Speech and speech interaction. §fifteen
Plan
1. Language as a social phenomenon and as a sign system. Language units. Language functions. Language and speech.
2. Forms of existence of the national language.
3. Speech activity. The concept of speech situation. Units of speech communication.
In modern linguistic science, two interrelated concepts are distinguished - language and speech.
Language is a universal sign system that naturally arises in human communication and develops, capable of expressing the totality of human concepts and thoughts and intended primarily for the purposes of communication. Ferdinand de Saussure, a French linguist who first distinguished between the concepts of language and speech, defines language as follows: “Language is a system of signs expressing concepts, and therefore it can be compared with writing, with an alphabet for the deaf and dumb, with symbolic rites, with forms of courtesy , with military signals, etc. It is only the most important of these systems.”
According to the teachings of F. de Saussure, language is a system, all elements of which form a whole, and the significance of one element results only from the simultaneous presence of others. What are the elements, or units, of language? These include:
Morphemes (prefixes, roots, suffixes, endings);
words fixed in the memory of native speakers, in dictionaries with certain meanings;
stable expressions (phraseological units);
a set of different types of phrases and sentences;
text (a set of models for constructing texts).
These units are in certain relationships, systemic connections. In modern linguistics, two types of relations between the elements of language are distinguished: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. Syntagmatic relations are based on the linear nature of the language: its elements line up one after the other in the flow of speech. So, sounds are a building element for creating morphemes, morphemes, in turn, serve to form words, words - phrases and sentences, text is organized with the help of sentences. Paradigmatic relations are based on the associative links of some language units with others in the human mind. In a similar way, for example, synonyms are interconnected (they have a common element of meaning), antonyms (words that are opposite in meaning), words with the same root, etc.
In addition, the language includes generally accepted pronunciation norms and certain grammatical rules, such as declension, conjugation, which contribute to the organization of a coherent utterance.
By its very nature, language is a social phenomenon. As F. de Saussure writes, it is "a social product, a set of necessary conventions adopted by the team to ensure the implementation, functioning of the ability for speech activity that exists in every native speaker." Thus, language is not an activity of the speaker, it is a finished product registered by the speaker.
The language performs many functions. Let's name the most important of them:
Thought-forming (cognitive). With the help of language, a person carries out his mental activity; identifies and distinguishes objects and phenomena, highlighting their essential features.
· Accumulative. Language helps to preserve and transmit the body of knowledge accumulated by mankind.
· Communicative. Language is the main means of human communication.
· Emotionally expressive. With the help of the means of language, a person expresses his feelings and emotions (for example, there are suffixes that allow you to convey the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech: sun yshk oh det in a, small yusen cue; special words containing an assessment in their meaning: bungler, scoundrel, grandiose).
Voluntary (impact function).
Language is opposed to speech. Speech- the use of language means by an individual in accordance with the communicative goals set by him, the conditions in which communication takes place, and in accordance with his linguistic gift. An example of speech can be any specific statement - both oral and written (replica dialogue, article, book, etc.).
Thus, speech is an individual phenomenon, and language is a social one. Speech is always carried out by a specific person who, at his own discretion, chooses and uses linguistic means to express his own thoughts. Consequently, speech is associated with the possibility of improvisation, individual deviations, which often lead to changes in the language system (for example, the enrichment of the lexical and phraseological fund of the Russian language due to the word creation of writers, poets, masters of eloquence. Compare such occasional words and expressions that have entered the language, as string bag(A. Raikin), muslin young lady, tragedian involuntarily(A.P. Chekhov), living Dead(L.N. Tolstoy) and many others. etc.).
Language is stable and reproducible, while speech is changeable and situationally determined. It is speech that can become the object of evaluation (cf.: speech appropriate - inappropriate; accurate, logical, rich, expressive; graceful, rough, witty etc.).
Language as a functional system is associated with non-linguistic reality, it reflects the social heterogeneity of its speakers (it is known that even small ethnic groups, small nationalities, not to mention nations, are internally heterogeneous: they distinguish communities of people by gender, age, social status, territory of residence , level of education, profession, etc.).
Each of the social groups of society uses the language in its own way, in different conditions and for special purposes. So, the poorly educated inhabitants of the old village mainly use the language to communicate with people they know well, fellow villagers or residents of the nearest district. The subject of such communication is predominantly everyday, the form of speech is an oral dialogue, which implies the simultaneous active participation of the addressee and addressee in it, not separated by time. Speech habits and requirements for the quality of speech, of course, cannot be the same under these conditions as, for example, among citizens, among office workers. In the latter case, communication proceeds to a large extent in writing, communication with addressees is mediated by documents. The content of communication in the field of office work can be very difficult, requiring special training from those who communicate.
Thus, socio-historical circumstances predetermine the formation of specific language systems, social language variants (forms, strata). The Russian national language exists in the following forms:
· literary language;
The dialects
jargons;
· space.
Dialects - territorial varieties of the language.
These are the most archaic forms of linguistic existence, the historical basis of the language. In Russia, dialects were formed back in the period of feudal fragmentation as a means of communication between people inhabiting a certain territory (cf. South Russian, North Russian dialects; the dialect of the peoples of the Volga region, the Don dialect, etc.).
Dialects exist mainly in oral form and serve only a part of the communicative needs of the people who speak this language (they serve exclusively for everyday communication). They differ from jargons and vernacular in that they have a set of phonetic, grammatical, and lexical differences characteristic of each dialect. So, the pronunciation of the sound [r] as a fricative [γ], the soft pronunciation of the final consonant in verbs of the 3rd ( idea be I'm going be ). Each dialect has a specific vocabulary (cf. in the Don dialect: strip - saber, abyss - leave, bison- feeder chikilyat- jump).
In the twentieth century in connection with the development of mass media, with the growth of education, "the influence of the literary language increases and the process of degradation of dialects is activated." Nevertheless, territorial dialects cannot be judged as an obsolete form of linguistic existence, since they are the richest linguistic soil, a repository of national identity and creative potential of the language. It is not for nothing that the upbringing of respect for folk dialectal speech and the desire to support it have recently become a special concern of a number of highly civilized states.
vernacular - a form of the national Russian language that does not have a systemic organization and is a set of language forms that violate the norms of the literary language. Signs of vernacular: 1) irregularity of speech; 2) lack of writing; 3) stylistic non-differentiation; 4) optional use, optional for members of this society.
are considered colloquial
types of accents driver, put, beets;
· pronunciation cheerfully instead of radio; corridor instead of corridor; princess instead of a princess; eyeglass case instead of och[esh] nickname;
morphological forms of the type driver instead of drivers; prettier instead of more beautiful; pecket instead of bakes; lie down instead of lie down etc.;
· the words to be ill, to tear, at first; appeals mom, dad, dad and etc.
Jargon- the speech of social and professional groups of people united by a commonality of occupations, interests, social status, etc. (cf. jargon of declassed elements; army jargon; jargon of musicians, actors, students, etc.). The word "slang" is often used as a synonym for the word "jargon", less often - "slang" (we do not dwell on the strictly terminological distinction between these concepts, especially since this distinction is not recognized by all researchers).
Jargon is characterized by the presence of only specialized vocabulary and phraseology; it does not have specific phonetic and grammatical features. Here are examples from modern youth jargon: strummed - matrix printer; relax- relax, unwind, have a good time; civilizer- teacher of the subject "Fundamentals of Civilization".
Jargon is generated by the socio-psychological community of its carriers, usually young people who are characterized by ““ emotional excess ”, maximalism, their own idea of life values, norms of behavior, their own special style and manners (appearance, clothes, gestures), a sense of solidarity and “ group spirit." Jargon is a symbol of belonging to a certain social group, as well as a linguistic manifestation of its subculture. As a kind of national language, jargon is secondary, its use is optional.
Literary language- the highest form of existence of the national language, taken by its speakers as an exemplary one. The literary language includes the best ways of designating concepts and objects, expressing thoughts and emotions.
Signs of literary language:
multifunctionality, the ability to serve both everyday and official, high spheres of communication (state, politics, science, religion, education, art, etc.);
Availability of variants of language units;
Processed by "masters of the word";
normalization;
availability of written and oral forms.
The sphere of speech culture is the sphere of application of the literary language, taking into account its norms and rules, its stylistic stratification and forms of implementation.
Communication is a complex process of human interaction, “a way of existence of human groups: various types of communication provide connections, interaction of members of society, support its structure, and through them, in the course of communication, society is reorganized, people regulate each other’s behavior, in communication there is an accumulation and development of cultural values…”.
Speech is one of the main means of carrying out these processes.
Speech activity- the most important concept of modern linguistics. It also goes back to the ideas of F. de Saussure, who was the first to distinguish between language, speech and speech activity. Speech activity includes any phenomena traditionally considered by linguistics: acoustic, conceptual, individual, social, etc. These phenomena are diverse and heterogeneous. The basis for all manifestations of speech activity is language.
Speech activity is the most common type of human activity. It precedes, accompanies, and sometimes forms, forms the basis of any other human activity (industrial, commercial, scientific, managerial, etc.).
A number of components are necessary for the implementation of speech activity. Researchers distinguish the following components (they are also called units of verbal communication):
participants in communication (addresser - addressee; speaker - listener; writer - reader). In the process of speech activity, participants can change roles (cf., for example, dialogical communication);
subject of speech: what they are talking about, about what information is being exchanged; this component is associated with knowledge about reality;
The language in which communication takes place, or a communicative code, is a system that provides the possibility of translating the meanings, meanings of transmitted information into signs, words;
The statement itself, that communicative unit, which contains everything that comes from the speaker about what he says to his addressee using a language known to both of them.
