Human speech apparatus drawing. Speech apparatus and main organs of speech

Knowledge of the anatomical and physiological mechanisms of speech, i.e. structure and functional organization of speech activity, allows you to imagine the complex mechanism of speech.
The speech act is carried out by a complex system of organs in which the main, leading role belongs to the activity of the brain.

The structure of the speech apparatus.

The speech apparatus consists of two closely interconnected parts: the central (regulating) speech apparatus and the peripheral (executing) speech apparatus.

1. Central speech apparatus is located in the brain. It consists of:
- cerebral cortex (mainly the left hemisphere)
- subcortical nodes
- pathways
- nuclei of the trunk (primarily the medulla oblongata)
- nerves leading to the respiratory, vocal and articulatory muscles.

What is the function of the central speech apparatus and its departments?

Speech, like other manifestations of higher nervous activity, develops at the basis of reflexes. Speech reflexes are associated with the activity of various parts of the brain. However, some parts of the cerebral cortex are of paramount importance in the formation of speech. This is the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the predominantly left hemisphere of the brain (in left-handers, the right).

— Frontal gyrus (inferior) are a motor area and participate in the formation of their own oral speech (Broca's center).

— Temporal gyrus (superior) are the speech-auditory area where sound stimuli arrive (Wernicke's center). Thanks to this, the process of perception of someone else's speech is carried out.

- Important for understanding speech parietal cortex .

— Occipital lobe is a visual area and ensures the assimilation of written speech (the perception of letter images when reading and writing).

— Subcortical nuclei know the rhythm, tempo and expressiveness of speech.

— Conducting paths connect the cerebral cortex with the muscles that regulate the activity of the speech apparatus - centrifugal (motor) nerve pathways . The centrifugal pathway begins in the cerebral cortex at Broca's center.

From the periphery to the center, i.e. from the region of the speech organs to the cerebral cortex, go centripetal paths . The centripetal pathway begins in proprioceptors and baroreceptors.

Proprioreceptors are located inside the muscles, tendons and on the articular surfaces of moving organs. Proprioreceptors are stimulated by muscle contractions. Thanks to proprioreceptors, all our muscle activity is controlled.

Baroreceptors are excited by changes in pressure on them and are located in the pharynx. When we speak, there is irritation of the proprio- and baroreceptors, which goes along the centripetal path to the cerebral cortex.

The centripetal path plays the role of a general regulator of all the activities of the speech organs.

In the cores of the trunk cranial nerves originate. All organs of the peripheral speech apparatus are innervated (innervation is the provision of an organ or tissue with nerve fibers, cells) cranial nerves. The main ones are: trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and sublingual.

— Trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles that move the lower jaw;

— facial nerve - mimic muscles, including the muscles that move the lips, inflate and retract the cheeks;

— Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves - muscles of the larynx and vocal folds, pharynx and soft palate. In addition, the glossopharyngeal nerve is a sensitive nerve of the tongue, and the vagus nerve innervates the muscles of the respiratory and heart organs.

— accessory nerve innervates the muscles of the neck, and the hypoglossal nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue with motor nerves and tells it the possibility of a variety of movements.

Through this system of cranial nerves, nerve impulses are transmitted from the central speech apparatus to the peripheral. Nerve impulses set the speech organs in motion.

But this path from the central speech apparatus to the peripheral one is only one part of the speech mechanism. Another part of it is the feedback - from the periphery to the center.

2. Peripheral speech apparatus consists of three departments:
1. Respiratory
2. Voice
3. Articulatory (sound-producing)

In the respiratory department included chest with lungs, bronchi and trachea .

Speaking is closely related to breathing. Speech is formed in the exhalation phase. In the process of exhalation, the air jet simultaneously performs voice-forming and articulatory functions (in addition to one more, the main one - gas exchange). Breathing at the time of speech is significantly different from normal when a person is silent. The exhalation is much longer than the inhalation (while outside of speech, the duration of the inhalation is approximately the same). In addition, at the moment of speech, the number of respiratory movements is half as much as during normal (without speech) breathing.

It is clear that for a longer exhalation, a larger supply of air is needed. Therefore, at the time of speech, the volume of inhaled and exhaled air increases significantly (approximately 3 times). Inhalation during speech becomes shorter and deeper. Another feature of speech breathing is that exhalation at the moment of speech is carried out with the active participation of the exhaled muscles (abdominal wall and internal intercostal muscles). This ensures its greatest duration and depth, and in addition, increases the pressure of the air jet, without which sonorous speech is impossible.

