Speech: classification of speech, types and styles of speech. Speech: properties of speech

§ 2. Oral and written forms of speech

General characteristics of speech forms

Speech communication occurs in two forms - oral and written. They are in a complex unity and in social and speech practice they occupy an important and approximately the same place in their significance. And in the sphere of production, and in the spheres of management, education, jurisprudence, art, in the media, both oral and written forms of speech take place. In conditions of real communication, their constant interaction and interpenetration is observed. Any written text can be voiced, i.e. read aloud, and oral text can be recorded using technical means. There are such genres of writing as. for example, dramaturgy, oratorical works, which are intended specifically for subsequent dubbing. And vice versa, literary works widely use techniques of “oral” stylization: dialogic speech, in which the author seeks to preserve the features inherent in spontaneous oral speech, monologue reasoning of characters in the first person, etc. The practice of radio and television led to the creation of a peculiar form oral speech, in which oral and voiced written speech constantly coexist and interact (for example, television interviews).

The basis of both written and oral speech is literary speech, which acts as the leading form of existence of the Russian language. Literary speech is speech designed for a conscious approach to the system of means of communication, in which orientation is carried out on certain standardized patterns. It is such a means of communication, the norms of which are fixed as forms of exemplary speech, i.e. they are fixed in grammars, dictionaries, textbooks. The dissemination of these norms is promoted by the school, cultural institutions, mass media. Literary speech is characterized by universality in the field of functioning. On its basis, scientific essays, journalistic works, business writing, etc. are created.

However, oral and written forms of speech are independent, have their own characteristics and features.

Oral speech

Oral speech is a sounding speech functioning in the sphere of direct communication, and in a broader sense, it is any sounding speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that are the result of the complex activity of the human pronunciation organs. Rich intonation possibilities of oral speech are associated with this phenomenon. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, the duration, increase or slowdown in the rate of speech, and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such an intonational variety of speech that it can convey all the richness of human feelings, experiences, moods, etc.

Perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both auditory and visual channels. Therefore, oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (alert or open, etc.), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and the listener, facial expressions and gestures. So, a gesture can be likened to a pointing word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting (while gestures have a national and cultural specificity, therefore, it is necessary to use them, especially in oral business and scientific speech, carefully). All these linguistic and extralinguistic means increase the semantic significance and emotional richness of oral speech.

Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature unfolding in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. It is impossible to return to some moment of oral speech again, and because of this, the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, i.e., he thinks as if “on the go”, therefore, oral speech may be characterized by unevenness, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units, for example. "The director called. Delayed. Will be in half an hour. Start without it"(message from the secretary of the director to the participants of the production meeting) On the other hand, the speaker must take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention, to arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech, intonational highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions appear; “The department / did a lot of work / during the year / yes / I must say / big and important / / Both educational, and scientific, and methodological / / Well / educational / everyone knows / / Is it necessary in detail / educational / / No / / Yes / I also think / don't / / "

Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation). Prepared speech is distinguished by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized”, to resemble direct communication.

Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral statement (the main unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as you realize what is said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, there are many pauses in unprepared oral speech, and the use of pause fillers (words like uh, hmm) allows the speaker to think about the future. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phrase-logical levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words for an adequate expression of thought. The phonetic and morphological levels of the language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms, are not controlled, they are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical accuracy, even the presence of speech errors, a short sentence length, limiting the complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and adverbial phrases, dividing a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones. Participial and participial phrases are usually replaced by complex sentences, verbs are used instead of verbal nouns, inversion is possible.

As an example, here is an excerpt from a written text: “Slightly digressing from domestic issues, I would like to note that, as the modern experience of the Scandinavian region and a number of other countries has shown, the point is not at all in the monarchy, not in the form of a political organization, but in the division of political power between the state and society”("Star". 1997, No. 6). When this fragment is reproduced orally, for example, at a lecture, it will, of course, be changed and may take approximately the following form: “If we digress from domestic problems, we will see that the matter is not at all in the monarchy, it is not in the form of political organization. The whole point is how to share power between the state and society. And this is confirmed today by the experience of the Scandinavian countries.”