All of these components are included in the real environment of communication and interact with it (cf. dialogue in a store, on public transport; small talk at a banquet; public speaking; answering an exam, etc.). In connection with this situation, there is a need for communication (motivation); put forward its goals and objectives (goal setting); taking into account the situation, social, psychological, informational circumstances, the choice of communication means is made. It must be remembered that taking into account the conditions, the environment in which communication takes place, directly affects the success of speech actions.
The set of interacting components, parties, means of speech communication is called speech situation.
Depending on the nature of the situation, business and domestic communication are distinguished; official and unofficial; artistic (aesthetic) and non-artistic, etc.
Speech activity consists of processes that make it possible to carry out the act of speech. These processes can be described as follows:
generation of speech (work of consciousness);
the implementation of speech (speaking, writing);
Speech perception (listening, reading).
The processes of generating speech, its perception, understanding, response to it determine the corresponding speech functions(verbal communication): communicative, informative, emotionally expressive, appellative, contact-establishing (phatic), aesthetic.
Communicative function - the main function of speech: the implementation of communication between "private people", as well as the regulation of communications, relations within society as a whole, maintenance of information flows, etc.
Informative function - communication of knowledge, information about the world.
Emotional-expressive function - expression in speech of the speaker's attitude to the subject of the statement, emotional-sensory states of the subject of speech.
Appellative function - the focus of the statement on the addressee of the speech, the impact on him.
Contact-establishing function - the focus of the statement on establishing and maintaining or changing communicative contact with a partner (the connection of this function with the appellative function is obvious).
Aesthetic function - giving the statement an adequate form; concern for beauty, expressiveness of speech.
Each of the main speech functions has its own speech genres of oral or written, non-artistic or artistic communication. For example, such everyday genres as grumblings, complaints, outpourings, as well as lyrical genres of fiction, are primarily associated with an expressive function. In everyday story, business report, information message, scientific report, announcement, as well as in various epic literary genres, the informative function most noticeably appears. A heart-to-heart conversation performs a contact-establishing function, just like the genre of introducing a stranger to partners.
However, speech is characterized by multifunctionality: most often, speech genres serve to implement not one, but several functions at the same time (in this case, one of them can be the main, central, and others - additional, peripheral).
Questions and tasks for self-control
1. Describe the concepts of language and speech.
2. List the main functions of the language.
3. In what forms does the national language exist?
4. Name the main units of verbal communication.
5. Describe the concept of a situation of verbal communication.
6. What functions of speech (verbal communication) can you name?
NORMS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
Speech communication is a motivated living process of interaction between communication participants, which is aimed at the implementation of a specific life goal setting. It proceeds on the basis of feedback in specific types of speech activity.
Speech activity is a set of psychophysical works of the human body necessary for the construction of speech.
Types of speech activity: speaking, listening, writing, reading.
Basic units of verbal communication
The main units of verbal communication include:
- speech event,
- the speech situation
- speech interaction.
A speech situation is a situation of communication that includes both the subject of speech and the participants in communication, their characteristics, relationships, time and place of utterance. There are canonical speech situations (when the pronunciation (the time of the speaker) is synchronous with the time of his perception (the time of the listener); when the speakers are in the same place and everyone sees the same thing as the other; when the addressee is a specific person) and non-canonical speech situations ( when the time of the speaker (the time of pronouncing the statement) may not coincide with the time of the addressee (the time of perception); the statement may not have a specific addressee)
Speech interaction is the speech activity of the subject, consisting of a number of communicative acts, and the reaction of the addressee to the speech of the subject.
Types of speech interaction
In the 20th century, a new branch of linguistic science arose - the theory of speech acts.
A speech act is a purposeful speech action performed in accordance with the principles and rules of speech behavior adopted in a given society.
On the example of an excerpt from the dialogue (Borisova, I.V. Russian colloquial dialogue: structure and dynamics / I.V. Borisova. - Yekaterinburg, 2001), we characterize the essence of the speech act. Situational context: Y. (21 years old, 3rd year student, philologist) and A. (25 years old, 5th year student, sociologist) are neighbors in the hostel. A. visiting Y., they drink tea and chat.
- A. - Do you know / that today Dima was stuffed in the face?
- Y. - (surprised) Did they fill your face? (curiously) Where? When? For what?
- A. - In short / just don't tell anyone / okay?
- Y. - Well //
- A. - (lowering your voice) Do you remember telling me / when he started to twist with Lena / you say lt; sorry for himgt; / I say lt; ;// here/ shorter than today he drove// I look/ he is already standing// is he tall with her?
- Y. - Yeah//
- A. - Dima is there as always / he lived with them lately / / well, we are sitting in our room / we roll from time to time / / once / I hear / the door opens from the corridor / such Dimka yells / / I say / lt ;no/ guys/ this is unhealthy / I need to go out; / / I’m going out shorter / her friend is standing there / this one / arrived / and Dimka / his face is all broken / / he will swell tomorrow in general / /
- Y. - (with surprise) Wow! Well, he's such a jock / why he / couldn't?
- A. - Yes, I, too, was a little disappointed in Dima / / well, the boys all came out (nrzb) takes Dimka's jacket and says / lt; so that I don’t see you here againgt; (nrzb)
- Y. - When was that?
- A. - In fact, it was already dark / at eight o'clock / around eight and nine / /
- Y. - (with feeling) Nightmare!
- A. - (expressively) Do you know how he stuffed his face!
- Y. - (with condemnation) Lena finished her game!
- A. - Well, I don’t know what will happen right now / but it’s not good for her to do that either / /
- Y. - (with confidence) Yes, of course / /
Table - Interpretation of speech actions of communicants
| TO. | Ra | Rp |
| BUT. | Rogative* | Draws Yu's attention to a new topic (T) |
| YU. | Four Horns | Expresses interest through clarifying questions to (T) |
| BUT. | Directives* | Requests for privacy |
| YU. | Commission* | Promises privacy |
| BUT. | Representative*+ Rogative | Confidentially talks about (T) + asks for clarification |
| YU. | Contact* | Responds with confirmation |
| BUT. | Representatives | Continues the story about (T) with an assessment of the elements (T) |
| YU. | Expressive* | Expresses surprise, evaluates the element (T) |
| BUT. | Representatives | Agrees with Y.'s assessment + continues the story about (T) |
| YU. | Rogative | Expresses interest through a clarifying question to (T) |
| BUT. | representative | Answers with clarification |
| YU. | Verdict*+Expressive | Evaluates (T), judging |
| BUT. | Expressive Verdictive | Emotionally agrees with IO's assessment. non-standard (T) |
| YU. | Verdict | Condemns the initiator of the situation (T) |
| BUT. | Verdictive + Representative | Assesses the situation (T) + agrees with Yu. |
| YU. | contact | Expresses full agreement with grade A |
Symbols used in the table: # – replica number; K - communicant; A., Yu. - the names of the communicants; T - subject-situational retention of the topic; Ra is the name of the speech act; Рп is the communicative meaning of a speech act.
1) * representatives - messages, 2) * commissives - obligations, 3) * directives - motives, 4) * horns - questions, 5) * declaratives - explanations, 6) * expressives - expressions of emotions, 7) * contacts - expressions of speech etiquette.
In the process of communication, communicative barriers may appear - typical difficulties that arise in communication between people under the influence of certain objective or subjective reasons that prevent successful communication, people's understanding of each other.
Types of communication barriers
- Brain teaser.
- Semantic.
- Language.
- Phonetic.
- Stylistic.
The semantic (semantic) barrier is formed due to the difference in the systems of word meanings. Here we are talking about the ambiguity of the words of any language, in addition, there are many special professional terms that a non-professional will not understand.
A language barrier occurs when one of the interlocutors is not very fluent in the language in which the conversation is being conducted.
Phonetic barrier - an obstacle that is created when one of the interlocutors incorrectly pronounces units of the language (words, phrases), incorrectly puts stress in words.
A stylistic barrier appears when the interlocutor(s) does not take into account the type (genre) of the message and the characteristics of the communicative situation.
Strategies and tactics of verbal communication
In socially oriented communication, speech activity is subordinated to an extra-speech goal aimed at organizing the joint activity of people, which predetermines a stricter regulation of speech behavior. Of particular importance in this case are the speech strategies and tactics used by the communicants.
A speech communication strategy is a general plan for conducting speech.
The tactics of speech communication is the selection and use in speech of a certain set of logical and psychological techniques.
On the example of the publication “The Best Moms” received gifts” (“Arguments and Facts. Chelyabinsk”), we illustrate the implementation of speech strategies and tactics in speech. “On November 25, on Mother’s Day, a festive event was held in the Chelyabinsk shopping mall Gorki, within the framework of which the organizers of the regional children’s art competition “To the best mother in the world!” named the names of the little winners and presented their mothers with wonderful gifts (the micro-goal is “inform the reader about the past event”, the tactic is “naming the event”). On this day, the shopping and entertainment complex "Gorki" was simply overcrowded. In addition to ordinary shoppers who came to the fashion departments for new clothes and who wanted to see some new movie, there were many people whose presence was justified by completely different reasons. Most of the kids and their parents came here just to find out whose works sent to the competition "The Best Mom in the World!" The competent commission will consider the best. It is pleasant to note that not only Chelyabinsk residents, but also residents of other cities of our region - Yuzhnouralsk, Kyshtym, Miass, Trekhgorny, Ust-Katav and many others were present at the summing up of the results of the competition (the micro-goal is “to show the significance of the event for an ordinary accessibility of the event for the average reader”). While the hosts were entertaining and amusing the gathered crowd, offering to participate in various competitions and games, everyone could see and appreciate the children's work that was exhibited in the hall of the Gorki shopping mall. Among these works were presented poems and stories written by children especially for their mothers, drawings, applications, embroideries, wood crafts, photographs and even videos. In total, for the contest "The Best Mom in the World!" over a thousand children's works came, and, of course, it was impossible to place them all at the exhibition. But the competition commission looked through each of them! (the micro-goal is “to inform the reader”, the tactic is “emphasizing important details of the event”) By the way, you should not think that after the end of the action all creative works will gather dust in boxes in the offices of the organizers. In the near future, the newspaper "Arguments and Facts - Chelyabinsk" plans to hold an auction, which will sell out competitive works. All proceeds from this event will be sent to orphanages and boarding schools in the Chelyabinsk region (the micro-goal is “to give significance to the event”, the tactic is “to increase the significance of the event”). Despite the fact that in the terms of the competition we stipulated that the authors of the ten most original and interesting works will receive the main prizes, almost every participant received gifts that day (the “reflect the event” micro-goal, the “happy ending” tactic).”