Voice department consists of the larynx with the vocal folds in it. Larynx is a wide short tube consisting of cartilage and soft tissues. It is located in the anterior part of the neck and can be felt from the front and sides through the skin, especially in thin people.

From above, the larynx passes into throat . From below it goes into trachea .
On the border of the larynx and pharynx is epiglottis . It consists of cartilaginous tissue in the form of a tongue or petal. Its front surface is turned to the tongue, and the back to the larynx. The epiglottis serves as a valve: descending during swallowing, it closes the entrance to the larynx and protects its cavity from food and saliva.

This is the voice mechanism. During phonation, the vocal folds are in a closed state (Fig. 2). The jet of exhaled air, breaking through the closed vocal folds, somewhat pushes them apart. Due to their elasticity, as well as under the action of the laryngeal muscles, which narrow the glottis, the vocal folds return to their original position, i.e. middle position, so that as a result of the continuing pressure of the exhaled air stream, it will again move apart, etc. Closing and opening continue until the pressure of the voice-forming expiratory jet stops. Thus, during phonation, vocal folds vibrate. These vibrations are made in the transverse, and not in the longitudinal direction, i.e. the vocal folds move inward and outward rather than up and down.
As a result of vibrations of the vocal folds, the movement of the stream of exhaled air above the vocal folds turns into vibrations of air particles. These vibrations are transmitted to the environment and are perceived by us as voice sounds.
When whispering, the vocal folds do not close along their entire length: in the back part between them there is a gap in the form of a small equilateral triangle, through which the exhaled stream of air passes. The vocal folds do not vibrate at the same time, but the friction of the air stream against the edges of a small triangular slit causes noise, which is perceived by us in the form of a whisper.
The voice has power, height, timbre.
The power of the voice depends mainly on the amplitude (range) of the oscillations of the vocal folds, which is determined by the magnitude of the air pressure, i.e. exhalation force. Such resonator cavities of the extension tube (pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity), which are sound amplifiers, have a significant impact on the strength of the voice.
The size and shape of the resonator cavities, as well as the structural features of the larynx, affect the individual "color" of the voice, or timbre . It is thanks to the timbre that we distinguish people by voice.
Voice pitch depends on the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds, and it in turn depends on the length, thickness and degree of tension. The longer the vocal folds, the thicker they are and the less tense, the lower the sound of the voice.
In addition, the pitch of the voice depends on the pressure of the air stream on the vocal folds, on the degree of their tension.

Articulatory department. The main organs of articulation are:
- language
- lips
- jaws (upper and lower)
- solid sky
- soft sky
- alveoli
Of these, the tongue, lips, soft palate and lower jaw are movable, the rest are immobile (Fig. 3).

The main organ of articulation is the tongue.

Language - a massive muscular organ. With closed jaws, it fills almost the entire oral cavity. The front of the tongue is movable, the back is fixed and is called tongue root. In the moving part of the tongue, there are: tip, front edge (blade), side edges and back.
The complex plexus of the muscles of the tongue, the variety of points of their attachment provide the ability to change the shape, position and degree of position of the tongue to a large extent. This is of great importance, because the language is involved in the formation of vowels and almost all consonants (except for labials).

An important role in the formation of speech sounds also belongs to lower jaw, lips, teeth, hard and soft palate, alveoli. Articulation also consists in the fact that the listed organs form gaps, or bonds that occur when the tongue approaches or touches the sky, alveoli, teeth, as well as when the lips are compressed or pressed against the teeth.
The loudness and distinctness of speech sounds are created by resonators. The resonators are located throughout the extension pipe.

extension pipe - this is everything that is located above the larynx: the pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity.

In humans, the mouth and pharynx have one cavity. This creates the possibility of pronouncing a variety of sounds. In animals (for example, in a monkey), the pharyngeal and oral cavities are connected by a very narrow gap. In humans, the pharynx and mouth form a common tube - an extension tube. It performs the important function of a speech resonator. The extension pipe in humans was formed as a result of evolution.

The extension pipe, due to its structure, can change in shape and volume. For example, the pharynx can be elongated and compressed, and, conversely, very stretched. Changes in the shape and volume of the extension pipe are of great importance for the formation of speech sounds. These changes in the shape and volume of the extension pipe create the phenomenon resonance. As a result of resonance, some overtones of speech sounds are amplified, while others are muffled. Thus, a specific speech timbre of sounds arises. For example, when a sound occurs a the oral cavity expands, and the pharynx narrows and stretches. And when making a sound and On the contrary, the oral cavity contracts and the pharynx expands.

