The system of legal protection of nature in Russia includes four groups of legal measures:

1) legal regulation of relations on the use, conservation and renewal of natural resources;

2) organization of education and training of personnel, financing and logistical support of environmental activities;

3) state and

public control over the fulfillment of environmental protection requirements;

4) legal liability of offenders.

In accordance with environmental legislation object legal protection is the natural environment - an objective reality that exists outside of a person and regardless of his consciousness, serving as a habitat, condition and means of his existence.

Sources of environmental law normative legal acts are recognized, which contain legal norms regulating environmental relations. These include laws, decrees, resolutions and orders, regulations of ministries and departments, laws and regulations of the subjects of the Federation. Finally, among the sources of environmental law, a large place is occupied by international legal acts that regulate internal environmental relations on the basis of the primacy of international law.

As a result of the last codification, a system of environmental legislation has developed, which is based on three fundamental normative acts: the Declaration of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR on the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1990), the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen (1991) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted as a result of a popular vote on December 12, 1993.

Environmental Legislation System, guided by the ideas of fundamental constitutional acts, includes two subsystems:

• environmental
• natural resource legislation.

In environmental legislation includes the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" and other legislative acts of complex legal regulation.

To the subsystem of natural resource legislation includes: Land Code of the Russian Federation (FZ No. 136 of 10/25/2001), Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2395-1 "On Subsoil", Forest Code of the Russian Federation (FZ No. 200 of 04.12.2006), Water Code of the Russian Federation (FZ No. 74 of June 3, 2006), Federal Law No. 52-FZ of April 24, 1995 “On the Wildlife”, as well as other legislative and regulatory acts.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation the main provisions of the environmental strategy of the state and the main directions of strengthening the environmental law and order are reflected. The Constitution of the Russian Federation introduces into scientific circulation the definition of human environmental activity in the field of interaction between society and nature: nature management, environmental protection, ensuring environmental safety.

Part 1 of Art. 9, which states that land and other natural resources in the Russian Federation are used and protected as the basis for the life and activities of the peoples living in the respective territory.

There are two very important norms in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, one of which (Article 42) enshrines the right of every person to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to his health or property, and the other proclaims the right of citizens and legal entities for private ownership of land and other natural resources (Part 2, Article 9). The first concerns the biological principles of man, the second - his material foundations of existence.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation also formalizes the organizational and legal relations between the Federation and the subjects of the Federation. According to Art. 72 the use, possession and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources, nature management, environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety are the joint competence of the Federation and the subjects of the Federation.

On the subject of its jurisdiction, the Russian Federation adopts federal laws that are binding throughout the country. The subjects of the Federation have the right to their own regulation of environmental relations, including the adoption of laws and other regulations. The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the general rule: laws and other legal acts of the subjects of the Federation must not contradict federal laws. The provision of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is specified in the sources of environmental law.

Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" determines the legal framework for state policy in the field of environmental protection, ensuring a balanced solution of socio-economic problems, maintaining a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources in order to meet the needs of present and future generations, strengthening the rule of law in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety.

The following legal provisions are fixed in 16 chapters of the Law:

• fundamentals of management in the field of environmental protection;
• rights and obligations of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection;
• economic regulation in the field of environmental protection;
• standardization in the field of environmental protection;
• environmental impact assessment and ecological expertise;
• requirements in the field of environmental protection in the course of economic activity;
• zones of ecological disaster, zones of emergency situations;
• state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring);
• control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control);
• scientific research in the field of environmental protection;
• bases of formation of ecological culture;
• international cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

Protecting health and ensuring human well-being is the ultimate goal of protecting the natural environment. Therefore, in legislative acts aimed at protecting the health of citizens, environmental requirements occupy a leading place. In this sense, the source of environmental law is the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population." It regulates sanitary relations related to the protection of health from the adverse effects of the external environment - industrial, domestic, natural. Environmental requirements expressed in the articles of the Law are at the same time sources of environmental law. For example, the norms of Art. 18 of the Law on burial, processing, neutralization and disposal of industrial and domestic waste, etc.

Another source of environmental law is the Federal Law “On the Basics of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation” dated November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ. It has a norm that ensures the environmental rights of citizens. Yes, Art. 18 states that: “Everyone has the right to health care. The right to health protection is ensured by the protection of the environment…”

Legal norms on nature protection and rational use of natural resources are also contained in other acts of Russian natural resource legislation. These include the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the Water Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Wildlife", etc.

The range of environmental issues on which decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation can be issued is practically unlimited. Among them should be mentioned Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 4, 1994 No. 238 "On the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development."

Based on and in pursuance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, regulatory decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation issues resolutions and orders, being also responsible for their implementation. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation is also a regulatory legal act. In accordance with Art. 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation The Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified state policy in the field of science, culture, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology.

Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation on environmental issues can be divided into three groups.

• The first group includes those that are adopted in pursuance of the law to specify individual provisions.
• The second group of resolutions is intended to determine the competence of the governing and control bodies.
• The third group of resolutions includes normative legal acts of further legal regulation of environmental relations.

Environmental ministries and departments are empowered to issue regulations within their competence. They are intended for mandatory execution by other ministries and departments, individuals and legal entities.

Regulations play an important role sanitary, construction, technical and economic, technological etc. These include environmental quality standards: norms of permissible radiation, noise level, vibration, etc. These standards are technical rules, and in this form they are not considered as sources of law. Departmental normative acts may be canceled by the Government of the Russian Federation if they contradict the law. Acts come into force only after registration with the Ministry of Justice and publication in the Rossiyskiye Vesti newspaper. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the subjects of the Federation also have the right to adopt laws and other regulatory legal acts on issues within their jurisdiction. The representative and executive authorities of the republics, territories, regions, autonomous entities, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, Sevastopol have the right to engage in norm-setting activities.

The scope of competence of the subjects of the Federation is determined by sectoral legislative acts: for land use - the Land Code of the Russian Federation, for subsoil - the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil", for water use - the Water Code of the Russian Federation, for the use of wildlife - the Federal Law "On the Animal World", for the natural environment - Federal Law "On Environmental Protection". This division of legal regulation is based on the attitude towards natural resources. The procedure for classifying natural resources as federal or otherwise is regulated by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on federal resources. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 76) establishes laws and other normative legal acts of the constituent entities of the Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws. In the event of a contradiction between the normative acts of the constituent entities of the Federation and the articles of federal laws, the former are subject to cancellation by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation or a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. In addition to special environmental regulations, in recent years, the greening of regulations governing the economic, economic and administrative activities of enterprises has been widely used. Under greening understand the introduction of environmental requirements into regulatory legal acts of non-environmental content. The need for such a process is explained by the fact that environmental laws may not always directly relate to economic entities engaged in various areas of production.

Thus, the Law of the Russian Federation of February 7, 1992 No. 2300-1 “On Protection of Consumer Rights” (Article 7) gives the consumer the right to demand that goods be safe for his life. It also gives the authorities the right to suspend the sale of goods if there is a threat to the health of citizens or the state of the environment. The laws on local self-government, taxation of legal entities reflect various benefits for reducing emissions, using clean technologies, etc.

Vernadsky's doctrine of the biosphere became the basis for understanding the general patterns of development of our planet. Protection of the atmosphere, soils, waters, living nature surrounding a person is built on their knowledge, without it in the future it is impossible to create the noosphere - the kingdom of reason and progress on the whole Earth. In 1944 V.I. Vernadsky in his work “A few words about the noosphere” wrote: “In the history of our planet, a critical moment of great importance for man has come, prepared for millions, or rather, billions of years, deeply penetrating millions of human generations”, “Man becomes a geological force capable of changing the face of Earth"

Pollution is the presence in the environment of harmful substances that disrupt the functioning of ecological systems or their individual elements and reduce the quality of the environment in terms of human habitation or economic activity. This term characterizes all bodies, substances, processes that appear in the environment in a given place and can bring its systems out of equilibrium.

The main legislative documents in the field of environmental health of the Russian Federation: 1. Law of the Russian Federation "0 on environmental protection" dated January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ; 2. Land Code of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2001 N 136-FZ; 3. Federal Law "On Ecological Expertise" dated November 23, 1995 N 174-FZ; 4. Federal Law "On radiation safety of the population" dated January 9, 1996 N 3-FZ; 5. Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" dated May 4, 1999 N 96-FZ December 2012 approved the State Program of the Russian Federation "Environmental Protection" for years

For the purposes of a comprehensive analysis of the state of the environment, indicators, depending on their role, are classified according to the scheme: DS-D-S-V-R: driving forces (DS), pressure (D), state (S), impact (B) and response (P). This diagram illustrates the relationship of indicators, on the one hand, and explains the choice of specific indicators by UNECE for assessing the state of the environment, on the other.

Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air in 2007 - 2012 in the Russian Federation (data from Rosstat and Rosprirodnadzor) YEAR: Solids, from stationary sources thousand tons/year 2743.4 2704.22341.02381.22283.12249.4 % 74,875,073,775,775,574.3 Emissions from stationary sources and road transport per unit of GDP (in current prices) tons/mln. rub. 1,060,820,840,700,580.52 Emissions from stationary sources and road transport per capita, tons/person. 0.250.240.23

List of cities and towns of the Russian Federation with a dangerous category of soil pollution by a complex of metals, established for the observation period of y.g.

In total, there are more than 13 thousand specially protected natural territories of federal, regional and local significance in the Russian Federation, the total area of ​​which is more than 200 million hectares, which is 11.8% of the territory of Russia. In 2011, this figure was 11.7%.

In the Russian Federation, specially protected natural areas are divided into protected areas of federal, regional and local significance of various categories: - state nature reserves, including biospheric ones; - National parks; – natural parks; - state nature reserves; – monuments of nature; – dendrological parks and botanical gardens; - health-improving areas and resorts; – other categories of protected areas.

Despite the decline in production and the implementation of a number of environmental measures both at the federal and regional levels, the environmental situation in the most populated and industrialized regions of the country remains unfavorable, and environmental pollution is high.

The average annual levels of atmospheric air pollution in many cities and towns exceed sanitary standards. The quality of water in most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. The scale of erosion and loss of soil fertility, degradation of shelter forest plantations are increasing, the number and population of rare plant and animal species are declining, and landscapes are becoming poorer.

The use of both non-renewable and renewable natural resources is not sufficiently regulated by the state, the predatory exploitation of natural resources leads to the degradation of entire natural complexes, including the degradation and destruction of territories of traditional nature management.

The environmental problems of cities are aggravated - territories where the majority of the population of Russia lives. As a result of construction in water protection and forest park zones, the quality of drinking water and the sanitary condition of suburban areas are deteriorating, and the possibilities of mass recreation are being reduced.

Significant territories of Russia are dangerously polluted as a result of the Chernobyl disaster and other radiation accidents. The incidence of the population due to environmental pollution is growing or remains at an unacceptably high level, resistance to infectious diseases is decreasing, in places of intensive development of industry and chemicalization of agriculture, the number of newborns with birth defects is growing.

As a result of untimely taken (and constantly reduced in volume) fire prevention measures, forest fires remain the main factor that reduces the ecological and resource potential of Russian forests. The areas of forests dying from industrial emissions are increasing. State authorities do not take measures to ensure the required amount of reforestation work. The reduction in the area of ​​the most valuable forests is facilitated by unlawful and unreasonable decisions of state authorities to transfer forest lands of the first group to non-forest lands.

When organizing work to eliminate accumulated dangerous types of weapons (chemical and nuclear), the problems of ensuring environmental safety do not attract due attention at the state level. Decommissioned nuclear submarines, rocket and space systems and rocket fuel, storage and destruction sites and chemical weapons production facilities pose in some cases an unacceptable risk to populations and ecosystems.

The problem of processing household and industrial waste remains unresolved and extremely acute. Attempts are being made to import into Russia hazardous waste that is not suitable for consumption of food and goods, transfer to the territory of Russia of environmentally dirty and dangerous technologies from other countries.

The number of man-made accidents with adverse environmental consequences in industry, transport and construction is growing. Many hydraulic structures turned out to be abandoned, technically obsolete or operated without observing safety standards; the number of pipeline ruptures with dangerous consequences for the environment is on the rise.