The tactics necessary for the addressee is chosen depending on the goals of communication, and therefore it is aimed at certain aspects of modeling the world of the addressee and his psyche (knowledge, assessments, desires). The essence of using tactics is to change the configuration of these parameters in the right direction: to strengthen / reduce any desires of the addressee, change his assessment of something / someone, etc. In the text above, using the tactics used, the journalist presents the described event as important and significant for the reader, although in fact it is not. The micro-goals of the text, taken in aggregate, point to the “end result” for which the speech strategy is always designed - “to inspire the reader with the special importance of an insignificant event.”
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of speech tactics, speech act. The concept of speech tactics is wider than the concept of a speech act due to the fact that speech tactics is considered within the framework of a specific speech situation and may include several speech acts.
The problem of communication includes the definition of content, structure
communication and its role in society. We will consider the main components of speech communication: speech interaction, speech event, speech situation.
It should be noted that these parts are related to each other in ascending order, one includes the other. The most extensive phenomenon is speech interaction, it occupies all spheres of human life and includes an event and a situation.
We will take a closer look at each of these three components.
Speech interaction reveals the role of the word in human society, it is a necessary condition for the life of society. It is no coincidence that people have always valued the word, believed in its power. Let's take a few examples. Already in ancient times, people highly valued the power of the word. More than 2500 years ago in ancient Greece there was a struggle between the Spartans and the Messenians. Finding themselves in a difficult situation, the Spartans turned to the oracle for help.
The priest said that he would send a man whom the Spartans should put at the head of the army. Great was the surprise of the Spartans when the puny and lame lyric poet Tyrtaeus appeared before them. The oracle did not deceive
expectations of the Spartans: it turned out that Tyrtaeus owned one of the most powerful
tools that people can use - the power of an incendiary word. Tirtaeus sang fiery hymns to valiant wars and branded traitors and cowards with shame. Inspired, the Spartans perked up and defeated the enemy.
At the dawn of mankind, faith in the power of the word manifested itself in
magic spells, conspiracies, the presence of various prohibitions on
pronunciation of certain words so that the word spoken aloud does not
hurt a person (taboo). The Bible reflects the divine nature of the word:
"In the beginning was the word, and the word was God." The Bible views the word as
the most important means of human communication. In the "Book of Proverbs of Solomon" it is bequeathed: "Apply your heart to learning and your ears to clever words." The "Book of Ecclesiastes" (preacher) emphasizes: "The words of the wise are like needles and like driven nails, and their compilers are from a single shepherd." These words have the following interpretation: "The words of the wise, like a driver's stick, awaken people from moral indifference and laziness, since here we mean those points that are on the stick of the shepherd and the drivers." (Explanatory Bible or commentary on the text of Holy Scripture, 1987, pp. 35-36).
The art of the word, the ability to speak is highly valued by the Bible. What
Does the Bible make demands on human speech? First of all, it is the skill speak to the point. It condemns idle, thoughtless words.
The word must be thoughtful and firm. A person needs to know
listen and respond thoughtfully. Features of speech The Bible closely associates with moral, intellectual level of a person. There are a lot of sayings in the Bible on this subject, for example, "The prudent is temperate in his words, and the prudent is cold-blooded." "In speeches - glory and dishonor, and the tongue of a fool is his downfall." The Bible forbids us slander, slander, the use of the word to harm a person. “Let no rotten word come out of your mouth, but only good for edification in faith, so that it brings grace to those who hear.” “An evil word is said to the wind - people often say it, but the Bible warns us against a frivolous attitude to rotten, bad words, so as not to offend those who listen, but be of spiritual benefit. “Now lay aside everything: anger, rage, malice, slander, foul language of your mouth.”
Must be able curb your tongue, this is already a sign of high
moral perfection. General human sinfulness
manifests itself in connection with the incorrect use of the gift of the word. Who can
bridle the tongue, he can bridle his being. "Have you seen a man
reckless in his words? There is more hope for a fool than for him.”
The Bible in strong figurative terms depicts disastrous actions
unbridled language. The fire of evil and death, ignited by the tongue, ignites and burns the entire circle of human life with the fire of passions. So the tongue is a small member, but it does a lot. With it we bless God and our father, and with it we curse the people created in the likeness of God. From the same mouth comes a blessing and a curse: it must not, my brethren, be like this. The same idea is expressed in other words: "For whoever loves life and wants to see good days, he keeps his tongue from deceitful speech." The Bible teaches: "Judge not, lest you be judged, for by what judgment you judge, you will be judged." The gift of tongues is placed on a level with the gift of prophecy. The state of one who speaks in tongues, but is not able to explain his speech, is an imperfect state, and the speech of the speaker, which is beautiful in itself, will remain useless for the listeners, in which case the possession of languages becomes a fruitless gift.
The Bible focuses on speaking skills apostles and
prophets. Features of the speeches of the prophets, their meaning and form are studied
apostles: “Wise words were in their teaching: they invented musical
build, and put the hymns to writing." It is no coincidence that the most revered
Christian saints John Chrysostom, Apostle John the Theologian, Apostle Peter, who were famous for their ability to speak. The speeches of the apostles are usually inspired, the form of presentation of thoughts is aphoristic. The power of speeches is such that they converted many to their faith. Speaking of the preaching work of the apostles, the Bible draws attention to what is the power of sermons. One of the main features of the speeches of the prophets - self-righteousness. An equally important quality of the apostolic speeches is their courage. The speaking person openly tells the listeners the truth and his faith, opening their eyes to the truth and denouncing lies. He conveys the heat of his heart to people. The Bible testifies that the listener should be prepared for the perception of the speaker's speech, the same idea is accepted in modern rhetoric. Only listeners prepared for speech, tuned in to perception, understand the speech of the speaker. We list some sayings that reveal the value of speech, a word addressed to a person:
If you have knowledge, then answer your neighbor, and if not, then your hand is yes.
will be on your lips.
Be firm in your conviction, and let your word be one.
A sweet mouth will increase friends, and a kind tongue will increase affection.
Affectionate address and kind speech help to live in peace.
Ask a friend, for there is often slander.
In speeches - glory and dishonor, and the tongue of a person is a fall to him.
The significance of speech and words in the life of human society is revealed not only in liturgical literature. The social and political meaning of the word
given in different eras. This is confirmed by the following
The first academies (in France, Spain) were created with the aim of
improving the language;
The first academic titles were awarded to linguists (16th century)
The first schools were created to teach the literary language, and in
In this sense, the history of the literary language can also be viewed as
history of enlightenment, education and culture. (see Vvedenskaya L.A.,
Chervinsky P.P., 1997, p. 216-217).
The poetic texts express the truth about the role of the word in the life of society.
For example, V. Shefner wrote: “You can kill with a word, you can save with a word,
in a word, you can lead the shelves behind you. A word can sell and betray and
buy, the word can be poured into smashing lead.
Understanding the role of the word in people's lives was the reason that already in antiquity, in Greece, the doctrine of the art of speech was formed, and the term rhetoric itself appeared. The foundations of ancient rhetoric are also found in the modern doctrine of eloquence.
Thus, the role of verbal communication in the life of society
can be traced, first of all, in the spiritual life, social, political.
However, only they are not limited to the influence of the word on the life of a person and his
activity. Speech covers all spheres of human life. Communication is multifaceted. Has a complex structure. We have already named its main parts at the very beginning and will consider in more detail now.
speech event is the basic unit of communication. It
is a complete whole and consists of two parts: 1) what
reported; what is accompanied by speech - facial expressions, gestures. In general, this
is speech behavior. 2) the conditions, the environment in which verbal communication takes place, the participants in communication themselves, that is, speech situation. Both components of a speech event are important for effective speech interaction. At the same time, the features of speech, facial expressions, gestures will be described below, but here we will consider the speech situation in more detail.
There are three main features of the speech situation. This is the speaker, the subject of speech and the person listening to him. In addition to the speaker and the addressee to whom the speech is addressed, others often participate in the speech situation, who are a witness to what is happening. For the speech situation, relations between the participants in communication are important, and, above all, taking into account the social role of the participants in communication. Misunderstanding of one's social speech leads to misunderstanding and conflicts between participants in communication. For a speech situation, the purpose of speech is extremely important. Even in ancient rhetoric, several types of speeches are distinguished by purpose. epideictic speech- censure or praise, it is pronounced on occasion. Modern rhetoric considers the goal of speech to be the result for which a person makes a speech.