One larynx does not create a specific speech sound, it is formed not only in the larynx, but also in resonators (pharyngeal, oral and nasal).
The extension pipe, in the formation of speech sounds, performs a dual function: a resonator and a noise vibrator (the function of a sound vibrator is performed by the vocal folds located in the larynx).
Noise vibrators are the gaps between the lips, between the tongue and teeth, between the tongue and the hard palate, between the tongue and the alveoli, between the lips and teeth, as well as the bonds between these organs pierced by a jet of air.

With the help of a noise vibrator, deaf consonants are formed. With the simultaneous activation of the tone vibrator (oscillations of the vocal folds), voiced and sonorous consonants are formed.

The oral cavity and pharynx take part in the pronunciation of all the sounds of the Russian language. If a person has the correct pronunciation, then the nasal resonator is involved only in the pronunciation of sounds m and n and soft options. When pronouncing the rest of the sounds, the palatal curtain, formed by the soft palate and a small tongue, closes the entrance to the nasal cavity.

So, the first section of the peripheral speech apparatus serves to supply air, the second - to form a voice, the third - is a resonator, which gives the sound strength and color, and thus, the characteristic sounds of our speech resulting from the activity of individual active organs of the articulatory apparatus.

In order for the pronunciation of words to be carried out in accordance with the intended information, commands are selected in the cerebral cortex to organize speech movements. These commands are called articulation program . The articulatory program is implemented in the executive part of the speech-motor analyzer - in the respiratory, phonation and resonator systems.

Speech movements are carried out so accurately that as a result certain speech sounds appear and oral (or expressive) speech is formed.

B e b e c o n c o n s. Above we said that the nerve impulses coming from the central speech apparatus set in motion the organs of the peripheral speech apparatus. But there is also feedback.

How is it carried out?

This connection functions in two ways: the kinesthetic pathway and the auditory pathway.

For the correct implementation of the speech act, control is necessary:
1. with the help of hearing;
2. through kinesthetic sensations.

In this case, a particularly important role belongs to kinesthetic sensations that go to the cerebral cortex from the speech organs. It is kinesthetic control that allows you to prevent an error and make a correction before the sound is pronounced.

Auditory control operates only at the moment of pronouncing the sound. Thanks to sound control, a person notices an error. To eliminate the error, you need to correct the articulation and control it.

Reverse impulses go from the speech organs to the center, where they control at what position of the speech organs an error occurred. Then an impulse is sent from the center, which causes precise articulation. And again there is a reverse impulse - about the achieved result. This continues until articulation and auditory control are coordinated. We can say that the feedback functions as if in a ring - the impulses go from the center to the periphery and further - from the periphery to the center.

This is how feedback is provided and second signal system . An important role in this belongs to the systems of temporary neural connections - dynamic stereotypes that arise due to the repeated perception of language elements (phonetic, lexical and grammatical) and pronunciation. The feedback system provides automatic regulation of the speech organs.

The speech apparatus consists of two closely related parts: the central (or regulatory) speech apparatus and the peripheral (or executive) (Fig. 1).

The central speech apparatus is located in the brain. It consists of the cerebral cortex (mainly the left hemisphere), subcortical nodes, pathways, brainstem nuclei (primarily the medulla oblongata), and nerves leading to the respiratory, vocal and articulatory muscles.

What is the function of the central speech apparatus and its departments?

Speech, like other manifestations of higher nervous activity, develops on the basis of reflexes. Speech reflexes are associated with the activity of various parts of the brain. However, some parts of the cerebral cortex are of paramount importance in the formation of speech. This is the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the predominantly left hemisphere of the brain (in left-handers, the right). The frontal gyrus (lower) is a motor area and is involved in the formation of one's own oral speech (Broc's center). The temporal gyrus (upper) is the speech-auditory area where sound stimuli arrive (Wernicke's center). Thanks to this, the process of perception of someone else's speech is carried out. For understanding speech, the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex is important. The occipital lobe is the visual area and ensures the assimilation of written speech (the perception of letter images when reading and writing). In addition, the child begins to develop speech due to his visual perception of the articulation of adults.

The subcortical nuclei are in charge of the rhythm, tempo and expressiveness of speech.

Conducting paths. The cerebral cortex is connected with the organs of speech (peripheral) by two types of nerve pathways: centrifugal and centripetal.

Centrifugal (motor) nerve pathways connect the cerebral cortex with the muscles that regulate the activity of the peripheral speech apparatus. The centrifugal pathway begins in the cerebral cortex at Broca's center.