A significant part of fixed production assets does not meet the requirements of environmental safety. The share of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy and transport exceeds 90%.

Quite often, projects and programs are adopted and implemented without the state environmental expertise required by law, and the projects do not have a section on “Environmental Impact Assessments” (EIA).

Economic mechanisms for ensuring non-exhausting and rational use of natural resources, protection of the environment and related health of the population are ineffective. The underestimated initial cost of natural resources does not stimulate their careful use. In the course of privatization and denationalization, the issues of compensation for damage caused by past economic activities remained unresolved.

In recent years, there has been a de-ecology of public administration: state support for environmental protection has been reduced, permanent reorganizations (accompanied by a decrease in status and a reduction in staffing and budget funding) have put the state system of nature protection in a critical situation. The continuation of this process really threatens the destruction of environmental structures. The deecologisation of public administration is accompanied by increased secrecy and illegal restrictions on the dissemination of environmental information.

Target environmentally oriented programs already adopted at the federal level are financed only to a small extent; the systems of state ecological, sanitary-epidemiological and radiation control and monitoring are weakening and appear to be insufficient; the adoption of the state strategy for sustainable development was unjustifiably delayed.

The legal rights of citizens to a favorable environment, compensation for damage as a result of its deterioration, to objective and timely information about the state of the environment, the right to direct participation of citizens in decision-making that affect the state of the environment are violated.

Possibilities for solving environmental problems at the level of subjects of the federation are not fully realized. Local self-government bodies are often excluded from participation in solving environmental problems of territories.

Law enforcement agencies are not actively contributing to strengthening the environmental law and order, protecting the rights of citizens and solving problems of nature conservation; consideration of environmental cases is often delayed or unreasonably terminated; the adopted court decisions are not implemented or are not implemented in full.

Federal and regional representative authorities are not actively eliminating contradictions and gaps in environmental and resource legislation.

The mass media do not pay due attention to environmental problems, do not provide complete and objective information on environmental issues.

The system of environmental education and enlightenment does not receive proper state support.

The environmental imperative is for us an unconditional factor in our approach to such regions, in which dangerous pollution or irresponsible destruction of nature has become an ominous reality. From this point of view, our special attention is drawn to:

the territories of Russia affected by the Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters;

hazardous industrial pollution zones - Kemerovo, Orenburg, Tomsk, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Vologda regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, etc.;

territories of barbaric plunder of natural resources - Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Sakhalin, Amur and Kamchatka regions, the republics of Karelia, Kalmykia and Komi, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets NO.

The 20th century brought many benefits to humanity associated with the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, and at the same time put life on Earth on the brink of an ecological catastrophe. Population growth, intensification of production and emissions that pollute the Earth, lead to fundamental changes in nature and are reflected in the very existence of man. Some of these changes are extremely strong and so widespread that global environmental problems arise. There are serious problems of pollution (atmosphere, water, soil), acid rain, radiation damage to the territory, as well as the loss of certain plant species and living organisms, the impoverishment of bioresources, deforestation and desertification of territories.

Problems arise as a result of such an interaction between nature and man, in which the anthropogenic load on the territory (it is determined through the technogenic load and population density) exceeds the ecological capabilities of this territory, due mainly to its natural resource potential and the overall stability of natural landscapes (complexes, geosystems) to anthropogenic influences.

Automobile transport, thermal power plants, enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas processing, chemical and timber industries significantly pollute the atmosphere. A large number of harmful substances enter the atmosphere with the exhaust gases of cars, and their share in air pollution is constantly growing; in Russia - more than 30%, and in the USA - more than 60% of the total emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.

The main sources of atmospheric air pollution in the regions of our country are machines and installations using sulfur-containing coals, oil, and gas. More than half of the coal mined in the European part of the country contains over 2.5% sulfur. Therefore, approximately 75106 tons of sulfur oxide, 53106 tons of oxide and nitrogen dioxide, 304106 tons of carbon monoxide, 88106 tons of hydrocarbons (saturated, aldehyde, etc.) enter the atmosphere annually as a result of human industrial activity.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises waste rock containing lead, cobalt, copper. During coal mining, about 1 billion m2 of waste rock is annually raised to the surface. Useless pyramids are built from it - waste heaps. At the same time, thousands of hectares of fertile land are being wasted. The atmosphere is polluted, waste heaps are burning, the wind raises clouds of dust from their barren slopes.

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"Environmental Protection in Russia"

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Withcontent

1. Introduction. Environmental problems of modern Russia

2. Geographic characteristics, climate and natural (land, forest, water) resources of the Russian Federation. Specially protected natural areas

3. Legal basis for rational nature management. Environmental legislation. Environmental Standards System

4. Security measures

4.1 Protection of wildlife, hunting

4.2 Air protection

4.3 Protection of water resources

4.4 Protection of land resources and agricultural lands

4.5 Urban environment

5. Production and consumption waste

6. Features of environmental activities in Russia

7. International cooperation in the field of environmental protection

Conclusion

Literature

1. Introduction. Environmentalsome problems of modern Russia

The modern world is inconceivable without plants and factories that produce products necessary for the life of a modern person. But at the same time, it has become almost the rule of disregard for the environment on the part of workers in these enterprises, who are trying to circumvent environmental regulations under the guise of producing essential products. But we must not forget that the very first necessity for a person should be the environment in which he lives. But in the modern market world, it is best to fight for the environment by economic methods, with the help of economic levers. At present, attempts are being made in our country to create effective mechanisms for rational use of natural resources, and some progress has already been made.

Our country belongs to the countries of the world with the worst ecological situation. Pollution of the natural environment has reached unprecedented proportions. The number one environmental problem is environmental pollution.

Consistently deteriorating health of people. The average age of men in recent years was only 68 years. Every tenth child is born mentally or physically handicapped due to a genetic disorder. In some regions, this figure is 3-6 times higher. In most industrial areas of the country, one third of the inhabitants have various forms of immunological deficiency. According to WHO standards at the UN, the people of the Russian Federation are on the verge of degeneration. Approximately 15% of the country's territory is occupied by zones of ecological disaster and environmental emergencies. Only 15-20% of residents of cities and towns breathe air that meets the established quality standards. About 50% of drinking water consumed by the population does not meet hygienic requirements.

Therefore, the problem of protecting the environment is quite acute for the population of Russia. The solution of the issue of survival, the preservation of people's health and the creation of normal conditions for their life depends on our activity in the field of environmental protection.

Despite the decline in production and the implementation of a number of environmental measures both at the federal and regional levels, the environmental situation in the most populated and industrialized regions of the country remains unfavorable, and environmental pollution is high. Environmental problems that have accumulated over decades are often exacerbated by problems that have arisen in recent years (including as a result of the weakening of state administration and the hasty privatization of property).

In recent years, there has been a de-ecology of public administration: state support for environmental protection has been reduced, permanent reorganizations (accompanied by a decrease in status and a reduction in staffing and budget funding) have put the state system of nature protection in a critical situation. The continuation of this process really threatens the destruction of environmental structures.

The main environmental, natural resource problems of Russia:

atmospheric air. The most numerous group of the population (15 million people) is exposed to suspended solids, the second place in terms of impact is occupied by benzo(a)pyrene - 14 million people. More than 5 million people live in areas with a high content of nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, carbon disulfide in the air, more than 4 million people - formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, more than 3 million people - ammonia, styrene. A significant part of the population (more than 1 million people) is exposed to elevated concentrations of benzene, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan.

Water resources. Almost all surface water sources have been polluted in recent years. In a number of regions of the country, anthropogenic loads have long exceeded the established standards, and a critical situation has developed. Among the main rivers of Russia, the Volga, Don, Kuban, Ob, Yenisei are characterized by the greatest environmental problems. They are rated as "contaminated".

Soils and land use. As part of Russia's agricultural lands, soils that are erosive and prone to water and wind erosion occupy more than 125 million hectares, including eroded soils - 54.1 million hectares. Every third hectare of arable land and pastures is eroded and needs to be protected from degradation. Pollution and littering of land were noted on 54% of the country's territory. Cities are changing the ecological situation not only within their own borders. Over 90% of accidental oil spills cause severe and largely irreversible damage to natural complexes.

Flora and fauna. In relation to the level of 2006, the total volume of reforestation in Russia as a whole decreased by 344 thousand hectares. The problems of preserving the vegetation of the tundra, which occupies about a third of the territory of the Russian Federation, are not being solved. In cities, the level of provision with green spaces per capita does not meet the accepted standards. In 2007, the list of animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation increased by 1.6 times.

Subsoil use. In the mining sector, environmental protection activities are practically not financed. More than 35,000 accidents occurred in the oil fields in 2007, associated with a violation of the tightness of pipeline systems. The decrease in reliability and the increase in the accident rate of pipeline systems in 3-4 years may become landslide.

The existing economic mechanisms for nature protection turn out to be ineffective primarily because they do not create effective incentives for the use of resource- and energy-saving technologies and do not provide sufficient funds from payments for emissions and discharges, waste disposal and the use of natural resources to finance environmental activities on the required scale.

2. Geographic characteristics, climate and natural (land, forest, water) resources of the Russian Federation. Specially protected natural areas

Russia is the largest state in the world in terms of territory with a rich variety of natural and climatic conditions. Any subject of the Russian Federation can be equated in size with one or another state of Europe, the territory of some Federal districts of the country is comparable to the area of ​​a number of the largest states in the world. The country has a high diversity of territorial distribution of natural resources and population settlement.

Russia's position in the northern part of Eurasia (the country's territory mainly lies to the north of 50°N) determined its location in the arctic, subarctic, temperate, and partly in the subtropical climatic zones. The predominant part of the territory is located in the temperate zone. The diversity of the climate also depends on the features of the relief and the proximity or remoteness of the ocean.

Latitudinal zonality is most pronounced in the plains. The most complete range of natural zones distinguishes the European part of the country, where from north to south the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga forests, mixed forests, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert is successively replaced. With advancement to the east, the climate becomes more and more continental, the number of natural zones in one latitude interval is significantly reduced.

The total land fund of the Russian Federation is almost 1,710 million hectares with an average population density of about 86 people per thousand hectares. ha. (8.6 people/km2) and land development, according to FAO, - less than 20%.

The main types of natural resources in Russia for 2009 in million tons.

Indicators					Agricultural land	Fresh water, km 3	Forest, mln ha	Tot. stock of timber
Balance reserves
The level of their development per year
Reserves life, years

The territory of the Russian Federation is characterized by specific features and, first of all, by a pronounced heterogeneity of climatic and lithological-geomorphological conditions, as well as geological history, which determines the diversity of the soil cover. More than one third of the territory of Russia is occupied by mountainous regions with a pronounced vertical zonality of this cover. In general, the soil cover of Russia is very complex. Along with highly fertile soils, there are poor, unproductive soils, as well as those in need of special measures for melioration and increasing fertility.

More than 70% of the country's territory is characterized by a low level of natural comfort for the population and is very poorly suitable for agriculture.

According to various estimates, the total area of ​​Russian soils subject to desertification processes or potentially dangerous in this respect is from 50 to 100 million hectares. These are the Volga region, Ciscaucasia, Transbaikalia, and other regions of the Russian Federation. The area under ravines and gullies increases annually by 80-100 thousand hectares. They are common in many regions of the country, especially in mountainous and foothill areas. On the plains, high activity of ravine formation is noted in the Voronezh, Belgorod, Kursk, Oryol, Tambov, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Tula and other regions. The areas adjacent to the valleys of large rivers of the Volga region and on the Volga Upland are also characterized by high activity of gully formation.

Russia is the largest forest power. The area of ​​the forest fund and forests that are not included in the forest fund exceeds 1180 million hectares in the Russian Federation. At the beginning of 1998, standing timber stocks in Russia as a whole amounted to 81.9 billion cubic meters, and taking into account forests not provided for by the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, about 82 billion cubic meters. Coniferous species occupy more than three-quarters of Russia's timber reserves by volume. In terms of forests, Russia ranks first in the world, having about 1/5 of the world's forest plantations and timber reserves, and in relation to boreal and temperate forests, it is practically a monopolist, having 2/3 of the world's reserves.