Speaking, a person performs an act (speech action), because, as already mentioned, the power of the impact of the word is great. Types of speech acts in
modern rhetoric are classified based on the goals of the speaker. What goals can the speaker have? And what speech acts can he
commit? Let's call the main ones. They differ in three ways: purpose
speaker, type of speech act (speech action, type of speech). Concerning
there are such types of speech acts: 1) inform, inform -
message of information - informing. 2) Express and prove your own
opinion - belief - argumentative. 3) induce to action -
motivation - campaigning. 4) discuss the problem with the help of a partner,
find the truth with him - the search for meaning - heuristic. 5) express your
vision (understanding) of good and evil, beautiful and shameful - assessment -
epideictic. 6) to give pleasure to yourself and your partner by the very process of verbal communication as such - game speech acts - hedonistic(from Greek - rejoice) 7) express and excite emotions - emotive - artistic.
Such types of speech acts are highlighted in the book by Mikhalskaya A.K. Basics
rhetoric. - M., 2001.
Of course, in real life, in live communication, you can meet other, numerous goals of speech and speech actions, for example, winning the location of the listener, winning compassion, asking, explaining, explaining, and others. Whatever the speech, its effectiveness depends on speech situation. Proverbs say: For a great word - a great deed. Know how to speak in time, know how to be silent. The following must be present in the situation: 1) the principle of harmony of the speech event, that is, what is being said must correspond to the conditions of speech; 2) the behavior of the speaker. In this regard, there is a rule in rhetoric: "We do not listen to speech, but to the person who speaks." In ancient rhetoric, there was a saying: "If you want to become a good speaker, first become a good person."
However, there are more specific methods to make your speech effective,
convincing. Despite national differences in speech ideal, there are
something in common that speech success:
You talk to your listeners as an equal partner
Do you respect the opinions of the listeners?
Are you interested in interacting with the listener?
A speech is successful if the listeners are ready for it.
It is also necessary to list the list of qualities that makes a speaker
successful person: charm, artistry, confidence, friendliness, sincerity, objectivity, interest, passion. It is also important to note
compliance with the following principles of speech behavior:
Do not impose - listen to the interlocutor - be friendly.
as above. Compliance with ethical rules, rules of speech
etiquette is essential in the speech interaction of people.
For questions speech etiquette include the following tips:
Keep promises - keep your word;
Talk to people, not about them;
Admit your mistakes, don't try to make excuses for them or
dump them on others;
Do not participate in the spread of gossip, intrigue, politicking;
Do not speak ill of those who are absent;
Do not speak ill of competitors;
Do not make remarks to anyone in the presence of strangers;
Take some responsibility for the mistakes of your subordinates, colleagues.
Protect others from unfair attacks;
Say only what you think, for which you are ready to answer at any time.
time or repeat;
Don't pass off other people's ideas as your own;
Build your success on your own achievements;
Give honest and frank explanations, do not exaggerate, do not
lie, hide nothing, make a secret out of nothing;
Do not put off unpleasant decisions, reprimands and sad
news, from which you still can’t get away;
When in doubt about what you should do, ask yourself the following questions:
it is legal? How will I feel after this? Can I tell
about it to your family and friends?
Other useful tips cover both the culture of speech behavior,
and ethical standards of communication: keep your word, be people like
did / checked, take responsibility to be cheerful, to be fair, to be loyal, to be able to thank, to be tolerant, to behave ethically.
Over the centuries, speech forms of etiquette have been developed, which are characteristic of both everyday and official communication, and people are usually intolerant
refer to non-compliance with etiquette. Cultivating speech skills
behavior is a difficult and time-consuming task. One of the ancient poets
wrote that if a person is ready to put up with difficulties, then after a while he will get the desired result.
The most important feature of cultural speech communication is the ability to
listen. Plutarch once said: “Learn to listen, and you will be able to
benefit even from those who speak badly. Need for
attentive listener is natural. Man decides many of his
problems, overcomes ailments only through attentive listening
of his speech. No wonder they say to be interesting, be
interested. Ask questions that the interlocutor will answer with
pleasure. Encourage him to talk about himself, about his successes and
achievements. The rule is: "Be a good listener, encourage
others to tell you about themselves." Hearing efficiency is high
value in the practice of communication. The transient nature of the sounding word - behold,
which determines the ability to listen. The listener, as opposed to
reader cannot be distracted even for a short time, since the word
dies the very moment it leaves the speaker's mouth. So
The ability to listen must be trained in oneself in order to always be in shape. At
Most people have ingrained negative habits that prevent them from
listen: - increased attention to the appearance and lack of the speaker;
The habit of listening without looking at the person;
Reaction to any distracting action;
A hasty assessment and conclusions on the material that has not yet been heard;
Rapid abandonment of efforts to listen to the speaker;
Inability to restrain negative emotions;
Showing attention while your head is busy
personal concerns;
An attempt to take a detailed note of the speech of the interlocutor, which interferes
listen to her carefully.
The importance of careful listening to speech is emphasized in such
sayings: speech is red by hearing; who tells you about others, he sends
others about you; do not make decisions after hearing only one side; one
loves radishes, the other loves melons; how many people - so many minds.
Attentive listening to someone else's speech enriches a person with experience and
wisdom. Ability to draw the right conclusion and make the right decision
is acquired in listening, because folk proverbs say: He who speaks, he sows, he who listens, he reaps. God gave two ears and one tongue. Kind silence is better than bad grumbling.
Only attentive listening helps to make a correct conclusion about the quality of speech, about its author. On this occasion, there are such sayings: I started with a jug, finished with a barrel; was born before his father and grazed his grandfather's herd; the fox knows a hundred tales and all about the chicken.
The ability to listen carefully is achieved by long training, during which you should forget about personal prejudices, take your time with
findings and conclusions. One of the American methods recommends:
listen carefully, listen - do not talk, listen to what a person can
say, cannot say, does not want to say. Now in world practice
listen effectively. Here are some of them:
- take an active posture. Experts believe one hundred correct
posture helps us create mental focus and vice versa
when we relax, our brain experiences the same.
- focus on the speaker. In this case, it is easier to listen
the danger that your thoughts will follow your eyes.
- maintain steady attention to the speaker. Any
distracting action - a look at the table, at papers - forces to distribute
attention between the speaker and foreign objects.
- logically plan the listening process. Remember everything that we
they say it is difficult, but the main thoughts are necessary. Sometimes an experienced speaker
or the interlocutor in his speech highlights the main provisions and explains them,
but more often it has to be done by the listener himself. To understand the general
the course of the interlocutor's thought, introductory phrases are of particular importance. Desirable
in the course of a conversation or speech, twice quickly analyze and
summarize the comments made. The best time for this is
Listening to an interesting speech, we often try to predict what will be said next. Mentally anticipating the speech of the interlocutor or speaker is a good method of tuning to the same wave with him, but also a good method of memorizing speech.
- not judging a conversation or presentation prematurely. Always
resist the temptation to evaluate a conversation or presentation immediately after
the first words of your interlocutor or speaker. It's necessary
do at the end. Any speech must be heard in full.
The ability to listen to others forms a powerful
means of influence. There are several recommendations for this:
Direct your attention: look at the person and feel
interest in what he is saying, don't let yourself be distracted.
Watch for non-verbal cues: Watch for facial expressions and
human movements expressing unspoken but important attitudes and feelings.
Do not judge a person prematurely
Do not allow yourself to interrupt another person
Check your understanding: repeat what was said in your own words.
Reveal the logic of statements.
Support people's free speech.
A.I. Kuprin wrote in one of his stories that among his contemporaries
little by little the simple and sweet art of carrying on a conversation disappears... Completely
the ability and desire to listen disappeared, the former attentive but silent interlocutor, who had previously experienced all the windings and
the mood of the story... Now everyone thinks only of himself. He hardly
he listens, taps his fingers and moves his legs in impatience and waits for the end of the narration, so that, having intercepted the last word from his mouth, hastily blurted out: Wait, what is that! Here's what happened to me. Not only the writer's observations on the etiquette of communication quite fully reflect its content. It is also noted in the folklore rules: The knowledgeable does not speak, the ignorant does not allow to speak. All troubles from language. The word hurts more than an axe. In the hanged man's house they don't talk about rope. These and other recommendations emphasize the influencing power of the word, speak of its guiding and organizing role.
The presence of an attentive listener beautifies the conversation, makes it more
speech etiquette. The acquisition of knowledge in this area helps a person in
professional activities in everyday life. Positive
the mood of speech, the correct attitude towards oneself and the interlocutor, integrity, sincerity largely determine the success of communication. It is these skills that can be traced in speech interaction, event and situation.
LITERATURE
1. Balakay A. A., Balakay A. G. Russian proverbs and sayings about language, culture of speech and rules of speech behavior // Phraseologism and word in language and speech. Veliky Novgorod, 2007.
2. Vlasov. Do you know how to listen // Crosswords for the leader. M., 1992.
3. Vvedenskaya L.A., Chervinsky P.P. Fundamentals of rhetoric. M., 1997
4. Venediktova V.I. About business ethics and etiquette. M., 1994
5. Mikhalskaya A.K. Fundamentals of rhetoric. M., 1996
6. The liberated manager. M., 1991
7. Explanatory Bible or texts to the commentary of the Holy Scriptures. Stockholm, 1987, v. 2
8. Encyclopedia of etiquette. St. Petersburg, 1996
TEST QUESTIONS
2. What is included in speech etiquette?
3. Name the basic rules for the listener and the speaker.
CULTURE OF COMMUNICATION.
The culture of communication includes such qualities of good speech as
correctness, accuracy, richness, consistency, relevance, purity. The content of these aspects consists of the ability to master the written and oral form of speech, the styles of the modern Russian language, from the acquired rich vocabulary, the ability to use the expressive means of the language in one's speech. We will consider the issues of communication culture from the point of view of the qualities of good speech, since language is the first and main beginning in the process of human interaction.