From the periphery to the center, that is, from the region of the speech organs to the cerebral cortex, there are centripetal paths.

centripetal path It starts in proprioreceptors and baroreceptors.

Proprioreceptors are located inside the muscles, tendons and on the articular surfaces of moving organs.

Rice. 1. The structure of the speech apparatus: 1 - brain: 2 - nasal cavity: 3 - hard palate; 4 - oral cavity; 5 - lips; 6 - incisors; 7 - tip of the tongue; 8 - back of the tongue; 9 - the root of the tongue; 10 - epiglottis: 11 - pharynx; 12 -- larynx; 13 - trachea; 14 - right bronchus; 15 - right lung: 16 - diaphragm; 17 - esophagus; 18 - spine; 19 - spinal cord; 20 - soft palate

Content:

The speech apparatus is a set and interaction of human organs that take part in the process of speech breathing, sound and voice formation, as well as ensuring the emergence of speech itself in the speaker. The latter include the organs of hearing, vision, articulation and the human central nervous system. In a narrow sense, the vocal apparatus is understood as all those organs that are directly involved in the process of sound formation (respiratory organs, larynx, supraglottic cavities) and respiration.

How sounds are formed

Today, the structure of the speech apparatus can be considered fully understood. It allows us to understand how sound is born, what to eliminate possible problems and disorders of the voice and speech apparatus.

How does the process of sound pronunciation take place? The sounds of their combination are born as a result of contraction of the muscular tissues that make up the peripheral apparatus of speech. A person, starting to speak, exhales on the machine, unconsciously. The created air flow from the lungs passes into the larynx, as a result of which the resulting nerve impulses act on the vocal cords. They vibrate and contribute to the formation of sounds that add up to words and sentences.

The structure of the speech apparatus

The voice apparatus consists of two sections: central and executive. The first is the brain with its cortex, subcortical nodes, pathways, stem nuclei (primarily the medulla oblongata) and the corresponding nerves. And the peripheral section is the whole set of executive speech organs, which include bones and cartilage, muscles and ligaments, as well as peripheral nerves (sensory and motor). With their help, the work of these bodies is carried out.

In turn, the executive department consists of three main departments, each of which operates collectively:

1. Respiratory department

It's no secret that the formation of human breath is the most important physiological process. People breathe reflexively without really thinking about it. Breathing is carried out by special centers of the human nervous system, and it consists of three continuous and successive phases:

• pause
• exhalation

A person always speaks while exhaling, and the air stream created by him simultaneously performs two functions: voice-forming and articulatory. Any violation of this rule distorts the sound of speech. That is why it is very important to take the time to work on .

The respiratory organs include the lungs, bronchi, trachea, intercostal muscles, and the diaphragm. It is on it that the main muscles of a person rely. The diaphragm is an elastic muscle that has the shape of a dome in a relaxed state. When it and the intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the human chest increases and inspiration occurs. And vice versa, when they relax - exhale.

2. Voice

It is necessary to remember the correct posture, thanks to which the voice and speech apparatus functions better. To do this, keep your head straight and your back straight, do not slouch, straighten your shoulders, and bring your shoulder blades together a little. In addition, such a habit of correct posture contributes to the improvement of your appearance.

For people whose activities are associated with prolonged speaking, the ability to relax the organs of speech and restore the efficiency of the speech apparatus is of great importance. Relaxation means rest and relaxation, which is provided by special exercises. They are recommended to be performed at the end of speech technique classes and immediately after prolonged speaking, when vocal fatigue sets in.

1. Posture of relaxation

You may have read in specialized literature about posture and relaxation mask. That is, about relaxation, the removal of muscle "clamps". To assume this posture, you need to sit down and lean forward slightly, while bending your back and bowing your head. The legs rest on the entire foot and should be spaced at right angles to each other. Your hands rest on your hips, your hands hang freely. Close your eyes. And relax all your muscles as much as possible.

In this position of relaxation, you can use separate forms of auto-training, which will provide the most complete relaxation and rest.

Sitting, relax all your muscles as much as possible

2. Her mask

The possession of a mask of relaxation is no less important for the speaker or the speaker. To do this, alternately strain and relax various muscle groups of the face. How to “put on” masks of joy, surprise, longing, and so on. After that, relax all the muscles. To do this, say the sound " T» on a weak exhalation and leave the lower jaw in a lowered position.

Make faces, tense and relax your face - this can improve your sound pronunciation

Relaxation is one of the hygiene of speech activity. Its general requirements are protection from unwanted hypothermia and from colds. Avoid anything that irritates the mucous membranes. Follow a certain technique for training the speech apparatus, follow the rules for performing exercises in speech technique and reasonably alternate between stress and rest.

Speech sounds are formed as a result of a certain work of the speech apparatus. The movements and positions of the speech organs necessary to pronounce a sound are called the articulation of this sound (from lat. articulare- "to speak articulately"). The articulation of sound is based on the coordinated work of various parts of the speech apparatus.

The speech apparatus is a set of human organs necessary for the production of speech.

The lower floor of the speech apparatus consists of the respiratory organs: lungs, bronchi and trachea (windpipe). Here an air jet arises, which participates in the formation of vibrations that create sound, and transmits these vibrations to the external environment.

The middle floor of the speech apparatus is the larynx. It consists of cartilage, between which two muscular films are stretched - the vocal cords. During normal breathing, the vocal cords are relaxed and air flows freely through the larynx. The same position of the vocal cords when pronouncing deaf consonants. If the vocal cords are close and tense, then when air passes through a narrow gap between them, they tremble. So there is a voice involved in the formation of vowels and voiced consonants.

The upper floor of the speech apparatus is the organs located above the larynx. The pharynx adjoins the larynx directly. Its upper part is called the nasopharynx. The pharyngeal cavity passes into two cavities - oral and nasal, which are separated by the palate.

Pronunciation apparatus:

1 - hard palate; 2 - alveoli; 3 - upper lip; 4 - upper teeth; 5 - lower lip; b - lower teeth; 7 - front part of the tongue; 8 - the middle part of the tongue; 9 - back of the tongue; 10 - the root of the tongue; 11 - epiglottis; 12 - glottis; 13 - thyroid cartilage; 14 - cricoid cartilage; 15 - nasopharynx; 16 - soft palate; 17 - tongue; 18 - larynx; 19 - arytenoid cartilage; 20 - esophagus; 21 - trachea

The front, bony part of it is called the hard palate, the back, muscular part is called the soft palate. Together with the small uvula, the soft palate is called the velum of the palate. If the palatine curtain is raised, then air goes through the mouth. This is how oral sounds are formed. If the palatine curtain is down, then the air goes through the nose. This is how nasal sounds are formed.

The nasal cavity is a resonator that does not change in volume and shape. The oral cavity can change its shape and volume due to the movements of the lips, lower jaw, tongue. The pharynx changes shape and volume due to the movement of the body of the tongue back and forth.

The lower lip has more mobility. It can merge with the upper lip (as in the formation of [p], [b], [m]), approach it (as in the formation of English [w], known to Russian dialects), approach the upper teeth (as in the formation of [ c], [f]). Lips can be rounded and stretched into a tube (as in the formation of [y], [o]).

The most mobile organ of speech is the tongue. Allocate the tip of the tongue, the back, which faces the palate and is divided into the front, middle and back, and the root of the tongue, facing the back of the pharynx.

In the formation of sounds, some organs of the oral cavity play an active role - they perform the basic movements necessary to pronounce a given sound. Other organs are passive - they are motionless during the formation of a given sound and are the place where the active organ creates a bow or gap. So, the tongue is always active, and the teeth, the hard palate are always passive. The lips and the palate can play an active or passive role in the formation of sounds. So, with articulation [p], the lower lip is active, and the upper lip is passive, with articulation [y], both lips are active, and with articulation [a], both are passive.

speech alalia aphazalia logopedic

The anatomical structure and physical characteristics of human articulatory organs are well adapted to the production of human speech.

In physiological terms, speech is a complex motor act, carried out according to the mechanism of conditioned reflex activity. It is formed on the basis of kinesthetic stimuli emanating from the speech muscles, including the muscles of the larynx and respiratory muscles. The sound expressiveness of speech is controlled with the help of an auditory analyzer, the normal activity of which plays a very important role in the development of speech in a child. Speech acquisition occurs in the process of interaction of the child with the environment.

Speech reflexes are associated with the activity of various parts of the brain. Therefore, two closely related parts are distinguished in the speech apparatus: the central (regulatory) and peripheral (executive) speech apparatus.