Oral speech, like written speech, is normalized and regulated, but the norms of oral speech are completely different. "Many so-called flaws in oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, weak structure, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - is a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication" *. The listener cannot keep in mind all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account, then his speech will be understood and comprehended. Unlike written speech, which is built in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative attachments.

* Bubnova G. I. Garbovsky N. K. Written and oral communications: Syntax and prosody M, 1991. P. 8.

The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, however, it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial everyday style of speech. The following functional varieties of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech has an impact on all varieties of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author's "I", the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, even colloquial elements are used.

As an example, here is an excerpt from an interview with the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Russia: “Of course, there are exceptions... We were approached by the mayor of Izhevsk with a claim to recognize the law adopted by the republican authorities as unconstitutional. And the court indeed recognized some articles as such. Unfortunately, at first this irritated the local authorities, to the point that, they say, as it was, so it will be, no one orders us. Then, as they say, "heavy artillery" was launched: the State Duma got involved. The President of Russia issued a decree ... There was a lot of noise in the local and central press ”(Business people. 1997. No. 78).

This fragment also contains conversational particles. or, say, and colloquial and phraseological expressions at first, no one ordered us, as they say, there was a big noise, expression heavy artillery figuratively, and inversion issued a decree. The number of conversational elements is determined by the characteristics of a particular communicative situation. For example, the speech of a speaker leading a meeting in the State Duma and the speech of a leader leading a production meeting will, of course, be different. In the first case, when the meetings are broadcast on radio and television to a huge audience, one must be especially careful in choosing the spoken language units.

Written speech

Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to fix sound language (and, accordingly, sound speech). On the other hand, writing is an independent communication system, which, performing the function of fixing oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions. Written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person, expands the scope of human communication, breaks the boundaries of direct

environment. Reading books, historical documents of different times of peoples, we can touch the history and culture of all mankind. It was thanks to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of Ancient Egypt, the Sumerians, Incas, Mayans, etc.

Historians of writing argue that writing has gone a long way of historical development from the first notches on trees, rock paintings to the sound-letter type that most people use today, that is, written speech is secondary to oral speech. The letters used in writing are the signs by which the sounds of speech are indicated. The sound shells of words and parts of words are represented by combinations of letters, and knowledge of the letters allows them to be reproduced in sound form, that is, to read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to segment speech: dots, commas, dashes correspond to the intonational pause in oral speech. This means that letters are the material form of written speech.

The main function of written speech is the fixation of oral speech, which has the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people in cases where when direct communication is impossible when they are separated by space, that is, they are located in different geographical points, and time. Since ancient times, people, not being able to communicate directly, exchanged letters, many of which have survived to this day, having overcome the barrier of time. The development of such technical means of communication as the telephone has to some extent reduced the role of writing. But the advent of the fax, and now the spread of the Internet system, which helps to overcome space, has again activated the written form of speech. The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time.

Written speech unfolds not in a temporary, but in a static space, which gives the writer the opportunity to think through speech, return to what has already been written, and rebuild sentences. and parts of the text, replace words, clarify, carry out a long search for a form of expression of thought, refer to dictionaries and reference books. In this regard, the written form of speech has its own characteristics. Written speech uses a bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. The word order in a sentence is fixed, inversion (change in word order) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example, in texts of an official business style of speech, it is unacceptable. The sentence, which is the main unit of written speech, expresses complex logical and semantic connections through syntax, therefore, as a rule, written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. When combining sentences into paragraphs, each of these are strictly related to the preceding and subsequent context.

Let us analyze from this point of view an excerpt from the reference manual by V. A. Krasilnikov "Industrial architecture and ecology":

“The negative impact on the natural environment is expressed in the ever-increasing expansion of territorial resources, including sanitary gaps, in emissions of gaseous, solid and liquid wastes, in the release of heat, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, in changes in landscapes and microclimate, often in their aesthetic degradation ".

This one simple sentence contains a large number of homogeneous terms: in ever-increasing expansion, in emissions, in excretion, in change; heat, noise, vibration etc., adverbial turnover including..., participle increasing those. characterized by the features mentioned above.

Written speech is focused on perception by the organs of vision, therefore it has a clear structural and formal organization: it has a pagination system, division into sections, paragraphs, a system of links, font selection, etc.