An important sign of good speech is its right, i.e.
compliance with the literary norm, as already mentioned earlier. The normative aspect of speech culture is one of the most important, but not the only one. One can cite a large number of texts of the most varied content, impeccable from the point of view of observing the literary norm, but not reaching the goal. Such, for example, are technical instructions. Therefore, an important feature of a good speech is its relevance, that is, the correspondence of the speech to the topic, conditions, and audience. Already in ancient rhetoric relevance speech and tact, the ability to find the right tone were considered one of the most important aspects of a good speech and the prerequisites for the success of a speaker. The speaker cannot compromise the rules of speech behavior. The appropriateness of choosing the necessary speech means, that is, those that most effectively serve the purposes of communication, is important not only for the speaker. Remember the greeting formulas in Russian ( Hey! Hello! Good afternoon! other).
A necessary requirement for good speech is its logic. She has
a place where in speech there is a generally understandable, accessible logic of presentation, clear
subsequence. The lack of logic is immediately felt at the level of the whole
text, separate sentence. An essential sign of good speech
is her accuracy. The accuracy of speech is understood as the use of words in
in full accordance with their linguistic meaning, strict correspondence of words
designated phenomena of reality. Inaccurate usage
often due to a mixture of similar in meaning, sphere of use, but
words with different meanings, for example, give used instead
sell, take instead of buy etc. there are many inaccurate word usages that make the statement unclear. For example, Once upon a time, entertainment films were collected spectators, equal to the beautiful hall of the Palace of Congresses. Student Belov won first place in English language. The painter was struck pose her face. Everything royal junk hated Pushkin.
The Russian language has a variety of single-root words that are similar in
education, but different in meaning and use. Their mixing
observed even in official speech. Similar cognates
formations are, for example, verbs introduce and provide.
Examples from newspapers, magazines confirm the inaccurate use of these
verbs. So, in the sentence: Once provided opportunity, now I will graze cows on rye. Incorrectly used verb (need: introduce yourself).
Likewise in the sentence: Provided manuscripts under the motto. (need: appear). To distinguish between these words, you need to know that the verb
provide it is important to give the opportunity to take advantage of something, and
introduce- to give, to give, to present something to someone. Often
words are misused heroism and heroics. Noun heroism
is combined mainly with an animate noun: heroism
Soviet people. Word heroism what matters is the ability to commit
feat. Word heroics used with an inanimate noun, the heroic content is the heroic side of something: heroism of revolution, heroism of communism, heroism of labor, struggle etc. Therefore, such a use of the word will be erroneous heroics: Fiery patriotism and high heroics(required: high heroism) rescuers. The words heroism and heroism are used as synonyms denoting courage courage: heroism of the defenders of the city. Words of the same root and different suffixes and prefixes are called paronyms. They differ in shades of meaning, for example, friendly, friendly; romantic, romantic; deed, misdeed; bone, bone; frontal, frontal
For example, friendly look, friendly visit; romantic evening, romantic person; a bold deed, a wicked deed. Very often in speech there is an erroneous use of the word fact and factor.
You should learn the meaning of the compared words: fact- something that really exists, a real event, phenomenon, case, etc.; factor- this is what contributes to the development, the existence of something, a driving force, an incentive.
For example, fact of economic development- presence, existence
economic development; economic development factor- phenomenon,
promoting economic development, stimulating it.
Words are often confused receiver and successor. When using these words, remember that successor- an animated noun, this is one who has received successively from someone any rights, social position, duties; the successor of someone's activity, any traditions. Receiver- this is an inanimate noun - a device for receiving, collecting something. The following use of the word is erroneous reception. The following use of the word receiver is erroneous: This allows newcomers to quickly find their place in the team, love it, become worthy receiver (need: successor) its good traditions.
The Russian language has the richest synonymy. Knowledge of the language allows you to choose the right word from the synonymous series and thereby achieve the accuracy of expression, strict correspondence of speech to the transmitted content. For example, words close in meaning cinema and movie. But the word cinema in modern Russian language matters theatre, in which films are shown, i.e. cinema, from here: to go to the cinema; cinema- cinematography as an art form, hence: cinema workers. They often say this: I am this cinema haven't seen it yet. me it cinema I do not like. In literary speech it is not recommended to use the word cinema meaning: film, picture.
It is very important to use synonymous words stylistically correctly. Of the violations of stylistic norms, the most common are cases of inappropriate use of stylistically colored words in neutral contexts.
For example, it is unlikely that anyone in colloquial speech will say: I ate with my wife. After all husband, spouse- the words are officially bookish, and they have a place in an official, solemn speech. The word is solemn spouse in literary and poetic texts. The stylistic coloring of these words is preserved in modern speech. Newspaper reports, business documents use the words husband, spouse, and in colloquial speech: wife husband.
V. V. Kolesov in his book "Culture of Speech - Culture of Behavior"
considers the numerous inaccuracies of oral speech due to
misuse of words. For example, what time, what time, what time is it now. Among these three options, the author calls the third one the most accurate, since the first two call time as a philosophical category, which has nothing to do with the content of the question. When a person wants to know the specific number of hours and minutes at a given moment, he must say what time it is. Also, the combinations are not quite correct: who is the last, who is the last, compared to a combination who is next (subsequent) . They contain a disrespectful, degrading title. The last version of the question is more precise and respectful.
Russian writers called for a struggle for the accuracy of speech. L.N. Tolstoy
wrote: “If I were a king, I would have issued a law that a writer who
used a word whose meaning he cannot explain, loses the right
write and receive a hundred blows of the rod. (Russian writers about language, 1955, p. 663).
Requirements for the accuracy of speech increase when they mean official, that is, business speech, scientific, journalistic speech. Accuracy in these styles is connected, first of all, with the accuracy of the use of terms and commonly used words. Thus, the accuracy of speech is, first of all, the appropriate use of words, in accordance with their meaning. It is based on the knowledge of paronyms, synonyms of the language and differences in their meaning and use.
One of the main qualities of a good speech is its wealth, or variety, primarily lexical. Vocabulary represents the basis for the richness of speech. It is known that people of different occupations and professions have different vocabulary, the language of classical writers is undoubtedly richer and more diverse than the language of the readers of their works. Along with the richness of the vocabulary, it is necessary to take into account the syntactic variety of speech, that is, the ability to include complex sentences of various types and simple ones in the text.
The richness of speech is manifested in the use of synonyms, antonyms, in
observance of certain rules, for example, the repetition in the text of words with the same root or the same word should be avoided. For example, depicted image, along with successes, a number of shortcomings were noted, the fighters united together. Eliminating superfluous words is also a necessary quality of rich speech. Combinations are redundant: contact number, message in report, illegal squandering other.
One of the qualities of good speech is its purity. Purity of speech
implies the absence in speech of elements alien to the literary language. What
violates the purity of speech? There are several inappropriate in the literary language
vernacular, jargon.
Dialectisms clog speech when they appear in written, oral
texts designed for general perception. In literary styles of speech:
business, journalistic, scientific - the dialect cannot be used
justified.
In this regard, it is convenient to recall the words of M. Gorky that one must write not in Vyatka, not in robes, one must write in Russian. (see Gorky M., 1953). We say that dialectisms violate the purity of literary speech, especially official speech, however, you should know that dialectisms are words characteristic of a certain environment. In the vernacular of a certain territory, they are not incorrect.
The folk dialect language is very expressive, it reflects the culture of the people. It is no coincidence that dialect words are skillfully used in M.A. Sholokhov, S. Yesenin, V.M. Shukshin and others, so, to characterize a sloppy person in the literary language, there are words: slob, dirty; and in dialects there are others more emotional and expressive: freak out, tear up(okaya dialects) or for a sluggish, slow person there are words: Lemzya, pentyuh, puffer, quietly, ocher, and the meaning to work out a lot, get tired is conveyed by such words as to snuggle up, to snuggle up, to snuggle up, to snuggle up, to snuggle up other. In Novgorod dialects there are a lot of words naming household items, for example, spade- shovel, loin- ladle, etc., the poetry of folk speech is conveyed not only in individual words, but also in stable phrases.
For example, eat logs- About a good appetite, where it puffed, there it breathed- About the little man. (NOS, 1992, pp. 118, 112).
N.V. spoke about the folk language. Gogol, which is expressed strongly by the Russian people! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and offspring, he will drag him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to Petersburg, and to the ends of the world ... Pronounced aptly, like writing, is not cut down with an ax. (See Russian writers about language.).
text, they become redundant and clog speech. They are used for
filling pauses, unnecessarily. These words are most often
words: so, you see, as a matter of fact, so to speak, etc.
In literary speech are not allowed colloquial words. Usually this
rude words of negative-evaluative content, characteristic of simple, laid-back speech common in everyday life. Explanatory dictionaries have
litter (colloquial, colloquial), that is, a colloquial word. Words with a mark (vulg.), that is, vulgar, are close to vernacular words, which means: this word, because of its rudeness, should not be used in literary speech. For example, n e christ- razg.-decrease. Cruel, unscrupulous, unjust person. (STSRYA, 2004, p. 412) or bottom about to- unfold Shop, pub in the lower basement of the building. (ibid., p. 413).
Clog literary speech and slang words, that is, words characteristic of a certain group of people (social, professional, etc.). These are usually distorted, incorrect words. There is a so-called youth jargon, thieves', theatrical, etc., in dictionaries such words can have a mark (slang, slang), which indicates the area in which the word is used.