The central speech apparatus includes:

• - cortical ends of analyzers (primarily auditory, visual and motor) involved in the speech act. The cortical end of the auditory analyzer is located in both temporal lobes, the visual one is in the occipital lobes, and the cortical section of the motor analyzer, which ensures the work of the muscles of the jaws, lips, tongue, soft palate, larynx, which also takes part in the speech act, is located in the lower sections of these convolutions;
• - the sensory speech-motor apparatus is represented by proprioceptors located inside the muscles and tendons involved in the speech act, and excited under the action of contractions of the speech muscles. Baroreceptors are located in the pharynx and are excited by changes in pressure on them when pronouncing speech sounds;
• - afferent (centripetal) pathways begin in proprioreceptors and baroreceptors, and carry the information received from them to the cerebral cortex. The centripetal pathway plays the role of a general regulator of all activity of the speech organs; - the cortical centers of speech are located in the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the predominantly left hemisphere of the brain. The emotional-figurative component of speech depends on the participation of the right hemisphere.

The frontal gyrus (lower) is a motor area and is involved in the formation of one's own oral speech. The temporal gyrus (upper) is the speech-auditory area where sound stimuli arrive. Thanks to this, the process of perception of someone else's speech is carried out. For understanding speech, the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex is important. The occipital lobe is the visual area and ensures the assimilation of written speech (the perception of letter images when reading and writing) and the articulation of adults.

Specific centers of speech (sensory - Wernicke and motor - Broca), responsible for fine sensory analysis and neuromuscular coordination of speech.

The auditory sensory (sensitive) speech center of Wernicke is located in the posterior section of the left superior temporal gyrus. When it is damaged or diseased, disturbances in sound perception occur. Sensory aphasia occurs, in which it becomes impossible to distinguish speech elements (phonemes and words) by ear, and, consequently, speech understanding, although hearing acuity and the ability to distinguish non-speech sounds remain normal.

The auditory motor (motor) center of Broca's speech is located in the posterior section of the second and third frontal gyri of the left hemisphere. Damage or diseases of the motor center of speech lead to a violation of the analysis and synthesis of kinesthetic (motor) stimuli that occur when pronouncing speech sounds. Motor aphasia sets in, in which it becomes impossible to pronounce words and phrases, although the movements of the speech organs that are not associated with speech activity (movements of the tongue and lips, opening and closing the mouth, chewing, swallowing, etc.) are not disturbed.

• - subcortical nodes and nuclei of the trunk (first of all, the medulla oblongata), are in charge of the rhythm, pace and expressiveness of speech;
• - efferent (centrifugal) pathways that connect the cerebral cortex with the respiratory, vocal and articulatory muscles that provide the speech act. They begin in the cerebral cortex in Broca's center.

The composition of the efferent pathways also includes the cranial nerves, which originate in the nuclei of the brain stem and innervate all organs of the peripheral speech apparatus. The trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles that move the lower jaw; facial nerve - mimic muscles, including muscles that move the lips, puff up and retract the cheeks; glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves - muscles of the larynx and vocal folds, pharynx and soft palate. In addition, the glossopharyngeal nerve is a sensitive nerve of the tongue, and the vagus nerve innervates the muscles of the respiratory and heart organs. The accessory nerve innervates the muscles of the neck, and the hypoglossal nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue with motor nerves and tells it the possibility of a variety of movements.

The peripheral speech apparatus consists of three sections:

• 1) respiratory;
• 2) voice;
• 3) articulatory (or sound-reproducing).

The respiratory section includes the chest with lungs, bronchi and trachea. This is the supplier of air for sound production, since speech sounds from a physical point of view are nothing more than mechanical vibrations of exhaled air of various frequencies and strengths that occur in the subsequent peripheral section of the speech apparatus - the voice.

The larynx is a wide, short tube made up of cartilage and soft tissue.

It is located in the anterior part of the neck and can be felt from the front and sides through the skin, especially in thin people. From above, the larynx passes into the pharynx, from below - into the windpipe (trachea). In the pharynx, two pathways cross - respiratory and digestive. The role of "arrows" in this crossing is played by the soft palate and epiglottis.

Articulation department.

The main organs of articulation are the tongue, lips, jaws (upper and lower), hard and soft palate, and alveoli. Of these, the tongue, lips, soft palate and lower jaw are movable, the rest are immobile.

Sounding speech is the result of a sequential interaction of four articulatory processes:

• 1. The formation of an air stream, which is formed at the moment when air is pushed out of the lungs with force;
• 2. The process of phonation (sounding), when the air flow begins to vibrate, passing through the vocal cords;
• 3. The process of articulation itself, when the vibration in the air stream takes on a special form due to the resonators formed in the oral and nasal cavities by the organs of articulation;
• 4. Propagation of an air wave of a special form into the environment.