Russian scientists, chemists, Nobel Prize winners. Nobel Prize
Nobel Prizes are awarded annually in Stockholm (Sweden), as well as in Oslo (Norway). They are considered the most prestigious international awards. They were founded by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, linguist, industrial magnate, humanist and philosopher. He went down in history as a quality (which was patented in 1867), which played a large role in the industrial development of our planet. In his will, it was said that all his savings would form a fund, the purpose of which was to award prizes to those who managed to bring the greatest benefit to humanity.
Nobel Prize
Today, prizes are awarded in the fields of chemistry, physics, medicine, and literature. The Peace Prize is also awarded.
Russian Nobel laureates in literature, physics and economics will be presented in our article. You will get acquainted with their biographies, discoveries, achievements.
The price of the Nobel Prize is high. In 2010, it amounted to approximately $1.5 million.
The Nobel Foundation was founded in 1890.
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Our country can be proud of the names that glorified it in the fields of physics, literature and economics. The Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR in these areas are as follows:
- Bunin I. A. (literature) - 1933.
- Cherenkov P. A., Frank I. M. and Tamm I. E. (physics) - 1958.
- Pasternak B. L. (literature) - 1958.
- Landau L. D. (physics) - 1962.
- Basov N. G. and Prokhorov A. M. (physics) - 1964.
- Sholokhov M. A. (literature) - 1965.
- Solzhenitsyn A.I. (literature) - 1970.
- Kantorovich L. V. (economics) - 1975.
- Kapitsa P. L. (Physics) - 1978.
- Brodsky I. A. (literature) - 1987.
- Alferov Zh.I. (physics) - 2000.
- Abrikosov A. A. and L. (physics) - 2003;
- Geim Andre and Novoselov Konstantin (physics) - 2010.
The list, we hope, will be continued in the coming years. The Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR, whose names and surnames we have given above, were not fully represented, but only in such areas as physics, literature and economics. In addition, the leaders of our country also distinguished themselves in medicine and physiology, chemistry, and also received two Peace Prizes. But we will talk about them another time.
Nobel laureates in physics
Many physicists from our country have been awarded this prestigious award. Let's talk more about some of them.
Tamm Igor Evgenievich
Igor Evgenievich Tamm (1895-1971) was born in Vladivostok. He was the son of a civil engineer. During the year he studied in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh, but then returned to his homeland and graduated in 1918 from the Physics Department of Moscow State University. The future scientist went to the front in the First World War, where he served as a brother of mercy. In 1933 he defended his doctoral thesis, and a year later, in 1934, he became a researcher at the Institute of Physics. Lebedev. This scientist worked in areas of science that were little explored. So, he studied relativistic (that is, related to the famous theory of relativity proposed by Albert Einstein) quantum mechanics, as well as the theory of the atomic nucleus. At the end of the 30s, together with I. M. Frank, he managed to explain the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect - the blue glow of a liquid that occurs under the influence of gamma radiation. It was for these studies that he later received the Nobel Prize. But Igor Evgenievich himself considered his main achievements in science to be works on the study of elementary particles and the atomic nucleus.
Davidovich
Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) was born in Baku. His father worked as a petroleum engineer. At the age of thirteen, the future scientist graduated from a technical school with honors, and at nineteen, in 1927, he graduated from Leningrad University. Lev Davidovich continued his education abroad as one of the most gifted graduate students on the ticket of the people's commissar. Here he took part in seminars held by the best European physicists - Paul Dirac and Max Born. Landau continued his studies upon his return to his homeland. At the age of 26, he reached the degree of Doctor of Science, and a year later he became a professor. Together with Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz, one of his students, he developed a course for graduate and undergraduate students in theoretical physics. P. L. Kapitsa invited Lev Davidovich to work at his institute in 1937, but a few months later the scientist was arrested on a false denunciation. For a whole year he spent no hope of salvation in prison, and only Kapitsa's appeal to Stalin saved his life: Landau was released.
The talent of this scientist was multifaceted. He explained such a phenomenon as fluidity, created his theory of quantum fluid, and also studied the oscillations of electron plasma.
Mikhailovich
Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich and Gennadievich, Russian Nobel laureates in the field of physics, received this prestigious award for the invention of the laser.
Prokhorov was born in Australia in 1916, where his parents had lived since 1911. They were exiled to Siberia by the tsarist government and then fled abroad. In 1923, the whole family of the future scientist returned to the USSR. Alexander Mikhailovich graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics of the Leningrad University and worked since 1939 at the Institute. Lebedev. His scientific achievements are connected with radiophysics. Since 1950, the scientist became interested in radio spectroscopy and, together with Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, developed the so-called masers - molecular generators. Thanks to this invention, they found a way to create concentrated radio emission. Charles Towns, an American physicist, also conducted similar studies, independently of his Soviet colleagues, so the members of the committee decided to share this award between him and the Soviet scientists.
Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich
Let's continue the list of "Nobel laureates of Russia in physics". (1894-1984) was born in Kronstadt. His father was a military man, a lieutenant general, and his mother was a collector of folklore and a famous teacher. P.L. Kapitsa graduated from an institute in St. Petersburg in 1918, where he studied with Ioffe Abram Fedorovich, an outstanding physicist. Under the conditions of the civil war and revolution, it was impossible to engage in science. Kapitza's wife and two of his children died during a typhus epidemic. The scientist moved to England in 1921. Here he worked in the famous Cambridge, a university center, and Ernest Rutherford, a famous physicist, was his supervisor. In 1923, Peter Leonidovich became a doctor of science, and two years later - one of the members of Trinity College - a privileged association of scientists.
Petr Leonidovich was mainly engaged in experimental physics. He was especially interested in the physics of low temperatures. Especially for his research in the UK, with the help of Rutherford, a laboratory was built, and by 1934 the scientist had created an installation designed to liquefy helium. Pyotr Leonidovich often visited his homeland during these years, and during the visits the leadership of the Soviet Union persuaded the scientist to stay. In 1930-1934, a laboratory was even built especially for him in our country. In the end, he was simply not allowed out of the USSR during his next visit. Therefore, Kapitsa continued his research already here, and in 1938 he managed to discover the phenomenon of superfluidity. For this he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.
Geim Andre and Novoselov Konstantin
Game Andre and Novoselov Konstantin, Russian Nobel laureates in physics, received this honorary prize in 2010 for the discovery of graphene. This is a new material that allows you to greatly increase the speed of the Internet. As it turned out, it can capture, as well as convert into electrical energy, an amount of light that is 20 times greater than all previously known materials. This discovery is dated 2004. So the list of "Nobel Laureates of Russia of the 21st century" was replenished.
Literature Prizes
Our country has always been famous for its artistic creativity. People with sometimes opposite ideas and views are Russia's Nobel laureates in literature. So, A. I. Solzhenitsyn and I. A. Bunin were opponents of the Soviet regime. But M. A. Sholokhov was known as a convinced communist. However, all the Russian Nobel Prize winners were united by one thing - talent. For him, they were awarded this prestigious award. "How many Nobel laureates in Russia in literature?" - you ask. Answer: There are five of them. Now we will introduce you some of them.
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, a famous artist. The mother of the future writer, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Perhaps that is why Boris Leonidovich dreamed of a career as a composer in his childhood, he even studied music with A. N. Scriabin himself. But love for poetry won. Poetry brought glory to Boris Leonidovich, and the novel "Doctor Zhivago", dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia, doomed him to severe trials. The fact is that the editors of one literary magazine, to which the author offered his manuscript, considered this work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then Boris Leonidovich transferred his creation abroad, to Italy, where it was published in 1957. Soviet colleagues sharply condemned the publication of the novel in the West, and Boris Leonidovich was expelled from the Writers' Union. But it was this novel that made him a Nobel laureate. Starting in 1946, the writer and poet were nominated for this prize, but it was awarded only in 1958.
The awarding of this honorary award to such, in the opinion of many, anti-Soviet work in the homeland caused indignation of the authorities. As a result, Boris Leonidovich, under the threat of expulsion from the USSR, was forced to refuse to receive the Nobel Prize. Only 30 years later, Evgeny Borisovich, the son of the great writer, received a medal and a diploma for his father.
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich
The fate of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was no less dramatic and interesting. He was born in 1918 in the city of Kislovodsk, and the childhood and early years of the future Nobel laureate were spent in Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Rostov University, Alexander Isaevich was a teacher and at the same time received an education in absentia in Moscow, at the Literary Institute. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, the future laureate of the most prestigious peace prize went to the front.
Solzhenitsyn was arrested shortly before the end of the war. The reason for this was his critical remarks about Joseph Stalin, found in the writer's letters by military censorship. Only in 1953, after the death of Joseph Vissarionovich, he was released. The Novy Mir magazine in 1962 published the first story by this author, entitled One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which tells about the life of people in the camp. Literary magazines most of the following refused to print. Their anti-Soviet orientation was cited as the reason. But Alexander Isaevich did not back down. He, like Pasternak, sent his manuscripts abroad, where they were published. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The writer did not go to the presentation ceremony in Stockholm, because the Soviet authorities did not allow him to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who were going to present the prize to the laureate in his homeland, were not allowed into the USSR either.