The speech of modern youth is littered with vulgar, colloquial, slang words. K.I. wrote about this. Chukovsky in the book “Living Like Life”: “After all, vulgar words are the product of vulgar actions and thoughts, and therefore it is very difficult to imagine in advance what a loose, cheeky gait a young man will pass you, who went out to “throw down the street”, and when in the yard His sister ran up to him and said to her: Heel into the stratosphere". (Chukovsky, 1986, pp. 101-102).
However, there is another point of view, not so categorical. In the speech of adolescents, young people, words are used that are understandable to them in their communication, distinguishing them from other age groups, they are used to name quite decent phenomena and events, just such is the slang of youth. For the speech of an adult, they are inappropriate, in it they become verbal garbage.
However, it is completely unforgivable when a speech is replete with curses and one cannot agree with the presence of hooligan words in it. They insult the listeners. Thus, a condescending attitude towards foul language does not at all adorn both speakers and listeners; the struggle for the purity of the Russian language, its oral and written forms is, first of all, the education of literary speech.
Another problem of the purity of the language is connected with the exclusion from it. chancellery. Clericalism is a word or a combination of words and even a whole statement used in business documents as a stable stamp, template. In business papers, such stamps are necessary, documents require a stable rate. Any very frequently used words can turn into a stamp: dwell on a question, dwell on shortcomings, on academic performance, think over a question, raise a question, raise a question and others, such words are used from speech to speech, often losing their meaning, taking a distorted form. For example, combinations play the role and matter often mixed up: they say play a role and have a role, which is a speech error.
Chancery is formed when people speak in patterns, standards that are completely inappropriate in everyday everyday speech, which makes the language unemotional, inexpressive. Such clerical, bureaucratic speech is perfectly adapted to conceal the truth, it is devoid of true meaning.
Of course, they spoil the language, interfere with its expressiveness, which are widely used along with clericalism professional the words. In their standard, they are close to clericalism: entry is made through the gate, as you leave the house - immediately green array, you on what question cry boy. Such figures of speech penetrate our language from technical literature. G.Ya. speaks about this in detail. Solganik in his “Notes on the language of scientific and technical journals”: “as the scientific style developed, a fund of terms, special phrases of a professional nature, speech formulas gradually appeared, (clichés), for example,“ The tractor driver must make sure that there is no leakage of electrolyte from the cans»; « The shock wave can damage the glazing of buildings»; « Apartments have cross-ventilation»; « The development of the rural telephone network is based on the use of automated equipment"... (Solganik G.Ya., 1967, No. 5). This problem is not new for the literary language and culture of speech, but it is still relevant today.
According to many, another serious disease of the tongue is the excessive use of borrowed words. The use of foreign words conformism, discreteness, dominant, priority other). Composing phrases from foreign words also makes speech difficult and difficult to access ( methodological concept of aesthetic progress, real potential of the analytical method etc.). The use of such combinations is not justified from the point of view of the norm of the literary language and the purity of speech, and is mistakenly considered good form. Nowadays, many new, foreign words have come into the Russian language, many of them duplicate Russian synonyms: service - service, boss - manager, office - institution, review - review, hobby - hobby, distributor - distributor other.
At all times, the attitude towards the spread of borrowed words was different: some welcomed their spread, others considered it unacceptable to use foreign words in place of Russian synonyms. So, V.I. Dahl believed that there were enough words in the Russian language and they could not be replaced by foreign ones, he suggested that each borrowed word be made up of a Russian equivalent: climate - weather, address - slander, atmosphere - kolozemitsa, gymnastics - dexterity, gymnast - dexterity, automatic - self-engine, it is clear to us today that there are no such words in the modern Russian language, but this does not justify the influx of borrowed words, they should be used only when necessary.
These are the main signs of purity of speech. Another important quality is expressiveness. It's no secret that correct, grammatically flawless speech can be inexpressive.
Expressive speech is a speech that can maintain attention, arouse the listener's (or reader's) interest in what is said (written). The expressiveness of the speech of a teacher, speaker or diplomat is different, each of these types has its own means of expression. The expressiveness of a lawyer's speech is different than that of a student. All these types of speech are connected by only one function of expressiveness, it is to maintain the attention of listeners and influence them. What determines the expressiveness of speech? Needless to say, slurred, fuzzy speech cannot be expressive. Mastering the technique of speech is the basis of speech culture. The components of speech technique are diction, breathing, voice. Every word, and every sound in a word, must be pronounced clearly - this is the main requirement of diction.
Fuzzy, sloppy, illiterate speech is unpleasant in everyday life. It offends our hearing, our aesthetic sense. But it is already completely unacceptable for a lecturer. Can bad diction be corrected? Can. Disadvantages of diction (if they are not related to the shortcomings of the speech apparatus) are the result of a bad habit that has taken root since childhood to speak lazily, carelessly, sluggishly pronounce words. Therefore, in order to eliminate these shortcomings, it is necessary to control how you speak, lecturing, speaking at a meeting, in everyday life (whether you crumple words, don’t “swallow” endings, don’t you filter words through your teeth, etc.). Speakers who have special difficulties with diction, it is useful to engage in special exercises. Let's give examples of exercises.
Write the vowels in one row a, e, i, o, u. Substitute any consonants for them and clearly pronounce the syllables. Not bad if you follow the movement of your lips in front of a mirror. Exercise every day for 7-10 minutes.
A common exercise is the pronunciation of tongue twisters. It is important to learn the correct method of working on tongue twisters. In no case should you try to immediately pronounce them quickly. First, tongue twisters should be read as tongue twisters: very slowly and smoothly, very clearly pronounce each word, as if “sparing” it, and separate, especially difficult words in pronunciation, even by syllables. And only having achieved ease and clarity of pronunciation at a slow pace, gradually speed it up. When pronouncing a tongue twister, one should beware of mindless mechanical reading, one must speak meaningfully, showing one or another attitude to its content. Such exercises should be performed systematically for 7-10 minutes. For several months, at the same time controlling the clarity of speech in everyday life.
Here are some examples of tongue twisters that can be used to work on the pronunciation of individual sounds:
Laughed laughter with laughter: ha-ha-ha!
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
The weaver weaves fabrics for Tanya's scarves.
A wasp does not have a mustache, do not have a mustache, but a mustache.
Sasha hit a bump with his hat.
Questions of culture of communication cover not only oral speech, but also written. The qualities of good speech are most fully manifested in writing.
Vinokur T.G. in the article "Ten Commandments of the Culture of Speech Behavior" he names the basic rules of speech culture that contribute to the culture of communication. Here it is said that the broad concept of culture necessarily includes what is called the culture of communication, the culture of speech behavior, and ten commandments of the culture of speech behavior, or the culture of communication, are distinguished. We will list them, as they most fully reflect the implementation of all the qualities of good speech.
Avoid verbosity, try to do it in all cases of life.
Always know why you entered into a conversation, what is the purpose of your speech.
Speak not only briefly, but speak simply, clearly and as precisely as possible.
Avoid speech monotony; Choosing speech means, conform to the situation of speech. Remember that the position obliges, that in different situations different people listen to you and that in different situations you need to behave differently and speak differently.
Follow high standards, be able to distinguish them, look for exemplary speech, look for your ideal of a culture of speech behavior.
Own the culture of the language. This is the basis of the culture of speech behavior.
Remember that politeness and benevolence are the basis of the culture of speech behavior.
Practice the rules of polite communication.
Be able to not only speak, but also listen
Stand up for the right to violate any of these commandments if this violation will help you achieve special expressiveness of speech, will help you best perform the task for which you entered into the conversation.
A high culture of spoken and written speech, a good knowledge and flair for the native language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social and creative activities.
The culture of speech is a multi-valued concept. One of the main tasks of the culture of speech is the protection of the literary language, its norms. The literary language is what creates, of course, along with economic, political and other factors, the unity of the nation. Modern linguistics among the main features of the literary language calls the following properties:
1) the language of culture,
2) the language of the educated part of society,
3) consciously codified language.
The last - the conscious codification of the language, that is, the definition and legitimization of its norms - is the direct task of the culture of speech: with the advent of the literary language, the culture of speech also appears.
The culture of speech begins where the language, as it were, offers a choice for codification, and this choice is far from unambiguous. This suggests that the modern Russian language does not remain unchanged. One of the main tasks of the linguistic science of the culture of speech is to monitor the development and change of norms.
In addition to the normative and communicative aspects of the culture of speech, there is also an ethical one.
Ethical aspect speech culture is not always explicit. It is customary to distinguish six main functions of communication:
Designation of extralinguistic reality.
attitude towards reality.
Magic function.
poetic function.
metalinguistic function.
contact setting function.
The last function is the very fact of communication. The ethical side of speech comes to the fore. When meeting with an interlocutor, it is important to pay attention to him with a word, an appeal, no matter what topic, the very fact of communication matters. Thus, the culture of communication is directly related to the problems of the culture of speech, its main aspects. This is such a choice and such an organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communication goals.
