The role and importance of road transport. §54

In Russia, with its vast territory, it is transport that unites literally all sectors of the economy into a single complex. It is transport that ensures not only the normal functioning of the state, but also its national security and integrity. Transport in Russia occupied a special place, and at the turn of the century we have the right to say with good reason about its historical role in the formation and development of the Russian State. Rarely has the sky of Russia been peaceful and prosperous: revolutions, wars, famine and devastation, during the years of restoration of the national economy. But history shows that every time the revival of our country began with the development of transport. transport automobile engine gasoline ignition

Transport in our country contributes to the solution of such important political tasks as the elimination of the economic backwardness of the outlying regions, the opposition between town and country, the expansion of ties between the peoples of our country, the strengthening of their friendship, the exchange of achievements in all branches of the national economy and fields of culture.

Transport is usually divided into intra-production and general use (trunk). Intra-production transport includes railway sidings, intershop and intrashop tracks, internal automobile, suspension and cable cars, monorails, tractor and horse-drawn transport in agriculture, etc. This is, as a rule, technological transport, which ensures the movement of objects of labor within enterprises. Main public transport provides transport and economic ties between enterprises that arise in the process of expanded capitalist production. Main transport includes rail, river, sea, road, air, pipeline transport and power lines.

There are three main main directions of the Russian transport system:

The latitudinal main Siberian direction "east-west" and vice versa, it includes railway, pipeline and water routes using the Kama and Volga rivers.

The meridional main Central European direction "north-south" with access to Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus, formed mainly by railways.

The meridional Volga-Caucasus main direction "north-south" along the Volga River, by rail and pipelines, connecting the Volga region and the Caucasus with the Center, the North of the European part of the country and the Urals.

The main cargo flows of the country go along these main main directions, and railway and inland waterway motor transport modes of transport interact especially closely in these directions. The main air routes also basically coincide with the land ones.

In addition to the main trunk lines, there is a dense transport network of intra-district and local significance. Combining with each other, they form the Unified Transport System of Russia. As the productive forces of the country as a whole and its individual regions develop, the transport system needs to be constantly improved both in terms of rationalizing the location and raising its quality level: updating the material and technical base, improving the organizational and management system, using the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress . The development of the transport system of the Russian Federation is aimed at more densely providing the needs of the economy and the population of the country with transport services.

The main modes of transport are: rail, road, air, pipeline, sea and inland waterways.

Road transport plays an important role in the work of the country's industrial complex. Thanks to their maneuverability, trucks transport goods directly from the warehouse of the sender to the warehouse of the recipient without reloading from one mode of transport to another. High speeds on improved roads make it possible to quickly deliver both passengers and goods to their final destination. The advantages of road transport are a large carrying capacity; speed of delivery of goods and passengers; lower cost of transportation over short distances compared to air, water and rail transport.

Most of the goods that were previously transported by rail over short distances are now transported by cars, even if the sender and recipient have access railways.

Road transport serves the construction of the largest industrial, civil and hydraulic structures. Motor transport has established a leading role in construction work, taking into account its mobility and the possibility of delivering building materials directly to the place of work on trucks.

The main carrier of agricultural products to railway stations and water piers is the car. Most retail goods and products, including the catering chain, are transported by road. A significant share in the turnover of road transport is the transportation of various types of fuel for industry and domestic needs.

Passenger road transportation is intensively developing. The advantages of urban bus transport include good maneuverability, speed of putting it into operation, etc. Bus transportation has obvious advantages over rail transport in terms of cost and specific investment in rolling stock (referred to 1 passenger-km) with relatively short transportation distances (within 300 km). ). In some cases, even in the presence of a parallel railway, the organization of bus traffic turns out to be rational on long routes.

Along with the noted advantages, road transport has some lower technical and economic indicators compared to rail and water transport. One of its significant shortcomings is the low level of labor productivity of workers, which is a consequence of the low carrying capacity of a unit of road transport rolling stock. Therefore, in road transport, a significant share in the cost of transportation is the cost of the wages of drivers and maintenance workers. In road transport, fuel costs are much higher due to the large engine power (per unit of rolling stock) and the high cost of gasoline and diesel fuel.

The cost of the rolling stock of road transport per 1 ton of carrying capacity is several times higher than in river or rail transport. Therefore, for the implementation of road transport per unit of transportation work (for the same average distance of transportation), more capital investments are required than for rail or water transport.

Cars, the number of which is steadily growing, have a harmful and sometimes detrimental impact on the environment. Every year, all over the world, cars emit millions of tons of various substances, to some extent toxic, into the air, claim hundreds of thousands of human lives as a result of accidents, and make millions of people crippled.

These are the factors without taking into account which it is impossible to give any reliable forecast for the development of the car park for the near future.

Freight road transport of the world performs 80% of the total world freight traffic. It will apparently retain its leading role in the foreseeable future, however, we should expect big qualitative changes in the park. First of all, it will increase the share of cars, the carrying capacity of which is close to the limit allowed by road conditions. Specialized road trains, transportation of goods in containers and packages will find mass application.

For Russia, with its large continental expanses, harsh climate and large-scale transportation of goods over long distances, all-weather modes of land transport are of paramount importance, which are distinguished by the lowest unit costs of cargo transportation, large throughput and high speeds.

The passenger turnover of railway transport in 2013 amounted to 138.5 billion pass-km (decrease by 8.6%), automobile (buses) - 139.2 billion pass-km (growth by 0.1%), air - 146.9 billion pass-km (+30.6%).

The largest passenger turnover in 2013 in Russian transport was noted in July, when it amounted to 47.2 billion pass-km, and the smallest - in February (26.4 billion pass-km).

The passenger turnover of air transport on international routes last year amounted to 80.8 billion pass-km (an increase of 38%), and on domestic routes - 55.4 billion pass-km (+22.6%).

Water transport - transport using natural and artificial reservoirs. The main means of transport is a ship.

According to the type of water areas used, it is divided into river and sea. Seagoing vessels must be seaworthy, i.e., the ability not to break up or sink in waves; Sea vessels are larger than river vessels. Transportation on lakes is usually referred to as river transport (with the exception of the largest lakes - such as the Caspian Sea).

Ports (sea and river) serve for loading and unloading; sea ​​and river stations are being built for passengers.

Water transport is characterized by high carrying capacity and very low cost of transportation; in addition, it allows you to transport almost any bulky cargo. Further, water transport is vital where overland transportation is impossible: between continents, islands, and also in underdeveloped areas.

Ferries are an important type of water transport.

The speed of movement on water transport is relatively low, so at present it is almost never used for business passenger transportation. But it is very popular with tourists and outdoor enthusiasts in general. Used and large tourist ships, and a variety of boats, yachts and boats.

A special type of water transport - a buer - moves under the influence of the force of the wind on skates on the frozen surface of the water.

Water transport
Water transport is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers along natural water (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs) communication routes. Water transport is divided into sea and inland water transport.

Inland water transport
River transport
Inland water transport - a type of water transport that transports goods and passengers along rivers, lakes and channels of river systems (river navigation).
In terms of cargo and passenger turnover, river transport is inferior to road and rail transport.
The major rivers of the world, suitable for navigation, have a much greater capacity than the most powerful railways, but the use of river transport opportunities depends on the general level of economic development - the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, China have the largest river transport turnover. .

>> Sea Freight
Maritime transportation - the transportation of goods and people carried out on ships along sea lanes.

>> Sea transport
Maritime transport - a type of water transport that transports goods and passengers using ships across the oceans, seas, sea channels (maritime navigation).
Sea transport:
- characterized by high carrying capacity of vehicles, unlimited throughput, relatively low transportation costs;
- serves 4/5 of all international trade;
- subdivided into coastal and international long-distance navigation

Transport(lat. transporto - I move) is a branch of production that provides the vital need of society for the movement of goods and passengers in space and time.

Transport is defined as a set of rolling stock, specially adapted means of communication for it and a complex of technical engineering devices and structures that ensure their normal functioning.

rolling stock - These are vehicles that carry cargo or carry passengers. In road transport, these are cars, trailers, semi-trailers; in railway transport - locomotive fleet (steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric locomotives), freight and passenger cars; on water modes of transport - ships, barges and tugs; in air transport - airplanes, helicopters and airships.

Tailored routes of communication- these are tracks designed and equipped for the movement of rolling stock of a specific type of transport, i.e. roads, railways, waterways and airways.

Complex of technical engineering devices and structures- these are cargo and passenger stations, terminals, hubs, cargo loading and unloading points, repair plants and workshops, gas stations, communications and signaling facilities, control systems, etc. The railway transport has the most complex complex, which is associated with its design features and production technology for the process of transporting goods and passengers.

All sectors of the economy, including mining, processing industries, agriculture, communications, energy, are served by transport. Due to the complexity of organizing the process of moving goods and passengers in space and time, transport is considered as an independent complex system. Transport, for all its independence, is an industry serving the economy. At all stages of the development of the economy, transport ensures the development and satisfaction of various sectors of the economy, and in modern conditions, the question of not only the movement of goods and passengers in space, but also the observance of delivery times set by the customer of transportation is particularly acute.

Transport at the same time acts as a consumer of the products of individual sectors of the economy, necessary for its work.

Transport is obliged to deliver the required products from the manufacturer to the consumer in a timely manner, to prevent damage and loss of finished products and raw materials, to reduce the dead time of material assets in the process of transportation. When transporting passengers, transport is obliged to provide comfortable conditions and timely delivery at a minimum cost of moving people.

Since the transport industry is a service industry, its pace of development should go ahead of the need for the transportation of goods and passengers. Transport reserves are considered the most expedient types of reserve, since in their absence the development of economic sectors is hampered. If the finished product is not exported to the sphere of consumption in a timely manner, then it is impossible to return the material resources invested in the product.

The role of transport is not limited to the movement of goods and passengers, it acts as a catalyst for the activity of the economy, linking production and consumption and expanding their scale, i.e. actively influences the process of expanded reproduction. Transport combines all sectors of the economy into a single whole, delivering raw materials from the mining industry to the processing industry, and then exporting finished products to the place of consumption. Only transport can ensure the circulation of goods by moving them from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption.

The level of development of the country is determined by the level of development and the state of transport. The significance of transport is multifaceted.

Economic importance transport is that it unites all sectors of the economy, ensures their development, communication and coordination. Transport, as mentioned earlier, is the only way to ensure the circulation of goods.

The role of transport in the development of tourism is interesting, as an economic sector on which individual countries build their state budget (Greece, Italy, Egypt, Tunisia, etc.). The tourism industry involves all modes of transport. Road transport is widely used for excursion services. At the same time, tourism is understood as the duration of transport services for people for more than a day, and under an excursion for less than a day.

Political significance transport consists in the ability to maneuver resources, quickly resolve any emergency situations, which ensures the stability of the state. Such a role is especially important for organizing assistance to regions suffering from natural disasters.

cultural significance transport is the possibility of spreading various values ​​​​with its help to improve the culture and education of the population. At the same time, transport itself also becomes an element of culture: in many countries of the world, museums of various types of transport, exhibitions of transport achievements, etc. have been developed. Transport provides educational tourism.

The sociological significance of transport consists in saving time, facilitating labor and increasing its productivity, since with poor-quality transport services for labor trips (travel to the place of application of labor), a person reduces working capacity by 10 ... 12%. Transport contributes to the organization of leisure of the population to restore working capacity.

Scientific significance of transport is that it poses challenges to science in order to be able to provide services of higher quality and at lower cost. Some problems of transport have not yet been solved by science. For example, there is no final solution to many environmental problems that transport creates, a mathematical model of such a complex, stochastic and unstable system as a transport system has not been built, since it requires taking into account a very large number of factors. To date, there are models of only individual components of the overall system.

Defense value of transport lies in the possibility of rapid redeployment of the population, troops and production in the event of hostilities and emergency situations. An example is the relocation of factories for the production of military equipment at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War from the European regions of the USSR to the Trans-Urals and the evacuation of the population to the eastern regions of the country and the Central Asian republics. This made it possible to save the lives of the population and ensure the victory of our country over Germany.

The value of sports achievements for the development of transport. Specialized rolling stock is being created for all types of transport, on which various design features are being worked out, which make it possible, first of all, to achieve an increase in speeds. These are racing cars, boats, etc. With the improvement of individual structural units on high-speed rolling stock, such parts are then used in the mass production of vehicles.

The specific meaning of transport. Certain types of transport, for example, air, are capable of performing special work for certain sectors of the economy. An example is the lifting of heavy and large construction structures by helicopters during the construction of high-rise buildings, the application of fertilizers for farmland; fish processing on ships during transportation; widening of the fairway (goal. uarivater , iagen - move, swim and water- water, i.e. safe passage through the water space, characterized by sufficient depth) by dredging vessels, etc.

All modes of transport are managed by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation (federal ministry). Its functions are the development of state policy, legal regulation, strategic development, organization of work, development of technical policy, etc.

The Ministry includes the departments of railway transport, civil aviation, automobile and urban passenger transport, sea and river transport, road facilities, international cooperation, property relations and territorial planning, transport security and special programs, legal support and legislative activities, development programs, economics and finance. Note that pipeline transport is subordinate to the Ministry of the Oil Industry, which includes the General Directorate for the Transportation and Supply of Oil.

Management directly of the transport process of transportation of goods or passengers on any mode of transport has its own specifics. The sequence of construction of management decisions is shown in fig. 1.1.

Information comes in the form of an application (one-time transportation) or an agreement (longer transportation) from the customer about the need for transport services. The application indicates the location of the sender and recipient of the cargo, the volume and structure of the cargo, the frequency and time of delivery, the features of the acceptance of the cargo and other wishes of the customer. In addition, the enterprise should receive current information from cargo owners, the hydrometeorological center, and the traffic police on the state of road transport networks.

The goal and objectives are the general political line in the economy of this enterprise (conquering a certain market segment, using certain types of rolling stock, expanding the offer of services, increasing volumes, etc.).

Planning depends on the timing of interaction with the customer - from operational-daily to annual.

Decision making is based on planning and current information.

The implementation of decisions and control is the most important element of the management system, which is provided by direct and feedback with all participants in the transportation process, the main of which is the driver. Control on the line is carried out with the help of information systems, and after the carriage is completed, according to the readings of such devices as a speedometer and a tachograph. It should be noted that the information on the tachogram is accepted as material evidence when analyzing failed situations in court.

The importance of transport for the country is exceptionally great. It performs important economic, social, cultural and defense functions of the state.

Economic role transport consists in the fact that it is an organic link in any production, specialization and cooperation of enterprises, and also serves to deliver all types of raw materials, fuel and products from points of production to points of consumption. Without transport, the development of new areas and natural resources is unthinkable.

Transport is an important factor in economic integration as well as in international trade.

social significance transport is to ensure labor and household trips of people, to facilitate their physical labor with the help of transport, in particular, when moving large volumes of materials in the production process and at home. Transport contributes to the preservation of health, providing an opportunity for people to use the health-improving areas not only in the near, but also in remote areas. It provides all people with the territorial accessibility of resorts with their healing springs, as well as special medical centers in capitals and large cities.

cultural significance transport is very large and diverse. This is communication between people and a way to satisfy their aesthetic needs. Transport delivers newspapers, magazines, books, etc. to settlements, and also makes it possible to carry out international exchange.

A powerful stimulator of the growth of culture is the communication of the broad masses of the people with scientists, writers, artists, musicians, trips to symposiums, conferences, festivals, exhibitions, etc.

Defense value transport is one of the most important factors in the defense capability of the state. This is the transfer of troops and weapons, supply, evacuation of people and material and technical resources.

The main task transport - full satisfaction of the needs of industry, agriculture and the population in transportation, both in terms of volume and quality.

Transportation quality manifests itself:

In ensuring traffic safety;

Reducing the time of delivery of goods and passengers;

Compliance with the regularity of transportation;

Increasing the level of comfort;

Ensuring the complete safety of transported goods;

Achieve higher cost-effectiveness of transportation.

Economic theory, defining the place and role of transport in the development of modern society, considers it as a universal means of labor, as one of the general conditions of production. By moving the means of labor and workers within enterprises, transport carries out the links generated by the technological division of labor. These functions are performed by intra-production transport. By moving various types of products between producers (suppliers) and consumers, transport implements the links generated by the territorial division of labor. These functions are performed by the transport of the sphere of circulation, which, in the course of the historical process of the social division of labor, emerged as an independent sphere of production. Transportation in the process of circulation in modern conditions is mainly carried out by public transport - rail, sea, river, road, air, as well as special transport (pipelines, high-voltage power lines and railway access roads of enterprises connecting them with a network of main lines of communication). These modes of transport, together with the system of warehouses, are the material basis of the circulation process. Transport, on the one hand, is a part of the market infrastructure, "physically" realizing the exchange of goods and providing services to the population, and on the other hand, as a market entity, it sells its services by moving goods and passengers. Different modes of transport can provide these services in different ways, thus forming a transport market. The labor of transport workers is productive labor, it creates national income, increases social wealth, measured in value terms. The share of transport costs in the cost of industrial and agricultural products is 15-20%, reaching 45-50% for some cargoes.

The pace of transport development should correspond to economic growth. According to foreign researchers, the growth of gross domestic product in most countries of the world is accompanied by a proportional increase in the cost of fixed assets of transport. Thus, as the country's economy develops, the transport industry should change in accordance with the dynamics of demand for transport services. There is also an inverse relationship, that is, transport has an impact on economic development, being, if not the engine, then at least the "wheels" of economic activity. However, special studies have found that investments in the transport industry alone, or even in the entire infrastructure, do not guarantee economic growth. Success depends primarily on the economic policy of the state as a whole.

1. What is the importance of water transport in the development of the Russian economy?

Water transport is natural routes, inexpensive to operate, mass transportation of goods and passengers. The largest single load capacity. The role of water transport is most significant where there are no other types of it.

2. Choose the correct answer. River transport is of great importance: a) in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories; b) in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Magadan Region; c) in the Moscow and Saratov regions.

Correct answer: a) in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

3. Describe maritime transport. List the largest ports in the country.

Maritime transport in Russia serves mainly foreign trade. The only region in which intraregional maritime transportation plays an important role is the Far East, where the northeastern territories are supplied with everything necessary from the ports of the southern part of the region.

The largest ports of the country:

Pacific basin: Vladivostok, Nakhodka;

Baltic basin: St. Petersburg, Primorsk, Ust-Luga, Vyborg, Kaliningrad;

Black Sea-Azov basin: Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Sevastopol;

Northern basin: Arkhangelsk, Murmansk.

4. Choose the correct answer. A major port in the Pacific basin is: a) St. Petersburg; b) Murmansk; c) Vladivostok; d) Novorossiysk.

Correct answer: c) Vladivostok.

5. What are the features of air transport.

Air transport is the most expensive, but also the fastest.

6. What is a transport hub? What is the importance of transport nodes?

A transport hub is a point where several modes of transport or several transport routes converge, and goods are transshipped from one mode of transport to another.

Transport hubs provide interaction between different modes of transport.

7. What modes of transport will you use to get from home to Arkhangelsk, Perm, Astrakhan, Magadan and why? Through which settlements will your path pass? Create detailed routes.

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Arkhangelsk by plane, because the distance to the final destination is quite large (more than 2 thousand km). Our path will pass through Moscow (1 transfer).

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Perm by train, because the distance between cities is not large, and the trip is not expensive. Our path will pass through Yekaterinburg.

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Astrakhan by plane, because the distance to the final destination is quite large (more than 1.5 thousand km). Our path will pass through Moscow (1 transfer).

We will get from home (Chelyabinsk) to Magadan by plane, because the distance to the final destination is quite large (more than 5 thousand km). Our path will pass through Moscow and Novosibirsk (2 transfers).

8. The world today is actively developing technologies of intelligent transport systems (ITS), which make it possible to optimize traffic and, above all, increase its safety. With the help of modern electronic systems, data on the situation on the roads are collected in special centers where they are analyzed. The results are then sent back to the roads along which scoreboards are installed to inform drivers of the traffic situation. Information for drivers can also be transmitted using mobile phones, radios and navigation systems. How do you see the development of this sector in Russia in the next 10 years?

When using ITS systems, travel time will be reduced and the choice of route or mode of transport will be optimized, and the efficiency of using the transport infrastructure will increase. Vehicle users will be able to avoid wasting time in traffic jams, searching for parking, especially at the entrances to the city, and reach the final destination of the trip in the shortest possible time. The most efficient transport service will be aimed at speeding up the flow of traffic and reducing congestion on the main traffic routes.