“The most common form of non-tariff restriction of foreign trade is a quota, or contingent. Quota is a restriction in quantitative or value terms of the volume of products allowed to be imported into the country (import quota) or exported from the country (export quota) for a certain period.

This passage uses bolding, explanations, given in brackets. Often each subtopic of the text has its own subheading. For example, the above quotation opens part Quoting, one of the sub-themes of the text "Foreign trade policy: non-tariff methods of regulation of international trade" (ME and MO. 1997. No. 12). You can return to a complex text more than once, think about it, comprehend what was written, being able to look through one or another passage of the text with your eyes.

Written speech is different in that the very form of speech activity reflects the conditions and purpose of communication, for example, a work of art or a description of a scientific experiment, a vacation statement or an informational message in a newspaper. Consequently, written speech has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of language tools that are used to create a particular text that reflects the typical features of a particular functional style. The written form is the main form of the existence of speech in the scientific, journalistic; official business and artistic styles.

Thus, speaking about the fact that verbal communication occurs in two forms - oral and written, one must bear in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity lies in the fact that these forms of speech have a common basis - the literary language and in practice they occupy approximately an equal place. The differences come down most often to the means of expression. Oral speech is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbal, it uses a certain amount of “own” language means, it is more tied to the conversational style. The letter uses alphabetic, graphic designations, more often bookish language with all its styles and features, normalization and formal organization.

a productive type of speech activity in which information is transmitted using speech sounds. U. r. - living speech, which is not only pronounced, sounds, but - most importantly - is created in a matter of seconds, at the moment of speaking. This is a created, spoken speech. To characterize it, the expression living word is often used. (By the way, in the 1920s there was even an Institute of the Living Word in our country.) U. r. should not be confused with voiced writing, which occurs when reading aloud or reciting a written source by heart. In the conditions of U. r., as a rule, there is a direct addressee of the speech, which makes it possible for the speaker to take into account the immediate reaction of the listeners. It is necessary to note the following features of oral speech: 1) redundancy (repetitions of what has been said, various clarifications, explanations, etc.); 2) economy (when the speaker does not name, skips something that is easy to guess; 3) interruptions (self-interrupting) (when the speaker, without finishing the sentence he has begun, starts another, when he makes corrections, clarifications to what was said, etc. ); 4) the use of non-verbal means of communication: loudness, flexibility of voice, gestures, facial expressions, etc. There are the following genres of U. p. (only literary speech is considered). In a conversational style: 1) a conversation in the family or with friends, acquaintances; 2) an anecdote; 3) a story about yourself. U. r. used in all four varieties of book style: 1) report, discussion speech - scientific style; 2) report - business style; 3) parliamentary speech, reportage, interview, discussion speech - journalistic style; 4) a story from the stage (for example, I. Andronikov) - the style of fiction. Unlike written speech, where planning and control of the utterance plays an important role, the degree of preparedness of U. r. depends on different speech situations. Worth noting is the so-called spontaneous genres, which are not prepared in advance, when the content, structure, and form of presentation are not thought out. This is a conversation in the family, with friends, acquaintances, interviews (without pre-composed questions), speaking in a debate. In addition to the unprepared, there is a partially prepared U. r., when the content and purpose of the statement are mainly thought out. This is a business conversation, i.e. a conversation with an official, as a rule, in an official setting, an interview (with pre-prepared questions), a speech in a debate, an anniversary public speech, a scientific report, etc. And, finally, there is a prepared U . R. The following so-called verbal-spontaneous genres are distinguished (the verbal expression is not thought out, the main thing is not thought out, what will be done and in what sequence). This is a lecture, oral summarizing, an opponent's speech in a discussion, a public anniversary speech, a scientific report, etc. In educational activities, such genres of verbal speech as a conversation, lecture, report, speech in a debate, and less often an interview are used. Lit .: Melibruda E.Ya. I-you-we: Psychological opportunities for improving communication. - M., 1986; Odintsov V.V. Speech formulas of popularization. - M., 1982; Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. - Saratov, 1992; Varieties of urban oral speech. - M., 1988; Sokolov V.V. Culture of speech and culture of communication. - M., 1995. L.E. Tumina 261

Initially, there was only oral, that is, sounding, speech. Then special signs were created, and written speech appeared. However, the difference between these methods of communication lies not only in the means used, but also in many other ways. Let's take a closer look at the difference between written and spoken language.