LITERATURE
1. Vinokur T.G. Ten commandments of the culture of speech behavior // Russian Language, 2002, No. 31.
2. Gorky M. About literature. M., 1953
3. Kolesov V.V. The culture of speech is the culture of behavior. L., 1988
4. Lavrenko V.N. Social psychology and ethics of business communication. M., 1995
5. Mikhalskaya A. K. Fundamentals of rhetoric. M, 2001
6. We live among people. Code of Conduct. M., 1989
7. Novgorod Regional Dictionary. Novgorod, 1992. no. 2
8. Oganesyan S.S. Culture of speech communication // Russian language at school, 1998, No. 5
9. Russian writers about language. L., 1955
10. Skvortsov L.I. Language, communication and culture / / Russian language at school, 1994, No. 1
11. Solganik G.Ya. Notes on the language of scientific and technical journals / / Russian speech, 1967, No. 5
12. Formanovskaya N.I. Culture of communication and speech etiquette // Russian language at school, 1993, No. 5
13. Chukovsky K. I. Live like life. - M., 1986
14. Shiryaev E.N. What is the culture of speech // Russian speech, 1991, No. 5
TEST QUESTIONS
1. What qualities of a good speech do you know?
2. What clogs our speech and lowers its cultural level?
3. What are the main commandments of the culture of speech behavior.
4. What is the ethical aspect of the culture of speech?
school speech language interaction
Speech interaction is a very complex phenomenon. On the one hand, it is speaking, the generation of speech by the subject. On the other hand, the perception of speech by the addressee, understanding of its content, evaluation of the information received and response (verbally, facial expressions, gestures, behavior).
Speech interaction is distinguished by the following specific features:
1. The unit of speech interaction is considered to be the so-called dialogic unity (N. Yu. Shvedova), i.e., a set of two adjacent replicas in a dialogue, connected situationally. The term "dialogical unity" is very common, so it is important from a methodological point of view to note that the unity of neighboring replicas in a dialogue is momentary, due to this particular situation, and not permanent.
This feature requires that the linguistic basis for teaching speech interaction should not be separate phrases, but dialogic units (macrodialogue). Methodists raise the question that it is necessary to identify dialogical units and organize them according to structural and semantic types.
2. Speech interaction is not only questions and answers. For example, there are conversations where there is not a single question.
And some teachers think that it is possible to teach speech interaction only with the help of question-answer exercises. In training, all possible connections should be used.
- 3. Replicas of speech interaction are characterized by ellipses, dislocations (permutations of words, parts of a phrase). This is due to the fact that it is to a very large extent situational and, therefore, does not need such a strict organization. From this follows the conclusion that it is necessary to consider it appropriate to teach short, incomplete answers and even questions.
- 4. In speech interaction, many so-called clichés are used, colloquial formulas such as "Well, okay", "It's not worth it", "Yes, you're right", etc. They make dialogic communication emotional, expressive. The conclusion suggests itself: as often as possible, include all kinds of clichés in the exercises.
- 5. Psychologically, verbal interaction is also different in that the replica of each partner depends on the verbal behavior of the other. This entails the need for a quick response, which should also be taught.
Teaching speech interaction is only one of the tasks of learning, and, accordingly, the strategy of teaching speech interaction is a particular strategy in relation to the general strategy of teaching communication. Therefore, it cannot play the same role throughout the entire learning process, where exercises conducted in a dialogic form are used. In various areas of work on speech material, this methodological task may acquire a different status. This gives us the right to distinguish two stages in teaching speech interaction: non-special and special: 1. at the non-special stage, teaching dialogic communication is such a task as the formation of grammatical and the formation of lexical skills or as the improvement of skills; 2. at a special stage, training in actual speech interaction is provided. It acts here as the main methodological task and is correlated in the cycle of lessons with the stage of development of speech skills.
It is advisable to distinguish between a special and non-special stage in the strategy of teaching speech interaction. But there are a number of more specific skills, without which speech interaction is unthinkable. Let's characterize them briefly.
- 1) Awareness and the ability to clearly define their speech task is due to the fact that, entering into communication, the student must clearly know what he wants to achieve: to persuade, convince, inform, etc. It is the speech task that determines the functional nature of the dialogue. And each replica of the dialogue should be functionally adequate to this general task. Students who are not aware of their speech task, who are not able to determine it, often do not know what to talk about. Educational dialogues in this case are short, not logical enough, strained.
- 2) The ability to plan the course of a conversation lies in the fact that each of the participants in communication organizes a chain of their remarks in a dialogue in such a way as to achieve the implementation of their task in the best way, taking into account the likely reaction of the partner. The ability to outline one's strategic line in dialogical communication in a foreign language corresponds to a similar ability in communication in one's native language, but the content-semantic side of planning in these two cases correlates with the form of different languages.
- 3) In real dialogical communication, the partner’s remark may correspond to a greater or lesser extent to the predicted one or not at all. This forces the speaker to partially spontaneous restructuring of his program in the course of communication.
- 4) The ability to seize and intercept the initiative of communication is due to the fact that at each section of the dialogue the initiative may be in the hands of one of the interlocutors, whose speech task is leading at that time. Often the tasks of both partners do not coincide.
In order to solve his problem, the speaker must be able to seize the initiative and keep it until the goal is achieved. After that, the initiative can be intercepted by his speech partner. Knowledge of the rules for capturing and intercepting the initiative - the corresponding skills play an important role in teaching speech interaction.
5) With the ability to capture and intercept the initiative, such an important skill of speech etiquette is associated as the ability to provide a partner with the opportunity to realize his speech task, to assist him.
These five skills relate to the structure of the dialogue as a whole. The systematic development of these skills is possible at a special stage of teaching dialogic communication, where the student does not deal with micro-dialogues at the level of two or three replicas, but with larger dialogic texts, within which there is a need for strategic planning, capturing and intercepting the initiative, etc. P.
The following three skills can be developed at both the micro and macro level.
- 6) The ability to respond adequately to the situation to the interlocutor's cue is associated with the choice of such a speech act that would be combined with the functional orientation of the cue-stimulus in accordance with the situation.
- 7) The ability to provoke this or that speech act is due to the fact that the speaker must be able to give such stimulus replicas that could be followed by response replicas of the desired functional orientation.
- 8) The ability of functional manipulation within one replica at the level of several speech acts is associated with the ability to deliver common, complex replicas.
The formation of speech etiquette skills can act both as the main and as an accompanying task in exercises for teaching speech interaction. Further development of these skills takes place at a special stage of teaching speech interaction.
Thus, the strategy of teaching speech interaction consists in the consistent formation of private skills at the non-special and special stages, followed by the transition to improving these skills and, finally, to their development in the process of teaching speech interaction proper at a special stage in the cycle of lessons.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Introduction
Speech communication. Types of communication
Speech interaction
Speech situation
speech event
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Communication gives a person the opportunity to reveal their feelings, experiences, talk about joys and sorrows, about ups and downs. Communication for a person is his habitat. Without communication, the formation of a person's personality, his upbringing, and the development of intellect are not possible.
Mastering the art of communication is necessary for every person, regardless of what type of activity he is engaged in or will be engaged in.
At first glance, it seems that the content of the concept of “Communication” is clear to everyone and no special explanation is required. Meanwhile, communication is a very complex process of interaction between people. As A. A. Leontiev argues, in the modern science of communication there is a huge number of mismatched definitions of this concept. This is due to the poly-systemic and multifaceted nature of the phenomenon.
The problems of communication are dealt with by representatives of different sciences - philosophers, psychologists, linguists, sociologists, culturologists, etc. Each of them considers communication from the position of their science, highlights specific aspects for study and, accordingly, forms a definition.
Human communication, according to researchers, consists of two-thirds of verbal communication. It is with the help of speech that communication between people most often occurs. Human speech activity is the most complex and most widespread. Without it, no other activity is possible, it precedes, accompanies, and sometimes forms, forms the basis of any other human activity. The peculiarity of speech activity lies in the fact that it always includes in a wider system of activity as a necessary and interdependent component.
The success of any professional activity depends on how skillfully speech activity is carried out. Many linguistic disciplines are engaged in the study of speech communication: the theory of speech influence, the theory of speech acts (TRA), pragmatics, psycholinguistics, and the culture of speech.
Objective:
Show all the components of verbal communication and reveal their concepts
Speech communication. Types of communication
speech communication utterance discourse
Speech communication is an objective, purposeful and complete nature of the speech interaction of people, the process of exchanging thoughts, information, ideas through language, aimed at realizing a specific target setting.
Communication - a natural human habitat, which is a process of interaction between individuals and social groups, in which there is an exchange of information of various kinds (intellectual, spiritual, material, emotional, etc.); the formation of a person's personality, his upbringing, intellectual and spiritual development, adaptation to human society, to life.
The functions of communication, according to the classification of L. Karpenko, are the following:
contact - establishing contact between communication partners, readiness to receive and transmit information;
informational - obtaining new information;
incentive - stimulation of the activity of a communication partner, directing him to perform certain actions;
coordination - mutual orientation and coordination of actions to organize joint activities;
achievement of mutual understanding - adequate perception of the meaning of the message, understanding by partners of each other;
exchange of emotions - excitation in the partner of the necessary emotional experiences;
establishing relationships - awareness of one's place in the system of role, status, business and other relations of society;
exerting influence - changing the state of a communication partner - his behavior, intentions, opinions, decisions, and other things.
Types of communication: verbal and non-verbal, interpersonal, group and mass, contact and distant, official and informal
Verbal and non-verbal means of communication.
Verbal communication(sign) is carried out with the help of words. Verbal means of communication include human speech. Communication experts estimate that a modern person pronounces approximately 30,000 words a day, or more than 3,000 words per hour.
Non-verbal communication- this is interaction between individuals without the use of words (transmission of information or influence on each other through images, intonations, gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, changes in the mise-en-scene of communication), that is, without speech and language means presented in a direct or some symbolic form.
interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication is carried out among a small number of people - usually consider communication between two, three or four people. Its fundamental feature is the possibility of a real dialogue. All participants can participate in communication on an equal footing.
Group and mass communication
Level group communication often divided into at least two categories - personal-group and intergroup communication. A lecturer in an audience of students, a politician on a podium, a pianist in a concert hall, an official giving a press conference - all these are examples of personal-group communication. In this case, one person (lecturer, politician, pianist, official) broadcasts meanings in one form or another to a certain group of people (students, rally participants, the audience in a concert hall, journalists at a press conference, etc.).