Forest resources (according to accounting data as of January 1)

Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to three oceans, as well as the inland Caspian Sea. On the territory of Russia there are over 2.5 million large and small rivers, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps and other objects of the water fund.

In the national economy of the country, in quantitative terms, water consumption exceeds the total use of all other natural resources. One of the most important areas for the use of water resources is hydropower. Water areas are widely used as transport arteries. Water resources are of great importance for the recreational potential of the territory. In quantitative terms, water resources are composed of static and renewable reserves. The former are considered unchanged and constant for a long time; renewable water resources are estimated by the volume of annual river flow.

Total water resources of Russia

The basis of territorial nature protection in Russia is the system of specially protected natural territories ( protected areas). Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of categories of protected areas:

state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

National parks;

natural parks;

state nature reserves;

monuments of nature;

dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

health-improving areas and resorts.

Traditionally, nature reserves are the highest form of protection of natural areas in our country. The specially protected natural territories of Russia are designed, first of all, to protect the biological diversity of the country.

State nature reserves and national parks

Number of state nature reserves
their area, million ha
Number of state nature reserves under the jurisdiction of state nature reserves
their area, million ha
Number of national parks
their area, million ha

Scientific conservation in Russia began with the organization of nature reserves, and now they form the basis, a kind of rigid framework for the national system of protected areas and nature conservation in general. There are currently 99 nature reserves in Russia. They occupy an area of ​​32,700 thousand hectares, or 1.91% of the entire area of ​​the Russian Federation.

The current redistribution of property in Russia has affected wildlife resources to a lesser extent than all previous reforms. However, for the state of the natural resources themselves, the changes that have taken place are very significant. The first result of the weakening of state control over natural resources was the growth of poaching - the illegal extraction of wild animals and plants. At the same time, traditional hunting poaching (illegal shooting of ungulates, fur extraction, etc.) increased slightly, but new types of poaching emerged, much more dangerous in their consequences - a targeted hunt for rare species of animals and plants began.

3. Legal bases of rational use of natural resources. Environmental legislation. Withenvironmental standards system

In any civilized society, natural resources - water, subsoil, earth, atmosphere, air, flora and fauna - are objects of special laws and regulations governing their use and protection.

The totality of environmental norms and legal acts forms environmental legislation. The objects of environmental legislation are both the natural environment as a whole and its separate natural systems (for example, Lake Baikal) and elements (water, air, etc.), as well as international law.

Currently, Russia is undergoing a transition from administrative to predominantly economic methods of environmental management. However, in the conditions of hypertrophied market development, there has been a real danger to the conservation and reproduction of natural resources. In this case, the basic principle must strictly work: all responsibility lies with the commodity producer. Whoever pollutes must fully compensate for the damage, bear legal responsibility.

In Russia, in order to improve the system of management and regulation of the use of natural resources, the State Committee for Nature Protection (Goskompriroda) was formed. The Committee should carry out: integrated management of environmental activities, coordination of activities of departments in this area, state control over the use and protection of natural resources.

Normative acts on nature protection and rational use of natural resources are divided into laws and by-laws. In particular, laws include the Fundamentals of civil, land, water, mining, forestry legislation of Russia, and by-laws are regulatory legal acts of state bodies of autonomies, issued on the basis of legislative acts, resolutions of administrative-territorial bodies, as well as sectoral and departmental instructions, instructions, rules. Examples of departmental and sectoral regulations are: “Construction standards and rules”, “Sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises”, “Rules for the protection of surface water from pollution by sewage”, etc.

Environmental law as an integral part of social relations and the environmental legislation that implements this right are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in which environmental issues are given one of the leading places. In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to nature management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law "On the Protection of the Environment", adopted in 1991. It states that every citizen has the right to protect health from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements, and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.

The rules for the use of individual resources are established in the Land, Forest, Water Codes and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil".

In the autumn of 2002, the Russian government approved the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation and an action plan for its implementation. The Federal Service for Ecological and Technological Control was formed as part of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection today makes it possible to ensure the preservation of the quality of the environment in the Russian Federation. It includes the following federal laws: "On Environmental Protection", "On Protection of Atmospheric Air", "On Ecological Expertise", "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", "On Production and Consumption Wastes" and a number of others. In recent years, several more important laws aimed at protecting the environment of Russia have been adopted, but, unfortunately, they are still not enough.

Determining the priorities of the state environmental policy of Russia is a task of "large dimension". It is extremely difficult to solve for two reasons:

1) all global environmental problems, one way or another, manifest themselves in Russia in certain regions with varying degrees of severity;

2) environmental problems, as a rule, are not solved in the places where and when they arise.

Among them:

1. Pollution of the air and water basins, the occurrence of "acid rain", ecological disaster zones, etc.

2. Climate change, which is already manifesting itself in the regions of Russia and threatening a natural disaster in the future.

3. Reduction of arable land and degradation of soil fertility due to overexploitation, erosion, salinization, waterlogging, desertification, absorption by cities and industry, etc.

4. Destruction and extinction of forests, depletion of flora and fauna

5. Formation and accumulation of a huge amount of waste.

One of the most important components of environmental legislation is the system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically substantiated development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with the standards entails legal liability.

Standardization is understood as the establishment of a single and mandatory for all objects of a given level of a management system of norms and requirements. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory.

The most important environmental standards are environmental quality standards - maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in natural environments. MPC is approved for each of the most hazardous substances separately and is valid throughout the country.

Recently, scientists have argued that compliance with MPC does not guarantee the preservation of environmental quality at a sufficiently high level, if only because the influence of many substances in the future and when interacting with each other is still poorly understood.

Based on MPC, scientific and technical standards for maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin are being developed. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the cumulative environmental impact of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.

Unfortunately, at present, many enterprises, due to technical and economic reasons, are not able to immediately meet these standards. The closure of such an enterprise or a sharp weakening of its economic situation as a result of penalties is also not always possible for economic and social reasons.

In addition to a clean environment, a person for a normal life needs to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, the production of films and electricity for which is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they no longer harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental protection equipment, and the reconstruction process itself are very expensive.

Therefore, temporary standards can be set for such enterprises, the so-called TSA (temporarily agreed emissions), which allow for increased environmental pollution in excess of the norm for a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.

The amount and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not an enterprise complies with the standards established for it and in which ones - MPE, MPD, or only in the UES.

Economic mechanism of environmental protection.

There is a protection mechanism for suppression, correction and control. The economic mechanism is one of the most effective in protecting the environment. It is necessary to solve the problem of increasing its efficiency, i. improvement of the mechanism for the application and use of environmental legal norms.

The concept of the economic mechanism of environmental protection is understood as: a legal institution that includes a set of legal norms that regulates the conditions and procedure for accumulating funds received as payment for environmental pollution and other harmful effects on it, financing environmental measures and economic incentives for economic entities through the use of tax and other benefits.

Given that environmental standards and regulations are a measure of combining environmental interests with economic ones, then on this basis, the economic mechanism for protecting the natural environment is designed to create conditions for the development of both producers and citizens of respect for nature, to develop an attitude among subjects of law, such as - do not harm the environment, because by doing so you harm yourself.

All this includes a set of measures for economic incentives for environmental protection, regulation of economic impact on the environment, environmental expertise, environmental requirements for the placement, design, operation of industrial and economic facilities, environmental control, liability and compensation for losses.

The formation of a new economic mechanism for nature management and financing, environmental protection measures in the transition to market relations should, probably, become an organic integral system of management and regulation of the economy.

Taking into account local conditions, regional administrations can exempt enterprises, organizations and institutions from payments for emissions and discharges of pollutants produced within the limits of maximum allowable emissions and discharges.

The amount of payments for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by mobile sources are set by fees for these emissions and the amount of fuel used.

For emissions and discharges of pollutants and waste disposal within the established limits, basic payment standards and coefficients are established that take into account territorial environmental features.

For over-limit emissions and discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal, an increased fee is established on the basis of the basic standards of the fee, coefficients that take into account territorial environmental features, and coefficients of the multiplicity of fees for over-limit emissions and discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal.

The tasks of the economic mechanism of environmental protection are that the following should be carried out:

1. Planning and financing of environmental protection measures;

2. Establishment of limits on the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and waste disposal;

3. Establishment of standards for fees and amounts of payments for the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of harmful effects;

4. Providing enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as citizens with tax, credit and other benefits when they introduce low-waste and resource-saving technologies and non-traditional types of energy, and implement other effective measures to protect the natural environment;

5. Compensation in accordance with the established procedure for damage caused to the environment and human health.

4. Security measures

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, i.e., they form a single system of environmental protection, can one count on success.

Since the problem of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "protection of the (human) natural environment".

Environmental protection consists of:

Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;

Material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make it economically beneficial for enterprises;

Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", the following objects are subject to protection:

Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

The earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are specially protected.

The main principles of environmental protection should be:

Priority to ensure favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;

Scientifically substantiated combination of environmental and economic interests of society;

Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;

Prevention of irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;

The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on people's health of various production facilities;

The inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.

The use of natural resources should be carried out subject to the rules developed by scientific and technical research:

Nature conservation must be built on a scientific basis;

Local interests must be subordinated to the national ones;

The interests of the present moment are the interests of the future;

Implement immediately regulatory guidelines for the use of natural resources.

4.1 Wildlife protection, hunting

Wild wildlife forms the basis for agriculture and forestry, fishing, hunting and other crafts, for the whole variety of economic and social activities of the population.

To a certain extent, the state of the natural flora can be judged by information about rare and endangered species that need protection. These species were mainly identified and included in the prepared regional lists and lists, which served as the basis for the creation of regional Red Books and the Red Book of the RSFSR. The Red Book of the RSFSR contains data on 533 species of the country's flora in need of protection. Of these: 440 species (82%) are flowering (angiosperms), 11 are gymnosperms, 10 are ferns, 4 are lycopsids, 22 are bryophytes, 29 are lichens and 17 are fungi. When included in the Red Book of the RSFSR, preference was given to those plant species that need protection throughout the country, among them - vulnerable species, narrowly endemic and used.

Of the 400 rare species of flora in the northwest of the European part of Russia, 140 require urgent protection measures, 500 species require protection in the Non-Chernozem zone, 375 species require priority protection in the Saratov region, 188 species of the Krasnodar Territory require strict protection (127 of them are confined to to the Black Sea coast).

Almost a quarter of the species diversity of mammals is listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR. It is planned to include 64 of their species and subspecies in the second edition of the Red Book of Russia. About 90 species of mammals in Russia (33%) are endangered at the regional level (mainly in the countries of Central and Western Europe), including 39 species (14%) at the global level. The latter primarily include a number of species of whales and subspecies of large cats. About 60% of the species diversity of mammals in Russia (without cetaceans) is found in specially protected natural areas. Species and subspecies of pinnipeds and ungulates are in the most difficult situation, for which the proportion of rare species protected in reserves does not exceed 40%.

The number of rare and endangered species of vertebrates in Russia, according to the Red Book of the RSFSR (published in 1983), is 197 (about 15% of the total number of vertebrate species in Russia), which indicates a generally unfavorable state of the fauna. Currently, in the context of a transitional economy and a structural socio-economic crisis, the risk of losing the most valuable part of the diversity of this group of animals is increasing.

Protected areas are most widely used as conservation measures (reserves, sanctuaries, natural parks, etc.)

The most important measure for the protection of game animals is strict observance of the regulation on hunting, which provides for its terms and methods. In Russia, hunting is regulated by the Regulations on hunting and game management. On its basis, regional and regional administrations issue the Rules for the production of hunting. According to this provision, game animals are state property. The regulations indicate the types of animals and birds, the hunting of which is completely prohibited, as well as the types of animals that can be hunted only with special permits (licenses) issued by hunting organizations. The law prohibits the hunting of animals in reserves, reserves and green areas around cities. It is not allowed to use methods of mass production of animals, hunting from cars, aircraft, motor boats, hunting for molting birds, ruining burrows, nests, lairs, collecting eggs is prohibited.

The law establishes the norms for shooting or trapping each type of animal. Violation of hunting laws and regulations is considered poaching; persons who violate them bear administrative and criminal liability.

