Difference between preposition and conjunction. The most difficult compound prepositions of the Russian language

The preposition is rather curious. They express the relationship between object and subject, and these relationships can be arbitrarily complex. Prepositions are not only “small words” like “to”, “by”, “for”, “through”, etc., but also whole phrases - “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “ on the occasion of the fact that "and others. Such prepositions, consisting of several words, are called compound. Naturally, they did not form immediately in the Russian language: they began their development in the 19th-20th centuries, when scientific literature and the mass media gained general popularity. The relations between the members of a sentence (statement) in such literature are quite complex and subtle and far from those used in the speech of "naive" native speakers.

Various types of "new" specific prepositions - compound, complex (written with a hyphen: "because", "above", "from under", etc.), derivatives (formed from other parts of speech: "by", “due to”, “in continuation”, etc.) at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries were associated with clerical and other types of “non-artistic” speech (for example, journalistic). Korney Chukovsky in his book "Alive as Life" gives an interesting example. One old retired official decided to get busy and tried to translate the romantic tale "Red Rose". The translation as a whole turned out to be quite good, but the language in which it was written was more like a clerical one. Here is one of the fragments: "For lack of a red rose, my life is broken." At the publishing house, the official was told that such pretexts were unacceptable in a romantic one. The old man seemed to understand everything and redid the text: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life is broken,” making the speech of the desperate hero even more clerical.

A new round of popularity of compound prepositions occurred in the first decades of Soviet power, when all aspects of human life were politicized. Documentation, reports, decrees, resolutions, propaganda newspapers - all this forced ordinary people to use "clerical" pretexts even in everyday conversations.

In modern times, such components as “in part”, “in deed” have become in demand; they are typical for business speech.

By the way, the sizes of these "difficult" prepositions are sometimes amazing: some of them are much longer than nouns, adjectives and verbs. The longest preposition (and conjunction at the same time) is “respectively”, it consists of 14 letters. This preposition is often used by teachers as well as employers.

How to remember the spelling of compound prepositions

Often writing compound prepositions is difficult. For example, the ending of such prepositions as “in continuation”, “during”, as well as the one written together “due to”. These prepositions were formed from stable phrases in which the noun is in the accusative case. All such nouns (cf. “I will come at an hour”, “minute to minute”) have the meaning of time, some kind of lasting period. The simple preposition "in" in this case is synonymous with the expression "during": "In the course of the conversation (that is, during the continuation of the conversation) he no longer mentioned the matter."

At the same time, in the combinations “in continuation”, “during” it is in the prepositional case and answers the question “where?”, “In what?”: “In the continuation of the story (that is, in the text), the hero does something and so-and-so."

The preposition "despite" is also very often misspelled. Once, at the time of its inception, it really was a combination of a gerund with the particle “not” and a simple preposition “on”, therefore it was written separately. But those times are long gone, and the preposition "despite" is spelled together.

Some of the mistakes are startling. “In conclusion, I’ll tell you about ...” - it seems that the speaker is sitting in or about to sit down. I wonder if those who make such mistakes understand the meaning of what they write?

Writing derived prepositions

Derivative prepositions formed from phrases are adjacent to compound prepositions in origin and complexity of spelling. How to write "object (on) the likeness of a cube"? in this case, you should choose a synonym for the proposed preposition: "an object like a cube." The meaning remains the same - which means that we have a derivative preposition that is written together. But the “problem (for) the similarity of triangles” does not withstand such a test: “a problem like triangles” is nonsense; it means that here the preposition and the noun are written separately (and the noun is also part of a stable phrase - the term "likeness of triangles"). By the way, “like” is also a compound preposition. Their simple synonym is the colloquial "type", as well as the union "as": "an object as a cube." This preposition has its “double”: “There are four species in the genus Panthera of the Feline family - a lion, a tiger, a jaguar and a leopard.”

The preposition “instead of” is synonymous with the preposition “for”, “about” - “about”, “in view of” - “because of”. The preposition "following" roughly corresponds to the simple preposition "on": "We were looking after the departing train" - "we were looking at the departing train." These prepositions should be distinguished from phrases with nouns and simple prepositions: “Put me money in the bank account”, “we arrived at the place he indicated”, “the hunter looked at the trail and determined what kind of animal ran here”, “to have in mind."

