos.) 2. Small noses stuck to the windows. (Beth.) 3. Cheerful ... t ... spirit is the best of medicines. (Dec.) 4. In the evening there was an il…lumination. (Ch.) 5. Together ... with them, Timothy went to the arrows ... to the field. (Sart.) 6. The watchman of the store goes home ... sat down, gently stepping with felt boots on the dewy grass. (Lip.) 7. Accuracy is needed in every business ... nost .... (Abd.) 8. The wedding ... bu Anka and Tryphon were squabbling. (Andr.) 9. The damned "Burun" - an installation for crushing dry ice - has deteriorated several times ... yes. (Gran.) 10. Tulin was offended: those who did not nurse ... chili with these devices did not see any miracle. (Grand.) 11. From grief, one treatment is life ... n .... (Kepi.)

II. 1. I sit down ... on a log near ... le sick ... no. I take a weak-willed hand, in vain I try ... to feel the pool ... s. (Fedos). so called in the neighborhood of the inhabitants of Komarev. (Grig.) 3. Just ... now ... Valya noticed that Volodya was followed by a guy ... whom she had never seen before. (Chuck.) 4. Through .. slit ... the blinds broke the sunbeam, round, golden, like a bamboo cable ... t ... . (Gran.) 5. Small ... kay palm ... folded in a boat was cold and wet ... coy. (Gran.) 6. A little ... opening the door ... ver ..., Nyushka, my nanny ... ka, stuck her head into the bathroom. (Andr.) 7. Vadim looked at me with fear and condemnation and evoked in me involuntary ... evil ... t .... (Andr.) 8. Over the dam, the spill of water slightly ... swayed, with silvery snakes indicating a gentle ... current. (Ketl.) 9. Gus ... clod officers lowered ... tilis ... onto the earth covered with a crispy corner ... noah burning earth and silently began to walk along ... the echelon, frowningly peering into the dense yellow fog. (Sart.) 10. Egor Ilyich does not honor his addressees ... but he names Kol ... ka, Van ... ka and even Fedyuk. (Lip.) 11. How did it happen ... that Victoria so distorted everything she had inherited from her mother: decisiveness ... nost ... she became stubbornness, pride ... t ... - desire to stand ... above others, definitely ... t ... character - straightforward ... tew? (Lip.)

1.11. The use of the letters b and b

To designate a soft consonant in Russian, there is a special letter ь ( soft sign, or "er").

Wed: a table - so, a bank - a bathhouse.

In words nanny, tone the second consonant is hard, the softness of the first consonant is indicated by the letter b.

In words nya low it, then low there is a combination of nch, which is written without ь.

2) b is not written between two l and two n.

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

A soft sign, or er (b), can be used as an indicator of a certain grammatical form.

1.11.3. The use of dividing b and Kommersant

As noted, dividing b and b signal the presence of a sound in the word [j] (after the consonant letter and before the vowels e, e, u, i).

1. The separating b is written after the consonant before the letters e, e, u, i in the following cases:

after a prefix ending in a consonant;

In the ride, before the anniversary, to announce, volume.

in compound words, the first part of which is made up of numerals two-, three-, four-;

Two tier, three tier.

in words of foreign origin after a prefix on a consonant: ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, super-, trans- or compound particle pan-.

Adjutant, disjunction, injection, interjection, conjunction, counter-tier, object, subject, trans European, pan European.

Wed: inter atomic, counter strike, trans oceanic, three-story.

2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!).

Wed: dress, deacon. Exception – field huntsman.

3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.

Wed: children(children's nursery), Foreign language(University of the Foreign languages).

5) In the middle of a word (at the root) ar ergard the separating ь is written, and not ъ, since there is no prefix ar- in Russian.

6) In the word from ъ yang(Turk.) is written ъ by analogy with the verb withdraw.

2. Separating b is written in the following cases:

in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after the consonant before the letters e, ё, u, i, if after the consonant before the vowel sounds [ j ] ;

in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [ j ]) after a consonant before the letter o.

Bouillon[bul'jo?n], sir[sin'jo?r], minion[min'jo?n].

The letter ь as a sign of softness of the consonant

§ 29. The letter ь is written to denote the softness of a double consonant at the end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, pity, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.

Note. The letter ь, which ends the first part of a compound or abbreviated word, is written to indicate the softness of the consonant before any letter, vowel or consonant, that begins the second part, for example: village executive committee, village council, salvage, costutil, grabarmiya, quarter-century, quarter-final, Dalenergo, Svyazinvest, Tyumen-oil.

§ 30. To indicate the softness of a paired consonant before consonants, the letter ь is written in the following cases.

1. After the letter l before any consonant, except l, for example: shooting, lion, foil, ice floe, slide, several, no belmes, bedroom, carefully, scalpel, waltz, little coat, flatter, April, alpha, alder, mirror, boy, more, flattered.

Note 1. A soft sign is not written between two l, for example: husky.

Note 2. In most adjectives with the suffix -sk-, the consonant l before the suffix is soft, so after l it is written b, for example: rural, Ural, Barnaul. However, in some adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names, a solid l is preserved, and therefore b is not written, for example: Kyzyl, Yamal (along with the options Kyzyl, Yamal).

2. After other consonants:

a) before letters that convey solid consonants, for example: carving, I’ll take, earlier, nanny, letter, request, very, induce, witch, wedding, darkness, threshing, pah;

Note. In most adjectives with the suffix -sk-, the consonants n and r before the suffix are solid, so ь is not written in them, for example: horse, Kazan, Tyumen, knightly, January, Jaeger. However, in the following adjectives, these consonants before the suffix -sk- are soft, they write ь after н and р: day-day, June, September, October, November, December, as well as in many adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names in н , for example: Tien Shan, Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, Sichuan, Tianjin. The nouns formed with the suffix -ts- from the same geographical names are written (and pronounced) in the same way: Kazanians, Tyumen, but Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, etc.

b) before letters that convey soft consonants, b is written only in those cases when, in other forms of the same word or in cognate words, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant remains soft, for example: take (cf. take), eight (eighth), witch (witch), in the dark (darkness), carving (carving), mowing (mowing), wedding (wedding), threshing (threshing), earrings (earrings), skates (skates), uncle (uncle).

3. In other cases, after the letter that conveys a soft consonant, ь is not written, for example: is it, a prisoner, gnaw, bones, carry, syndicate, review, early, pension, bow, if, song.

The letter ь is not written in combinations of consonants нч, нш, in particular, before the suffixes -chik, -shchik, -shchin (a), for example: babysit, dandelion, cup, tip, chick; bricklayer, bath attendant, partisanship, Ryazan region.

Usage and disuse b to denote softness rule

21. Use of ь and ъ

1. To indicate the softness of consonants except for hissing) letter b it is written:

1) at the end of a word (including in the indefinite form of the verb and the imperative mood): eight, pour, horse;

1) in nouns g. R. 3 declensions in the form of units. h. (a trifle, but a noun m. p. rich man without a soft sign);

3. Divider b written in the following cases:

1) before e, e, u, i inside the word, not after prefixes: career, sparrow;

2) in some foreign words before about: broth, companion.

Dividing b written before letters e, yo, yu, i in the following cases:

1) after a prefix ending in a consonant (entry, internuclear);

2) in foreign words in which there is a prefix ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans-), the compound particle pan– (injection);

3) in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals two, three, four– (bunk).

As the rule shows, the letter b not written in the specified conditions before vowels uh uh uh (cloudless, restrain).

Note: this rule does not apply to compound words: foreign language, children.

The use and disuse of ь to indicate the softness of consonants. Rule and examples

Answers and explanations

For softness designations preceding consonant soft sign is written:
1) at the end of a word.
for example: five, tie, thread, nail, blood, love.
2) in the middle of a word before k, g, b, m.

for example: carving, mowing, wrestling, request, very, darkness, molting, Olga.

for example: herring, smoothie, blizzard, salt, viola, balm, casual, use.

4) in the middle of a word between two soft consonants in the event that when the word changes or in related words, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first retains its softness.
for example: take - I will take; bow (without a soft sign), because in a related word a soft sign is not preserved - a bow;
5) in the forms of the instrumental plural of nouns and numerals.
for example: people, children, horses, four, eight (eight).
6) in numerals ending in -ten, -hundred, a soft sign is written in the middle: fifty, five hundred, eighty, eight hundred.

7) a soft sign is written in some borrowed words before o. for example: broth, pavilion, lotion.

8) in adjectives after n, l, r, denoting the name of the months.

for example: June, July, April, December, but January.

9) in singular feminine nouns after hissing ones.

for example: speech, oven, daughter, silence.

The soft sign is also written to denote some verbal (infinitive, 2nd person indicative and imperative) and case forms (3rd declension nouns), adverbs in hissing, particles, but does not mean softness.

for example: mess around, fight, smile, think, backhand, wide open, only, you see.

Soft sign is not written:

1) in combinations LF, rch, rsch, chk, ch, schn, nsch, schr, chr.

for example: begging, compositor, powerful, durable, pen.

2) at the end of a word after hissing (for nouns in the genitive plural).

for example: dachas, steep, groves, roofs.

3) for nouns in the nominative case of the singular of the 2nd declension.

for example: ball, doctor, beach.

4) for short adjectives.

for example: fresh, powerful, viscous, omnipotent.

Separating b and b. Using ъ and ь as separators

Solid sign: history and its role in the word

In what cases is put ъ in words

When do not put

What are the functions of a soft sign

Rules for the use of a soft sign

The use of b and b signs after hissing w, h, u, sh

Use of ь and ъ signs: exercises

1.11. The use of the letters b and b

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

1.11.3. The use of dividing b and Kommersant

The rule of using hard and soft signs

This video tutorial is available by subscription

In this lesson, you will observe the structure of words with b and b signs, solve the mystery of choosing b or b in words, study the rule for using the separating b and b signs, and practice applying this rule.

Introduction

We observe the structure of words with b and b signs

We formulate the rule for the use of separating b and b signs

How to use the rule

Applying new knowledge

We are looking for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

We are looking for words in the text with separating b and b signs

Explain what letters are missing

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

We listen to proverbs

We memorize foreign words.

Conclusion

Letters b and b

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USAGE b and b

1.11. The use of the letters b and b

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

1.11.3. The use of dividing b and Kommersant

Separating "b" and "b"

The letters "b" and "b".

Spelling of separating b and b Spelling of separating ъ (solid character).

1.11. The use of the letters b and b

1.11.2. Use b to denote grammatical forms

1.11.3. The use of dividing b and Kommersant

The letter ь as a sign of softness of the consonant

Usage and disuse b to denote softness rule

The use and disuse of ь to indicate the softness of consonants. Rule and examples

Answers and explanations