Successes in the protection of game animals in our country are widely known. So, in the 1920s, the number of elk was greatly reduced; it became rare everywhere and completely disappeared from most of the central regions of the European part. As a result of the conservation measures taken, the elk population has recovered. He repopulated all the forest areas. The number of these animals has increased 3 times over 25 years, and hunting was again allowed for it. Moreover, the opening in 1950 of licensed hunting, which provides for scientifically based periods of elk hunting, did not stop, but accelerated the growth of its numbers: over the next 10 years, the number increased by another 2 times. 70 thousand individuals are harvested annually, which gives about 9 thousand tons of meat. Similar results were obtained for other wild ungulates. Particularly great progress has been made in the protection of the saiga, which, as a very rare species, was on the verge of extinction. The extraction of all wild ungulates annually yields more than 35 thousand tons of marketable meat.

The measures taken in our country to protect fur-bearing animals were of great importance. Sable as a result of overfishing already at the beginning of the 20th century. disappeared from most areas of the taiga, it was threatened with complete extermination: its population at the time of the prohibition of hunting was about 25 thousand. Along with the prohibition of hunting, a wide reacclimatization of sable was carried out - they were brought to more than 100 areas where it previously lived, but was exterminated. As a result, the number of this valuable species reached 300,000 already in 1940. Its limited trade was discovered. As in the case of elk, this did not lead to a new decline in numbers, on the contrary, the number of sables continued to grow, exceeded the original one by 12 times and now has reached about 800 thousand. This allows a significant number of animals to be hunted annually.

The protection and resettlement of the river beaver has been successfully carried out in Russia. By the time of the ban on the extraction of this valuable fur-bearing animal, only a few hundred heads had survived in very few, mainly protected areas. Due to the resettlement of the beaver in more than 75 regions and territories, its number increased by about 150 times, reached 200-250 thousand heads, and since 1961 licensed fishing has been re-opened for it. Significant progress has been made in our country in the protection of the gray goose and the re-population of the regions where it used to be found by this valuable bird. The nesting sites of the wonderful northern duck - the eider, colonies of almost extinct white herons and many other birds have been restored.

Protection and trade of marine animals are based on the same principles as for other commercial species. The peculiarity of this group of animals is that many of them live in international waters or migrate widely across national borders. In this regard, international agreements and conventions are even more important for their protection. So, in 1946, the first International Whaling Convention was signed, and in 1949, the International Whaling Commission was created, which developed a charter that defines the types of whales that can be an object of prey, and establishes the areas, the time of fishing and the quota (norm) of production. In Russia and a number of other countries, dolphin fishing was completely banned.

Pinnipeds are also subject to special protection. In Russia, since 1970, the extraction of sea animals by private individuals has been universally prohibited. The fishing of such small species as the monk seal and the Atlantic walrus is completely prohibited. Hunting for the Pacific walrus is allowed exclusively for the needs of the local population of Chukotka. Fishing for other species is regulated by limits, terms and areas of production. The measures taken to protect the most valuable pinnipeds - fur seals have significantly increased their population.

Number of main species of game animals

Ungulates
Noble deer
wild reindeer
Dappled deer
Siberian ibex
snow sheep
Ermine
white hare
hare
Wolverine
Brown bear 3)

As can be seen from the table, the number of many species of game animals increased in 2009. But still, the issue of “poaching” is acute both in hunting reserves and in protected areas. There is a tendency to increase the number of environmental crimes in this area.

4.2 Air protection

Dynamics of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, mln.t.

Indicators of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in the Russian Federation, thousand tons

Ejected into the atmosphere, total
including:
solids
gaseous and liquid substances
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen oxides
carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons (without volatile organic compounds)
volatile organic compounds

The main volume of pollutant emissions from stationary sources in 2009 was formed in the Urals and Siberian federal districts, which account for 59% of the total emissions in Russia.

Moreover, 73.7% of the total amount of outgoing pollutants was captured and neutralized, and only 45.5% of them were disposed of.

Measures to combat air pollution by power plants, transport and industry are as follows:

Increasing the height of pipes at power plants and metallurgical industries in order to ensure the emission standards for sulfur waste and the dispersion of nitrogen oxides to the required standards;

The use of rotoclons, electrostatic precipitators and mechanical ash collectors, providing capture up to 99--99.5%;

Removal of sulfur oxides from flue gases;

Improved fuel combustion;

Removal of sulfur from fuel;

Switching to low-sulphur fuel;

Switching to district heating in cities to avoid air pollution from small boilers;

Transition in big cities to household electrification, including heating;

Introduction of non-waste technologies in industry and transport;

Strict observance of sanitary norms for all sources polluting the atmosphere.

In the last two years, the number of cities with the highest air pollution (ISA? 14) has stabilized at 43-45.

Starting from 2000, in parallel with the economic growth in the country, the volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air from stationary sources and from vehicles have been increasing (from 32,301 thousand tons in 2000 to 36,095 thousand tons in 2009).

The main contribution to the deterioration of atmospheric air quality is made by road transport and the road sector, in which gross emissions of pollutants are constantly increasing. In a number of regions, motor transport is the main air pollutant.

4.3 Protection of water resources

According to the state water cadastre, the total water intake from natural water bodies in 2009 amounted to 75.4 km 3 .

The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in 2009 decreased and amounted to 47.7 km3 (2000 - 55.6 km3, 2008 - 52.1 km3). 18.5 km 3 of sewage (36.1% of their total volume) are classified as polluted. The main volume of polluted wastewater is discharged by enterprises of housing and communal services (62%) and industry (31%).

The volume of discharge of standard treated wastewater in 2007 - 2009 decreased to 2.0 billion m 3 (2000 - 2.4 billion m 3), it amounted to 10.6% of the volume of wastewater requiring treatment (20.7 km 3). This is the result of overload or lack of treatment facilities, as well as low efficiency of treatment facilities, deterioration of their technical condition. During the reporting year, the capacity of treatment facilities decreased by 1.0 km 3 (to 30.5 km 3). As pollutants in wastewater there are: oil products, iron, manganese, copper, nickel, lead, phenols, sodium, potassium, phosphates, chromium, zinc, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, surfactants, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, thiocyanates, formaldehydes . The mass of discharged pollutants is given in the table.

Discharge of pollutants with sewage (thousand tons)

Pollutants
Volume of wastewater discharge, billion m 3
discharged as part of wastewater, t:
sulfates, mln.
chlorides, mln.
ammonium nitrogen, thous.
total nitrogen, thous.
nitrates, thous.
fats and oils, thous.
total phosphorus, thous.
pesticides

Indicators of water consumption and sanitation in the Russian Federation in 2009

From the data in the table it can be seen that the greatest damage to water resources is caused by housing and communal services and the manufacturing industry, as well as enterprises producing electricity.

Currently, there has been a decrease in the volume of polluted wastewater discharged into water bodies in recent years, this is due to the implementation of water protection measures and the decline in production in industry and agriculture.

The main measures to combat water pollution are:

- introduction of circulating water supply systems;

- creation of reliable treatment facilities;

- creation and implementation of new non-waste technologies;

- development and application of new sanitary norms.

On Earth, about 3/4 of the entire surface is occupied by water. The main resource for industry and everyday life is fresh water, distributed unevenly. In Russia, a large amount of water flows in sparsely populated areas and goes into the Arctic Ocean with little use for the national economy. The largest reservoir of fresh water of the highest quality is Lake Baikal, which contains 10% of the world's fresh water.

A lot of water is spent on household needs, and industry needs even more. Thermal power plants consume large amounts of water. When flowing rivers are used, the water temperature rises, which has a detrimental effect on fisheries, as it destroys caviar and lower organisms.

In addition, on the territory of our state, centuries-old fresh water reserves are concentrated in the amount of almost 16 km3 / year in the composition of underground ice, in the amount of more than 15 km3 / year - in the composition of glaciers. These resources also, in principle, annually replenish the total volume of runoff.

However, having such significant water resources and using on average no more than 3% of the river runoff annually, Russia in a number of regions experiences an acute shortage of water, primarily due to the uneven distribution of resources across the territory. The most developed areas of the European part of the country, where up to 80% of the population and production potential are concentrated, account for no more than 10% of water resources. This situation is exacerbated by the high pollution of surface and groundwater. Almost all surface water bodies and part of underground water bodies, especially in the European part of the country and in areas where large industrial and agricultural complexes are located, are significantly polluted with sewage and surface waters, and accidents at oil pipelines, other economic facilities, and wastewater treatment facilities that are becoming more frequent from year to year lead to to even greater degradation of water bodies and their ecological systems. The qualitative state and level of pollution of river waters have a direct impact on their socio-economic significance, potential use for various purposes.

4.4 Land protectionx resources and agricultural land

Agricultural land is land that is systematically used for agricultural production.

Of particular concern are the issues of protection and rational use of strategic types of land resources. Despite the positive economic trends, the country's agriculture is still in decline. The number of livestock continues to decrease, which leads to the desolation of pastures and hayfields, and the amount of sown area is reduced. All this leads to the fact that the areas of agricultural land subject to degradation are growing, although at a slower pace than at the beginning of the century.

Soil and landscape protection is an important link in the complex problem of environmental protection.

Agricultural lands are subject to special protection. Providing them for non-agricultural needs is allowed in exceptional cases, taking into account the cadastral value of the land. In the structure of agricultural land, the area of ​​arable land amounted to 122.1 million hectares, fallow land - 4.8 million hectares, perennial plantations - 1.8 million hectares, hayfields - 24.0 million hectares, pastures - 68.0 million hectares .

An analysis of data from state monitoring of land and other systems for monitoring the state of the natural environment shows that the state of land quality in virtually all subjects of the Russian Federation is rapidly deteriorating. The soil cover, especially arable land and other agricultural lands, continues to be subjected to degradation, pollution, littering and destruction, catastrophically losing its resistance to destruction, the ability to restore properties, and reproduce fertility due to depleted and consumer use of land.

According to the state registration of land on agricultural land, classified as agricultural land, as well as included in the land redistribution fund, in the Russian Federation, 17.8% of the area of ​​agricultural land is subject to water erosion, of which arable land is 12.1%, wind erosion is 8 .4% and 5.3% respectively. 2.4% of the area of ​​agricultural land is subject to the combined impact of water and wind erosion. Water erosion is distributed mainly in the Volga, Southern and Central federal districts. Wind erosion is more common in the Siberian, Southern and Volga federal districts. Waterlogged and wetlands occupy 12.3% of the area of ​​agricultural land, including 6.8% of arable land. Waterlogging processes are manifested in the territory of the Central, Siberian, Volga, Ural, Northwestern, Far Eastern and Southern federal districts. Flooding and land flooding are a particular hazard. These negative processes are manifested to a greater extent in the Southern, Volga, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts. Large areas are subject to desertification. This dangerous negative process is observed in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and is most common in the Southern, Volga and Siberian federal districts.

There is a steady trend of dehumification of arable soils in all federal districts, an intensive decrease in the content of nutrients, acidification of soils occurs, which is associated with exhaustive use of land, the cessation of mineral and organic fertilizers in most agricultural enterprises, violation of crop rotation, failure to carry out soil protection, agrochemical and reclamation measures. events.

Lands are polluted with chemical and other substances and compounds, lands are littered with production and consumption waste. These negative impacts are most typical for territories adjacent to industrial enterprises, highways, and oil pipelines.

Pollution of land with heavy metals and other substances and compounds is especially significant near large objects of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, the chemical and petrochemical industries, and mechanical engineering, which takes place on the territory of all federal districts.

Land contamination with radionuclides remains significant in a number of regions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Central and Ural Federal Districts. Pollution of land with oil and oil products is observed in the Urals, Volga, Southern, North-Western federal districts.

Measures to combat the decline of useful territory and deterioration of the landscape are strictly based on compliance with the Fundamentals of Russian Land Legislation, which states that enterprises, organizations and institutions that develop mineral deposits in an open or underground way, perform geological exploration, construction or other work on the provided temporary use of agricultural land or forest land, are obliged at their own expense to bring these land plots into a condition suitable for use in agriculture, forestry or fisheries.