Prepositions	Difference from combining a noun with a preposition
In view of(=for a reason, because of)	have in mind, in mind (=near, within sight)
Like, like(=similar to)	Notice the likeness of mother and daughter.in the genus Ivanovs are all blondes
About(=o)	put the money down to the account* in the bank*
Instead of(=for)	We went into the forest instead of* where the sun's rays can hardly penetrate.*
Due to(=for a reason, because of)	As a consequence new documents have been added to this criminal case
Following:With a slight sadness we looked after the sailing ship	Grandpa looked closely in the wake* a beast that recently ran through the snow*
Formed from adverbs: be inside* Houses,go towards wind, grow along roads* and etc.	For a meeting classmates we gather every ten years

Prepositions such as “inside” and “along” are written together: “what lies inside the box”, “trees grow along the road”. It is not difficult to remember this, because there are no words “inside” and “dol”, although they may have been in the Old Russian language. These prepositions were formed from adverbs with the meaning of space, and adverbs are always written together. The preposition “towards” also belongs to the same group, also formed from the adverb: “To go towards the wind” (preposition), “it goes towards” (adverb); however, it must be distinguished from a prepositional noun: "we're going to a reunion."

Why do so many people make mistakes in writing prepositions? Most likely, the point is simple inattention - the writers do not realize the meaning of the text or understand it approximately. Each element of the language has its own meaning, and if you rely on it, you can easily determine the correct spelling.

Conjunction and preposition are functional parts of speech. Their main difference is that they perform different functions. Unions serve to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a sentence and individual sentences in a coherent text. Prepositions express the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other parts of speech in phrases that make up the sentence.

This difference is obvious when simple non-derivative prepositions and conjunctions are considered.

Prepositions Conjunctions

go on the path to the stream the garden smelled of autumn leaves and apples

three from five friends the snow will fall, or it will rain

I will do for know you as can I help you

It is more difficult to determine the differences in derivative prepositions and conjunctions. In order not to be mistaken, one should pay attention not only to their functional significance, but also to the method of formation.

Derivative prepositions can be formed

from adverbs: around Sveta, near lakes, near well;

from nouns: due to violations, in continuation days, like stone;

from verbs: thanks to support, later month, in spite of difficulties.

As a rule, derivative prepositions can be replaced by any other prepositions:

near Houses - at Houses;

due to leaks - due to leaks;

later day - through day.

Derivative conjunctions are most often formed from pronouns by adding particles or prepositions:

to breathe - what + would;

because and does not sleep - from + that.

A productive way to form derivative unions is the transition of independent parts of speech into functional ones with the loss of the original lexical meaning and morphological features:

thinks let bad luck;

in a hurry exactly to the fire.

Such conjunctions often include derivative prepositions:

thanks to;

despite the fact that.

By structure, both prepositions and conjunctions can be simple or compound. Simple ones consist of one word, compound ones - from several.

Simple prepositions: Simple conjunctions:

in, on, for, from, to, by, y, in the middle, and, a, but, what, how, so much,

instead of, because of. like, like, so.

Compound prepositions: Compound conjunctions:

close to, in the form of, up to, because, since, that is,

in connection with, according to s. despite the fact that.

Some simple derivative and compound prepositions are easiest to distinguish from conjunctions by context:

Boy instead of milk drank plain water. (Pretext instead of connects the verb drank and noun milk)

Instead of go home, he went to the river. (Union instead of connects parts of a sentence)

Unions, unlike prepositions, are used to express a coordinating or subordinating connection in sentences:

The sky darkened and thunder boomed. (Writing union and)

They set off as soon as it was light. (subordinating union barely)

Findings site

The preposition indicates the dependence of nominal parts of speech on the words with which they are associated in a way of control. The union serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a sentence, and can also combine the meaning of individual sentences in the text.
Derivative prepositions are formed from adverbs, nouns and verbs. Derivative conjunctions are most often formed by merging pronouns with particles or prepositions.
Derivative conjunctions may include prepositions; conjunctions are never included in derivative prepositions.
By meaning, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating. Prepositions are divided only into groups according to origin.

Topic: Simple and compound prepositions.
Purpose: to create conditions for the formation of students' knowledge about simple and compound prepositions.
Tasks:
Educational:
to form the ability to use prepositions, to repeat previously learned about prepositions;
improve the spelling and grammatical skills of students;
Developing:
develop the ability to apply new knowledge;
develop creative, speech abilities of students; critical thinking
Educational:
cultivate love for the Russian language; value attitude to the language;
Lesson type: combined
Type of lesson: group, frontal
Methods of work: conversation, implementation of practical tasks.
Visualization: textbook, schema support (simple and compound prepositions)
stage
Teacher activity
Student activities
Evaluation
During the classes
organization
ny
moment
Update
past
knowledge
Explanation
new
material
Hello guys. Sit down.
Greet the teacher
personal
Today at the lesson we are with you
Let's talk about simple and compound
prepositions.
Guys, look at the blackboard. how
you see, written on the blackboard
phrases with prepositions.
Let's read the first
phrase,
And second
Now call me
please suggestions from the data
phrases.
Thank you. What are these 2 suggestions?
different from each other?
Communicative
e, regulatory,
cognitive
They read: “remained because of
rain"
Read: "during the day went
rain".
Answer: due to, during
Answer: preposition izza
consists of one word
preposition within 2 words.
Correctly.
Well done
Guys, here we come to our
topic. As we found out, prepositions
can be 1 word or 2
and more words. try
formulate a definition that
so simple and compound
prepositions.
So guys. Remember
prepositions that are
one word is simple
suggestions such as
Answer: simple
prepositions are 1 word
(izza), and composite of 2 and
more words (within).
Students write down
rule in notebook
reference books.
write down
1 student goes to the blackboard
the rest write in notebooks.
Writes down.
Communicative
s,
regulatory,
cognitive
Form. , total
Evaluation

around, around, because of, behind, etc., but
prepositions consisting of 2 or more
words - compound, these are
prepositions like: during
conclusion, unlike

And etc..
Write in workbooks
today's date and the theme of our
lesson
fixing So guys. We are with you
define what simple and
what are compound prepositions. BUT
now let's try
do the exercise.
(1 student comes to the board)
I dictate. "And they sit
brotherly at the table, shoulder in
shoulder".
The student at the blackboard explains how
the adverb is written "brotherly"
Makes suggestions, explains
structure.
(I rate and call
another student)
(dictating) At the end of the evening
there was a concert.
(I give a rating)
Now write in your notebooks 2
suggestions. (I dictate). Violently
found a way.
Don't rely on strength.

students were able to distinguish
adverbs from nouns with
pretext)
(I ask someone)
"Determine which part of speech
are the words at the beginning

Both
Answer: the adverb is written
hyphenated
Highlights prepositions for, in.
prepositions are
simple, because consist of
one word.
2 student goes to the blackboard.
Writes down.
(highlights the preposition in
conclusion gives him
defining what a preposition is
composite, because consists of 2
words.
Communicative
th, personal,
regulatory,
cognitive
Summative
They write down in notebooks.
One student answers. In 1m
forceful offer is
adverb, in 2m -
noun with
pretext.
Answer: if
offer can
add specificity
between noun and
suggestion, it will be
noun with
pretext. For strength (for
its strength).
Write down.
Write down.
Answer. Via
question. In 1st sentence
May I ask where?
(far beyond the river). The question is where
indicates to us that
before us is an adverb. In 2m
What question is the proposal?
(in the distance blue). Question

which tells us
that this is a noun
pretext.
Reads: write first
simple prepositions, and then
composite.
Carry out the task.
Reads: through, because, on,
around, like, towards, by,
around.
Answer. Correct.
Reads: during, in connection with, in
consequence, in conclusion.
Answer. Correct.
Well done.
offers.
Well done, how did you distinguish
adverb from noun
pretext.
Guys, write down this rule in
reference books.
Also, guys, there is one
how to distinguish
noun with a preposition from
adverbs.
Let's record with you again
a few suggestions.
(dictating). Far away beyond the river went out
light.
In the distance, a blue pillar already
golden sand swirled.
Guys, how about in these sentences
distinguish a noun from
a preposition from an adverb?
Well, now let's work with
textbook. We open on
page 165
exercise 381.384e.
The exercise is performed by
task. (one student reads
exercise).
Thank you. So guys. Divide
page into 2 parts. 1 column
write out simple verbs
2 - composite. We carry out the task
on one's own. We'll check later.
(the task is given in order to
students were able to distinguish
simple and compound prepositions)
Let's check what you have
happened.
(one student reads that he has
turned out in 1 column?
Guys, is everyone like this? Who does not have
fixing.

(the second student reads that he has
turned out in 2 columns?
Guys, is everyone like this? If not,
fixing.
homemade
exercise
Guys, let's open the diaries
and write homework.
Summing up
results
We learn the rule, and perform ex.
387
(1 student reads the assignment)
Thank you.
Is the assignment clear?
We close the diaries. We have
there is still time left. Let's
let's work orally. (next
task is given for successful
consolidation of new material,
ability to distinguish simple
compound prepositions.)
So, I read the phrase, and
you determine which
pretext.
I met him around
schools.
Due to drought, this year
turned out to be fruitless.
The children climbed over the fence.
Well done boys. I see that you
well mastered new knowledge,
put them into practice.
(voicing grades for the lesson)
Goodbye!
Open, write.
Reads: Write out
phrases, and
determine the type of proposal.
Answer: Yes.
cognitive,
communicative
e
Communicative
th, personal,
regulatory
Lesson grade
Answer: simple
Answer: composite.
Answer: simple.
say goodbye