Definition

Written speech- a graphic system that serves to consolidate and transmit information, one of the ways the language exists. Written speech is presented, for example, in books, personal and business letters, office documents.

Oral speech- a form of language expressed in spoken and perceived by ear utterances. Communication using oral speech can occur through direct contact (friendly conversation, teacher's explanations in the lesson) or indirectly (telephone conversation).

Comparison

Deployment

Written speech is characterized as contextual. That is, all the necessary information is contained only in the text itself. Such speech is often addressed to an unknown reader, in which case one cannot count on supplementing the content with details that are usually understood without words in direct contact. Therefore, written speech appears in a more expanded form. It most fully reveals all the essential points, describes the nuances.

Oral speech most often involves the unification of interlocutors in a specific situation that is understandable to both of them. In this state of affairs, many details remain unsaid. After all, if you say out loud what is already obvious, the speech will turn out to be boring, even tedious, unreasonably long, pedantic. In other words, oral speech is situational in nature, and therefore it is less developed than written speech. Often, in such communication, only a hint is enough to understand each other.

Applied means

The difference between written speech and oral speech is that the writer does not have the opportunity to influence the addressee by means that the speaker has in his arsenal. The expressiveness of written texts is ensured by the use of punctuation marks, font changes, the use of paragraphs, and so on.

In oral communication, much can be shown by intonation, gaze, facial expressions, and various gestures. For example, saying “goodbye” in one situation can mean “see you, I’ll be waiting”, and in another - “everything is over between us”. In a conversation, even a pause can be significant. And sometimes it happens that the delivered speech shocks the listeners, and the same words, simply written down on paper, make absolutely no impression.

Construction features

Thoughts in the letter should be presented in an extremely understandable form. After all, if in a conversation the listener has the opportunity to ask again, and the speaker - to explain and clarify something, then such a direct regulation of written speech is not feasible.

Written language requires spelling and syntax. It also has a stylistic component. For example, in a speech addressed to the listener, the use of incomplete sentences is allowed, since the rest is dictated by the situation, and incomplete constructions in writing are in many cases considered a mistake.

Possibility of reflection

All responsibility for the content of the written text lies with the author. But at the same time, he has more time to think over phrases, correct them, and supplement them. This largely applies to such varieties of oral speech as a report and a lecture, which are also prepared in advance.

Meanwhile, colloquial speech is carried out at a certain moment of communication and is aimed at specific listeners. These conditions sometimes cause difficulties for the speaker. Inability to express thoughts, ignorance of what should be said further, the desire to correct what has already been said, as well as the desire to express everything at once, leads to noticeable errors. This is the discontinuity of speech or, on the contrary, the inseparability of phrases, unnecessary repetition of words, incorrect stresses. As a result, the content of the speech may not be fully understood.

Duration of existence

Consider the difference between written and oral speech regarding the duration of each of them. Let's turn to writing. Its important property is that the text after writing will exist for a long time regardless of the presence of the author. Even if the writer is no longer alive, important information will reach the reader.

It is precisely the fact that the passage of time does not affect writing that gives mankind the opportunity to pass on accumulated knowledge from generation to generation and preserve history in the annals. Meanwhile, oral speech lives only at the moment of sounding. The presence of the author is obligatory. The exception is statements recorded on media.

The literary language is the highest form of the national language and the basis of the culture of speech. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, legislation, culture, verbal art, office work, interethnic communication, everyday communication.

A distinctive feature of the literary language is also the presence of two forms of speech utterance:
- oral speech,
- written language.

Their names indicate that oral speech is sounding, and written speech is graphically fixed. This is their main difference.

The second difference is related to the time of occurrence: oral speech appeared earlier. For the appearance of a written form, it was necessary to create graphic signs that would convey the elements of sounding speech. For languages ​​that do not have a written language, the oral form is the only form of their existence.

The third difference is related to the genesis of development: oral speech is primary, and written speech is secondary, because, according to Christian Winkler, writing is an auxiliary tool that overcomes the inconsistency of the sound of speech.