On the basis of this resolution, land reclamation is carried out. In order to combat soil erosion, windbreaks are planted and ponds are built; use cable lines, are developing superconducting and cryogenic power lines to reduce the consumption of fertile land under the right-of-way.

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In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, take care of natural resources, which are the basis for sustainable development, life and activity of the peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation.

This Federal Law defines the legal framework for the state policy in the field of environmental protection, which ensures a balanced solution of socio-economic problems, the preservation of a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources in order to meet the needs of present and future generations, strengthen the rule of law in the field of environmental protection and ensure environmental safety.

This Federal Law regulates relations in the field of interaction between society and nature arising from the implementation of economic and other activities related to the impact on the natural environment as the most important component of the environment, which is the basis of life on Earth, within the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation.

Chapter I. General Provisions

Article 1. Basic concepts

The following basic concepts are used in this Federal Law:

environment - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - earth, bowels, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

natural object - a natural ecological system, natural landscape and their constituent elements that have retained their natural properties;

natural-anthropogenic object - a natural object changed as a result of economic and other activities, and (or) an object created by man, having the properties of a natural object and having a recreational and protective value;

anthropogenic object - an object created by a person to meet his social needs and not possessing the properties of natural objects;

natural ecological system - an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and its non-living elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy;

natural complex - a complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant features;

natural landscape - a territory that has not been changed as a result of economic and other activities and is characterized by a combination of certain types of terrain, soils, vegetation, formed in uniform climatic conditions;

environmental protection - the activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals, aimed at preserving and restoring the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, prevention of negative the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and the elimination of its consequences (hereinafter also referred to as environmental protection activities);

environmental quality - the state of the environment, which is characterized by physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their combination;

favorable environment - the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

negative impact on the environment - the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment;

natural resources - components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in the implementation of economic and other activities as energy sources, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value;

use of natural resources - exploitation of natural resources, their involvement in economic turnover, including all types of impact on them in the course of economic and other activities;

environmental pollution - the entry into the environment of a substance and (or) energy, the properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on the environment;

pollutant - a substance or mixture of substances, the amount and (or) concentration of which exceeds the standards established for chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms, and have a negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also - environmental standards) - established standards for the quality of the environment and standards for permissible impact on it, subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems is ensured and biological diversity is preserved;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and under which a favorable environment is ensured;

standards for permissible environmental impact - standards that are established in accordance with indicators of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and under which environmental quality standards are observed;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the value of the permissible total impact of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water areas, and subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and biodiversity conservation;

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - standards that are established for economic and other activities in accordance with the indicators of the mass of chemicals, in including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms that are allowed to enter the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the established mode and taking into account technological standards, and subject to which environmental quality standards are ensured;

technological standard - the standard for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, which is established for stationary, mobile and other sources, technological processes, equipment and reflects the permissible mass of emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms into the environment per unit of output;

standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also - standards for maximum permissible concentrations) - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in environment and non-observance of which can lead to environmental pollution, degradation of natural ecological systems;

standards for permissible physical impacts - standards that are established in accordance with the levels of permissible impact of physical factors on the environment and subject to which environmental quality standards are ensured;

limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as limits on emissions and discharges) - restrictions on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms into the environment, established for the period of environmental protection measures, including the introduction of the best existing technologies, in order to achieve standards in the field of environmental protection;

environmental impact assessment - a type of activity for identifying, analyzing and accounting for direct, indirect and other consequences of the impact on the environment of a planned economic and other activity in order to make a decision on the possibility or impossibility of its implementation;

environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring) - a comprehensive system for observing the state of the environment, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) - environmental monitoring carried out by state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control) - a system of measures aimed at preventing, detecting and suppressing violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection, ensuring compliance by subjects of economic and other activities with requirements, including standards and regulations, in the field of environmental protection environment;

requirements in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also referred to as environmental requirements) - mandatory conditions, restrictions or their combination established for economic and other activities established by laws, other regulatory legal acts, environmental regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection ;

environmental audit - an independent, comprehensive, documented assessment of compliance by the subject of economic and other activities with the requirements, including standards and regulations, in the field of environmental protection, the requirements of international standards and the preparation of recommendations for improving such activities;

the best existing technology - a technology based on the latest achievements of science and technology, aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment and having a set period of practical application, taking into account economic and social factors;

harm to the environment - a negative change in the environment as a result of its pollution, resulting in the degradation of natural ecological systems and the depletion of natural resources;

environmental risk - the probability of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies;

environmental safety - the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences.

Article 2. Legislation in the field of environmental protection

1. Legislation in the field of environmental protection is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and consists of this Federal Law, other federal laws, as well as other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. This Federal Law is valid throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.

3. This Federal Law is in force on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in accordance with the norms of international law and federal laws and is aimed at ensuring the preservation of the marine environment.

4. Relations arising in the field of environmental protection as the basis for the life and activities of peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure their rights to a favorable environment, are regulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

5. Relations arising in the field of protection and rational use of natural resources, their conservation and restoration, are regulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation, land, water, forest legislation, subsoil legislation, wildlife, other legislation in the field of environmental protection and nature management.

6. Relations arising in the field of environmental protection, to the extent necessary to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, are regulated by legislation on the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and legislation on health protection, otherwise aimed at ensuring a favorable environment for humans legislation.

Article 3. Basic principles of environmental protection

The economic and other activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, legal entities and individuals that have an impact on the environment should be carried out on the basis of the following principles:

observance of the human right to a healthy environment;

ensuring favorable conditions for human life;

scientifically substantiated combination of ecological, economic and social interests of a person, society and the state in order to ensure sustainable development and a favorable environment;

protection, reproduction and rational use of natural resources as necessary conditions for ensuring a favorable environment and ecological safety;

the responsibility of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety in the respective territories;

payment for nature use and compensation for damage to the environment;

independence of control in the field of environmental protection;

presumption of ecological danger of the planned economic and other activities;

the obligation to assess the impact on the environment when making decisions on the implementation of economic and other activities;

the obligation to conduct a state environmental review of projects and other documentation justifying economic and other activities that may have a negative impact on the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

taking into account the natural and socio-economic characteristics of the territories in the planning and implementation of economic and other activities;

the priority of preserving natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes;

the admissibility of the impact of economic and other activities on the natural environment based on the requirements in the field of environmental protection;

ensuring the reduction of the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment in accordance with the standards in the field of environmental protection, which can be achieved through the use of the best existing technologies, taking into account economic and social factors;

obligatory participation in environmental protection activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals;

conservation of biological diversity;

ensuring an integrated and individual approach to the establishment of requirements in the field of environmental protection for economic and other entities that carry out such activities or plan to carry out such activities;

prohibition of economic and other activities, the consequences of which are unpredictable for the environment, as well as the implementation of projects that can lead to the degradation of natural ecological systems, change and (or) destruction of the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms, depletion of natural resources and other negative changes environment;

observance of the right of everyone to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as the participation of citizens in decision-making regarding their rights to a favorable environment, in accordance with the law;

liability for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection;

organization and development of the system of environmental education, education and formation of environmental culture;

participation of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in solving problems of environmental protection;

international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 4. Objects of environmental protection

1. The objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impact of economic and other activities are:
land, subsoil, soil;

surface and ground waters;

forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund;

atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

2. As a matter of priority, natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are subject to protection.

3. Objects included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Natural Heritage List, state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts, other natural complexes, original habitats, places of traditional residence and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

Chapter II. Fundamentals of Environmental Management

Article 5

The powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection include:

ensuring the implementation of the federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation;

development and publication of federal laws and other regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental protection and control over their application;

development, approval and implementation of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation;

announcement and establishment of the legal status and regime of ecological disaster zones on the territory of the Russian Federation;

coordination and implementation of environmental protection measures in ecological disaster zones;

establishment of the procedure for the implementation of state monitoring of the environment (state environmental monitoring), the formation of a state system for monitoring the state of the environment and ensuring the functioning of such a system;

establishing the procedure for exercising state control in the field of environmental protection, including at objects of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, which are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, objects that contribute to transboundary environmental pollution and have a negative impact on the environment within the territories of two and more than subjects of the Russian Federation (federal state environmental control);

establishment of federal executive bodies exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection;

ensuring environmental protection, including the marine environment on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;

establishment of the procedure for handling radioactive waste and hazardous waste, control over ensuring radiation safety;

preparation and dissemination of the annual state report on the state and protection of the environment;

establishment of requirements in the field of environmental protection, development and approval of regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection;

establishing the procedure for determining the amount of payment for emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of negative impact on the environment;

organizing and conducting state environmental expertise;

interaction with the subjects of the Russian Federation on environmental issues;

establishment of the procedure for restriction, suspension and prohibition of economic and other activities carried out in violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection, and their implementation;

organization and development of the system of environmental education, the formation of environmental culture;

providing the population with reliable information about the state of the environment;

formation of specially protected natural territories of federal significance, natural objects of world heritage, management of the natural reserve fund, maintenance of the Red Book of the Russian Federation;

maintaining state records of objects that have a negative impact on the environment, and their classification depending on the level and volume of negative impact on the environment;

maintaining state records of specially protected natural areas, including natural complexes and objects, as well as natural resources, taking into account their environmental significance;

economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

economic assessment of natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

establishing the procedure for licensing certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection and its implementation;

implementation of international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;

exercising other powers provided for by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Article 6

The powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection include:

determination of the main directions of environmental protection in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account the geographical, natural, socio-economic and other characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

participation in the development of federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and relevant programs;

implementation of the federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account their geographical, natural, socio-economic and other characteristics;

development and publication of laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, taking into account the geographical, natural, socio-economic and other characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, control over their implementation;

development and approval of regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection containing relevant requirements, norms and rules not lower than those established at the federal level;

development, approval and implementation of targeted programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

implementation of environmental and other measures to improve the state of the environment in the zones of ecological disaster in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

organization and implementation, in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, of state monitoring of the environment (state environmental monitoring), the formation and maintenance of the functioning of territorial systems for monitoring the state of the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

state control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) over objects of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, located in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, with the exception of objects of economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental control;

economic assessment of the impact on the environment of economic and other activities;

bringing guilty persons to administrative and other types of responsibility;

bringing claims for compensation for damage to the environment caused as a result of violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection;

formation of specially protected natural territories of regional significance, management and control in the field of protection and use of such territories;

organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

restriction, suspension and (or) prohibition of economic and other activities carried out in violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection, within the limits of their powers in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

providing the population with reliable information about the state of the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

keeping records of objects and sources of negative impact on the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

maintenance of the Red Book of the subject of the Russian Federation;

implementation of environmental certification;

regulation of other issues in the field of environmental protection within its powers.

Article 7

The powers of local self-government bodies in the field of relations related to environmental protection are determined in accordance with federal laws.

Article 8. Executive authorities exercising state management in the field of environmental protection

1. State management in the field of environmental protection is carried out by federal executive bodies authorized in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation".

2. Bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection, are determined by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Article 9

1. The delimitation of powers in the field of relations related to environmental protection between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, as well as agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. Agreements between federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the transfer of the exercise of part of the powers in the field of relations related to environmental protection, including in the field of state environmental expertise of objects subject to mandatory state environmental expertise conducted at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation, are concluded in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Article 10. Management in the field of environmental protection carried out by local governments

Management in the field of environmental protection is carried out by local governments in accordance with this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, charters of municipalities and regulatory legal acts of local governments.

Chapter III. Rights and obligations of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection

Article 11. Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of environmental protection

1. Every citizen has the right to a favorable environment, to its protection from the negative impact caused by economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, to reliable information about the state of the environment and to compensation for damage to the environment.

2. Citizens have the right:

create public associations, foundations and other non-profit organizations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection;

send appeals to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, other organizations and officials about obtaining timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment in their places of residence, measures for its protection;

take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and picketing, collection of signatures for petitions, referendums on environmental issues and in other actions that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation;

put forward proposals for conducting a public environmental review and participate in its conduct in the prescribed manner;

apply to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities and other organizations with complaints, statements and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impact on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable answers;

3. Citizens are obliged:

preserve nature and the environment;

take care of nature and natural resources;

comply with other legal requirements.

Article 12. Rights and obligations of public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection have the right to:

develop, promote and implement programs in the field of environmental protection in accordance with the established procedure, protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of environmental protection, involve citizens on a voluntary basis in the implementation of activities in the field of environmental protection;

at the expense of own and borrowed funds, carry out and promote activities in the field of environmental protection, reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety;

render assistance to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in resolving issues of environmental protection;

organize meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets, collect signatures for petitions and take part in these events in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, make proposals for holding referendums on environmental protection issues and discussing projects related to environmental protection;

apply to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, other organizations and officials about obtaining timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment, about measures to protect it, about the circumstances and facts of economic and other activities that pose a threat to the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

participate in the prescribed manner in the adoption of economic and other decisions, the implementation of which may have a negative impact on the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

apply to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and other organizations with complaints, applications, claims and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impact on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable answers;

organize and conduct hearings in accordance with the established procedure on issues of design, placement of facilities, economic and other activities of which may harm the environment, pose a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

organize and conduct, in accordance with the established procedure, a public environmental review;

submit to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, the court an appeal to cancel decisions on the design, placement, construction, reconstruction, operation of facilities whose economic and other activities may have a negative impact on the environment, on restriction, suspension and termination of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment;

sue in court for damages to the environment;

exercise other rights provided by law.

2. Public and other non-profit associations, when carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, are obliged to comply with the requirements in the field of environmental protection.

Article 13. The system of state measures to ensure the rights to a favorable environment

1. Bodies of state power of the Russian Federation, bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation, bodies of local self-government and officials are obliged to assist citizens, public and other non-profit associations in exercising their rights in the field of environmental protection.

2. When placing objects whose economic and other activities may cause harm to the environment, the decision on their placement is made taking into account the opinion of the population or the results of a referendum.

3. Officials who prevent citizens, public and other non-profit associations from carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, exercising their rights provided for by this Federal Law and other federal laws, other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, shall be held liable in the prescribed manner.

Chapter IV. Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

Article 14. Methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

Methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection include:

development of state forecasts of socio-economic development based on environmental forecasts;

development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

development and implementation of environmental protection measures in order to prevent environmental damage;

setting fees for negative impact on the environment;

setting limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms, limits on the disposal of production and consumption waste and other types of negative impact on the environment;

conducting an economic assessment of natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects;

conducting an economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

provision of tax and other benefits in the implementation of the best existing technologies, non-traditional types of energy, the use of secondary resources and waste processing, as well as in the implementation of other effective measures to protect the environment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

support for entrepreneurial, innovative and other activities (including environmental insurance) aimed at protecting the environment;

compensation in accordance with the established procedure for damage to the environment;

other methods of economic regulation to improve and effectively implement environmental protection.

Article 15

1. For the purpose of planning, developing and implementing environmental protection measures, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are being developed.

The procedure for the development, financing and implementation of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation is established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for the development, financing and implementation of targeted programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is established in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. The development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out taking into account the proposals of citizens and public associations.

3. Planning and development of environmental protection measures are carried out taking into account state forecasts of socio-economic development, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the basis of scientific research aimed at solving problems in the field environmental protection.

4. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs engaged in economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment are required to plan, develop and implement environmental protection measures in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 16. Payment for negative impact on the environment

1. The negative impact on the environment is paid.

Forms of payment for negative impact on the environment are determined by federal laws.

2. The types of negative impact on the environment include:

emissions of pollutants and other substances into the atmospheric air;

discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms into surface water bodies, groundwater bodies and catchment areas;

pollution of bowels, soils;

disposal of production and consumption waste;

pollution of the environment by noise, heat, electromagnetic, ionizing and other types of physical influences;

other types of negative impact on the environment.

3. The procedure for calculating and collecting fees for negative environmental impact is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. The payment of the fee determined by paragraph 1 of this article does not exempt the subjects of economic and other activities from taking measures to protect the environment and compensate for damage to the environment.

Article 17

1. Entrepreneurial activity carried out for the purpose of protecting the environment is supported by the state.

2. State support for entrepreneurial activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection is carried out through the establishment of tax and other benefits in accordance with the law.

Article 18. Ecological insurance

1. Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in case of environmental risks.

2. Compulsory state environmental insurance may be carried out in the Russian Federation.

3. Environmental insurance in the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Chapter V. Rationing in the field of environmental protection

Article 19

1. Rationing in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, which guarantees the preservation of a favorable environment and environmental safety.

2. Rationing in the field of environmental protection consists in establishing standards for the quality of the environment, standards for the permissible impact on the environment in the course of economic and other activities, other standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection .

3. Norms and normative documents in the field of environmental protection are developed, approved and put into effect on the basis of modern achievements in science and technology, taking into account international rules and standards in the field of environmental protection.
Rationing in the field of environmental protection is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 20. Requirements for the development of standards in the field of environmental protection

The development of standards in the field of environmental protection includes:

carrying out research work to substantiate standards in the field of environmental protection;

establishing the grounds for the development or revision of standards in the field of environmental protection;

exercising control over the application and observance of standards in the field of environmental protection;

formation and maintenance of a unified information database of standards in the field of environmental protection;

assessment and forecasting of environmental, social, economic consequences of the application of standards in the field of environmental protection.

Article 21. Environmental quality standards

1. Environmental quality standards are established to assess the state of the environment in order to preserve natural ecological systems, the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms.

2. The environmental quality standards include:

standards established in accordance with chemical indicators of the state of the environment, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive substances;

standards established in accordance with physical indicators of the state of the environment, including indicators of levels of radioactivity and heat;

standards established in accordance with biological indicators of the state of the environment, including species and groups of plants, animals and other organisms used as indicators of environmental quality, as well as standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms;

other environmental quality standards.

3. When establishing environmental quality standards, the natural features of territories and water areas, the designation of natural objects and natural and anthropogenic objects, specially protected areas, including specially protected natural areas, as well as natural landscapes of special environmental significance, are taken into account.

Article 22

1. In order to prevent the negative impact on the environment of economic and other activities for legal entities and individuals - users of natural resources, the following standards of permissible environmental impact are established:

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms;

standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal;

standards for permissible physical impacts (amount of heat, levels of noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic field strength and other physical impacts);
standards for permissible removal of components of the natural environment;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment;

standards for other permissible impact on the environment in the course of economic and other activities established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the purpose of environmental protection.

2. Standards for permissible environmental impact must ensure compliance with environmental quality standards, taking into account the natural features of territories and water areas.

3. Subjects of economic and other activities, depending on the harm caused to the environment, shall be liable in accordance with the legislation for exceeding the established standards of permissible environmental impact.

Article 23. Standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms

1. The standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms are established for stationary, mobile and other sources of environmental impact by economic and other activities based on the standards for the permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, environmental quality standards, as well as technological standards.

2. Technological standards are established for stationary, mobile and other sources based on the use of the best available technologies, taking into account economic and social factors.

3. If it is impossible to comply with the standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, limits on emissions and discharges may be established on the basis of permits that are valid only during the period of environmental protection measures, the introduction of the best existing technologies and (or) the implementation of other environmental projects, taking into account the phased achievement of the established standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms.

The establishment of limits on emissions and discharges is allowed only if there are plans to reduce emissions and discharges, agreed with the executive authorities exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection.

4. Emissions and discharges of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms into the environment within the established standards of permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, limits on emissions and discharges are allowed on the basis of permits issued by executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 24

Standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits for their disposal are established in order to prevent their negative impact on the environment in accordance with the law.

Article 25

The standards for permissible physical impacts on the environment are established for each source of such impact based on the standards for the permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, environmental quality standards and taking into account the influence of other sources of physical impacts.

Article 26

1. Standards for permissible withdrawal of components of the natural environment - standards established in accordance with restrictions on the volume of their withdrawal in order to preserve natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and prevent their degradation.

2. The standards for the permissible withdrawal of components of the natural environment and the procedure for their establishment are determined by the legislation on subsoil, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on wildlife and other legislation in the field of environmental protection, nature management and in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, protection and reproduction of certain types of natural resources established by this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 27

1. Standards for the permissible anthropogenic load on the environment are established for subjects of economic and other activities in order to assess and regulate the impact of all stationary, mobile and other sources of environmental impact located within specific territories and (or) water areas.

2. Standards for the permissible anthropogenic load on the environment are established for each type of impact of economic and other activities on the environment and the total impact of all sources located in these territories and (or) water areas.

3. When establishing standards for the permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, the natural features of specific territories and (or) water areas are taken into account.

Article 28. Other standards in the field of environmental protection

For the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, assessment of the quality of the environment in accordance with this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other standards may be established in the field of environmental protection.

Article 29. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection

1. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection establish:

requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection for products, works, services and relevant control methods;

restrictions on economic and other activities in order to prevent its negative impact on the environment;

the procedure for organizing activities in the field of environmental protection and managing such activities.

2. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection are developed taking into account scientific and technological achievements and the requirements of international rules and standards.

3. State standards for new equipment, technologies, materials, substances and other products, technological processes, storage, transportation, use of such products, including after their transfer to the category of production and consumption waste, must take into account the requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection.

Article 30. Licensing of certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection are subject to licensing.

2. The list of certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection subject to licensing is established by federal laws.

Article 31. Ecological certification

1. Environmental certification is carried out in order to ensure the environmentally safe implementation of economic and other activities on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Environmental certification may be mandatory or voluntary.

3. Mandatory environmental certification is carried out in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Chapter VI. Environmental Impact Assessment and Ecological Expertise

Article 32. Conducting an environmental impact assessment

1. An environmental impact assessment is carried out in relation to the planned economic and other activities that may have a direct or indirect impact on the environment, regardless of the organizational and legal forms of ownership of economic and other activities.

2. An environmental impact assessment is carried out when developing all alternative options for pre-project, including pre-investment, and project documentation substantiating the planned economic and other activities, with the participation of public associations.

3. The requirements for environmental impact assessment materials are established by the federal executive authorities exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 33. Ecological expertise

1. An environmental review is carried out in order to establish the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with the requirements in the field of environmental protection.

2. The procedure for conducting an environmental review is established by the federal law on environmental review.

Chapter VII. Requirements in the field of environmental protection in the implementation of economic and other activities

Article 34

1. Placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects that have a direct or indirect negative impact on the environment are carried out in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection. At the same time, measures should be taken to protect the environment, restore the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, and ensure environmental safety.

2. Violation of the requirements in the field of environmental protection entails the suspension of the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects on the instructions of the executive authorities exercising state management in the field of protection environment.

3. Termination in full of placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects in case of violation of requirements in the field of environmental protection is carried out on the basis of a court decision and (or) arbitration court .

Article 35. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when placing buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. When placing buildings, structures, structures and other objects, compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety, taking into account immediate and remote environmental, economic, demographic and other consequences operation of these facilities and observance of the priority of preserving a favorable environment, biological diversity, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. The choice of locations for buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in compliance with the requirements of the law in the presence of a positive conclusion of the state environmental expertise.

3. In cases where the placement of buildings, structures, structures and other objects affects the legitimate interests of citizens, the decision is made taking into account the results of referendums held in the respective territories.

Article 36. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when designing buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. When designing buildings, structures, structures and other facilities, the standards for the permissible anthropogenic load on the environment should be taken into account, measures should be taken to prevent and eliminate environmental pollution, as well as methods for disposing production and consumption waste, resource-saving, low-waste, waste-free and other best existing technologies that contribute to environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. It is prohibited to change the cost of design work and approved projects by excluding planned environmental protection measures from such work and projects when designing construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects.

3. Projects for which there are no positive conclusions of the state environmental review are not subject to approval, and it is prohibited to finance their implementation.

Article 37

1. Construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities must be carried out according to approved projects that have positive conclusions from the state environmental review, in compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, as well as sanitary and construction requirements, norms and rules.

2. Construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is prohibited before the approval of projects and before the allocation of land plots in kind, as well as changing approved projects to the detriment of requirements in the field of environmental protection.

3. During the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities, measures are taken to protect the environment, restore the natural environment, reclaim land, and improve territories in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 38

1. The commissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities is carried out subject to the full compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection provided for by the projects, and in accordance with the acts of the commissions for the acceptance into operation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects, in which include representatives of the federal executive bodies exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection.

2. It is prohibited to put into operation buildings, structures, structures and other facilities that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants that ensure compliance with established requirements in the field of environmental protection. It is also prohibited to put into operation facilities that are not equipped with environmental pollution control devices, without completing the work provided for by the projects on environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, land reclamation, and landscaping in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. The heads and members of the commissions for the commissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects shall, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, bear administrative and other responsibility for the acceptance of buildings, structures, structures and other objects that do not comply with the requirements of the legislation in the field of environmental protection .

Article 39

1. Legal entities and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other facilities are required to comply with approved technologies and requirements in the field of environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. Legal entities and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other facilities ensure compliance with environmental quality standards through the use of technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants, as well as other the best existing technologies that ensure compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, carry out activities to restore the natural environment, recultivate land, and improve territories in accordance with the law.

3. Decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection and in the presence of duly approved project documentation.

4. When decommissioning buildings, structures, structures and other facilities, measures must be developed and implemented to restore the natural environment, including the reproduction of components of the natural environment, in order to ensure a favorable environment.

5. Re-profiling the functions of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in agreement with the executive authorities exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 40

1. Location, design, construction and operation of energy facilities are carried out in accordance with the requirements of Articles 34 - 39 of this Federal Law.

2. During the design and construction of thermal power plants, provision should be made for equipping them with highly efficient means for cleaning emissions and discharges of pollutants, using environmentally friendly fuels and safe disposal of production waste.

3. When locating, designing, building, reconstructing, commissioning and operating hydroelectric power plants, the real needs for electrical energy of the respective regions, as well as the features of the terrain, must be taken into account.

When placing these objects, measures should be taken to preserve water bodies, catchment areas, aquatic biological resources, lands, soils, forests and other vegetation, biological diversity, ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, preserve natural landscapes, specially protected natural areas and natural monuments, as well as take measures for the timely disposal of wood and fertile soil layer during clearing and flooding of the bed of reservoirs and other necessary measures to prevent negative changes in the natural environment, preserve the water regime, providing the most favorable conditions for the reproduction of aquatic biological resources.

4. When placing, designing, building, commissioning and operating nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, environmental protection from the radiation effects of such installations must be ensured, the established procedure and standards for the implementation of the technological process, the requirements of federal executive authorities authorized carry out state supervision and control in the field of ensuring radiation safety, and state regulation of safety in the use of atomic energy should be carried out, measures should be taken to ensure complete radiation safety of the environment and the population in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and generally accepted principles and norms of international law, training and maintaining the qualifications of workers at nuclear installations.

5. The siting of nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, is carried out if the projects and other supporting materials have positive conclusions from the state environmental review and other state reviews provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation and confirming the environmental and radiation safety of nuclear installations.

6. Projects for the siting of nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, must contain solutions that ensure their safe decommissioning.

Article 41

1. Requirements in the field of environmental protection for the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other facilities, fully apply to military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment, with the exception of emergency situations that prevent compliance with environmental protection requirements.

2. The list of emergencies that impede compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection in the siting, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment is determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 42. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the operation of agricultural facilities

1. During the operation of agricultural facilities, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, measures must be taken to protect lands, soils, water bodies, plants, animals and other organisms from the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment.

2. Agricultural organizations engaged in the production, procurement and processing of agricultural products, other agricultural organizations in the course of their activities must comply with the requirements in the field of environmental protection.

3. Agricultural facilities must have the necessary sanitary protection zones and treatment facilities that exclude contamination of soils, surface and underground waters, catchment areas and atmospheric air.

Article 43

When carrying out land reclamation, placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of reclamation systems and separately located hydraulic structures, measures should be taken to ensure the water balance and economical use of water, protect land, soil, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms, as well as the prevention of other negative impacts on the environment during the implementation of land reclamation measures. Land reclamation should not lead to environmental degradation, disrupt the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems.

Article 44

1. When placing, designing, building, reconstructing urban and rural settlements, the requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, ensuring a favorable state of the environment for human life, as well as for the habitat of plants, animals and other organisms, and the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems.

Buildings, structures, structures and other objects must be located taking into account the requirements in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and hygienic standards and urban planning requirements.

2. When planning and building urban and rural settlements, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, measures must be taken for sanitary cleaning, neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, compliance with the standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, as well as for the restoration of the natural environment , land reclamation, landscaping and other measures to ensure environmental protection and environmental safety in accordance with the law.

3. In order to protect the environment of urban and rural settlements, protective and security zones are created, including sanitary protection zones, green areas, green zones, including forest park zones and other protective and security zones with a limited regime withdrawn from intensive economic use. nature management.

Article 45

1. The production of motor vehicles and other vehicles must be carried out in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection.

2. Legal entities and individuals operating automobile and other vehicles that have a negative impact on the environment are required to comply with the standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, as well as take measures to neutralize pollutants, including their neutralization, and reduce noise levels. and other negative impact on the environment.

3. Relations in the field of production and operation of automobile and other vehicles are regulated by law.

Article 46

1. Location, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of oil and gas production facilities, facilities for processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and products of their processing must be carried out in accordance with the requirements established by the legislation in the field of environmental protection.

2. When locating, designing, building, reconstructing, commissioning and operating oil and gas production facilities, facilities for processing, transporting, storing and selling oil, gas and products of their processing, effective measures should be provided for the treatment and neutralization of production waste and collection of oil (associated ) gas and mineralized water, reclamation of disturbed and polluted lands, reduction of the negative impact on the environment, as well as compensation for environmental damage caused during the construction and operation of these facilities.

3. Construction and operation of oil and gas production facilities, facilities for processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and products of their processing are allowed if there are projects for the restoration of contaminated land in zones of temporary and (or) permanent land acquisition, positive conclusions of the state environmental review and other established legislation of state expertise, financial guarantees for the implementation of such projects.

4. Construction and operation of oil and gas production facilities, oil and gas processing, transportation and storage facilities located in the water areas of water bodies, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, are allowed if there are positive conclusions of the state environmental expertise and other state expertise established by law after the restoration of contaminated lands.

Article 47

1. The production and circulation of potentially hazardous chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms, shall be allowed on the territory of the Russian Federation after the necessary toxicological and hygienic and toxicological studies of these substances have been carried out, the procedure for handling them, environmental standards and state registration of these substances in in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. Neutralization of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances is carried out in the presence of duly agreed design and technological documentation in accordance with the law.

Article 48. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when using radioactive substances and nuclear materials

1. Legal entities and individuals are obliged to comply with the rules for the production, storage, transportation, use, disposal of radioactive substances (sources of ionizing radiation) and nuclear materials, not to exceed the established maximum allowable standards for ionizing radiation, and in case of their excess, immediately inform the executive authorities in in the field of ensuring radiation safety about elevated levels of radiation dangerous to the environment and human health, take measures to eliminate sources of radiation pollution.

2. Legal entities and individuals who do not ensure compliance with the rules for handling radioactive substances and nuclear materials, as well as radioactive waste, are liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. Import into the Russian Federation of radioactive waste and nuclear materials from foreign states for the purpose of their storage or disposal, as well as flooding, sending radioactive waste and nuclear materials for disposal into outer space are prohibited, except as otherwise established by this Federal Law.

4. The import into the Russian Federation from foreign countries of irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors for temporary technological storage and (or) their processing is permitted if the state environmental review and other state reviews of the relevant project, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been carried out, and the overall risk reduction has been substantiated. radiation impact and increase the level of environmental safety as a result of the implementation of the relevant project.

Irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors are imported into the Russian Federation on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for the import into the Russian Federation of irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors is established by the Government of the Russian Federation on the basis of the basic principles of ensuring the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, environmental protection and economic interests of the Russian Federation, taking into account the priority of the right to return the radioactive waste generated after processing to the state of origin of nuclear materials or to ensure their return.

Article 49. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when using chemicals in agriculture and forestry

1. Legal entities and individuals are obliged to comply with the rules for the production, storage, transportation and use of chemicals used in agriculture and forestry, requirements in the field of environmental protection, as well as take measures to prevent the negative impact of economic and other activities and eliminate harmful consequences to ensure the quality of the environment, the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and the conservation of natural landscapes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 50. Protection of the environment from negative biological impact

1. It is prohibited to produce, breed and use plants, animals and other organisms that are not characteristic of natural ecological systems, as well as those created artificially, without the development of effective measures to prevent their uncontrolled reproduction, a positive conclusion of the state ecological expertise, permission of the federal executive authorities that carry out state administration in the field of environmental protection, other federal executive bodies in accordance with their competence and the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. When placing, designing, building, reconstructing, commissioning, operating and decommissioning hazardous production facilities, applying technologies associated with the negative impact of microorganisms on the environment, the requirements in the field of environmental protection, environmental standards, including including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection.

3. Legal entities and individuals engaged in activities related to the possibility of a negative impact of microorganisms on the environment are obliged to ensure environmentally safe production, transportation, use, storage, placement and neutralization of microorganisms, develop and implement measures to prevent accidents and disasters, prevent and eliminate consequences of the negative impact of microorganisms on the environment.

Article 51. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when handling production and consumption waste

1. Production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, shall be subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and disposal, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

discharge of production and consumption wastes, including radioactive wastes, into surface and underground water bodies, into catchment areas, into the subsoil and onto the soil;

placement of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in areas adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parks, resorts, medical and recreational areas, on animal migration routes, near spawning grounds and in other places where a hazard to the environment may be created, natural ecological systems and human health;

disposal of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in the catchment areas of underground water bodies used as sources of water supply, for balneological purposes, to extract valuable mineral resources;

import of hazardous waste and radioactive waste into the Russian Federation for the purpose of their disposal and neutralization.

3. Relations in the field of handling production and consumption waste, as well as hazardous waste and radioactive waste are regulated by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 52. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when establishing protective and security zones

1. In order to ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, protect natural complexes, natural landscapes and specially protected natural areas from pollution and other negative impacts of economic and other activities, protective and protected zones are established.

2. In order to protect the conditions of human life, the habitat of plants, animals and other organisms around industrial zones and objects of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment, protective and security zones are created, including sanitary protection zones, in quarters , microdistricts of urban and rural settlements - territories, green zones, including forest park zones and other zones with a limited nature management regime.

3. The procedure for establishing and creating protective and security zones is regulated by law.

Article 53

During the privatization and nationalization of property, environmental protection measures and compensation for damage to the environment are ensured.

Article 54. Protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere

The protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere from environmentally hazardous changes is ensured by regulating the production and use of substances that destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, as well as the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 55. Protection of the environment from negative physical impact

1. Bodies of state power of the Russian Federation, bodies of state power of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies of local self-government, legal entities and individuals, when carrying out economic and other activities, are obliged to take the necessary measures to prevent and eliminate the negative impact of noise, vibration, electric, electromagnetic, magnetic fields and other negative physical impact on the environment in urban and rural settlements, recreation areas, habitats of wild animals and birds, including their breeding, on natural ecological systems and natural landscapes.

2. When planning and developing urban and rural settlements, designing, building, reconstructing and operating production facilities, creating and mastering new equipment, manufacturing and operating vehicles, measures must be developed to ensure compliance with the standards of permissible physical impacts.

Article 56. Measures of influence for violation of environmental requirements

In case of violation of the environmental requirements provided for by this Chapter, activities carried out in violation of these requirements may be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Chapter VIII. Zones of ecological disaster, zones of emergency situations

Article 57

1. The procedure for declaring and establishing the regime of zones of ecological disaster is established by the legislation on zones of ecological disaster.

2. Environmental protection in emergency zones is established by the federal law on the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Chapter IX. Natural objects under special protection

Article 58. Measures for the protection of natural objects

1. Natural objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other value value are under special protection. To protect such natural objects, a special legal regime is established, including the creation of specially protected natural areas.

2. The procedure for the creation and functioning of specially protected natural territories is regulated by the legislation on specially protected natural territories.

3. State natural reserves, including state natural biosphere reserves, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national parks, dendrological parks, natural parks, botanical gardens and other specially protected areas, natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural , aesthetic, recreational, health-improving and other valuable value, form a natural reserve fund.

4. Withdrawal of lands of the natural reserve fund is prohibited, with the exception of cases provided for by federal laws.

5. Lands within the boundaries of the territories on which natural objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving and other valuable significance and are under special protection are located are not subject to privatization.

Article 59. Legal regime for the protection of natural objects

1. The legal regime for the protection of natural objects is established by legislation in the field of environmental protection, legislation on natural and cultural heritage, as well as other legislation.

2. Economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment and lead to the degradation and (or) destruction of natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance and are under special protection are prohibited. .

Article 60. Protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms

1. In order to protect and record rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established. Plants, animals and other organisms belonging to the species listed in the Red Books are everywhere subject to withdrawal from economic use. In order to preserve rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their genetic fund must be preserved in low-temperature genetic banks, as well as in an artificially created habitat. Activities leading to a reduction in the number of these plants, animals and other organisms and worsening their habitat are prohibited.

2. The procedure for the protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, the red books of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the procedure for preserving their genetic fund in low-temperature genetic banks and in an artificially created habitat is determined by legislation in the field of environmental protection.

3. Import into the Russian Federation, export from the Russian Federation and transit transportation through the Russian Federation, as well as circulation of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their especially valuable species, including plants, animals and other organisms falling under under the effect of international treaties of the Russian Federation, is regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the generally recognized principles and norms of international law.

Article 61. Protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements

1. The green fund of urban and rural settlements is a set of green areas, including areas covered with trees and shrubs and areas covered with grassy vegetation, within the boundaries of these settlements.

2. The protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements provides for a system of measures that ensure the preservation and development of the green fund and are necessary to normalize the ecological situation and create a favorable environment.

In the territories that are part of the green fund, economic and other activities that have a negative impact on these territories and impede the implementation of their functions of ecological, sanitary-hygienic and recreational purposes are prohibited.

3. State regulation in the field of protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 62. Protection of rare and endangered soils

1. Rare and endangered soils are subject to protection by the state, and for the purpose of recording and protecting them, the Red Book of Soils of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of Soils of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established, the procedure for maintaining which is determined by the legislation on soil protection.

2. The procedure for classifying soils as rare and endangered, as well as the procedure for establishing regimes for the use of land plots, the soils of which are classified as rare and endangered, is determined by legislation.

Chapter X. State Environmental Monitoring (State Environmental Monitoring)

Article 63. Organization of state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring)

1. State environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to monitor the state of the environment, including the state of the environment in the areas where sources of anthropogenic impact are located and the impact of these sources on the environment. environment, as well as in order to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals in reliable information necessary to prevent and (or) reduce the adverse effects of changes in the state of the environment.

2. The procedure for organizing and implementing state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. Information about the state of the environment, its change, obtained in the course of state monitoring of the environment (state environmental monitoring), is used by the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments to develop forecasts of socio-economic development and adopt relevant decisions, development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and environmental protection measures.

The procedure for providing information on the state of the environment is regulated by law.

Chapter XI. Control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control)

Article 64. Tasks of control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control)

1. Control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control) is carried out in order to ensure the implementation of legislation in the field of environmental protection by the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, legal entities and individuals, compliance with requirements, including including standards and regulations in the field of environmental protection, as well as ensuring environmental safety.

2. State, industrial, municipal and public control in the field of environmental protection is exercised in the Russian Federation.

Article 65. State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control)

1. State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) is carried out by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

2. The list of facilities subject to federal state environmental control in accordance with this Federal Law and other federal laws is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. The list of officials of the federal executive body exercising federal state environmental control (federal state inspectors in the field of environmental protection) is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

4. The list of officials of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state environmental control (state inspectors in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) is established in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

5. It is prohibited to combine the functions of state control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) and the functions of economic use of natural resources.

Article 66. Rights, duties and responsibilities of state inspectors in the field of environmental protection

1. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection, in the performance of their official duties, within their powers, have the right in the prescribed manner:

visit organizations, objects of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, including objects subject to state protection, defense facilities, civil defense facilities, to get acquainted with documents and other materials necessary for the implementation of state environmental control;

check compliance with regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, the operation of treatment facilities and other neutralizing devices, controls, as well as the implementation of plans and measures for environmental protection;

check compliance with the requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection during the placement, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of production and other facilities;

check the fulfillment of the requirements specified in the conclusion of the state environmental expertise, and make proposals for its implementation;

make demands and issue instructions to legal entities and individuals to eliminate violations of environmental protection legislation and violations of environmental requirements identified in the course of state environmental control;

suspend economic and other activities of legal entities and individuals in case of their violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection;

bring to administrative responsibility persons who have committed violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection;

exercise other powers determined by law.

2. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection are obliged to:

to prevent, detect and suppress violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection;

explain to violators of legislation in the field of environmental protection their rights and obligations;

comply with legal requirements.

3. Decisions of state inspectors in the field of environmental protection may be appealed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection are subject to state protection in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 67. Production control in the field of environmental protection (industrial environmental control)

1. Production control in the field of environmental protection (industrial environmental control) is carried out in order to ensure the implementation in the process of economic and other activities of measures for environmental protection, rational use and restoration of natural resources, as well as in order to comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection, established by legislation in the field of environmental protection.

2. Subjects of economic and other activities are obliged to provide information on the organization of industrial environmental control to the executive authorities and local governments exercising state and municipal control, respectively, in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 68

1. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) on the territory of a municipal formation is carried out by local self-government bodies or bodies authorized by them.

2. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) on the territory of the municipality is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and in the manner established by the regulatory legal acts of local governments.

3. Public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control) is carried out in order to realize the right of everyone to a favorable environment and prevent violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection.

4. Public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control) is carried out by public and other non-profit associations in accordance with their charters, as well as by citizens in accordance with the law.

5. The results of public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control), submitted to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, are subject to mandatory consideration in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 69. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment

1. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of environmental activities, as well as current and long-term planning of measures to reduce the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment.

2. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment, as well as the assessment of this impact on the environment, is carried out in the manner prescribed by law.

3. Objects that have a negative impact on the environment and data on their impact on the environment are subject to state statistical accounting.

Chapter XII. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection

Article 70. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection

1. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purposes of the social, economic and environmentally balanced development of the Russian Federation, the creation of a scientific basis for environmental protection, the development of scientifically based measures to improve and restore the environment, ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety.

2. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out in order to:

development of concepts, scientific forecasts and plans for the conservation and restoration of the environment;

assessment of the consequences of the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

improvement of legislation in the field of environmental protection, creation of regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection;

development and improvement of indicators of a comprehensive environmental impact assessment, methods and methods for their determination;

development and creation of the best technologies in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources;

development of programs for the rehabilitation of territories classified as zones of ecological disaster;

development of measures for the conservation and development of the natural potential and recreational potential of the Russian Federation;

other purposes in the field of environmental protection.

3. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out by scientific organizations in accordance with the federal law on science and state scientific and technical policy.

Chapter XIII. Fundamentals of the formation of ecological culture

Article 71. Generality and complexity of environmental education

In order to form an ecological culture and professional training of specialists in the field of environmental protection, a system of general and comprehensive environmental education is being established, including preschool and general education, secondary, vocational and higher professional education, postgraduate professional education, professional retraining and advanced training of specialists, and also dissemination of environmental knowledge, including through the media, museums, libraries, cultural institutions, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations.

Article 72. Teaching the basics of environmental knowledge in educational institutions

1. In preschool educational institutions, general educational institutions and educational institutions of additional education, regardless of their profile and organizational and legal forms, the basics of environmental knowledge are taught.

2. In accordance with the profile of educational institutions providing professional training, retraining and advanced training of specialists, the teaching of academic disciplines on environmental protection, environmental safety and rational nature management is provided.

Article 73. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety

1. Heads of organizations and specialists responsible for making decisions in the course of economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment must be trained in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

2. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety responsible for making decisions in the course of economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 74. Environmental education

1. In order to form an ecological culture in society, foster a caring attitude towards nature, rational use of natural resources, environmental education is carried out through the dissemination of environmental knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources.

2. Environmental education, including informing the public about legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of environmental safety, is carried out by state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities, public associations, the media, and also educational institutions, cultural institutions, museums, libraries, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations, other legal entities.

Chapter XIV. Responsibility for violation of environmental legislation and resolution of disputes in the field of environmental protection

Article 75. Types of liability for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

For violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection, property, disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability is established in accordance with the legislation.

Article 76. Settlement of disputes in the field of environmental protection

Disputes in the field of environmental protection are resolved in court in accordance with the law.

Article 77. Obligation to fully compensate for environmental damage

1. Legal entities and individuals who have caused harm to the environment as a result of its pollution, depletion, damage, destruction, irrational use of natural resources, degradation and destruction of natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes and other violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection, are obliged reimburse it in full in accordance with the law.

2. Damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities, including the project of which there is a positive conclusion of the state environmental expertise, including activities for the removal of components of the natural environment, is subject to compensation by the customer and (or) the subject of economic and other activities.

3. Damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities shall be compensated in accordance with the duly approved rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, and in their absence, based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits.

Article 78

1. Compensation for damage to the environment caused by violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out voluntarily or by decision of a court or an arbitration court.

Determination of the amount of damage to the environment caused by violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out on the basis of the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits, as well as in accordance with the projects of reclamation and other restoration works, in their absence, in accordance with the rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, approved by the executive authorities exercising state administration in the field of environmental protection.

2. On the basis of a decision of a court or an arbitration court, damage to the environment caused by a violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection may be compensated by imposing on the defendant the obligation to restore the disturbed state of the environment at his expense in accordance with the project of restoration work.

3. Claims for compensation for damage to the environment caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection may be brought within twenty years.

Article 79

1. Damage caused to the health and property of citizens by the negative impact of the environment as a result of economic and other activities of legal entities and individuals shall be subject to compensation in full.

2. Determination of the volume and amount of compensation for harm caused to the health and property of citizens as a result of violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 80

Claims for restriction, suspension or termination of the activities of legal entities and individuals carried out in violation of the legislation in the field of environmental protection are considered by a court or an arbitration court.

Chapter XV. International cooperation in the field of environmental protection

Article 81. Principles of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection

The Russian Federation carries out international cooperation in the field of environmental protection in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 82. International treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection

1. International treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection that do not require the issuance of domestic acts for application shall apply directly to relations arising in the course of carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection. In other cases, along with the international treaty of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, the relevant regulatory legal act adopted to implement the provisions of the international treaty of the Russian Federation is applied.

2. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection establishes rules other than those provided for by this Federal Law, the rules of the international treaty shall apply.

Chapter XVI. Final provisions

Article 83. Entry into force of this Federal Law

This Federal Law shall enter into force on the day of its official publication.

Article 84

1. From the date of entry into force of this Federal Law, to recognize as invalid:

Law of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 N2060-I "On Environmental Protection" (Bulletin of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 457), with the exception of Article 84, which becomes invalid simultaneously with the introduction into effect of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses;

Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 N2397-I "On Amendments to Article 20 of the Law of the RSFSR "On Environmental Protection" (Bulletin of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Article 459);

article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation of June 2, 1993 N5076-I "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", the Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights", the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Environment" "(Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, N29, Art. 1111);

Federal Law of July 10, 2001 N93-FZ "On Amending Article 50 of the Law of the RSFSR "On Environmental Protection" (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2001, N29, Art. 2948).

2. Decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 N2061-I "On the Procedure for Enacting the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of the Environment" (Bulletin of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 458) lapses simultaneously with Article 84 of the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of the Environment".

3. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation shall bring their regulatory legal acts in line with this Federal Law.

The president
Russian Federation
V. Putin