Different language and with addition. Direct and indirect objects in Russian

Sign or serving as its tool. There are direct and indirect additions. direct complement denotes the object directly covered by the action. The criteria for its selection in different languages are different. В is expressed accusative without , combined only with verbs. Depending on the nature of the action, such an object can be external (invariable): “buy a house”, “throw a stone”, and internal (effective): “build a house”, “crush a stone”. A kind of internal object is an object of content (“related addition”, figura etymologica), that is, an object, as it were, extracted from the action itself: “think a thought”, “click a cry”, “grieve grief”. An object denoting the subject of speech, thought, perception (“to report news”, “plot a crime”, “see a ship”) is called deliberative.

indirect the object is expressed by the noun in oblique cases with and without prepositions. Associated with the concept of indirect object is the idea of an object affected by an action not directly (cf. “to report the news” and “... about the news”) and not completely, but partially (cf. “drink water” and “... water”) . The idea of a smaller object (cf .: “wait for the train” in contrast to “wait for the train”) and its peculiar activity (cf .: “be scared of the dog”, “rejoice for the son”, where the object is thus stimulates the activity of the subject). In classical linguistics, the concept of indirect object covers various types of object meanings. In particular, the objects that an action is aimed at (“beg for bread”, “succeed”) and from which it is sent or evaded (“lose an inheritance”, “avoid a quarrel”); destination objects (“smile at a child”, “help a neighbor”); object-tools (“reap with a sickle”, “conquer with beauty”). In the structure of the utterance, all types of objects are in principle compatible and hierarchically ordered: “tell friends (O - addressee) the truth (deliberative direct O) about the war (deliberative indirect O) with the words of an eyewitness (tool indirect O)”, and some objects are associated with the verb as the core of the message is a more binding, others are a less binding link.

A variation of the addition is sometimes considered a member of the sentence, expressed and denoting a dependent verb sign (“hope to relax”, “promise to help”, “be afraid to make a mistake”, “persuade to stay”). With an even broader understanding of the addition, various types of subordinate clauses related to the main explanatory relations (“I want to be helped”, “I know that they will help me”, “I’m afraid I’m afraid to make a mistake”) are also summed up under it. In school grammars, along with verbal objects, adjectival objects are distinguished, which in most cases are derived from verbs, cf.: "read a book" and "reading a book", "love the motherland" and "love for the motherland", "thirst for fame" and " thirst for glory”, “fill with content” and “filled with content”.

Chess A. A., Syntax of the Russian language, 2nd ed., L., 1941;
Grammar of the Russian language, vol. 2, part 1, M., 1954; M., 1960;
Peshkovsky A. M., Russian syntax in scientific coverage, 7th ed., M., 1956;
Jespersen O., Philosophy of Grammar, trans. from English, M., 1958;
Gabuchan K. V., Supplement, in the book: Russian language. Encyclopedia, M., 1979.

I. N. Kruchinina.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what "Addition" is in other dictionaries:

ADDITION- ADDITION, additions, cf. (book). 1. Action according to Ch. supplement supplement. He was engaged in the addition and correction of old articles for the collection. || Part added to clarify or correct what was previously written. In the new circular... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

addition- See addition, addition in addition ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. supplement augmentation, replenishment, addition, addition, supplement, allowance, increase, ... ... Synonym dictionary

ADDITION- a minor member of the sentence, expressing the relationship of one subject of thought to another, called a verb (verbal object) or a name (nominal object). The function of the complement is predominantly the indirect case of the name (with ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ADDITION- ADDITION, I, cf. 1. see supplement. 2. What n. added, addition. D. to the resolution. In d. (over, besides what, n. another). Clothing accessories (ties, belts, scarves, bags, jewelry). 3. In grammar: a minor member of the sentence ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

complement to 1- reverse code bitwise complement - [L.G. Sumenko. English Russian Dictionary of Information Technologies. M .: GP TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technology in general Synonyms reverse code bitwise addition EN one s complement ...

ADDITION- (amendment to the document) (rider) An American term meaning a clause or condition introduced in addition to an important bill, but not directly related to its content. In most cases, such additional items would not be included in ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

Addition- 1. The same as the addenda, an additional text with clarifications, changes or new considerations, placed by the author after the work or its part (section), when introducing new material into the previously written text is either inappropriate (it was required ... ... Publishing Dictionary

ADDITION- (Supplement), Poland, 2001, 108 min. A film about choosing a life calling and attitude to faith. The protagonist rushes about in search of his vocation between the monastery and everyday life, in which he has a girlfriend and brother. Cast: Pavel Coloring, Monica... ... Cinema Encyclopedia

Addition- ADDITION. A grammatical term for a noun in the oblique case as part of a sentence. In some traditional grammars, the term D. is used in a narrower sense to refer to a noun in the indirect case, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

ADDITION- (complement) A good whose demand changes in the same direction as the demand for some other good whose prices have changed. For example, an increase in the price of bread may lead to a fall in the demand for it; if at the same time the demand for ... ... Glossary of business terms

addition- Structural part of the main text, made up of materials selected by the author for placement at the end of the work or its section. [GOST R 7.0.3 2006] Topics of the publication, main types and elements Generalizing terms parts and elements of the text ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them.

An addition is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. Οʜᴎ answer questions that coincide with questions of oblique cases.

Meaning. The value of the object is the most striking sign of the addition. At the same time, the complement can also express other meanings (of the subject ͵ of the instrument of action, state): The teacher set the task(teacher- the subject of action in a passive context); He is sad (he- the subject of the state).

means of expression. Morphologized addition - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. A non-morphologized addition must be expressed by various parts of speech: you talk empty(adjective); He did not understand what he read participle); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I was able to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).

position in the offer. The addition is usually located after the extended word. In this case, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.

syntactic link. The main type of subordinate connection of the complement with the main word is control (less often - adjunction) or free attachment to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most addition refers to a single word, ᴛ.ᴇ. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It hurts and it's funny.

In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Additions are semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He has a cheerful mood.

Non-deterministic additions differ according to which word in the sentence they refer to, ᴛ.ᴇ. what parts of speech govern them.

1. The most common and massive are verbal additions, since many verbs call an action that implies a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a comrade, tell about the incident, chop with an ax.

2. Adjective additions. Οʜᴎ are of little use, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to control, and not all of them: We lived in a region rich in ore. The region is poor in forests.

3.Additions can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since the object should be used only with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from a qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof relations are not objective, but attributive, since the propagated nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. A common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled, but intransitive verb, then the object acquires a definitive connotation, syncretism appears: passion for music, the thought of a son.

4.Additions may refer to the words of the state category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).

5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.

Add-on types. By tradition, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object ͵ to which the action directly passes. It must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: Read a book, saw a horse. At the same time, the direct object must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the form of the genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate - a transitive verb: I have not read this novel. And also a noun in the form of the genitive case, expressing the meaning of ʼʼpart of the wholeʼʼ: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.

There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of additions into direct and indirect applies only to verbal additions (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects also occur with words of the category of state ( sorry for him) Still others believe that both adjective and substantive additions can be related to direct.

The complement expressed by the infinitive is extremely important to distinguish from the GHS part, ᴛ.ᴇ. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I ordered to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The complement infinitive has its own DL. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Doers are indicated by different verbs. Such additions are ϶ᴛᴏ object infinitive. The subject infinitive can also act as an addition, when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Addition. Types of additions and ways of their expression." 2017, 2018.

Secondary members play an important role in the sentence, enriching it, bringing clarity, explaining the subject and predicate. Among them stands out and addition. The error in isolating this minor member is that it is often confused with the subject, especially when it is in the accusative case. To avoid inaccuracies, you need to know what questions the add-on answers. We will talk about this in the article.

General information

The addendum answers the questions of indirect cases. They include everything except the nominative (the subject answers it).

Usually, a question is asked to the addition from the members of the sentence (secondary and main), which are expressed either by verbs or close in meaning to them (participles, gerunds).

Meaning

The values of the complement can be completely different. Let's analyze such relations with the predicate in the sentence and see how the object answers the questions. Examples below.

Olga makes (what?) an injection.

Olga gives an injection (to whom?) to her mother.

Olga makes an injection (with what?) With a syringe.

Sometimes there are additions that depend on verbal nouns and adjectives: conquering the top, moving to the end of the line, fish fried in a pan.

If you systematize the values, taking into account what the complement responds to, you get the following:

This minor term defines an object that experiences an action: choose (what?) A profession, wash (what?) linen.
The subject in whose interests the action is performed: write to your brother, go to your sister, come to your parents.
A means of performing an action or an instrument of labor: write with a pen, swim with a breaststroke, draw with a brush and paints.

What is an addition?

The addition, like the subject, is expressed by the following parts of speech:

A noun in the indirect case form or a noun pronoun in the same form. At the same time, the pretext is variable: she went (to whom?) To her mother; satisfied with (what?) work; I think (about whom?) about him; bring (who?) him.
Any substantive part of speech (endowed with the function of a noun). Everyone was interested (by whom?) in the reader.
Infinitive. The audience asked the troupe (about what?) to dance again.
Numerical name. I'll multiply (what?) fifteen (by what?) by ten.
Phraseologism. I ask my sister (about what?) not to hang up her nose.

What is the supplement?

Since the object answers the questions of indirect cases, it most often refers to the verb-predicate. In this way, it brings clarity to the main action reported in the sentence. We walk (with whom?) With my daughter through the store. In this case, the addition "with my daughter" extends the verb-predicate "walk".

However, this minor term can also apply to a noun that has some action in its meaning. For example, "He is the driver of (what?) a heavy vehicle." The complement "car" refers to the noun "driver".

Short adjectives are close in form and meaning to the verb-predicate, so this minor term can also apply to them: I am angry (at whom?) At my neighbor. The addition with the preposition "on the neighbor" refers to the short adjective "evil". Less commonly, it refers to the full adjective: Similar (to whom?) To the father.

Often, the addition explains the adverb or adjective in a comparative degree. For example: She looks younger than (what?) her years. Jasmine is more fragrant than (what?) roses.

direct

Depending on what questions the addition answers, it can be either direct or indirect. The first requires setting in the accusative case, and there can be no preposition with it.

Such an addition defines the object of the action. It refers to a transitive verb or adverb. For example: to hate the enemy is direct, it is in the accusative case, and the verb "to hate" is transitive. Another example: I'm sorry for your friend. The complement "friend" refers to the adverb "sorry", which plays the role of a predicate in this sentence.

What questions does a direct complement answer? Only genitive or accusative questions. Let's look at the options:

The most common is the accusative form with a missing preposition: We decorated the Christmas tree with the whole family. Complement "Christmas tree" - direct, used in the form of the accusative case, there is no preposition.
The genitive form when denoting a part of something whole: I poured tea leaves into a cup, and then diluted it with boiling water and put a lemon. The addition of "brewing" is direct, it is in the genitive case. Also, the genitive case can indicate any result of an action, combined with the value of quantity: I need to go buy flour and bread.
In impersonal sentences, when the adverb acts as a predicate: What a pity for the years spent.

indirect

What questions does the indirect object answer? To all the rest: accusative with a preposition, dative, instrumental and prepositional. The last three can be used with or without a preposition.

In our childhood dreams there were bright travels and carefree everyday life (indirect additions - dreams, everyday life).
We pretended to be adults to ride this attraction (indirect addition - adults).
Talking about the upcoming celebration occupied all the free time (indirect addition - about the celebration).