The English parliamentarian Fox used to ask his friends if they had read his published speeches: “Did the speech read well? Then that's bad speech!"

The perception of these two forms of utterance differs from each other and is situational and personal in nature. In the opinion of Heinz Kühn: "Some amazingly well-sounding speeches, if we read them the next day in newspapers or in parliamentary minutes, would have perished in the ashes of oblivion." Karl Marx, for example, had great mental acuity but was not a good speaker. "Written" can be rich in meaning; in extreme cases, if the thought is not clear, you can repeat the reading. “Speech is not writing,” the aesthetics specialist F. T. Visher said briefly and firmly.

The art of speech is the oldest branch of knowledge. In ancient times, the art of speech played a prominent role: Demosthenes delivered angry speeches against Philip of Macedon. (From that time to the present day, the concept of “philippics” has come down.) When Philip subsequently read these speeches, he exclaimed under a strong impression: “I think that if I heard this speech along with everyone, I would vote against myself.”

One old adage says: “It is a nasty flaw if a person speaks like a book. After all, any book that speaks like a person is a good read.

Speech is not identical to the text that the speaker pronounces, since speech affects the listener not only in content and form, but in the whole manner of speaking. Speech interacts between speaker and listener; It is created for a certain moment and is aimed at a certain composition of listeners.

Written and spoken language are in a relatively complex relationship with each other. On the one hand, they are closely related to each other. But their unity also includes very significant differences. Modern written language is alphabetic in nature; signs of written speech - letters - denote the sounds of oral speech. However, written language is not simply a translation of spoken language into written signs. The differences between them do not boil down to the fact that written and oral speech use different technical means. They are deeper. Great writers are well known who were weak orators, and eminent orators whose speeches, when read, lose much of their charm.

Oral speech is associated not only with (her, perceptual organization,), but also with elements (facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.). It is also associated with the semantic field (after all, the word "thank you" can be said with different intonation and meaning), and written speech is unambiguous in meaning.

Written and oral speech usually perform different functions:
- oral speech for the most part functions as colloquial speech in a conversation situation,
- written speech - as business, scientific, more impersonal speech, intended not for the directly present interlocutor.

In this case, written speech is aimed primarily at conveying more abstract content, while oral, colloquial speech for the most part is born from direct experience. Hence a number of differences in the construction of written and oral speech and in the means that each of them uses.

In oral, colloquial speech, the presence of a common situation that unites the interlocutors creates a commonality of a number of immediately obvious prerequisites. When the speaker reproduces them in speech, his speech seems to be unnecessarily long, boring and pedantic: much is immediately clear from the situation and can be omitted in oral speech. Between two interlocutors, united by a common situation and - to some extent - experiences, understanding is possible from a half-word. Sometimes between close people one hint is enough to be understood. In this case, what we say is understood not only or sometimes even not so much from the content of the speech itself, but on the basis of the situation in which the interlocutors are. In colloquial speech, therefore, much is not agreed. Conversational speech is situational speech. Moreover, in oral speech-conversation, in addition to the subject-semantic content of speech, there is a whole range of expressive means at the disposal of the interlocutors, with the help of which what is not said in the content of the speech itself is conveyed.

In a written speech addressed to an absent or generally impersonal, unknown reader, one cannot count on the fact that the content of the speech will be supplemented by general experiences gleaned from direct contact, generated by the situation in which the writer was. Therefore, in written speech, something different is required than in oral speech - a more detailed construction of speech, a different disclosure of the content of thought. In written speech, all essential connections of thought must be disclosed and reflected. Written speech requires a more systematic, logically coherent presentation. In written speech, everything should be clear only from its own semantic content, from its context; written speech is contextual speech.

Contextual construction acquires real significance in written speech also because the expressive means (voice modulation, intonation, voice underlining, etc.), which are so rich in oral speech, especially for some people, are very limited in written speech.

Written speech requires special thoughtfulness, planning, consciousness. In conditions of oral communication, the interlocutor and, to some extent, even the silent listener help to regulate speech. Direct contact with the interlocutor in a conversation quickly reveals misunderstanding; The reaction of the listener, involuntarily for the speaker, directs his speech in the right direction, makes him dwell on one thing in more detail, explain another, and so on. In written speech, this direct regulation of the speaker's speech on the part of the interlocutor or listener is absent. The writer must independently determine the construction of his speech so that it is understandable to the reader.

There are various types of both oral and written speech. Oral speech can be:
- colloquial speech (conversation),
- public speaking (report, lecture).

The genres of speech are monologue and dialogue.

Epistolary style is a special style that is much closer to the style and general character of oral speech. On the other hand, a speech, a public speech, a lecture, a report, in some respects, are in some respects much closer to written speech.

In a speech designed for the listener, the structural and logical pattern of the phrase often changes, incomplete sentences are very appropriate (saving the energy and time of the speaker and listener), passing additional thoughts, evaluative phrases are allowed (enriching the text and well separated from the main text by means of intonation).

One of the most significant shortcomings of oral speech is its discontinuity (logical, grammatical and intonational), which consists in an unjustified stop of speech, in the break of phrases, thoughts, and sometimes in the unjustified repetition of the same words. The reasons for this are different: ignorance of what needs to be said, inability to formulate a subsequent thought, the desire to correct what was said, sperrung (stream of thoughts).

The second of the most common shortcomings of oral speech is its inseparability (intonational and grammatical): phrases follow one after another without pauses, logical stresses, without a clear grammatical formulation of sentences. Grammar-intonation inseparability, of course, affects the logic of speech: thoughts merge, their order becomes fuzzy, the content of the text becomes vague, indefinite.

The use of the written form allows you to think about your speech longer, build it gradually, correcting and supplementing, which ultimately contributes to the development and application of more complex syntactic structures than is typical of oral speech. Such features of oral speech as repetitions, unfinished constructions in a written text would be stylistic errors.

If in oral speech, intonation is used as a means of semantic highlighting parts of a statement, then punctuation marks are used in writing, as well as various means of graphic highlighting of words, combinations and parts of text: using a different type of font, bold, italics, underlining, framing, placing text on page. These means ensure the selection of logically important parts of the text and the expressiveness of written speech.

Thus, if colloquial speech is very different from the written speech of a scientific treatise, then the distance separating the oral lecture-speech, report from written speech, on the one hand, and the style of colloquial speech from the epistolary style, on the other, is much less. This means, firstly, that oral and written speech are not opposites, they influence each other; forms developed in one of them and specific to one speech pass to another.

Secondly, the fundamental differences between the main types of oral colloquial speech and written scientific speech are associated not only with the technique of writing and the sound of oral speech, but also with the difference in the functions that they perform (oral colloquial speech serves to communicate with the interlocutor in conditions of direct contact and for communicative communication, and written speech performs other functions.

Communication is a multifaceted phenomenon. One of its components is speech. The classification of speech is therefore quite complex and has many different bases. Let's consider the main ones.

What is she like

A classification of types of speech may exist according to the form in which information is exchanged. That is, speech can be oral (using sounds) or written (using special characters).

If we focus on the number of participants in communication, then it can be divided into monological, dialogic and polylogical. The style of speech depends on the sphere of communication in which it functions, and can be scientific, journalistic, official business, artistic or colloquial.

The classification of speech forms according to compositional-structural features, as well as by content-semantic features, refers any of its types either to description, or to narration, or to reasoning. Let's take a closer look at each of these divisions.

Language and speech. Oral and written speech

Under oral speech (a form opposed to its written variety) is meant spoken speech, that is, sounding. It refers to the primary forms of existence of any language.

Written speech is understood as that speech that is depicted on a physical medium - paper, canvas, parchment, etc., using graphic signs of writing designed specifically for this. Historically, it appeared later than the oral one.

The form in which the Russian language mainly exists is called literary speech. Its main feature is the conscious use of means of communication with a focus on compliance with specific norms and rules. They are given in reference books, dictionaries and textbooks. Norms are taught in schools, cultural institutions and the media.

In the conditions of real communications, written and oral speech constantly intersect, interact and penetrate one another. Some of the genres related to written speech are subsequently voiced - these are public speaking (including speech lessons) or dramaturgy. A literary work very often contains such samples in the form of monologues and dialogues of characters.

What is good about speaking

The most important advantage of oral speech over written is the ability to instantly transfer information. The difference between these two forms also lies in the fact that oral dialogue most often allows participants to see each other and correct the content and form of what is said depending on the reaction of the interlocutor.

Designed to be perceived by the human ear, oral speech does not need an exact literal reproduction. In case of such a need, it is necessary to use certain technical means. At the same time, everything is pronounced "clean", without preliminary amendments.

Communicating in writing, the author of the speech does not have the opportunity to provide feedback with his addressee. Therefore, the reaction of the latter has little effect. The reader subsequently has the opportunity to return to individual postulates any number of times, and the writer has the time and means to correct and supplement what is written.

The advantage of written communication is a more accurate and fixed presentation of information, the possibility of transmitting it in future times. Written speech is the basis of scientific and any business activity.

Its other features...

Sound waves emitted by the human speech apparatus serve as a material form reproduced in writing using the letters of the alphabet in oral speech. Thanks to this, all the richness of intonation possibilities is inherent in it. The means of forming intonation are the intensity, pace of conversation, sound timbre, etc. Much in it depends on the clarity of pronunciation, the placement of logical stresses, and the duration of pauses.

Important characteristics of oral speech are spontaneity, multi-channel and irreversibility. The origin of thought and its expression in this case occurs almost simultaneously. Depending on the speaker's speech experience and other circumstances, oral speech may be characterized by smoothness or discontinuity, fragmentation.

...and views

Focusing on the reaction of the listeners, the speaker can highlight the most important points, use comments, clarifications and repetitions. These features most of all characterize unprepared oral speech. The classification of speech on this basis opposes it to another - prepared, existing in the form of lectures or reports.

This form is characterized by a clear structure, thoughtfulness. In a spontaneously pronounced text, characteristic of unprepared oral speech, there are many pauses, repetitions of individual words and sounds that do not carry any meaning (such as "uh", "here", "means"), the constructions intended for pronunciation sometimes break down. In such a speech, there are more speech errors, short, incomplete and not always correct sentences, fewer participial and participle turns.

According to functional varieties, the types of oral speech also differ. It can be scientific, journalistic, artistic, colloquial, as well as used in the official business sphere.

About writing

Written speech is not intended for a specific interlocutor and depends entirely on the writer. As already noted, it arose at a historically later stage in the development of mankind and exists in the form of an artificially created sign system designed to fix the pronounced sounds. That is, the signs for designating the emitted sounds serve as its material carriers.

Unlike oral, written speech not only serves for direct communication, but also allows you to assimilate and perceive the knowledge accumulated throughout the development of the entire human society. Such speech is a means of communication in cases where direct dialogue is impossible, when the interlocutors are separated by time or space.

Signs of written speech

The exchange of messages in writing began already in ancient times. Nowadays, the role of writing has been reduced with the development of modern technologies (for example, the telephone), but with the invention of the Internet, as well as facsimile messages, forms of such speech have again been in demand.

Its main property can be considered the ability of long-term storage of transmitted information. The main sign of use is a strictly regulated bookish language. The main units of written speech are sentences, the task of which is to express logical semantic connections of a rather complex level.

That is why in written speech there are always well-thought-out sentences, it is characterized by a fixed word order. Such speech is not inherent in inversion, that is, the use of words in the reverse order. In some cases, this is completely unacceptable. Written speech focuses on visual perception, and therefore it is clearly structured - the pages are numbered, the text is divided into paragraphs and chapters, different types of fonts are used, etc.

Monologue and dialogue. Examples and essence of concepts

Classification of speech by the number of participants was undertaken in ancient times. The division into dialogues and monologues was used in such areas as logic, rhetoric, and philosophy. The term "polylogue" originated at the end of the 20th century and denotes a conversation involving more than two persons.

Such a form as a dialogue is characterized by the alternating statement of both interlocutors in direct connection with a specific situation. The utterances themselves are called replicas. According to the semantic load, the dialogue is an exchange of opinions that depend on each other.

The entire dialogue and any of its parts can be perceived as a separate text act. The structure of the dialogue includes parts called the beginning, the basis and the ending. As the first of them, generally accepted forms of speech etiquette are used, a greeting or an introductory remark in the form of a question or judgment.

What is the dialogue

The main part can be from very short to very long. Any dialogue tends to be continued. As an ending, replicas of consent, an answer, or standard speech etiquette ("goodbye" or "all the best") are used.

In the sphere of colloquial speech, dialogue is considered everyday and is conducted using colloquial vocabulary. Not the most successful choice of words, repetitions, deviation from literary norms are allowed here. Such a dialogue is characterized by emotions and expression, unevenness, variety of topics, deviation from the main line of discussion.

Dialogue is also found in literary sources. Examples are the communication of heroes, a novel in letters, or a genuine correspondence of historical figures.

It may or may not be informative. In the latter case, it consists mainly of speech forms and does not contain useful information. An informative dialogue is characterized by the need for communication in order to obtain new data.

Let's talk about monologues

What is a monologue? Examples of it are not rare. This term refers to the statement of someone in an expanded form, intended for himself or others and having some organization in the sense of composition and completeness. In a work of art, a monologue can become an integral component or an independent unit - for example, in the form of a solo performance.

In public life, in the form of a monologue, the speeches of orators, lecturers, speeches of radio and television announcers are practiced. Monologues are most characteristic of book speech in oral form (speeches in courts, lectures, reports), but it may not have a specific listener as its addressee and not imply a response.

According to the purpose of the statement, this form of speech refers either to information, or to persuading, or to inciting. Information is a monologue that conveys knowledge. Examples - all the same lectures, reports, reports or speeches. Persuasive speech is focused on the emotions of those who will listen to it. These are congratulations, parting words, etc.

Motivating speech, as the name implies, is designed to move listeners to certain actions. Examples include appeals, protests and speeches by politicians.

Polylogue - what kind of animal?

The classification of speech styles has recently (the end of the last century) been supplemented by the concept of polylogue. Even among linguists, it has not yet become widespread. This is a conversation of several people at once. Situationally, it is closer to a dialogue, as it unites listeners and speakers. There is a polylogue in the form of discussions, conversations, games, meetings. There is an exchange of information contributed by everyone, and everyone is aware of what is at stake.

The rules by which the polylogue is built are as follows: the participants are required to speak convincingly and briefly enough, all those who compose it are obliged to follow the plot of the discussion and be attentive, it is customary to ask questions and clarify incomprehensible points, as well as to make the necessary objections. The polylogue should be conducted in a correct and friendly manner.

Different types of texts

According to the functions performed, there is also a different speech. The classification of speech on this basis divides it into texts reflecting actual reality and those that contain thoughts and reasoning about it. Depending on the meaning, any of them can be classified as narrative, descriptive and pertaining to reasoning.

The descriptions depict any phenomenon with a list of the signs inherent in it. It can be portrait, landscape, interior, household, scientific, etc. It is inherent in static, and it is built on the main starting point contained in the subject itself or its separate part. Thought develops by adding new features to what has been said.

The type called narrative is a story about events and actions that take place over time. Its composition includes a plot with subsequent development, continuation, climax and ends with a denouement.

Reasoning is understood as confirmation and clarification of a certain thought or statement stated in words. The composition usually consists of the thesis, its proofs and final conclusions.

...and styles

Modern linguistics has streamlined the very concept of "speech". The classification of speech depending on the purpose of communication, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, is reduced to five different speech styles (everyday or colloquial, scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic). Thus, the conversational style is mainly involved in everyday life and in everyday communications. It is characterized by oral speech with a predominance of dialogues.

In the field of the scientific and technical sphere, with a description of various theories and technologies, the scientific style prevails - strictly verified and not allowing free speech. Official business is used in the legislative sphere and in any kind of formal communication. It is characterized by many fixed constructions, a significant predominance of written speech, a large number of monologues (reports, lectures, speeches, court speeches).

For the socio-political sphere, the journalistic style has always been and is being used, which often exists in the form of vivid emotionally colored monologues of an inciting nature.

Artistic style is subject to the sphere of art. Here the ball is ruled by a variety of expressions, a wealth of forms and linguistic means, strict official constructions are practically not found here.

The choice of genres and styles is dictated by the content of speech and the type of its communicative orientation, in other words, the purpose of communication. It is on them that the techniques that will be used in a dialogue or monologue, as well as the compositional structure of each specific speech, depend.

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