As for the further fate of the writer, in 1974 he was expelled from the country. At first he lived in Switzerland, then moved to the United States, where he was awarded the Nobel Prize very belatedly. In the West, such well-known works of his as "The Gulag Archipelago", "In the First Circle", "The Cancer Ward" were published. Solzhenitsyn returned to Russia in 1994.
These are the Nobel laureates of Russia. We will supplement the list with one more name, which is impossible not to mention.
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich
Let's tell you about another great Russian writer - Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov. His fate was different than that of the opponents of Soviet power (Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn), since he was supported by the state. Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) was born on the Don. He later described the village of Veshenskaya, his small homeland, in many works. Mikhail Sholokhov finished only 4 classes of the school. He took an active part in the civil war, led a sub-detachment that took away surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks. The future writer already in his youth felt his vocation. In 1922 he arrived in Moscow, and a few months later he began to publish his first stories in magazines and newspapers. In 1926, the collections "Azure Steppe", as well as "Don Stories" appeared. In 1925, work began on the novel "Quiet Don", dedicated to the life of the Cossacks in a critical period (civil war, revolution, World War I). In 1928, the first part of this work was born, and in the 30s it was completed, becoming the pinnacle of Sholokhov's work. In 1965, the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Russian Nobel Laureates in Economics
Our country has shown itself in this area not on such a large scale as in literature and physics, where there are many Russian laureates. So far, only one of our compatriots has received the prize in economics. Let's talk about it in more detail.
Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich
Russia's Nobel laureates in economics are represented by only one name. Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (1912-1986) is the only Russian economist to receive this prize. The scientist was born in the family of a doctor in St. Petersburg. His parents fled to Belarus during the civil war, where they lived for a year. Vitaly Kantorovich, father of Leonid Vitalievich, died in 1922. In 1926, the future scientist entered the aforementioned Leningrad University, where he studied, in addition to natural disciplines, modern history, political economy, and mathematics. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics at the age of 18, in 1930. After that, Kantorovich remained at the university as a teacher. At the age of 22, Leonid Vitalyevich becomes a professor, and a year later, a doctor. In 1938, he was appointed to the laboratory of a plywood factory as a consultant, where he was given the task of creating a method for allocating various resources to maximize productivity. Thus was founded the method of foundry programming. In 1960, the scientist moved to Novosibirsk, where at that time a computer center was created, the most advanced in the country. Here he continued his research. The scientist lived in Novosibirsk until 1971. During this period he received the Lenin Prize. In 1975, together with T. Koopmans, he was awarded the Nobel Prize, which he received for his contribution to the theory of resource allocation.
These are the main Nobel laureates of Russia. 2014 was marked by the receipt of this award by Patrick Modiano (literature), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physics). Jean Tirol received an award in the field of economics. Among them there are no Nobel laureates of Russia. 2013 also did not bring this honorary award to our compatriots. All laureates were representatives of other states.
The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. Among the Nobel Prize winners, Russians (Russians, Soviet citizens) are disproportionately few, significantly fewer than representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France or Germany.
Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 27, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of digestion regulation; founder of the largest Russian physiological school.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (May 3, 1845, Ivanovka, now the Kupyansky district of the Kharkov region - July 2, 1916, Paris).
Scientific works of Mechnikov belong to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886. Mechnikov developed questions of comparative and evolutionary embryology. For the work "Immunity in infectious diseases" in 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize.
Nobel laureates in chemistry.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov (April 3, 1896, Saratov - September 25, 1986, Moscow). The main scientific achievements of the scientist include the quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of thermal explosion, combustion of gas mixtures. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Cyril Hinshelwood) for his development of the theory of chain reactions.
Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin (January 25, 1917, Moscow, Russia - May 28, 2003 Austin, Texas). Most of his works are devoted to nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. One of the main achievements was that the existence of non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems was shown, which, under certain conditions, by absorbing mass and energy from the surrounding space, can make a qualitative leap towards complication (dissipative structures). Prigogine proved one of the main theorems of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes - the minimum of entropy production in an open system. In 1977 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Nobel laureates in physics.
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov (July 28, 1904, Voronezh region - January 6, 1990, Moscow). Cherenkov's main works are devoted to physical optics, nuclear physics, and high-energy particle physics. In 1934, he discovered a specific blue glow of transparent liquids when irradiated with fast charged particles. Cherenkov participated in the creation of synchrotrons. Completed a series of works on the photodecay of helium and other light nuclei.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (October 10, 1908, St. Petersburg - June 22, 1990, Moscow) and Igor Evgenievich Tamm (June 26, 1895, Vladivostok - April 12, 1971, Moscow) gave a theoretical description of this effect, which occurs when particles move in a medium with velocities exceeding the speed of light in this medium. This discovery led to the creation of a new method for detecting and measuring the speed of high-energy nuclear particles. This method is of great importance in modern experimental nuclear physics.