Intergroup communication assumes that one group of people conveys meaning to another group of people. A theater troupe or an orchestra on stage, several representatives of a political party at a rally, a group of top managers at a general meeting of shareholders are examples of intergroup communication.
Level mass communication suggests that the audience is no longer tens and hundreds, but thousands or even millions of participants. To carry out such communication, the natural data of a person is no longer enough. No matter how loud a person’s voice is, he will not be able to speak directly to a million audience. Therefore, at the level of mass communication, another fundamental quality or, if you like, a condition arises - the presence of special technical devices that make it possible to strengthen the communication process.
Contact and distance communication
These types of communication reflect the position of the communicants relative to each other in space and time,
At contact communication interaction occurs simultaneously, partners are next to each other, as a rule, they see and hear each other, therefore contact communication is almost always oral. This makes it possible to communicate using not only verbal, but also non-verbal means.
Distant communication occurs when partners are separated by space and time. For example, reading a book assumes that the author is separated from the reader by both. Sometimes participants in communication are separated by one of these components of the situation: for example, space (they are talking on the phone or having a dialogue on the Internet) or time (they are exchanging notes in the audience).
Formal and informal communication
Official (official) communication- this is interaction in a strict business environment, therefore, in compliance with all rules and formalities.
Official communication takes place in the sphere of production and business relations, i.e. where it is possible for a person to perform a particular position (boss, subordinate, colleague, representative of authority, etc.).
Unofficial, i.e. private, communication, flows more freely and obeys only the general laws of speech interaction.
Basic units of verbal communication.
Researchers distinguish the following elements of verbal communication:
Speech interaction (statements, text);
speech situation;
speech event.
Speech interaction
Speech interaction is a very complex phenomenon. To understand its essence, first of all, one should understand what speech activity is, how it proceeds, under what conditions it is possible, what is necessary for its implementation.
By nature, a person is endowed with a speech and thinking apparatus, without which speech activity would be impossible. To engage in speech activity, a person must have the ability to think, speak, must feel the desire to realize his thought, to transfer it to another.
Speech activity is social in nature, since it is part of a person's social activity. The social nature of speech activity is also manifested in the fact that a team is required for its implementation. In the process of speech interaction of subjects, their thinking, will, emotions, knowledge, memory are involved - speech-cogitative, modal (volitional), emotional, intentional (intentional), cognitive (conceptual) spheres.
Speech activity is a process that develops, is formed from individual acts. Their nature and content depend on the various situations in which a person finds himself.
Speech situations are varied, but the stages of speech activity are basically the same. In whatever speech situation a person finds himself, if he strives to succeed, achieve a goal, draw attention to himself, he must first of all orient himself in the current situation, realize what can lead to success, what should be guided by.
Speech, utterance is a product of speech activity, its generation. Speech activity most often pursues some goal, so the result is important. He is judged by feedback, by how they perceive what was said, how they react to it.
The study of speech activity is organically connected with psychology, psychophysiology, and sociology. In the speech environment, various aspects are studied that correspond to the goal set by the speakers: informative, prescriptive (impact on the addressee), expressive (expression of emotions, assessments), interpersonal (regulation of relations between interlocutors), playful (appeal to aesthetic perception, imagination, sense of humor) and others
Speech situation
The speech situation, i.e., the situation that constitutes the context of the utterance generated in the speech act, plays an important role in speech communication.
It should be borne in mind that the statement is made in a certain place at a certain time and has a certain set of participants - this is the speaker and the listener. Accordingly, the main components of the speech situation include the speaker and the listener, the time and place of the utterance.
The speech situation helps to understand the meaning of the message, concretizes the meaning of a number of grammatical categories, for example, the category of time, pronominal (deictic) words like, you, this, now, here, there, etc. The speech situation dictates the rules of conversation and determines the forms of its expression.
It must be taken into account that statements, along with their own semantic meaning (direct meaning), have a pragmatic meaning, due to the speech situation. Statements in which the semantic meaning diverges from the pragmatic one are called indirect. Indirect statements are widely used in speech. They make speech more expressive, compressed, allow you to convey a variety of expressive shades. The meaning of indirect statements is clear only in the context of a speech situation.
There are canonical and non-canonical speech situations.
Canonical situations are considered when the time of pronunciation (the time of the speaker) is synchronous with the time of his perception (the time of the listener), i.e. the moment of speech is determined; when the speakers are in the same place and each sees the same as the other; when the addressee is a specific person, etc.
non-canonical situations are characterized by the following moments: the time of the speaker, i.e., the time of pronouncing the statement, may not coincide with the time of the addressee, i.e., the time of perception (writing situation); the statement may not have a specific addressee (a situation of public speaking), etc. Deictic words in such situations are used differently. If, for example, a telephone speaker uses the word "here", then he refers only to his space. In a letter, the subject of speech with the word "now" defines only his time, and not the time of the addressee.
speech event
A speech event is understood as a discourse taking place in the context of a speech situation.
Discourse (from the French discours - speech) is a text associated with it in conjunction with extralinguistic - pragmatic, sociocultural, psychological, and other factors; text taken in the event aspect.
Discourse is various types of speech practice: everyday dialogue, interview, lecture, conversation, negotiations, etc., i.e. speech immersed in life.
Discourse includes paralinguistic accompaniment of speech (facial expressions, gestures)
A speech event, as follows from the definition, includes two main components:
1) verbal speech (what is said, reported) and what accompanies it (discourse);
2) the conditions, the environment in which speech communication takes place between the participants, including the participants themselves, which significantly affect the speech event (speech situation).
A speech event is the basic unit of speech communication. It is easiest to give an example of a standard speech event. You enter a bakery. Watch what the cashier says.
[Seller]: To you? (You?)
[Customer]: I have two white ones and a black one.
[Seller]: The amount is called.
[Buyer]: Thank you.
A speech event is a kind of complete whole with its form, structure, boundaries. A school lesson is also a speech event.
From what has been said, it is clear that a speech event consists of two main components:
Firstly, this is what is said, communicated, and what it is accompanied by (facial expressions, gestures, etc.) - the flow of speech behavior;
Secondly, these are the conditions, the environment in which verbal communication takes place.
The first component of a speech event - this is the flow of speech behavior - consists of:
1) the words themselves - “what can be written down on paper”;
2) the sound of speech (its acoustics): loudness, pitch of voice change, etc.
3) significant movements of the face and body;
4) how partners, talking to each other, use the space.
Conclusion
Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. A prerequisite for successful communication is the interest of the interlocutors in communication, attunement to the world of the addressee, the ability to penetrate the communicative intent of the speaker, etc. Therefore, the central concept of the success of verbal communication is the concept of language competence, which involves knowledge of the rules of grammar and vocabulary, the ability to express meaning with all possible ways, knowledge of socio-cultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows you to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker's intention and, finally, makes it possible to understand and present information individually.
Bibliography
1. Rus. lang. and culture of speech: Textbook / edited by V. I. Maksimov. - M., 2001
2. Rus. lang. and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / ed. V. D. Gornyak. - M.; higher school, 2002
3. Rus. lang. and culture of speech / ed. Vedenskaya, Pavlova, Kashaeva. - Rostov - on - Don., 2001
Hosted on Allbest.ru
...Similar Documents
Strategies and tactics of verbal communication within the framework of verbal communication, methods of influencing a communication partner, manipulation techniques and operations on statements. Speech communication and interaction, speech impact from the point of view of cognitive science.
abstract, added 08/14/2010
Psychological features of speech activity in a foreign language. Models of speech utterance formation. The concept of attitude in psychology. Analysis of the influence of a communicative attitude on the process of forming a speech statement in English.
thesis, added 11/25/2011
Speech interaction, the role of words and speech in the life of society, the facts of the social and political significance of the language. The concept of a speech event as the main unit of communication, its characteristics. The main features of the speech situation, speech etiquette and rhetoric.
lecture, added 04/25/2010
The study of the composition of personal and spiritual contradictions as the main causes of family conflicts. The study of the speech specifics of conflict communication in the family as a small social group. Analysis of the specifics of verbal communication under conditions of emotional stress.
article, added 07/29/2013
Speech etiquette as a sign system in the structure of speech activity. Expressives with evaluative adjectives, nouns and verbs aller, avoir. The concept of illocutionary purpose. Performative acts of utterance. Non-verbal context of a compliment.
thesis, added 10/14/2014
The concept and main types of speech behavior. Speech behavior in interpersonal and socially oriented communication, its importance for intercultural communication. Features of verbal and non-verbal behavior of different peoples in communicative situations.
term paper, added 05/17/2012
Components of the accuracy of speech: the ability to think clearly, knowledge of the subject of speech and the meaning of the words used in speech. Speech etiquette as a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication. Interaction of speech and behavioral etiquette.
abstract, added 03/15/2015
The concept of speech genre and its constitutive features. Determining the boundaries and integrity of the statement according to M.M. Bakhtin, the concept of composition as the most important aspect of the speech genre. The study of cognitive processes of consciousness in the perception of a speech genre.
abstract, added 08/22/2010
The use of the term "discourse" and approaches to its definition. Speech act as a unit of discourse, its participants and circumstances of speech. Characteristics, structure and types of the speech act of denial. Ways of expressing verbal negation in English.
abstract, added 12/13/2013
The importance of intercultural communication in all areas of practical activity. Peculiarities of ethnocentrism for different cultures. The specifics of verbal communication at work in different cultures. Cultural specificity of speech behavior in a conflict situation.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground