Russian army. The structure and composition of the armed forces of the Russian Federation - description, history and interesting facts

Many people who are ignorant of military affairs may wonder what kind of troops there are in the Russian army. The answer here is very simple - Russian units include elite troops, ground units, navy, aviation. Each part performs its own function. For large units (navy, air force, ground forces), there are support departments such as air defense, artillery. Many parts are intertwined.

The regiments began to come to the modern look after the collapse of the Russian Empire. The delimitation of troops, according to Wikipedia and other open sources, was finally established in the early 2000s, when the last reform of the Main Military Directorate took place.

The general structure of the Russian army

The number of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for 2017 is 798 thousand military personnel. Most of them are employed by the ground forces. The structure of the RF Armed Forces 2017, despite the reduction in the number of employees, has not changed and remains the same since the reform in the 2000s. What troops are in the Russian army:

• ground troops;
• military air fleet;
• Navy.

Separately, you need to consider the elite units - the fourth point in the overall structure. This includes space troops whose members do not perform military functions, these are cosmonauts and employees who ensure the creation and dispatch of space rockets. The employees of these units do not need to be armed, but they receive military awards and badges.

The Russian military forces are commanded by the Main Directorate (GOU), which is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. This body coordinates troop units in wartime and peacetime and determines their tasks.

The main tasks of the units according to the latest list of targets from the Ministry of Defense:

1. Ground units - providing anti-tank protection, foot offensive, border protection, reconnaissance operations, the fight against terrorism, for example, in Syria.
2. Aviation - ensuring air security, hitting targets at a great distance, transporting military units and military cargo.
3. Elite units - technical support for the army, space exploration (for space troops), missile support.
4. Marine fleet - protection of maritime borders, military maritime transportation, transportation of military and important cargoes, supply of weapons, resolution of military conflicts, naval protection.

The ground and naval forces are also entrusted with the responsibility of providing anti-terrorist protection. Naval personnel escort ships in dangerous areas, land personnel are engaged in the search and elimination of terrorist groups along with the police.

The composition of the Russian army changes every year. In 2016, there were about one million military personnel, and by 2017 the number of employees was reduced by 100,000. It should be borne in mind that some of them are conscripts undergoing military service.

The draft conscripts are annually reduced by several tens of thousands of people, which can explain the reduction in the number of employees. They provide an increase in the entire structure of troops in the Russian army according to the list above: conscripts replenish the composition of both ground, sea and air forces, they can be in artillery, infantry or motorized rifle units.

Each unit is controlled by its command staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (officers). For the fleet, these are admirals, for land units, they are generals. The entire volume of troops of the Russian army is subordinate first of all to the President of the Russian Federation, then to the Ministry of Defense.

Schemes of the military structure of Russia

You can imagine the structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in 2017 with a diagram to make it more clear and understandable.

The most branched body of the army is the ground forces.

For an even more visual explanation of the structure of the VS, you can download a short video on this topic. All units are divided into subordinate associations - battalions, companies, platoons, brigades.

Due to the large branching of the military network of the Russian Federation, the country annually spends a large amount on providing troops. Military spending data is presented in the presentation of the overall 2017 budget schedule in the spending column. 1,021 billion rubles are spent on military needs (defence). The support of intelligence groups takes part of the funds aimed at supporting security.

The military structure is the most specific among other bodies. The military even have one, which is separate from the Supreme Court of Russia.

Land units

The structure of this division includes several support departments:

• motorized rifle units;
• artillery;
• tank forces;
• air defense installations.

The main tasks are performed by motorized rifle units. They are tasked with a forced, quick attack, reconnaissance and defeat of enemy infantry. The main goal is to capture enemy territories. Tank troops are allocated to support motorized rifle units. They reinforce offensive positions and help protect the occupied territories.

Tank forces are mostly used for strategic purposes to break through blockades and echelons. They attack from the flanks or lead a frontal attack. The main advantage of these units is high damage, an armored hull, the ability to destroy not only enemy military personnel, but also equipment, important enemy defense systems. The disadvantage is the lack of maneuverability.

Artillery mounts are used to destroy enemy points from a long distance. Artillery is hard to destroy, so a small amount of equipment and personnel is enough to provide defense. The defeat of artillery points is complicated by the fact that they are installed in hidden high locations.

To ensure the protection of the airspace while the remaining units are attacking, air defenses are used. They prevent mortar strikes from the air, the landing of nuclear missiles, the dropping of point shells. Air defense is capable of shooting down not only bombers, but also enemy cargo or military passenger aircraft.

Navy

There are several divisions in the naval units. The first is the coastal troops, which guard the Russian-Japanese, Russian-Ukrainian and other maritime borders and defend Russian national interests in the maritime sector. The composition of the military personnel in this unit is significant and is almost as good as the “dry” unit.

Another service option is . These soldiers provide protection for ships and act as defenders in naval conflicts. And finally, directly the sailors themselves, who serve on warships.

High demands are placed on people who want to serve in the Navy - high growth, increased health characteristics, developed muscles. The candidate must show that he is mentally stable; it is best if he began to prepare for the service as a child. Such a policy is associated with a high risk of injury in the navy, the presence of overloads. Due to the increased danger of service, the military of these units retire at the age of 30.

The fleet is located on all maritime platforms accessible to Russian employees - the Black Sea, the Baltic, and the Pacific Ocean. Some employees cooperate or come into contact with the sailors of NATO countries.

Aviation and elite troops

Aviation can be long-range, front-line and army. Long-range strikes targets at a great distance. The front-line provides an attack, dropping mines directly above the target. Army aviation ensures the supply of cargo and military personnel. Together with aviation, air defense installations are always used (when defending positions).

Separate elite units include space troops, special forces, and privileged structures. They carry out the tasks of ensuring internal and external security, and the space forces are responsible for scientific activities and space exploration.

The military structure of the national army is dynamic and may soon undergo reforms again, this is due to modernization, new management requirements, new opportunities in the technical field.

Issues under study:

1. Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

a) ground troops.

b) Navy.

c) Air Force.

a) Strategic Missile Forces

b) Space Force

c) Airborne troops

3. Leadership and management of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

1. Types of armed forces

a) Ground Forces (SV)

These troops lead their history from the princely squads of Kievan Rus; from the archery regiments of Ivan the Terrible, created in 1550; regiments of the "foreign" system, formed in 1642 by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and Peter's regiments, created in the 1680s - "amusing" regiments that formed the basis of the Russian Guard.

As a branch of the armed forces, the ground forces were created in 1946. Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was appointed the first commander in chief of the Russian Ground Forces.
The Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. An analysis of the composition of the armed forces of the leading countries of the world shows that even the maritime powers give priority to the ground forces (the share of the SV in the US Armed Forces is 46%; Great Britain - 48%; Germany - 69%, China - 70%).

Purpose ground forces - in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces, to solve the tasks of repulsing aggression, protecting the national interests of the country, and also acting within the framework of its international obligations. They form the basis of groupings of troops operating in strategic directions (continental theaters of military operations).

The ground forces are equipped with powerful weapons to destroy ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missile launchers, and effective means of reconnaissance and control.

The ground forces include:

types of troops:

motorized rifle;

tank;

Rocket troops and artillery;

Air Defense Forces;

special forces (formations and units):

Intelligence;

Engineering;

Nuclear-technical;

Technical support;

Automotive;

Rear guards;

Military units and institutions of the rear.

Organizationally, the ground forces consist of:

military districts:

Moscow;

Leningradsky;

North Caucasian;

Volga-Ural;

Siberian;

Far East;

combined arms armies;

Army Corps;

Motorized rifle (tank), artillery, machine-gun and artillery divisions;

fortified areas;

Separate military units;

Military institutions, enterprises and organizations.

b) Navy (Navy)

Russia is a great maritime power: its shores are washed by the waters of 12 seas and 3 oceans, and the length of sea borders is 38,807 km.

More than 300 years ago (October 20, 1696) Peter I, in fact, obliged the Boyar Duma to adopt a decree with an optimistic statement “There will be sea vessels!”. Thus began the history of the Russian fleet.

The Navy is a branch of the armed forces designed to conduct combat operations in sea and ocean areas, to deliver nuclear missile strikes against strategic targets deep behind enemy lines, to gain air supremacy in coastal airspace and, when escorted by own ships, to protect coastal territories. from enemy attacks, as well as for landing amphibious assaults and transporting troops.

Today, the Russian Navy consists of fleets:

Northern;

Baltic;

Pacific;

Black Sea and Caspian Flotilla.

The Navy includes naval strategic forces and general purpose forces.

The Navy includes the following forces and arms:

surface forces;

Submarine forces;

Naval aviation;

Coastal missile and artillery troops;

Marine Corps.

Organizationally, fleets include flotillas or squadrons of heterogeneous forces, flotillas or squadrons of submarines, fleet air forces, operational squadrons of amphibious assault forces (only in wartime), naval bases, flotillas or divisions of river ships, as well as special units, formations, institutions and other units of the rear.

A flotilla or squadron of heterogeneous forces includes divisions or brigades of submarines, divisions or brigades, divisions of surface ships with attached naval aviation units.

The submarine flotilla (submarine) includes divisions of submarines for various purposes:

Nuclear submarines (PLA);

Diesel-electric submarines (PLD).

The operational squadron includes divisions or brigades of surface ships, submarines, ships and logistics vessels.

Naval bases (Navy Bases) are territorial associations of the Navy. They included brigades and divisions of ships of anti-submarine defense (SCHU), mine defense (PMO), protection of the water area (OVR), parts of the coastal missile and artillery troops (BRAV) and rear (in the late 1980s as part of the Soviet Navy there were more than 30 naval bases).

The surface forces of the fleet are equipped with:

Combat surface ships: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, patrol and patrol ships;

Small combat surface ships and boats;

mine-sweeping ships;

Landing ships.

Submarine forces of the fleet:

Submarines are nuclear;

Submarines are diesel-electric.

The fleet's submarine forces are equipped with ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and homing torpedoes.

Naval aviation is subdivided into:

Mine-torpedo;

bomber;

Assault;

Intelligence;

Fighter;

Auxiliary.

Naval aviation is capable of striking enemy targets in the depths of defense and destroying enemy surface ships and submarines.

Today, in terms of reforming the Navy, the most important tasks are:

Preservation of the ocean function, including in terms of exploration, data collection, study of the hydrological situation;

Maintaining the stability of naval nuclear forces and creating such regimes for the combat service of ships that would allow, in the event of political crises and military operations, to prevail in the most vulnerable regions from the point of view of ensuring Russia's security, as well as in some key areas of the oceans.

c) Air Force (Air Force)

The Air Force as a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is designed to protect administrative, industrial and economic centers, regions of the country, groupings of troops, important objects from enemy air strikes, to destroy military installations and the rear of the enemy.

The Air Force plays a decisive role in gaining air supremacy. This fundamentally new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was created in 1998. It included the air force (aviation) and the air defense forces, which previously existed as two separate types.

Speaking about the development of domestic aviation, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the Polytechnic Institute became the first educational institution in Russia, which trained aviators, aviation technicians, and was engaged in the design and creation of aircraft.
In March 1908, on the initiative of the student Bagrov, an aeronautics circle was created. A year and a half later, it already numbered more than a hundred people.

Aeronautics is not only an interesting business, but at that time it was also very fashionable, prestigious, the hobby for which was considered a sign of masculinity and good taste.
The future professor of the St. Petersburg Institute of Railways N.A. On May 6, 1909, Rynin addressed a letter to the dean of the shipbuilding department of the Polytechnic Institute K.P. Boklevsky with a proposal to establish on the basis of this department the teaching of a course of aeronautics.

Konstantin Petrovich Boklevsky on September 9, 1909 sent to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers P.A. Stolypin received a letter with a request to be allowed to open aeronautics courses at the shipbuilding department.

On December 15, 1909, the Council of Ministers decided to open these courses, and a month and a half later, on February 5, 1910, Nicholas II inscribed a short word on the document prepared on this occasion: "I agree."

By the summer of 1911, at the shipbuilding department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, courses were finally formed, which received the official name “Officer Theoretical Aviation Courses named after V.V. Zakharov.
Officer courses produced many gifted pilots. For some of them, aviation has become a matter of a lifetime. Among them, for example, was a graduate of 1916. Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov, in the future, an outstanding aircraft designer, awarded the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor No. 4.

Studying at these courses was prestigious, exciting and very dangerous. According to sad statistics, every 40th student died before graduation.

If theoretical knowledge and the basics of practical skills were received by course participants at the Polytechnic Institute, then a thorough hundred, fattening took place in England. There they also passed the main exam.

Russian pilots received their first baptism of fire during the Balkan War (1912-1913), fighting as part of an aviation detachment on the side of Bulgaria. As a branch of the Russian Air Force, they have existed since 1912.

During the First World War, aviation, having the advantages of attack from the air, received rapid development and was used by all the warring states.
The fight against aviation went in two directions: aircraft against aircraft and ground means against aircraft.

The development of aviation and means of air defense (until 1926, air defense) has always proceeded in a single historical and military-technical unity. In November 1914, to protect Petrograd from aircraft and airships, subunits were created armed with guns adapted for firing at air targets.
The first battery for firing at the air fleet was formed in Tsarskoye Selo on March 19 (5). During the First World War, there were 250 such batteries in Russia. During the four years of the war, anti-aircraft gunners shot down about two thousand aircraft.

In the 1920s to combat air targets, I-1 fighter aircraft designed by N.N. Polikarpov and D.P. Grigorovich, the first regiment of anti-aircraft artillery is being formed. In the 1930s, P.O. Sukhoi I-4, I-4 bis, N.N. Polikarpov I-3, I-5, I-15, I-16, I-153 "Seagull".

Searchlight stations 0-15-2, sound pickups-direction finders ZP-2, search stations "Prozhzvuk-1", anti-aircraft guns (76.2 mm), heavy-caliber anti-aircraft machine guns of the V.A. system were put into service. Degtyarev and G.S. Shpagin (DShK), and KV-KN balloons began to arrive for parts of the air barrier.

In 1933-1934. Russian design engineer P.K. Oshchepkov outlined and substantiated the idea of ​​detecting air targets using electromagnetic waves. In 1934, the first radar station (RLS) "RUS-1" was built - an aircraft radar.

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the creation of new types of combat aircraft began: LaGG-3, MiG-3, Yak-1, IL-2 (the best attack aircraft of World War II), IL-4 (long-range night bomber), Pe-2 (dive bomber).
During the Second World War, the total aviation fleet increased dramatically with a significant improvement in the quality of aircraft. Aviation has become a powerful means of delivering air strikes against targets and groupings of troops, and the main principles of its combat use have become massed and echeloned combat operations in a wide range of altitudes and flight ranges.

The unparalleled heroism and courage of our pilots made it possible to achieve strategic air supremacy during the war. They made more than three million sorties, dropped more than 600,000 tons of bombs on the enemy, and destroyed 48,000 enemy planes. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 2420 pilots, 65 of them twice, and Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin and Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub three times.

Anti-aircraft defenses of the Red Army during the war included 25-85 mm cannons and twin or quadruple machine guns. In the course of their combat use, anti-aircraft gunners of the ground forces shot down 21,645 German aircraft, soldiers of the country's air defense units - 7313 aircraft, of which fighter aircraft - 4168, anti-aircraft artillery and other means - 3145.

The experience of the war confirmed the correctness of such basic principles for the use of anti-aircraft weapons, such as massing them in the main directions of operations of friendly troops, building an air defense system in depth with differentiation of weapons of various calibers and purposes, creating anti-aircraft artillery groups, maneuver on a tactical and operational scale.

In the postwar years, the main direction in the development of the Air Force was the transition from piston aviation to jet aircraft. In April 1946, for the first time in the world, jet fighters Yak-15 and MiG-9 took off. In the mid 1950s. The Air Force was replenished with the first supersonic MiG-19 fighters, Yak-25 fighter-interceptors, Il-28 front-line bombers, Tu-16 long-range bombers and Mi-4 transport helicopters.

Since 1952, the air defense forces have been equipped with anti-aircraft missile systems. This makes it possible to transform anti-aircraft artillery into a new branch of service - the anti-aircraft missile forces of the country's air defense. In 1954, radio engineering troops were formed as a branch of the air defense forces, and on May 7, 1955, the S-25 anti-aircraft missile system was put into service. On December 11, 1957, the S-75 anti-aircraft missile system was adopted. The complex was created by the teams of KB-1 of the 2nd Main Directorate of the Council of Ministers (now NPO Almaz) and KB-2 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry.

The S-75 air defense system consisted of a missile guidance radar, two-stage anti-aircraft guided missiles, six launchers, on-board equipment and power supplies. This air defense system blocked the capabilities of aircraft and advanced air attack weapons of that time, destroying targets flying at a speed of 1500 km / h, including at an altitude of 22 thousand meters. Within 10 minutes, the division could hit up to 5 targets coming at intervals of 1.5-2 minutes.

The S-75 recorded its first victory on October 7, 1959 in the Beijing area (China). Three anti-aircraft missiles destroyed a high-speed reconnaissance aircraft RB-57D at an altitude of 20,600 meters.

On November 16, 1959, the S-75 once again confirms its excellent combat capabilities by shooting down an American reconnaissance balloon near Volgograd at an altitude of 28,000 meters.

On May 1, 1960, an American Lockheed U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Senior Lieutenant Francis Powers was shot down near Sverdlovsk. On October 27, 1962, a second American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was destroyed over Cuba.

In Vietnam, the S-75 engages in combat with ground attack aircraft. In the sky of Indochina, the Air Force and the US Navy lost more than a thousand jet aircraft (421 aircraft were shot down in 1972 alone). The S-75 performed well in other military conflicts as well.

Since the early 1960s The air force became missile-carrying and all-weather, the flight speed of fighters was twice the speed of sound. For more than eight years (before the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces), the Air Force was the only type of aircraft capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy targets in remote territories.

In the 1960s-1970s. Fundamentally new aircraft with a wing sweep that can be changed in flight are being created. Aircraft are equipped with powerful bomber, rocket and cannon weapons, advanced radio-electronic equipment.
On July 28, 1961, the S-125 (Neva) low-altitude air defense system was adopted, and on February 22, 1967, the S-200 (Angara) system was adopted.

In 1979, the ZRSS-300 was adopted.

Organizational structure of the Air Force

Aviation - designed to destroy air and ground targets of enemy troops using conventional and nuclear weapons.

Far:

Bomber;

Intelligence;

Special.

Frontline:

Bomber;

Fighter-bomber;

Fighter;

Transport; special.

Military transport.

Air defense fighter aircraft:

- Anti-aircraft missile forces of air defense - designed to carry out anti-aircraft missile defense and cover objects in the corresponding zones.

- Radiotechnical Air Defense Troops- designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of an air enemy, issue warning information about the beginning of his attack, control over compliance with the procedure for using airspace.

2. Types of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

a) Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN)

The first use of domestic rocket technology took place in 1717. At this time, a signal rocket was adopted by the Russian army, which was used for 100 years.

By the beginning of the XIX century. permanent and temporary missile units were formed as part of the Russian artillery. Our troops used rocket weapons in the Caucasus in 1827 and in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. The experience of using rocket weapons showed that, along with the advantages, the rockets also had disadvantages: low firing accuracy and low reliability. This led to the fact that in the 30s and the first half of the 40s. 19th century this weapon was hardly ever used.

In the second half of the XIX century. methods are being developed for using combat missiles to defend naval bases from enemy ships, launchers are being designed, bench tests of missiles are being carried out, and the manufacture of missiles on an industrial basis is proposed. In the 1960s the first missile division was created, which became part of the infantry formation.

Due to the fact that rocket weapons began to be significantly inferior to the rapidly progressing cannon artillery in all the most important combat properties, the further use of combat missiles was recognized as inexpedient. At the end of the XIX century. combat missiles were completely removed from service with the Russian army.

However, at this time K.E. Tsiolkovsky, I.V. Meshchersky, N.E. Zhukovsky and other scientists developed the foundations of the theory of jet propulsion. In the 20s. 20th century there is a unification of the creative efforts of rocket scientists and the formation of rocket research and development organizations, as well as sections of interplanetary communications.

The need to create combat missiles with a long range was dictated by the requirements developed in the 1930s. theory of a deep offensive operation, however, things did not go further than theoretical developments - the state did not have funds for these works.

In 1939, a new rocket weapon was used for the first time in the world in a combat situation. During the defeat of the Japanese troops on the Khalkhin-Gol River, from August 20 to 31, the first link of missile-carrying fighters in the history of aviation successfully operated.

In 1939-1940. during the Soviet-Finnish war, rockets mounted on bombers were used.

Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, about 50 ballistic missiles were developed in the USSR, including up to 40 with liquid engines, 2 with solid-fuel jet engines, and 8 with combined jet engines.

Starting from 1941 to 1945, various types of rockets were put into service and successfully used. The creation in the ground forces of high-explosive fragmentation rockets M-13 (132 mm) and a 16-round self-propelled rocket launcher BM-13 (known as "Katyusha") deserves the most attention.

After the Great Patriotic War, Soviet scientists (I.V. Kurchatov, M.V. Keldysh, A.D. Sakharov, Yu.B. Khariton and others) created atomic weapons. At the same time, the development of the creation of means of its delivery was going on.

The year of birth of the Strategic Missile Forces is considered to be 1959. The creators of intercontinental strategic missiles, liquid-propellant jet engines, control devices and complex ground equipment were joint ventures. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, V.N. Chelomei, V.P. Makeev, M.K. Yangel and others. By 1965, intercontinental missiles R-16, R-7, R-9 and medium-range missiles R-12, R-14 were created and put on combat duty.

The formation of the Strategic Missile Forces took place on the basis of the best and most famous formations and units of various types of the Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War, with the involvement of the forces and means of many educational institutions, scientific centers of the Air Force, Navy, and ground forces.
A new stage in the technical equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the creation and putting on combat duty of the RS-16, RS-18, PC-20 missile systems. In these systems, the designers used fundamentally new technological solutions that made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the missile's combat use and enhance its protection from enemy strikes. Over its history, the Strategic Missile Forces have been armed with over 30 types of various missile systems.

Today, 6 types of complexes that meet modern requirements are in service. The reform of the armed forces provides for the presence in the combat strength of only one universal missile system, both stationary and mobile, Topol-M.

Over the entire history of the existence of the Strategic Missile Forces, more than 1000 missile launches have been carried out. In the context of the implementation of the SALT-1 Treaty, in the period from August 26 to December 29, 1988, 70 missiles were eliminated by launching.

b) Space Forces (KB)

Space units appeared in the USSR in 1957. It is customary to consider October 4, the day of the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, as a birthday. For more than two years they were part of the ground forces. In December 1959, the space units were reassigned to the Strategic Missile Forces. It looked quite logical: the first launch vehicles for launching spacecraft into orbit were created on the basis of intercontinental ballistic missiles.

In 1964, the Central Directorate of Space Facilities of the Ministry of Defense (TSUKOS) was established as part of the Strategic Missile Forces. In 1970, his status was upgraded to the Main Directorate (GUKOS) and a decision was made to withdraw him from the Strategic Missile Forces within two years. But only in November 1981, i.e. more than ten years later, GUKOS became an independent structure of the Ministry of Defense. In July 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the creation of the Military Space Forces of the Russian Federation as an independent branch of the military. Since November 1, 1997, the Military Space Forces are subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces in the form of a separate department and are called the Launch and Control Forces of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The main tasks of KB are:

Conducting information and reconnaissance activities in outer space;

Identification of threats to national security emanating from space (through space);

Destruction of warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy.

KB includes:

spaceports:

Baikonur;

Plesetsk;

Free;

The main control center for spacecraft them. G. S. Titova;

connections and parts:

Missile attack warnings;

control of outer space;

Anti-missile defense.

c) Airborne Troops (VDV)

At the dawn of the development of aeronautics, in 1911 (November 9), the Russian artillery officer Gleb Kotelnikov received a security certificate for a “special satchel for aviators with an automatically ejected parachute”, which fixed the priority in the invention of the world's first parachute. In 1924 G.E. Kotelnikov received a patent for the invention of a light parachute pack.

Second of August 1930 at the exercises of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District near Voronezh, a paratrooper unit consisting of 12 people was parachuted - this date is considered the birthday of the Airborne Forces.

By the directive of the headquarters of the Red Army of March 18, 1931 in the Leningrad military district in the city of Detskoye Selo (Pushkin), a freelance experimental airborne assault detachment was created. It was the world's first parachute formation. In September 1935, during the maneuvers of the Kyiv military district, the most massive parachute landing (1200 people) of the 30s was used.

From the first days of its existence, the paratroopers were where it was most difficult, where courage and high professionalism were required. In August 1939, the 212th Airborne Brigade took part in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River.

From February to March 1940, the 201st and 204th airborne brigades participate in a military conflict with Finland. In June 1940, the 201st Airborne Brigade landed in the Belgrade region, in the Izmail region paratroopers of the 201st Brigade landed by parachute, the goal was to prevent the destruction of important communications and ensure the unhindered advance of the Red Army.

In the spring of 1941, the Airborne Forces were reorganized. On the basis of five airborne brigades, airborne corps were created, and in June 1941, the Airborne Forces Directorate.
The geography of the combat path of paratroopers during the Great Patriotic War is extensive. On all the most important sectors near Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, on the Dnieper, in Karelia, in Hungary and Austria, landing units and formations fought bravely. For courage and heroism during the war years, all airborne formations were awarded the rank of guards.

In June 1946, the Airborne Forces were withdrawn from the Air Force, and the post of Commander of the Airborne Forces was established.
Today, the events in Hungary (November 1956) and Czechoslovakia (August 1968) can be assessed differently, but the paratroopers did everything possible to ensure that the order of the Soviet government was carried out quickly, accurately and with minimal losses. In 1979, the personnel of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division took control of the most important state facilities and the military garrisons of Kabul in a day, which ensured the unimpeded entry of the main group of ground forces into Afghanistan.

From the beginning of 1988, the Airborne Forces began to carry out special operations. Thanks to the actions of the paratroopers, massacres were prevented in Azerbaijan and Armenia, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia, Transnistria and Tajikistan.

The combat effectiveness of the paratroopers was clearly manifested in the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya. The paratroopers of the 6th company of the 104th parachute regiment of the 76th guards airborne division covered themselves with unfading glory, not flinching in front of the superior forces of the militants.

MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

General leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out Supreme Commander.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Defense" establish that the President of Russia is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

He leads the implementation of:

Defense policy;

Approves the concept, plans for the construction and use of the army and navy;

Appoints and dismisses the highest military command (from the commander of the unit and above);

Assigns the highest military ranks;

Issues decrees on the conscription of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service;

Declares a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the Russian Federation;

Gives orders to the Armed Forces to conduct military operations, and also exercises other powers assigned to it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Government of the Russian Federation directs the activities of the federal executive bodies subordinate to it to ensure military security, their mobilization training, organizes the equipping of the armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation with weapons, military and special equipment, the provision of materiel, resources and services, and also carries out general management of the operational equipment of the territory of the Russian Federation in the interests of defense.

Other federal authorities organize and bear full responsibility for the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them to ensure military security.

The management of the armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation is carried out by the heads of the relevant federal executive bodies.

The direct leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is entrusted to Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation through Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, which implements the policy in the field of construction of the RF Armed Forces in accordance with the decisions of the highest bodies of state power of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is given the exclusive right to order weapons and military equipment, including for other power structures, to manage the rear in the common interest, to train personnel, etc.

The main body of operational command and control of the troops and forces of the fleet of the RF Armed Forces is General base. He exercises leadership in matters of planning, the use of troops for defense purposes, the improvement of the country's operational equipment, its mobilization preparation, and the coordination of plans for the construction of other troops to solve the main task - the defense of Russia.

CONCLUSION. The Armed Forces of Russia are an important structure of the state, designed to protect its interests from encroachments from outside, as well as from attempts to destroy it from within. The organization of military development and leadership of troops are aimed at maintaining peace and strengthening the independence of Russia.

The largest country in the world - Russia - has a powerful structured potential of the Armed Forces. Control over the fulfillment of the lawful duty of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the central bodies of military command, to which four territorial districts with all types and branches of the RF troops are subordinate.

The entire structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is subject to the Commander-in-Chief - the President of the Russian Federation. Having the right to impose martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation, he can also adopt new directives and laws. The fulfillment of these laws is a sacred duty for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

General Staff and Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

The command and control of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is controlled by the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation rely on the General Staff as the main body of operational control of the entire structure as a whole.

After the reform of the RF Armed Forces in 2008, the work of the General Staff to ensure the country's security was divided into two areas:

Strategic use and construction of the RF Armed Forces;

Comprehensive planning of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, the organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation distributes responsibility between the existing units into two levels.

1. Responsibility for combat training lies with the main commands of the types of troops, formations and formations.
2. Responsibility for operational readiness lies with the formations, the General Staff and the joint strategic commands.

After the reform, the General Staff focused on fulfilling new responsibilities. As a result, it became the main governing body of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Distribution of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation into military districts

The distribution of the territory of the state into military districts is practiced not only in the Russian Federation, but also in many other countries. This was done in order to achieve the most prompt response of the Armed Forces to aggression or other illegal actions against the interests of the Russian Federation on its specific territory.

Thus, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were divided into four military districts.

1. Western VO (management from St. Petersburg).
2. Eastern Military District (management from Khabarovsk).
3. Southern VO (management from Rostov-on-Don).
4. Central VO (management from Yekaterinburg).

Each VO makes up the types of the Armed Forces, the types of troops of the Russian Federation.

Types and types of troops of the Russian Federation

The command and control of the Armed Forces is divided into three types and some types of troops of the Russian Federation. The types of troops are:

• ground troops;
• air Force;
• navy of the Russian Federation.

Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Russian Navy

The Russian Navy conducts surveillance and control over the entire coastal territory of Russia. This type of RF Armed Forces has distributed all duties among four defensive fleets. These include fleets: Pacific, Baltic, Black Sea and Northern, as well as the Caspian flotilla.

The Caspian Flotilla alone includes:

Submarine and surface forces;

Coastal troops and naval aviation;

Service and support units;

Air Force

The Russian Air Force gives priority to the protection and security of the military and state administration of the country, strategic objects of missile and nuclear forces, military groups and especially important areas of the country.

As a result, the Air Force prevents air attacks and infiltration of enemy intelligence. Also, the Air Force significantly increases the mobility of the army. The tasks of the Air Force include conducting extensive reconnaissance and performing special tasks, as well as protecting the state from attack by military and nuclear fire.

Kind of sun

All types of the Armed Forces, including the Russian branches of the armed forces, are an integral part of the RF Armed Forces, specially formed to conduct military operations in all elements (earth, air, water).

Three independent subdivisions are referred to the arms of the Armed Forces.

1. Rocket troops of strategic importance.
2. Airborne troops of the Russian Federation.
3. Space troops.

Strategic Rocket Forces

The Strategic Missile Forces is considered an independent arm of the Russian Federation. These troops were created to protect against a possible nuclear attack by the enemy, as well as to attack and completely destroy the military and economic potential of the enemy.

The Strategic Missile Forces consist of armies and missile divisions. Also under the control of the Strategic Missile Forces are military educational complexes, institutions, training grounds and enterprises.

The basis of the weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces are missile systems of both stationary and mobile types. The most active period and the highest combat readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces is combat duty.

Airborne Troops

The Airborne Forces belong to an independent branch of the military. They have mobile training of high value. The specifics of the Airborne Forces are active combat operations from the air and the conduct of operations in its rear.

When it comes to tactically making important decisions or performing operational combat missions, the Airborne Forces have the authority to act independently. This applies to both major and local conflicts.

Although the Airborne Forces cannot be attributed to numerous ones, but 95% of this branch of the military consists of units of regular combat readiness.

The VDV includes:

• four divisions;
• 31 airborne brigade;
• Ryazan Institute of the Airborne Forces;
• service and support parts;
• 242 military training centers.

space troops

The space arms of the Armed Forces are a relatively new and independent arm of the armed forces. Designed by KV to prevent a missile attack on the territory of Russia and allied countries.

If enemy ballistic missiles attack the defended area, the HF immediately react and resist, providing security. HF also controls outer space. The task of the spacecraft is also the fulfillment of the Federal program of Russia for the study and development of near space.

The space arms of the Russian Federation include:

Testing center;

Parts of the troops of the missile attack warning system;

Parts of the space control troops;

Parts of the anti-missile defense forces of the Russian Federation;

Center for control and management of space facilities. Titov;

Russian government spaceports.

Other types of aircraft

The types of the Armed Forces and the types of troops of the Russian Federation, which play an important role in protecting the state, include those that ensure the protection of the state territory in the sphere of the individual, society and the state. This type is the border troops of the FSB of the Russian Federation. Under the protection of the FSB fall the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, internal waters and territorial seas. Search and reconnaissance from the air is carried out by border aviation.

Aviation of the border troops:

• provides air mobility of troops;
• evacuation of the injured, wounded;
• delivery of military equipment.

Internal troops

No less important is the protection of the rights of citizens of the country, which is provided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. These troops protect the interests of society, protect citizens, their rights and freedom. The Ministry of Internal Affairs provides security from crimes and illegal encroachments on the property and personality of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Internal Affairs include:

Compliance with the regime of martial law;

Neutralization of suspicious formations;

Prevention of conflicts dangerous for the state;

Protection of state objects of special importance;

Public order protection;

The personnel of the explosives gain experience in military service in formations and operational troops.

Civil Defense Troops

The Ministry of Emergency Situations belongs to the civil defense forces. Since, after the adoption of the Geneva Convention, it was decided that the troops of the Ministry of Emergency Situations do not participate in hostilities, during the war they regularly provide humanitarian assistance and protect the civilian population.

The Ministry of Emergency Situations is armed with rescue equipment. The type of activity of the Ministry of Emergency Situations is aimed at combating the consequences of fires, earthquakes and other disasters. In peacetime, the Ministry of Emergency Situations trains citizens to protect themselves. The responsibilities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations include the evacuation of the population in the event of a military conflict. Thus, we received an answer to the question of what types of troops help the population in an emergency.

The integrity of any state depends on many factors: external and internal opponents, the economic situation, the general standard of living. The leaders of the country have to take into account all these aspects and promptly resolve emerging situations.

Accordingly, the tools for performing a particular task are provided for their own. For example, in order to maintain sovereignty and protect their people from interventionists, the Russian armed forces exist.

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - V. V. Putin

The history of the creation of the RF Armed Forces

The Russian armed forces number about 2 million people. This number includes both professional military and conscripts. There are also civilian specialists in the Armed Forces. Billions of rubles are allocated annually for the needs of the Armed Forces. These funds are used for re-equipment, the development of new types of weapons, salaries for the military.

In addition to protecting state integrity and repelling foreign aggression, the Army of the Russian Federation is also involved in more subtle processes. Sometimes it is necessary to act on the territory of other countries to preserve the peace. A striking example is the situation in Syria. Where the army of the RF Armed Forces and its VKS (Aerospace Forces) of Russia took part in the defeat of terrorist groups.

Historical dates when the armed forces of the RF Armed Forces were created:

Year	Events
1992	The Armed Forces are formed on the basis of the armed forces of the USSR. The Russian Army includes military formations stationed on the territory of the country, as well as forces located outside its borders: in Germany, Mongolia, etc.
1992	The concept of Mobile Forces (MS) is being developed. In total, there should have been 5 groups, fully staffed. It was planned to switch from the conscription system to a contract basis
1993	It was possible to assemble only 3 mechanized brigades of MS
1994 — 1996	First Chechen war. Due to the incomplete recruitment of personnel, the military group had to be recruited from almost the entire country. Defense Minister Grachev proposed to Yeltsin that a limited mobilization be carried out. The president refused
1996	I. Rodionov becomes Minister of Defense
1997	I. Sergeev appointed Minister of Defense
1998	A new attempt is being made to reorganize the Armed Forces. The size of the Russian army is halved. Up to 1,200 thousand
1999 — 2006	Second Chechen. Airborne brigades were added to the ground units of the Armed Forces. Funding has improved. Increased percentage of contractors
2001	S. Ivanov becomes Minister of Defense
2001	Processes are underway to transfer military personnel to a contract basis. Reduced service life to 1 year (WWII - 2 years)
2005	Started the process to improve the management of the aircraft
2006	Launched the state program for the development of the army for 2007-2015
2007	Serdyukov became the Minister of Defense
2008	Russian armed forces are taking part in the South Ossetian conflict. The result for the army was the recognition of the sluggishness and extreme non-optimization of the command system
2008	After the August conflict, they carried out global work to modernize the command and control system. More funds were allocated from the budget for the training of recruits. Simplified command structure for Ground Forces
2012	Sergei Shoigu appointed Minister of Defense by presidential decree
2013	The structure of the army began to return to the regiments and divisions
2014	The armed forces of the Russian Federation took part in events related to the referendum on the Crimean peninsula
2015	Unification of the Air Force and the Forces of the Military Space Defense into the Aerospace Forces
2015	Russian armed forces entered the territory of the Syrian Republic
2016	Formation of the 144th, 3rd and 150th motorized rifle divisions
2017	Russian military forces officially withdrawn from Syria

Structure of the Russian Army

The composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes many different structures. All of them have a clear focus and division into areas of their responsibility. The structure of the Russian Army consists of various branches of the military.

Troop types:

• Ground Forces (SV);
• Aerospace Forces (VKS);
• Navy (Navy);
• Separate types of troops;
• Special Troops.

Ground troops

They are the most numerous. Their primary task is to carry out offensive and defensive operations. Thanks to the technical equipment, the modern armed forces of the Russian Federation can carry out operations to break through the enemy's echeloned defenses, capture key points and cities. At the head of the ground forces is Colonel-General Oleg Leonidovich Salyukov.

The SV includes the following types of troops:

	Troop name	Short description
		Motorized infantry capable of covering considerable distances. The composition includes infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, military trucks. Divided into divisions. Has tanks, artillery, etc.
		Main striking force. The primary purpose of a breakthrough behind enemy lines. Able to fight in conditions of high radiation. The composition also includes missile, motorized rifle and other units.
		The composition includes barrel, rocket, mortar artillery. There are intelligence and supply units
		Serve to protect the SV from enemy air attacks
	Special Forces	Various types of troops with a narrow specialization. This includes automotive parts, EW troops, chemical and biological defense, and others.

The main purpose of this type of troops is the struggle for the health of soldiers in peacetime and wartime. The MV includes mobile and stationary hospitals. In addition, in peacetime, the duties of this service include providing army units with medical equipment and training personnel in first aid.

In combat conditions, the value of MC increases many times. They provide timely medical care to wounded servicemen, provide inpatient treatment for the speedy return of the soldier to duty.

Aerospace Force

The main structure of the Russian Army is the VKS. They were created to gain air supremacy, conduct reconnaissance operations, transport military equipment and personnel in the operational mode, protect the SV from enemy air raids.

The composition also includes long-range, or strategic aviation. Its purpose is to disable industrial and economic facilities. Both cruise missiles with simple warheads and those equipped with nuclear elements can be used.

Separately, the Aerospace Forces includes the Anti-Missile and Air Defense divisions. Their tasks include:

• protection of objects on the territory of the country;
• obstruction of air reconnaissance by the enemy;
• defense against small, medium and long-range ballistic missiles, including components of nuclear weapons of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

To ensure the protection of the Russian Federation in the space sphere, there are Space Forces.

commander in chief- Bondarev V.N.

Navy

It includes surface and submarine fleets, naval aviation and coastal rocket and cannon artillery, as well as coastal defense forces and marines. WWII is engaged in the defense of the sea borders of our country, but can also be used as offensive forces.

Submarines equipped with nuclear missiles are an important element of deterrence.

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy- Admiral V. Korolev.

The fleet is also engaged in the delivery of other types of troops to various parts of the world: tank, air, etc. Naval aviation includes aircraft and helicopters based on aircraft carriers.

Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)

Nuclear shield of our state. This includes ballistic missiles of different ranges: medium, small, intercontinental. They are based both in stationary facilities and on mobile platforms, wheeled chassis and even nuclear trains. They are the main tool of containment tactics.

commander in chief- S. Karakaev.

Airborne Troops (VDV)

Infantry of increased mobility, deployed through the air. It has a high level of combat training. It is equipped with special military equipment, also transported by air.

commander in chief- A. Serdyukov.

Emblems of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Picture	Type of army	Short description
		Units conducting offensive and defensive operations on land. Equipped with tanks, artillery, air defense systems
		Provide medical support to the army
		Designed for the defense of the air and outer space of the Russian Federation. Includes strategic aviation
		Surface and submarine ships, naval aviation and infantry, defense of the country's water borders
		Russian nuclear shield
		Rapid reaction troops
	Separate genera	Rear services

Armament

The modern Russian army uses the following weapons.

Tanks:

A photo	Name	Short description	Crew	Armament	Add. systems
	T-72	Main battle tank with a carousel loading system. Crew of 3 people. 125 mm caliber gun. There is an anti-aircraft machine gun. It can have dynamic and active protection. Diesel engine.	3	The caliber of the main gun is 125 mm, the secondary one is 7.62 and 15.5 mm anti-aircraft machine guns. On later modifications, small-caliber 20-mm guns are mounted to work on infantry and lightly armored targets.	Thermal imagers, noctovisors, dynamic protection, active protection systems, devices for creating a smoke screen
	T-80	Tank with a gas turbine engine. It is a high-quality reinforcement of armored units.
	T-90	Shallow modernization of the T-72 tank. The main differences are in the suspension and the ammunition used.

Infantry fighting vehicles:

A photo	Name	Short description	Crew/ landing	Armament
		Infantry support. It has a fighting compartment in which soldiers are transported. Equipped with an automatic cannon and guided missiles.	3/8	73 mm gun, anti-tank guided missiles
		Quality upgrade. Better armor, weapons.	3/7	30 mm autocannon, 7.62 mm machine gun, anti-tank missiles
		Installed another power plant and gun.	2/9	Combat module of 30 and 100 mm guns, 3 machine guns, ATGM

Airborne combat vehicle:

A photo	Name	Short description	Crew	landing	Armament
		Specially designed for the needs of the Airborne Forces. Relative to the BMD, it has less weight and dimensions. The armament is identical.	2	5	3 machine guns 7.62 mm, autocannon 73 mm, ATGM
		Improved model. It can parachute with troops in the fighting compartment.			30 mm automatic cannon, machine guns, Konkurs ATGM
		The latest modification. Significantly relieved. The weapons complex has changed.			Automatic grenade launcher, anti-tank missile launcher, machine guns and 30 mm cannon

Armored personnel carriers:

A photo	Name	Description	Crew	landing	Weapon
		Used to transport infantry. They differ in the wheel-motor system and armor.	2	8	14.5 mm and 7.62 mm machine guns
			3	7
			3	7	30 mm gun

Armored cars:

A photo	Name	Description	Speed, km/h	Equipment
		Armored car of Italian production of cross-country ability.	Up to 130	Heavy machine gun, armored glass, protection against land mines and mines
	GAZ-2975 "Tiger"	Modern domestic armored car. It has good armor, high-explosive protection. There is a modification with missiles "Competition"	Up to 140	Installation of 30-mm autocannons, various machine guns, AGS and ATGMs

Artillery and rocket troops:

A photo	Name	Short description	Crew	Equipment	Range of fire, km
		Cannon mount designed for fire support of advancing forces	6	152 mm gun, machine guns	up to 26
			4	152 mm gun	up to 20
			4	122 mm gun	Up to 15
	"Grad", "Smerch", "Pinocchio", "Sunshine"	Multiple launch rocket systems	Until 6	Rockets up to 300 mm caliber	Up to 120
		Tactical missile systems	To 10	Missiles of different ranges	Up to 120
			Up to several dozen	Missiles, including those with nuclear warheads	Up to 500
	Buk, Thor, Pantsir-S, S-300, S-400	Air defense systems	Up to several dozen	Missiles, mainly with small submunitions	Coverage up to 1000

Aviation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:

Picture	Name	Description	Equipment	Max. speed, km/h
		Fighters	Air-to-air missiles and small caliber guns	up to 2500
				up to 2500
				up to 2500
	Su-24, Su-34	frontline bombers	High-explosive bombs, including cluster bombs	up to 2200
		Stormtrooper	Guided and unguided missiles, guns, bombs	Before 2000
		Long range strategic bombers	Missiles, including those with nuclear warheads, and bombs	up to 2300
				Up to 750
				up to 2200
		Transport aircraft	—	up to 800
	An-72
	An-124
	IL-76
	IL-96-300PU	Radar detection aircraft	Equipped with specific equipment for electronic intelligence	up to 800
	A-50	air command post	—	up to 800
		Attack helicopters	Rockets, machine guns, cannons	Up to 600
		Army helicopters	Rockets, guns	up to 800

Navy ships:

Picture	Project	Type
		Aircraft carrier. Carries fighter jets. For defense, small-caliber guns and anti-aircraft missile launchers are provided.
	1164	Missile cruiser. It is used to destroy enemy fortifications and ships, using missiles of various calibers.
	1155	Anti-submarine ships. Armed with cannon artillery and torpedoes.
	775	Landing ship for transporting heavy armored vehicles and manpower. In addition to delivery, it provides cover for the landing forces.
	949	An underwater missile carrier carrying torpedoes in addition to missiles. Can launch from a submerged position. Carries nuclear weapons.

Number of members

The size of the army is a state secret. Therefore, in open sources there is only information for 2011. According to these data, the RF Armed Forces number about 1,000 thousand people, which is more than two times less than at the time of the creation of the armed forces of our country.

Service in the Russian army

In 2017, the term of service of a conscript soldier is 1 calendar year (in the Navy - 2). During this time, his training takes place. The course includes combat and rifle training. In addition, it all depends on the type of troops where the recruit gets. Depending on this, additional skills are taught.

During the service, the soldiers live in the barracks. They eat in common canteens. In case of illness, treatment takes place in the medical corps of the military unit.

There are also higher military educational institutions. The future officers are being trained there. Each military university has its own narrow specialization.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Base:
Divisions:	Troop types: Ground troops air force Navy Independent types of troops: Troops of the East Kazakhstan region Airborne Strategic Missile Forces
Command
Supreme Commander:	Vladimir Putin
Minister of Defense:	Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu
Chief of the General Staff:	Valery Vasilievich Gerasimov
military forces
Military age:	From 18 to 27 years old
Service life on call:	12 months
Employed in the army:	1 000 000 people
	2101 billion rubles (2013)
Percentage of GNP:	3.4% (2013)
Industry
Domestic providers:	Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern UAC-UEC Russian Helicopters Uralvagonzavod Sevmash GAZ Group Ural KamAZ Severnaya Verf JSC NPO Izhmash UAC (JSC Sukhoi, MiG) Federal State Unitary Enterprise MMPP Salyut JSC Corporation Tactical Missile Weapons
Annual export:	US$15.2 billion (2012) Military equipment is supplied to 66 states.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.

Part Russian Armed Forces includes types of aircraft: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; separate types of troops - Aerospace Defense Troops, Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Troops; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops (see also MTR of the Russian Federation).

Russian Armed Forces created on May 7, 1992 and at that time had 2,880,000 personnel. This is one of the largest armed forces in the world, the number of their personnel is more than 1,000,000 people. The number of staff is established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation; as of January 1, 2008, a quota of 2,019,629 personnel was established, including 1,134,800 military personnel. The Russian Armed Forces are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, and a well-developed system of their delivery systems.

Command

Supreme Commander

The Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces is the President of Russia. In the event of aggression against Russia or an immediate threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of Russia or in certain areas of it, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with an immediate report on this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree.

To resolve the issue of the possibility of using Russian Armed Forces outside the territory of Russia, a corresponding resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises general political leadership. armed forces, and in wartime directs the defense of the state and its armed forces to repel aggression.

The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; approves the military doctrine of Russia; appoints and dismisses high command Russian Armed Forces. The President, as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and construction plans armed forces, mobilization plan armed forces, mobilization plans for the economy, civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military construction. The head of state also approves the combined arms charters, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in Sun, signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.

defense Department

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense) is the governing body Russian Armed Forces. The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of application armed forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia; maintaining the necessary readiness armed forces; implementation of construction activities armed forces; ensuring social protection of military personnel, civilian personnel armed forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The Ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of the military districts, other bodies of military command, territorial bodies, military commissariats.

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Prime Minister of Russia. The minister reports directly to the President of Russia, and on issues referred by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Russian government, - to the chairman of the Russian government. The Minister bears personal responsibility for solving problems and exercising the powers vested in the Russian Ministry of Defense and military establishment and carries out its activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of types armed forces.

The current Minister of Defense is Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

General base

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military control and the main body of operational control armed forces. The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service (FSB), internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Railway Troops, the federal body for special communications and information, civil defense troops, engineering and road construction military formations, the Foreign Service intelligence (SVR) of Russia, federal bodies of state protection, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities to carry out tasks in the field of defense, construction and development armed forces, as well as their applications. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural divisions.

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordinating activities to conduct military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.

The current Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov (since November 9, 2012).

Story

The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR ( cm.Red Army), later - during the collapse of the USSR (July 14, 1990). However, due to the rejection by the majority of people's deputies of the RSFSR of the idea of ​​independent Sun the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the State Committee of the RSFSR for Public Security and Cooperation with the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and the KGB of the USSR. After the coup attempt in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin took the initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31 the State Committee for Public Security was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets . During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.

At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy units of the National Guard in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad (two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15,000 people had signed up for the National Guard in Moscow, most of them military personnel of the USSR Armed Forces. In the end, a draft decree "On the temporary situation on the Russian guard" fell on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.

After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 21, the member states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment to the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Air Marshal Shaposhnikov, command of the armed forces on their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the Main Command of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, Yeltsin's decree created in the operational subordination of the Main Command of the Allied Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which was headed by the president himself. On May 7, a decree was signed on the creation armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. General of the Army Grachev became the first minister of defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.

Armed forces in the 1990s

Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included departments, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, located on the territory of Russia at the time of May 1992, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western , Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people .

As part of the reform armed forces The concept of the Mobile Forces was developed in the General Staff. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer Sun entirely on a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible either to reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in the same brigade differed in the state), or to equip them according to wartime states. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen war also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.

After Chechnya, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new Minister of Defense, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections appeared:

• constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
• reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
• storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);
• cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

However, the translation Sun for a contract recruitment method was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was only possible to slightly increase the share of “contract workers” in Armed Forces. By this time, the number Sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.

In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the United Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as the Airborne Forces. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group stood out from the composition of these units (only one motorized rifle brigade from the Siberian Military District fought in full force) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war due to the personnel remaining in the places of permanent deployment of their parts. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract workers" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.

Armed forces in the 2000s

In 2001, the Ministry of Defense was headed by Sergei Ivanov. After the end of the active phase of hostilities in Chechnya, it was decided to return to the Grachevsky plans for transferring troops to contract recruitment: permanent readiness units were to be transferred to a contract basis, and the rest of the units and formations, BKhVT, CBR and institutions should be left on an urgent basis. In 2003, the corresponding Federal Target Program was launched. The first part transferred to the “contract” within its framework was the airborne regiment as part of the 76th Pskov Airborne Division, and since 2005, other units and formations of constant readiness began to be transferred to a contract basis. However, this program was also unsuccessful due to weak salaries, conditions of service and the lack of social infrastructure in the places of service of military personnel under the contract.

In 2005, work also began on optimizing the management system Armed Forces. According to the idea of ​​the Chief of the General Staff, Yuri Baluyevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, to which units of all types and branches of the military would be subordinate. On the basis of the Moscow Military District, LenVO, the Baltic and Northern Fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; on the basis of a part of the PUrVO, the North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla - Yuzhnoye; based on part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District, Far Eastern Military District and the Pacific Fleet - Vostochnoye. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to the regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the Main Commands of the types and types of troops. The implementation of these plans was, however, postponed to 2010-2015 due to failures in the program to transfer troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the funds were urgently transferred.

However, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of ​​creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. A staff was developed for command and a place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness at the joint command and control staff of the Siberian Military District and the Far East Military District, and was disbanded in May.

In 2006, the Russian State Armaments Development Program for 2007-2015 was launched.

Armed forces after the Five Day War

Participation in the armed conflict in South Ossetia and its wide media coverage revealed the main shortcomings armed forces: complex control system and low mobility. Troop control during the hostilities was carried out "along the chain" of the General Staff - Headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District - Headquarters of the 58th Army, and only then did orders and directives reach directly to the units. The low ability to maneuver forces over long distances was explained by the cumbersome organizational and staffing structure of units and formations: only parts of the Airborne Forces were transferred to the region by air. Already in September-October 2008, the transition was announced armed forces to a "new look" and a new radical military reform. New reform armed forces is designed to increase their mobility and combat effectiveness, the coordination of actions of different types and types Sun.

In the course of the military reform, the military-administrative structure of the Armed Forces was completely reorganized. Instead of six military districts, four were formed, while all formations, formations and units of the Air Force, Navy and Airborne Forces were reassigned to the headquarters of the districts. The command and control system of the Ground Forces was simplified due to the exclusion of the divisional level. Organizational changes in the troops were accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of military spending, which increased from less than 1 trillion rubles in 2008 to 2.15 trillion rubles in 2013. This, as well as a number of other measures, made it possible to speed up the rearmament of the troops, significantly increase the intensity of combat training, and increase the salaries of servicemen.

Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Military establishment consist of three branches of the Armed Forces, three branches of service, the Logistics of the Armed Forces, the Quartering and Arrangement Service of the Ministry of Defense, and troops that are not part of the branches of the Armed Forces. Territorially, the Armed Forces are divided between 4 military districts:

• (Blue) Western Military District - headquarters in St. Petersburg;
• (Brown) Southern Military District - headquarters in Rostov-on-Don;
• (Green) Central Military District - headquarters in Yekaterinburg;
• (Yellow) Eastern Military District - headquarters in Khabarovsk.

Types of armed forces

Ground troops

Ground Forces, SV- the most numerous type in terms of combat composition armed forces. Ground forces are designed to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the enemy grouping, capture and hold his territories, regions and lines, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, and repel enemy incursions and large airborne assault forces. The ground forces of the Russian Federation, in turn, include the types of troops:

• Motorized Rifle Troops, MSV- the most numerous branch of the ground forces, is a mobile infantry equipped with infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. They consist of motorized rifle formations, units and subunits, which include motorized rifle, artillery, tank and other units and subunits.
• Tank troops, TV- the main strike force of the ground forces, maneuverable, highly mobile and resistant to the effects of nuclear weapons, troops designed to carry out deep breakthroughs and develop operational success, are able to overcome water obstacles on the move in fords and at crossing facilities. Tank troops consist of tank, motorized rifle (mechanized, motorized infantry), missile, artillery and other subunits and units.
• Rocket troops and artillery, RVIA designed for fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy. They are armed with cannon and rocket artillery. They consist of formations of units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, as well as artillery reconnaissance, command and control.
• Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces- a branch of the ground forces, designed to protect the ground forces from enemy air attack means, to defeat them, as well as to prohibit his air reconnaissance. Air Defense Forces are armed with mobile, towed and portable anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun systems.
• Special troops and services- a set of troops and services of the ground forces, designed to perform highly specialized operations to ensure combat and daily activities armed forces. The special forces consist of radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCB protection troops), engineering troops, signal troops, electronic warfare troops, railway, automobile troops, etc.

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, Chief of the General Staff - Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov.

Air Force

Air Force, Air Force- a branch of the Armed Forces designed to conduct reconnaissance of enemy groupings, ensure the gain of dominance (deterrence) in the air, protect important military-economic regions and facilities of the country and groupings of troops from air strikes, warn of an air attack, defeat objects that form the basis of military and the military and economic potential of the enemy, air support for ground and naval forces, airborne landings, transportation of troops and materiel by air. The Russian Air Force includes:

• Long-range aviation- the main striking weapon of the Air Force, designed to defeat (including nuclear) groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy and destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers in strategic and operational depth. It can also be involved in aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Front-line aviation- the main striking force of the Air Force, solves problems in combined arms, joint and independent operations, is designed to destroy enemy troops and objects in operational depth in the air, on land and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Army Aviation Designed for aviation support of the Ground Forces by destroying ground armored mobile targets of the enemy at the forefront and in tactical depth, as well as to ensure combined arms combat and increase the mobility of troops. Army aviation units and subunits perform fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
• Military transport aviation- one of the types of military aviation, which is part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It provides air transportation of troops, military equipment and cargo, as well as airborne landings. Performs sudden tasks in peacetime in the event of both natural and man-made emergencies, and conflict situations in a particular region that pose a threat to the security of the state. The main purpose of military transport aviation is to ensure the strategic mobility of the Russian Armed Forces, and in peacetime - to ensure the vital activity of troops in various regions.
• Special aviation designed to solve a wide range of tasks: early warning and control, electronic warfare, reconnaissance and target designation, providing control and communications, refueling aircraft in the air, conducting radiation, chemical and engineering reconnaissance, evacuating the wounded and sick, searching and rescuing flight crews and etc.
• Anti-aircraft missile troops, ZRV designed to protect important administrative and economic regions and objects of Russia from air attacks.
• Radio engineering troops, RTV designed to conduct radar reconnaissance, issue information for radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces and aviation units, as well as to control the use of airspace.

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev

Navy

Navy- a type of armed forces designed to conduct search and rescue operations, protect the economic interests of Russia, conduct combat operations in the sea and ocean theaters of military operations. The navy is capable of inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on the enemy's sea and coastal forces, disrupting its sea communications, landing amphibious assault forces, etc. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea and Caspian flotilla. The Navy includes:

• submarine force- the main striking force of the fleet. Submarine forces are capable of secretly entering the ocean, approaching the enemy and inflicting a sudden and powerful blow on him with conventional and nuclear weapons. In the submarine forces, multi-purpose / torpedo ships and missile cruisers are distinguished.
• surface forces provide covert access to the ocean and the deployment of submarine forces, their return. Surface forces are capable of transporting and covering landings, laying and removing minefields, disrupting enemy communications and protecting their own.
• Naval aviation- the aviation component of the Navy. Allocate strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Naval aviation is designed to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy ships and its coastal forces, conduct radar reconnaissance, search for submarines and destroy them.
• Coastal troops designed to protect naval bases and naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands and straits from attack by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships. Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.
• Formations and units of special forces of the Navy- formations, units and subunits of the Navy, designed to conduct special events on the territory of enemy naval bases and in coastal areas, and conduct reconnaissance.

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Armed Forces - Admiral Viktor Chirkov, Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy - Admiral Alexander Tatarinov.

Independent branches of the military

Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops- an independent branch of the military, designed to communicate information about the warning of a missile attack, the missile defense of Moscow, the creation, deployment, maintenance and management of an orbital group of spacecraft for military, dual, socio-economic and scientific purposes. Complexes and systems of the Space Forces solve tasks of a nationwide strategic scale not only in the interests of the Armed Forces and other power structures, but also of most ministries and departments, the economy, and the social sphere. The structure of the Space Forces includes:

• The First State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" (until 2007 the Second State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny" also functioned, until 2008 - the Fifth State Test Cosmodrome "Baikonur", which later became only a civilian cosmodrome)
• Launch of military spacecraft
• Launch of dual-purpose spacecraft
• G. S. Titov Main Test Space Center
• Office for the introduction of cash settlement services
• Military educational institutions and support units (The main educational institution is the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy)

Commander of the Space Forces - Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko, Chief of the General Staff - Major General Vladimir Derkach. On December 1, 2011, a new branch of the military took up combat duty - the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO).

Strategic Rocket Forces

Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)- type of army Armed Forces, the main component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy. The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

• three missile armies (headquarters in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg, Omsk)
• 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar (which also includes the former 10th Test Site Sary-Shagan in Kazakhstan)
• 4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region)
• educational institutions (Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, military institute in the city of Serpukhov)
• arsenals and central repair plants, storage bases for weapons and military equipment

Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces - Colonel General Sergey Viktorovich Karakaev.

Airborne Troops

Airborne Troops (VDV)- an independent branch of the armed forces, which includes airborne formations: airborne and airborne assault divisions and brigades, as well as individual units. Airborne Forces are designed for operational landing and combat operations behind enemy lines.

The Airborne Forces have 4 divisions: 7th (Novorossiysk), 76th (Pskov), 98th (Ivanovo and Kostroma), 106th (Tula), Training Center (Omsk), Ryazan Higher School, 38th communications regiment, 45th recon. regiment, 31st brigade (Ulyanovsk). In addition, in the military districts (subordinate to the district or the army) there are airborne (or air assault) brigades, which administratively belong to the Airborne Forces, but are operationally subordinate to the commander of the military district.

Commander of the Airborne Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov.

Armament and military equipment

Traditionally, starting from the middle of the 20th century, foreign military equipment and weapons were almost completely absent in the USSR Armed Forces. A rare exception was the production of the socialist countries 152-mm self-propelled guns vz.77). In the USSR, a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs of armed forces any weapons and equipment. During the years of the Cold War, its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of armaments in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented levels: only in the ground forces there were about 63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42 thousand artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.

At present, the T-64, T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks are in service with the ground forces; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3, BMD-4M; armored personnel carriers BTR-70, BTR-80; armored vehicles GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed cannon artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Tochka and Iskander; air defense systems Buk, Tor, Pantsir-S1, S-300, S-400.

The Air Force is armed with MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27, Su-30, Su-35 fighters; front-line bombers Su-24 and Su-34; Su-25 attack aircraft; long-range and strategic missile bombers Tu-22M3, Tu-95, Tu-160. An-22, An-70, An-72, An-124, Il-76 aircraft are used in military transport aviation. Special aircraft are used: the Il-78 air tanker, Il-80 and Il-96-300PU air command posts, A-50 early warning aircraft. The Air Force is also armed with combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 of various modifications, Mi-35M, Mi-28N, Ka-50, Ka-52; as well as anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 and S-400. The Su-35S and T-50 multirole fighters (factory index) are being prepared for adoption.

The Navy has one project 1143.5 aircraft-carrying cruiser, project 1144 and project 1164 missile cruisers, project 1155 and project 956 large anti-submarine destroyers, project 20380 and project 1124 corvettes, sea and base minesweepers, project 775 landing ships. the submarine forces include multi-purpose torpedo ships of project 971, project 945, project 671, project 877; project 949 missile submarines, project 667BDRM, 667BDR, 941 strategic missile cruisers, as well as project 955 SSBNs.

Nuclear weapon

Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest grouping of strategic nuclear weapons carriers after the United States. By the beginning of 2011, the strategic nuclear forces had 611 "deployed" strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,679 nuclear warheads. In arsenals in long-term storage in 2009, there were about 16,000 warheads. The deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: for its delivery, intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and strategic bombers are used. The first element of the triad is concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. The naval strategic forces are represented by R-29R, R-29RM, R-29RMU2 missiles, which are carried by strategic missile submarines of projects 667BDR "Kalmar", 667BDRM "Delfin". The R-30 iRPKSN missile of project 955 "Borey" was put into service. Strategic aviation is represented by Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft armed with Kh-55 cruise missiles.

Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missiles, artillery shells, guided and free-fall bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.

Funding and provision

Financing armed forces is carried out from the federal budget of Russia under the item of expenditure "National Defense".

Russia's first military budget in 1992 was 715 trillion non-denominated rubles, which was equal to 21.5% of total spending. This was the second largest expenditure item in the republican budget, second only to the financing of the national economy (803.89 trillion rubles). In 1993, only 3,115.508 billion non-denominated rubles (3.1 billion in nominal terms at current prices) were allocated for national defense, which accounted for 17.70% of total spending. In 1994, 40.67 trillion rubles were allocated (28.14% of total expenditures), in 1995 - 48.58 trillion (19.57% of total expenditures), in 1996 - 80.19 trillion (18.40 % of total expenses), in 1997 - 104.31 trillion (19.69% of total expenses), in 1998 - 81.77 billion denominated rubles (16.39% of total expenses).

As part of the appropriations under section 02 "National Defense", which finances most of the expenses of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2013, budgetary funds are provided for solving key issues of the Armed Forces, including further re-equipment with new models of weapons, military and special equipment, social protection and provision of housing for military personnel, solving other problems. In the bill, expenditures under section 02 "National Defense" for 2013 are provided in the amount of 2,141.2 billion rubles and exceed the volumes of 2012 by 276.35 billion rubles, or 14.8% in nominal terms. National defense spending in 2014 and 2015 is provided for in the amount of 2,501.4 billion rubles and 3,078.0 billion rubles, respectively. The growth of budget allocations in relation to the previous year is envisaged in the amount of 360.2 billion rubles (17.6%) and 576.6 billion rubles (23.1%). In accordance with the draft law, in the planned period, the growth in the share of national defense spending in total federal budget expenditures will be 16.0% in 2013 (14.5% in 2012), 17.6% in 2014 and 17.6% in 2015. - 19.7%. The share of planned spending on national defense in relation to GDP in 2013 will be 3.2%, in 2014 - 3.4% and in 2015 - 3.7%, which is higher than the parameters of 2012 (3.0%) .

Federal budget expenditures by sections for 2012-2015 billion rubles
	Name					Changes to the previous year, %
	Military establishment
	Mobilization and non-military training
	Mobilization preparation of the economy
	Preparation and participation in ensuring collective security and peacekeeping activities
	Nuclear weapons complex
	Implementation of international treaties in the field Military-technical cooperation
	Applied Defense Research
	Other issues in the field of national defense

Military service

military service in Russian Armed Forces provided both by contract and by conscription. The minimum age of a serviceman is 18 years (for cadets of military educational institutions it may be less at the time of enrollment), the maximum age is 65 years.

Acquisition

Army, aviation and navy officers serve only under contract. The officer corps is trained mainly in higher military educational institutions, after which the cadets are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant". The first contract with cadets - for the entire period of study and for 5 years of military service - is, as a rule, concluded in the second year of study. Citizens who are in the reserve, including those who have received the rank of “lieutenant” and are assigned to the reserve after training at military departments (faculties of military training, cycles, military training centers) at civilian universities.

Private and junior officers are recruited both by conscription and by contract. All male citizens of the Russian Federation liable for military service between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. The term of service on conscription is one calendar year. Conscription campaigns are carried out twice a year: spring - from April 1 to July 15, autumn - from October 1 to December 31. After 6 months of service, any soldier can submit a report on the conclusion of the first contract with him - for 3 years. The age limit for the conclusion of the first contract is 40 years.

The number of people called up for military service through conscription campaigns
	spring		Total number

The overwhelming majority of military personnel are men, in addition, about 50 thousand women are serving in the military: 3 thousand in officer positions (including 28 colonels), 11 thousand ensigns and about 35 thousand in private and sergeant positions. At the same time, 1.5% of female officers (~45 people) serve in primary command positions in the troops, the rest - in staff positions.

A distinction is made between the current mobilization reserve (the number to be drafted in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and are enlisted in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be drafted into the troops (forces) in case of mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the USA - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). In 2010, the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) amounted to 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will be reduced by 4 times by 2050 and will amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, the potential mobilization reserve of Russia in 2050 will be 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Number of members

In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The million army was the result of a gradual long-term reduction from 2,880 thousand in the armed forces in 1992 (-65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, ensigns and midshipmen. During the military reform of 2008, the positions of warrant officers and midshipmen were reduced, and about 170 thousand officer positions were also eliminated, whereby the share of officers in the states was about 15%[ source not specified 562 days], but later, by decree of the President, the established number of officers was increased to 220 thousand people.

In staffing Sun includes ordinary and junior command staff (sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central, district and local military authorities in military positions provided for by the staff of certain units, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Outside the state there are servicemen transferred to the disposal of commanders and chiefs due to the temporary absence of vacant positions or the impossibility of dismissing a serviceman.

Cash allowance

The monetary allowance of military personnel is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." The salaries for military positions and salaries for military ranks are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract."

The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salary salaries (salary according to military position and salary according to military rank), incentive and compensatory (additional) payments. Additional payments include:

• for seniority
• for excellent qualification
• for work with information constituting a state secret
• for special conditions of military service
• for the performance of tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
• for special achievements in service

In addition to six monthly additional payments, annual bonuses are provided for conscientious and efficient performance of official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with adverse climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.

Military rank	Salary amount
senior officers
General of the Army, Admiral of the Navy
Colonel General, Admiral
Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral
Major General, Rear Admiral
senior officers
Colonel, captain 1st rank
Lieutenant Colonel, Captain 2nd Rank
Major, captain of the 3rd rank
junior officers
Captain, Lieutenant Commander
Senior Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Ensign

Summary table of salaries for some military ranks and positions (since 2012)
Typical military position	Salary amount
In the central military administration
Head of the main department
Head of Department
Group leader
Senior officer
In the troops
Commander of the military district
Combined Arms Commander
brigade commander
Regiment commander
Battalion commander
Company commander
Platoon commander

Military training

In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.

The largest of them was the operational-strategic exercise "Vostok-2010". Up to 20 thousand military personnel, 4 thousand units of military equipment, up to 70 aircraft and 30 ships took part in it.

In 2011, it is planned to hold about 3,000 practical events. The most important of them is the Center-2011 operational-strategic exercise.

The most important event in the Armed Forces in 2012 and the end of the summer training period were the strategic command and staff exercises "Kavkaz-2012".

Food for military personnel

To date, the diet of military personnel Russian Armed Forces is organized according to the principle of building food rations and is built "on a system of natural rationing, the structural basis of which is a physiologically based set of products for the corresponding contingents of military personnel, adequate to their energy consumption and professional activities." According to Vladimir Isakov, head of the logistics of the Russian armed forces, “... today, the diet of a Russian soldier and sailor has more meat, fish, eggs, butter, sausages and cheeses. For example, the daily norm of meat for each serviceman, according to the norm of combined arms rations, has increased by 50 g and now stands at 250 g. Coffee appeared for the first time, and the norms for issuing juices (up to 100 g), milk and butter were also increased ... ".

By decision of the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2008 was declared the year of improving the nutrition of the personnel of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The role of the armed forces in politics and society

According to the Federal Law "On Defense" military establishment form the basis of the defense of the state and are the main element in ensuring its security. Military establishment in Russia they are not an independent political entity, they do not take part in the struggle for power and the formation of state policy. At the same time, it is noted that a distinctive feature of the Russian system of state power is the decisive role of the President in the relationship between power and armed forces, whose order actually outputs Sun from under the report and control of both the legislative and executive branches, with the formal presence of parliamentary oversight. In the recent history of Russia, there were cases when military establishment directly intervened in the political process and played a key role in it: during the coup attempt in 1991 and during the constitutional crisis of 1993. Among the most famous political and state figures of Russia in the past, acting military personnel were V.V. Putin, the former governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Alexander Lebed, the former plenipotentiary representative of the President in the Siberian Federal District Anatoly Kvashnin, the governor of the Moscow region Boris Gromov and many others. Vladimir Shamanov, who headed the Ulyanovsk region in 2000-2004, continued his military service after resigning as governor.

Military establishment are one of the largest objects of budget financing. In 2011, about 1.5 trillion rubles were allocated for national defense purposes, which amounted to more than 14% of all budget expenditures. For comparison, this is three times more spending on education, four times more on healthcare, 7.5 times more on housing and communal services, or more than 100 times more on environmental protection. However, military personnel, civil servants Armed Forces, workers in defense production, employees of military scientific organizations make up a significant proportion of the economically active population of Russia.

Russian military installations abroad

Current

• Russian military installations in the CIS
• On the territory of the city of Tartus in Syria, there is a MTO point of Russia.
• Military bases on the territory of partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Planned to open

• According to some Russian media, in a few years Russia will have bases for its warships on the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tripoli (Libya) (due to the change of power in these states, plans will most likely not be implemented).

Closed

• In 2001, the Russian government decided to close military bases in Cam Ranh (Vietnam) and Lourdes (Cuba) due to changes in the geopolitical situation in the world.
• In 2007, the Georgian government decided to close Russian military bases in its country.

Problems

In 2011, 51 conscript soldiers, 29 contract soldiers, 25 ensigns and 14 officers committed suicide (for comparison, in the US Army in 2010, 156 military personnel committed suicide, in 2011 - 165 military personnel and in 2012 - 177 servicemen). The most suicidal year for the Russian Armed Forces was 2008, when 292 people in the army and 213 in the navy committed suicide.

There is a direct relationship between suicide and the loss of social status - what is called the "King Lear complex". Thus, a high suicide rate among retired officers, young soldiers, people taken into custody, recent pensioners

Corruption

Employees of the Military Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee of Russia are conducting pre-investigation checks on the fact of the activities of not only the central office of Slavyanka, but also its regional divisions. Most of these inspections develop into investigations into embezzlement of budgetary funds. So, the other day, military investigators near Moscow opened a criminal case on the fact of the theft of about 40,000,000 rubles received by the Solnechnogorsky branch of Slavyanka OJSC. This money was supposed to be used to repair the buildings of the Ministry of Defense, but it turned out to be stolen and “cashed out”.

Problems of realization of freedom of conscience

The establishment of the institution of military priests can be considered a violation of freedom of conscience and religion.