Academician Lev Davidovich Landau (January 22, 1908, Baku - April 1, 1968, Moscow) or Dau (that was the name of his close friends and colleagues), is considered a legendary figure in the history of domestic and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, low temperature physics, cosmic ray physics, hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, atomic nucleus and elementary particle physics, plasma physics - this is not a complete list of areas that attracted Landau's attention at different times. For pioneering research in the theory of condensed matter, in particular the theory of liquid helium, Landau was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (June 26 (July 9), 1894, Kronstadt - April 8, 1984, Moscow). In 1978, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics" (for studies of the superfluidity of helium, carried out as early as 1938).
In 2000, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (b. March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belarus). For the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. His research played a big role in computer science.
In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to V. Ginzburg, A. Abrikosov and A. Leggett for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (b. October 4, 1916, Moscow). The main works on the propagation of radio waves, astrophysics, the origin of cosmic rays, Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, plasma physics, crystal optics. He developed the theory of magnetic bremsstrahlung of cosmic radio emission and the radio astronomical theory of the origin of cosmic rays.
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov (b. June 25, 1928, Moscow). Abrikosov, together with E. Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered a new class of superconductors, superconductors of the second type, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory. This new type of superconductors, in contrast to the superconductors of the first type, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 T).
Nobel laureates in literature.
After physics, this is the most fruitful Nobel Prize for Russia. Over the years, Ivan Bunin (1933), Boris Pasternak (1958), "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel," became laureates of this award. Personal pressure was also exerted on Pasternak, which, in the end, In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: "Because of the importance that the award awarded to me in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not take it as an insult to my voluntary refusal"), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965, for the novel The Quiet Flows the Don. This, by the way, was the only Soviet writer who received the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR authorities), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970, "for outstanding achievements in the field of humanitarian work") and Iosif Brodsky (1987, "for his all-encompassing work, saturated with the purity of thought and the brightness of poetry").
Nobel Laureates in Economics.
Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (January 6, 1912, St. Petersburg - April 7, 1986, Moscow), Nobel Prize in Economics in 1975 "for his contribution to the theory of optimal allocation of resources" (together with T. Koopmans).
Nobel laureates in the field of peace.
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist. Since the late 1960s, he has been one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. In 1968, he wrote the pamphlet On Peaceful Coexistence, Progress, and Intellectual Freedom, which was published in many countries. In 1975 he wrote the book "On the Country and the World". In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory) - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (March 11, 1985 - August 23, 1991), President of the USSR (March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991). President of the Gorbachev Foundation. Gorbachev's activities as head of state are associated with a large-scale attempt at reform and democratization in the USSR - Perestroika, which ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the end of the Cold War. The period of Gorbachev's rule is ambiguous.
"In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community," on October 15, 1990, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
The first Russian Nobel laureate was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
On December 10, 1933, King Gustav V of Sweden presented the Nobel Prize in Literature to the writer Ivan Bunin, who became the first Russian writer to receive this high award. In total, the award, established by the inventor of dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel in 1833, was received by 21 natives of Russia and the USSR, five of them in the field of literature. True, historically, the Nobel Prize was fraught with big problems for Russian poets and writers.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin handed out the Nobel Prize to friends
In December 1933, the Paris press wrote: Without a doubt, I.A. Bunin - in recent years - the most powerful figure in Russian fiction and poetry», « the king of literature confidently and equally shook hands with the crowned monarch". The Russian emigration applauded. In Russia, however, the news that a Russian emigrant received the Nobel Prize was treated very caustically. After all, Bunin negatively perceived the events of 1917 and emigrated to France. Ivan Alekseevich himself experienced emigration very hard, was actively interested in the fate of his abandoned homeland, and during the Second World War he categorically refused all contacts with the Nazis, having moved to the Maritime Alps in 1939, returning from where to Paris only in 1945.
It is known that Nobel laureates have the right to decide for themselves how to spend the money they receive. Someone invests in the development of science, someone in charity, someone in their own business. Bunin, a creative person and devoid of "practical ingenuity", disposed of his bonus, which amounted to 170,331 crowns, completely irrationally. The poet and literary critic Zinaida Shakhovskaya recalled: “ Returning to France, Ivan Alekseevich ... apart from money, began to arrange feasts, distribute "allowances" to emigrants, and donate funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invested the remaining amount in some kind of “win-win business” and was left with nothing.».
Ivan Bunin is the first émigré writer to be published in Russia. True, the first publications of his stories appeared already in the 1950s, after the death of the writer. Some of his novels and poems were published in his homeland only in the 1990s.
Dear God, what are you for?
He gave us passions, thoughts and worries,
Thirst for business, glory and comfort?
Joyful cripples, idiots,
The leper is the happiest of all.
(I. Bunin. September, 1917)
Boris Pasternak refused the Nobel Prize
Boris Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel" annually from 1946 to 1950. In 1958, last year's Nobel laureate Albert Camus again proposed his candidacy, and on October 23, Pasternak became the second Russian writer to be awarded this prize.The writers' environment in the poet's homeland took this news extremely negatively, and already on October 27, Pasternak was unanimously expelled from the Writers' Union of the USSR, at the same time submitting a petition to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. In the USSR, Pasternak was associated with receiving the award only with his novel Doctor Zhivago. The Literary Gazette wrote: “Pasternak received “thirty pieces of silver”, for which the Nobel Prize was used. He was rewarded for agreeing to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda ... An inglorious end awaits the resurrected Judas, Doctor Zhivago, and his author, whose lot will be popular contempt ".
The mass campaign launched against Pasternak forced him to refuse the Nobel Prize. The poet sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy, in which he wrote: Because of the significance that the award awarded to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not take my voluntary refusal as an insult».
It is worth noting that in the USSR until 1989, even in the school curriculum on literature about Pasternak's work, there was no mention. The director Eldar Ryazanov was the first to decide to massively acquaint the Soviet people with the creative work of Pasternak. In his comedy "The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!" (1976) he included the poem "There Will Be No One in the House", transforming it into an urban romance, performed by the bard Sergei Nikitin. Later, Ryazanov included in his film "Office Romance" an excerpt from another poem by Pasternak - "To love others is a heavy cross ..." (1931). True, he sounded in a farcical context. But it is worth noting that at that time the very mention of Pasternak's poems was a very bold step.
Easy to wake up and see
Shake verbal rubbish from the heart
And live without clogging in the future,
All this is not a big trick.
(B. Pasternak, 1931)
Mikhail Sholokhov, receiving the Nobel Prize, did not bow to the monarch
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965 for his novel Quiet Flows the Flows Flows the Flows the Flows the Flows the Don and went down in history as the only Soviet writer to receive this award with the consent of the Soviet leadership. The diploma of the laureate says "in recognition of the artistic strength and honesty that he showed in his Don epic about the historical phases of the life of the Russian people."
Gustav Adolf VI, who presented the award to the Soviet writer, called him "one of the most outstanding writers of our time." Sholokhov did not bow to the king, as prescribed by the rules of etiquette. Some sources claim that he did it intentionally with the words: “We, the Cossacks, do not bow to anyone. Here in front of the people - please, but I will not be in front of the king ... "
Alexander Solzhenitsyn was deprived of Soviet citizenship because of the Nobel Prize
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, the commander of a sound reconnaissance battery, who rose to the rank of captain during the war years and was awarded two military orders, was arrested in 1945 by front-line counterintelligence for anti-Sovietism. Sentence - 8 years in camps and life exile. He went through a camp in New Jerusalem near Moscow, Marfinskaya "sharashka" and the Special Ekibastuz camp in Kazakhstan. In 1956, Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated, and since 1964 Alexander Solzhenitsyn devoted himself to literature. At the same time, he worked immediately on 4 major works: The Gulag Archipelago, The Cancer Ward, The Red Wheel and In the First Circle. In the USSR in 1964 they published the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", and in 1966 the story "Zakhar-Kalita".
On October 8, 1970, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the moral strength gleaned from the tradition of great Russian literature." This was the reason for the persecution of Solzhenitsyn in the USSR. In 1971, all the writer's manuscripts were confiscated, and in the next 2 years, all his publications were destroyed. In 1974, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, which, for the systematic commission of actions that are incompatible with belonging to the citizenship of the USSR and detrimental to the USSR, ”Alexander Solzhenitsyn was deprived of Soviet citizenship and deported from the USSR.
Citizenship was returned to the writer only in 1990, and in 1994 he and his family returned to Russia and became actively involved in public life.
Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky in Russia was convicted of parasitism
Iosif Alexandrovich Brodsky began to write poetry at the age of 16. Anna Akhmatova predicted a hard life for him and a glorious creative destiny. In 1964, in Leningrad, a criminal case was opened against the poet on charges of parasitism. He was arrested and sent into exile in the Arkhangelsk region, where he spent a year.
In 1972, Brodsky turned to Secretary General Brezhnev with a request to work in his homeland as a translator, but his request remained unanswered, and he was forced to emigrate. Brodsky first lives in Vienna, in London, and then moves to the United States, where he becomes a professor at New York, Michigan and other universities in the country.
On December 10, 1987, Joseph Brosky was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive work, saturated with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry." It is worth saying that Brodsky, after Vladimir Nabokov, is the second Russian writer who writes in English as his native language.
The sea was not visible. In the white mist
swaddled on all sides of us, absurd
it was thought that the ship was going to land -
if it was a ship at all,
and not a clot of fog, as if poured
who whitened in milk.
(B. Brodsky, 1972)
Interesting fact
At different times, such famous personalities as Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Franklin Roosevelt, Nicholas Roerich and Leo Tolstoy were nominated for the Nobel Prize at various times, but never received it.
Literature lovers will definitely be interested - a book that is written with disappearing ink.
Information service of Novopokrovskaya station
Russian Nobel Prize winners
(Russian Empire, USSR, Russian Federation)
Laureate |
Scope and rationale |
Note |
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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov |
Physiology and medicine |
Born in 1849 in Ryazan |
||
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov |
Physiology and medicine |
Born in 1845 in the village of Ivanovka, Kharkov region |
||
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov |
Chemistry |
Born in 1896 in the city of Saratov |
||
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak |
"for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel" |
Born in 1890 in Moscow, writer, poet, author of the novel "Doctor Zhivago", poetry collections. He was persecuted by the authorities for his works. |
||
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov |
"for his discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" |
Born in 1904 in the village of Novaya Chepega, Voronezh Region. Born in 1905 in St. Petersburg |
||
Lev Davidovich Landau |
Physics |
Born in 1908 in Baku |
||
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov |
Physics |
Born in 1922 Usman village, Tambov region Born in 1916 in Australia in the family of a Russian revolutionary, in 1923. the family returned to Russia. |
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Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov |
Literature |
Born in the Kruzhilin farm, village of Vyoshenskaya, Rostov region, author of the Quiet Don, Virgin Soil Upturned and a number of other works. |
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Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn |
Literature |
|||
Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich |
Economy |
Born in 1912 in St. Petersburg |
||
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov |
Peace Prize |
Born in 1921 in Moscow. Soviet physicist, academician, politician, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. Three times Hero of Socialist Labor - deprived of medals for anti-Soviet activities. |
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Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa |
Physics |
Born in 1894 in Kronstadt, physicist, engineer, academician, twice Hero of Socialist Labor. |
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Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev |
Peace Prize |
Born in 1931 in the Stavropol Territory, initiator of reforms in the USSR, "perestroika". |
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Zhores Ivanovich Alferov |
Physics |
Born in 1930 in Vitebsk, Belarus, full cavalier of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland. |
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Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov |
Physics |
Born in 1928 in Moscow Born in 1916 in Moscow |
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Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov |
Physics |
Born in 1974 in Nizhny Tagil. Citizen of Russia and Great Britain. |
Nobel Prize winners born in the Russian Empire and the USSR
(at the time of awarding the award they did not have Russian citizenship, therefore they were not included in the list of laureates from Russia)
Laureate |
Scope and rationale |
Note |
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Maria Sklodowska-Curie |
Physics |
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Henryk Sienkiewicz |
Literature |
Born in Poland, subject of the Russian Empire, citizen of Poland |
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Wilhelm Ostwald |
Chemistry |
Born in Riga (Russian Empire), German citizen |
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Maria Sklodowska-Curie |
Chemistry |
Born in Warsaw (Russian Empire), French citizen |
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Ivan Alekseevich Bunin |
Literature |
Born in Russia, lived in France since 1920, had no citizenship. |
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Zelman Waksman |
Physiology and medicine |
Born in Priluki, grew up in Odessa (Russia), US citizen |
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Simon Smith |
Economy |
Born in Pinsk (Russian Empire), studied and worked in Ukraine, US citizen |
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Vasily Leontiev |
Economy |
Born in St. Petersburg, subject of the Russian Empire, US citizen |
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Ilya Prigogine |
Chemistry |
Born in Moscow, lived and worked in the USA, citizen of Belgium |
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Isaac Bashevis Singer |
Literature |
Born in Warsaw (Russian Empire), US citizen |
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Menachem Begin |
Peace Prize |
Born in Brest-Litovsk (Russian Empire), citizen of Israel |
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Cheslav Milos |
Peace Prize |
born in Vilna (Russian Empire), citizen of Poland |
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Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky |
Literature |
Born and raised in the USSR. Since 1972 (and at the time of receiving the award) he lived in the USA, a US citizen |
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Joseph Rotblat |
Peace Prize |
Born in Warsaw (Russian Empire), British citizen |
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Leonid Gurvich |
Economy |
Born in Moscow, lived and worked in Western Europe, USA, US citizen |
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Andrey Konstantinovich Geim |
Physics |
Born in Sochi, graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, has been living and working in Western Europe since 1990, citizen of the Netherlands |
Dedicated to the great Russian writers.
From October 21 to November 21, 2015, the Library and Information Complex invites you to an exhibition dedicated to the work of Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR.
The Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015 was awarded to a Belarusian writer. The award was given to Svetlana Aleksievich with the following wording: "For her many-voiced work - a monument to suffering and courage in our time." At the exhibition, we also presented the works of Svetlana Alexandrovna.
The exposition can be found at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, 1st floor, room 100.
The prizes established by the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel are considered the most honorable in the world. They are awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, for literary works, for contribution to the strengthening of peace, economics (since 1969).
The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for literary achievement presented annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm on 10 December. According to the statute of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutions and societies with similar tasks and goals; professors of the history of literature and linguistics of universities; laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature; chairmen of authors' unions representing literary creativity in the respective countries.
Unlike the winners of other prizes (for example, in physics and chemistry), the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by members of the Swedish Academy. The Swedish Academy brings together 18 figures from Sweden. The Academy is composed of historians, linguists, writers and one lawyer. They are known in the community as "The Eighteen". Membership in the academy is for life. After the death of one of the members, the academicians choose a new academician by secret ballot. The Academy elects from among its members the Nobel Committee. It is he who deals with the issue of awarding the prize.
Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR :
- I. A. Bunin(1933 "For the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose")
- B.L. Parsnip(1958 "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel")
- M. A. Sholokhov(1965 "For the artistic power and honesty with which he depicted the historical era in the life of the Russian people in his Don epic")
- A. I. Solzhenitsyn(1970 "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature")
- I. A. Brodsky(1987 "For a comprehensive work imbued with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry")
Russian laureates in literature are people with different, sometimes opposing views. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn are staunch opponents of Soviet power, and M. A. Sholokhov, on the contrary, is a communist. However, the main thing they have in common is their undoubted talent, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prizes.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a famous Russian writer and poet, an outstanding master of realistic prose, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920 Bunin emigrated to France.
The most difficult thing for a writer in exile is to remain himself. It happens that, having left the Motherland because of the need to make dubious compromises, he is again forced to kill the spirit in order to survive. Fortunately, this fate passed Bunin. Despite any trials, Bunin always remained true to himself.
In 1922, Ivan Alekseevich's wife, Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, wrote in her diary that Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. Since then, Ivan Alekseevich lived in hopes that someday he would be awarded this prize. 1933 All newspapers in Paris on November 10 came out with large headlines: "Bunin - Nobel laureate." Every Russian in Paris, even a loader at the Renault factory, who had never read Bunin, took this as a personal holiday. For the compatriot turned out to be the best, the most talented! In Parisian taverns and restaurants that evening there were Russians who sometimes drank for "their own" for their last pennies.
On the day of awarding the prize on November 9, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin watched "merry stupidity" - "Baby" in the "cinema". Suddenly, a narrow beam of a flashlight cut through the darkness of the hall. They were looking for Bunin. He was called by phone from Stockholm.
“And my whole old life immediately ends. I go home pretty quickly, but feeling nothing but regret that I didn’t manage to watch the film. But no. You can’t not believe it: the whole house is lit up with lights. ... Some kind of turning point in my life," recalled I. A. Bunin.
Exciting days in Sweden. In the concert hall, in the presence of the king, after the report of the writer, member of the Swedish Academy Peter Galstrem on Bunin's work, he was presented with a folder with a Nobel diploma, a medal and a check for 715,000 French francs.
When presenting the award, Bunin noted that the Swedish Academy acted very boldly by awarding the émigré writer. Among the contenders for this year's prize was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely due to the publication of the book "The Life of Arseniev" by that time, the scales still tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.
Returning to France, Bunin feels rich and, sparing no money, distributes "allowances" to emigrants, donates funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invests the remaining amount in a "win-win business" and is left with nothing.
Bunin's friend, poetess and prose writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya in her memoir book "Reflection" noted: "With skill and a small amount of practicality, the prize should have been enough to the end. But the Bunins did not buy either an apartment or a villa ..."
Unlike M. Gorky, A. I. Kuprin, A. N. Tolstoy, Ivan Alekseevich did not return to Russia, despite the exhortations of the Moscow "messengers". He never came to his homeland, even as a tourist.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of the famous artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Maybe that's why in childhood the future poet dreamed of becoming a composer and even studied music with Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin. However, the love of poetry won. Glory to B. L. Pasternak was brought by his poetry, and bitter trials - "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.
The editors of the literary magazine, to which Pasternak offered the manuscript, considered the work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then the writer sent the novel abroad, to Italy, where in 1957 it was published. The very fact of publication in the West was sharply condemned by Soviet colleagues in the creative workshop, and Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union. However, it was Doctor Zhivago that made Boris Pasternak a Nobel laureate. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, but was awarded it only in 1958, after the release of the novel. The conclusion of the Nobel Committee says: "... for significant achievements both in modern lyric poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
In his homeland, the award of such an honorary prize to an "anti-Soviet novel" aroused the indignation of the authorities, and under the threat of expulsion from the country, the writer was forced to refuse the award. Only 30 years later, his son, Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak, received a diploma and a Nobel laureate medal for his father.
The fate of another Nobel laureate, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and his childhood and youth were spent in Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Rostov University, A. I. Solzhenitsyn taught and at the same time studied in absentia at the Literary Institute in Moscow. When the Great Patriotic War began, the future writer went to the front.
Shortly before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was the critical remarks about Stalin found by military censorship in Solzhenitsyn's letters. He was released after Stalin's death (1953). In 1962, the Novy Mir magazine published the first story, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which tells about the life of prisoners in the camp. Literary magazines refused to print most of the subsequent works. There was only one explanation: anti-Soviet orientation. However, the writer did not back down and sent the manuscripts abroad, where they were published. Alexander Isaevich was not limited to literary activities - he fought for the freedom of political prisoners in the USSR, spoke out with sharp criticism of the Soviet system.
The literary works and political position of AI Solzhenitsyn were well known abroad, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the award ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate at home, were not allowed into the USSR.
In 1974 A. I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. He first lived in Switzerland, then moved to the United States, where he was, with a considerable delay, awarded the Nobel Prize. In the West, such works as "In the First Circle", "The Gulag Archipelago", "August 1914", "The Cancer Ward" were printed. In 1994, A. Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland, having traveled through all of Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.
The fate of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, the only one of the Russian Nobel Prize winners in literature, who was supported by government agencies, turned out differently. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in the south of Russia, on the Don - in the center of the Russian Cossacks. He later described his small homeland - the farm Kruzhilin of the village of Vyoshenskaya - in many works. Sholokhov graduated from only four classes of the gymnasium. He actively participated in the events of the civil war, led the food detachment, which selected the so-called surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks.
Already in his youth, the future writer felt a penchant for literary creativity. In 1922, Sholokhov arrived in Moscow, and in 1923 he began to publish his first stories in newspapers and magazines. In 1926, the collections "Don Stories" and "Azure Steppe" were published. Work on "Quiet Don" - a novel about the life of the Don Cossacks in the era of the Great Break (World War I, revolutions and civil war) - began in 1925. In 1928, the first part of the novel was published, and Sholokhov finished it in the 30s . "Quiet Flows the Don" became the pinnacle of the writer's work, and in 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the artistic strength and completeness with which he depicted a historical phase in the life of the Russian people in his epic work about the Don." "Quiet Flows the Don" has been translated into several dozen languages in 45 countries.
By the time of receiving the Nobel Prize in the bibliography of Joseph Brodsky, there were six collections of poems, the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov", the play "Marble", many essays (written mainly in English). However, in the USSR, from where the poet was expelled in 1972, his works were distributed mainly in samizdat, and he received the award, already being a citizen of the United States of America.
For him, the spiritual connection with the homeland was important. As a relic, he kept the tie of Boris Pasternak, he even wanted to wear it to the Nobel Prize, but the rules of the protocol did not allow it. Nevertheless, Brodsky still came with Pasternak's tie in his pocket. After perestroika, Brodsky was repeatedly invited to Russia, but he never came to his homeland, which rejected him. "You can't step into the same river twice, even if it's the Neva," he said.
From Brodsky's Nobel Lecture: “A person with taste, in particular literary taste, is less susceptible to repetition and rhythmic incantations, characteristic of any form of political demagogy. It's not so much that virtue is no guarantee of a masterpiece, but that evil, especially political evil, is always a bad stylist. The richer the aesthetic experience of the individual, the firmer his taste, the clearer his moral choice, the freer he is - although perhaps not happier. It is in this rather applied than Platonic sense that Dostoyevsky's remark that "beauty will save the world" or Matthew Arnold's saying that "poetry will save us" should be understood. The world will probably not be saved, but an individual person can always be saved.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground