The birth of Hitler. History of the origin of the name Hitler

Name: Adolf Hitler

Age: 56 years old

Place of Birth: Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary

Place of death: Berlin

Activity: Fuhrer and Chancellor of Germany

Marital Status: Married to

Adolf Hitler - Biography

This name and surname are very hated by many people around the world for the atrocities that this man committed. How was the biography of the one who unleashed a war with many countries, how did he become like that?

Childhood, Hitler's family, how he appeared

Adolf's father was an illegitimate child, his mother remarried a man with the surname Gidler, and when Alois wanted to change his mother's surname, the priest made a mistake, and all the descendants began to bear the surname Hitler, and there were six of them, and Adolf was the third child. Hitler's ancestors were engaged in the peasantry, his father achieved a career as an official. Adolf, like all Germans, was very sentimental and often visited the places of his childhood and the graves of his parents.

Before the birth of Adolf, three children died. He was the only and beloved son, then brother Edmund was born, and Adolf began to devote less time, then Adolf's sister appeared in the family, he always had the most tender feelings for Paula. After all, this is a biography of the most ordinary child who loves his mother and sister, when and what went wrong?

Hitler's studies

In the first grade, Hitler studied only with excellent marks. In the old Catholic monastery, he went to the second grade, learned to sing in the church choir and helped during the mass. For the first time I noticed the sign of the swastika at Abbot Hagene on his coat of arms. Adolf changed schools several times due to parental problems. One of the brothers left home, the other died, Adolf was the only son. At school, he began to like not all the subjects, he stayed for the second year.

Growing up Adolf

As soon as the teenager was 13 years old, his father died, the son refused to fulfill the request of the parent. He did not want to become an official, he was attracted by painting and music. One of Hitler's teachers later recalled that the student was one-sidedly gifted, quick-tempered and wayward. Already in these years one could notice the features of a mentally unbalanced person. After the fourth grade in the document on education there were grades "5" only in physical culture and drawing. He knew languages, exact sciences and shorthand to "two".

At the insistence of his mother, Adolf Hitler had to retake the exams, but he was diagnosed with a lung disease, he had to forget about school. When Hitler turned 18, he leaves for the capital of Austria, wants to enter an art school, but failed to pass the exams. The young man's mother underwent an operation, did not live long, Adolf took care of her until her death as the eldest and only man in the family.

Adolf Hitler - artist

Not enrolling in the school of his dreams the second time, Hitler hides and evades military service, he managed to get a job as an artist and writer. Hitler's paintings began to sell successfully. They mainly depicted buildings of old Vienna copied from postcards.

Adolf began to earn decently on this, takes up reading, is interested in politics. Leaves for Munich and again works as an artist. Finally, the Austrian police found out where Hitler was hiding, sent him for a medical examination, where he was given a "white" ticket.

The beginning of the combat biography of Adolf Hitler

This war was accepted by Hitler with joy, he himself asked to serve in the Bavarian army, participated in many battles, received the rank of corporal, was wounded, had many military awards. Considered a brave and brave soldier. He was wounded again, even losing his sight. After the war, the authorities considered it necessary for Hitler to be part of the agitators, where he showed himself to be a skilled wordsmith, he knew how to control the attention of people listening to him. Throughout this period of his life, anti-Semitic literature became Hitler's favorite reading material, which basically shaped his further political views.

Soon everyone was introduced to his program for the new Nazi Party. Later, he receives the post of chairman with unlimited power. Allowing himself too much, Hitler began to take advantage of his post to incite the overthrow of the existing government, was convicted and sent to prison. There he finally believed that the Communists and the Jews must be destroyed.

He declares that the whole world must be dominated by the nation of Germany. Hitler finds many supporters who unconditionally appoint him to lead the armed forces, founded personal protection by the ranks of the SS, created torture and death camps.

He dreamed of getting even for the fact that once, in World War I, Germany capitulated. He was sick, in a hurry to carry out his plan. The occupation of many territories began: Austria, Czechoslovakia, part of Lithuania, threatened Poland, France, Greece and Yugoslavia. In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed on peaceful coexistence, but, maddened by power and victories, Hitler violated this agreement. Fortunately, he stood at the helm of power, who did not give up his power to the crazy, brutalized egoist in the person of Hitler.

Adolf Hitler - biography of personal life

Hitler did not have an official wife, nor did he have children. He had a repulsive appearance, he could hardly attract women with anything. But do not forget the gift of eloquence and the position it created. From mistresses he had no end, basically, among them there were married women. Since 1929, Adolf Hitler has been living with his common-law wife, Eva Braun. The husband was not at all shy about flirting with everyone, and Eva, out of jealousy, tried many times to commit suicide.

Dreaming of being Frau Hitler, living with him and enduring bullying and quirks, she patiently waited for a miracle to happen. This happened 36 hours before death. Adolf Hitler and got married. But the biography of a man who swung at the sovereignty of the Soviet Union ended ingloriously.

Documentary about Adolf Hitler

23.09.2007 19:32

Childhood and youth of Adolf. World War I.

Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 (beginning in 1933 this day became the national holiday of Nazi Germany).
The father of the future Fuhrer, Alois Hitler, was first a shoemaker, then a customs officer, who until 1876 bore the surname Schicklgruber (hence the common belief that this is Hitler's real name).

He received a not too high bureaucratic rank of chief official. Mother - Clara, nee Pelzl, came from a peasant family. Hitler was born in Austria, in Braunau am Inn, in a village in a mountainous part of the country. The family often moved from place to place and finally settled in Leonding, a suburb of Linz, where they got their own house. On the headstone of Hitler's parents, the words are carved: "Alois Hitler, chief official in the customs department, landlord. His wife Clara Hitler."
Hitler was born from his father's third marriage. All of Hitler's numerous relatives of the older generation were apparently illiterate. The priests wrote down the names of these persons in the church parish books by ear, so there was an obvious discord: someone was called Güttler, someone was Gidler, etc., etc.
The Fuhrer's grandfather remained unknown. Alois Hitler, father of Adolf, was adopted by a certain Hitler at the request of his uncle, also Hitler, apparently his actual parent.

The adoption came after both the adopter and his wife, Maria Anna Schicklgruber, the Nazi dictator's grandmother, had long since passed away. According to some sources, the illegitimate himself was already 39, according to others - 40 years old! Perhaps it was about inheritance.
Hitler did not study well in high school, therefore he did not graduate from a real school and did not receive a matriculation certificate. His father died relatively early - in 1903. Mother sold the house in Leonding and settled in Linz. From the age of 16, the future Fuhrer lived at the expense of his mother rather freely. At one time he even studied music. In his youth, from musical and literary works, he preferred Wagner's operas, Germanic mythology and adventure novels by Karl May; adult Hitler's favorite composer was Wagner, his favorite film was King Kong. As a boy, Hitler loved cakes and picnics, long conversations after midnight, loved looking at pretty girls; in adulthood, these addictions intensified.

I slept until noon, went to theaters, especially the opera, and spent hours in coffee houses. He spent his time visiting theaters and the opera, copying Romantic paintings, reading adventure books, and walking in the woods around Linz. His mother spoiled him, and Adolf behaved like a dandy, wearing black leather gloves, a bowler hat, walking with a mahogany cane with an ivory head. He rejected all offers to find a job for himself with contempt.
At the age of 18 he went to Vienna to enter the Academy of Fine Arts there in the hope of becoming a great artist. He entered twice - once he did not pass the exam, the second time he was not even allowed to take it, and he had to earn a living by drawing postcards and advertisements. He was advised to enter the architectural institute, but for this it was necessary to have a matriculation certificate. The years in Vienna (1907-1913) Hitler will regard as the most instructive of his life.

In the future, according to him, he only needed to add some details to the "great ideas" that he acquired there (hatred of Jews, liberal democrats and "petty-bourgeois" society). He was especially influenced by the writings of L. von Liebenfels, who argued that the future dictator should protect the Aryan race by enslaving or killing subhumans. In Vienna, he also became interested in the idea of ​​"living space" (Lebensraum) for Germany.
Hitler read everything that came to hand. Subsequently, fragmentary knowledge gleaned from popular philosophical, sociological, historical works, and most importantly, from brochures of that distant time, constituted Hitler's "philosophy".
When the money left by his mother (she died of breast cancer in 1909) and the inheritance of a wealthy aunt ended, he spent the night on benches in the park, then in a rooming house in Meidling. And, finally, he settled on Meldemannstrasse in the Mennerheim charitable institution, which literally means "Men's House".
All this time, Hitler was interrupted by odd jobs, hired for some temporary work (for example, he helped at construction sites, shoveled snow or brought suitcases), then he began to draw (or rather, copy) pictures that were sold first by his companion, and later by himself. He mainly drew from photographs architectural monuments in Vienna and Munich, where he moved in 1913. At the age of 25, the future Fuhrer had no family, no beloved woman, no friends, no permanent job, no life goal - there was something to despair of. The Vienna period of Hitler's life ended quite abruptly: he moved to Munich to escape military service. But the Austrian military authorities tracked down the fugitive. Hitler had to go to Salzburg, where he passed a military commission. However, he was declared unfit for military service for health reasons.

How he did it is unknown.
In Munich, Hitler still lived in poverty: on the money from the sale of watercolors and advertising.
The declassed, dissatisfied with their existence stratum of society, to which Hitler belonged, enthusiastically welcomed the First World War, believing that every loser would have a chance to become a "hero".
Having become a volunteer, Hitler spent four years in the war. He served at the headquarters of the regiment as a liaison with the rank of corporal and did not even become an officer. But he received not only a medal for the wound, but also orders. Order of the Iron Cross 2nd class, possibly 1st. Some historians believe that Hitler wore the Iron Cross 1st Class without being eligible. Others claim that he was awarded this order at the suggestion of a certain Hugo Gutmann, adjutant of the regiment commander ... a Jew, and that therefore this fact was omitted from the official biography of the Fuhrer.

Creation of the Nazi Party.

Germany lost this war. The country was engulfed in the flames of revolution. Hitler, and with him hundreds of thousands of other German losers returned home. He participated in the so-called Commission of Inquiry, which was engaged in the "cleansing" of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, identified "troublemakers" and "revolutionaries". And on June 12, 1919, he was seconded to short-term courses of "political education", which again functioned in Munich. After completing the courses, he became an agent in the service of a certain group of reactionary officers who fought against leftist elements among the soldiers and non-commissioned officers.
He compiled lists of soldiers and officers involved in the April uprising of workers and soldiers in Munich. He collected information about all kinds of dwarf organizations and parties regarding their worldview, programs and goals. And reported all this to the management.
The ruling circles of Germany were scared to death of the revolutionary movement. The people, exhausted by the war, lived incredibly hard: inflation, unemployment, devastation...

Dozens of militaristic, revanchist unions, gangs, gangs appeared in Germany - strictly secret, armed, with their own charters and mutual responsibility. On September 12, 1919, Hitler was sent to a meeting at the Sternekkerbräu beer hall, a gathering of another dwarf group that loudly called itself the German Workers' Party. The meeting discussed the pamphlet of engineer Feder. Feder's ideas about "productive" and "unproductive" capital, about the need to fight "percentage slavery", against loan offices and "general stores", flavored with chauvinism, hatred of the Versailles Treaty, and most importantly, anti-Semitism, seemed to Hitler a completely suitable platform. He performed and was a success. And party leader Anton Drexler invited him to join the WDA. After consulting with his superiors, Hitler accepted this proposal. Hitler became a member of this party at number 55, and later at number 7 became a member of its executive committee.
Hitler, with all his oratorical fervor, rushed to win popularity for Drexler's party, at least within Munich. In the autumn of 1919, he spoke three times at crowded meetings. In February 1920, he rented the so-called front hall in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall and gathered 2,000 listeners. Convinced of his success as a party functionary, in April 1920, Hitler abandoned the spy's earnings.
Hitler's success attracted to him workers, artisans and people who did not have a permanent job, in a word, all those who made up the backbone of the party. At the end of 1920, there were already 3,000 people in the party.
With the money borrowed by the writer Eckart from General Epp, the party bought a ruined newspaper called the Völkischer Beobachter, which means "People's Observer".
In January 1921, Hitler had already filmed the Krone circus, where he performed to an audience of 6,500 people. Gradually, Hitler got rid of the founders of the party. Apparently, at the same time he renamed it the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, abbreviated NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).
Hitler obtained the position of the first chairman with dictatorial powers, expelling Drexler and Scharer.

Instead of collegial leadership in the party, the principle of the Fuhrer was officially introduced. In place of Schussler, who dealt with financial and organizational issues, Hitler put his own man, a former sergeant major in his part of Aman. Naturally, Aman reported only to the Fuhrer himself.
Already in 1921, assault detachments, the SA, were created to help the party. Hermann Goering became their leader after Emil Mauris and Ulrich Klinch. Perhaps Goering was the only surviving ally of Hitler. Creating the SA, Hitler relied on the experience of paramilitary organizations that arose in Germany immediately after the end of the war. In January 1923, an imperial party congress was convened, although the party existed only in Bavaria, more precisely, in Munich. Western historians unanimously claim that the first sponsors of Hitler were ladies, the wives of wealthy Bavarian industrialists. The Fuhrer, as it were, gave a "zest" to their well-fed, but insipid life.

Hitler's Beer Putsch.

Since the autumn of 1923, power in Bavaria has actually been concentrated in the hands of a triumvirate: Carr, General Lossow and Colonel Zeisser, the police president. The triumvirate was at first hostile to the central government in Berlin. On September 26, Carr, the Bavarian prime minister, declared a state of emergency and banned 14 (!) Nazi demonstrations.
However, knowing the reactionary nature of the then masters of Bavaria and their dissatisfaction with the imperial government, Hitler continued to call on his supporters to "march on Berlin."

Hitler was a clear opponent of Bavarian separatism; not without reason, he saw his allies in the triumvirate, who could later be deceived, outwitted, preventing the separation of Bavaria.
Ernst Rehm stood at the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA). The leaders of the militaristic alliances came up with all sorts of plans for what to time the "campaign" or, as they called it, the "revolution". And how to force the Bavarian triumvirate to lead this "national revolution" ... And suddenly it turned out that on November 8 there was a big rally in the Bürgerbräukeller, where Carr would make a speech and where other prominent Bavarian politicians would be present, including General Lossow and Zeisser .
The hall where the rally was held was surrounded by storm troopers, and Hitler burst into it under the protection of armed thugs. Jumping up to the podium, he shouted: “The national revolution has begun. The hall is captured by six hundred military men armed with machine guns. Nobody dares to leave it. I declare the Bavarian government and the imperial government in Berlin deposed. The provisional national government has already been formed. The Reichswehr and the police will now march under swastika banners!" Hitler, leaving Goering in the hall instead, behind the scenes began to "process" Karr, Lossov ... At the same time, another associate of Hitler, Scheibner-Richter, went after Ludendorff. Finally, Hitler again ascended the podium and declared "that the "national revolution" would be carried out together with the Bavarian triumvirate.

As for the government in Berlin, he, Hitler, will head it, and General Ludendorff will command the Reichswehr. The participants in the meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller dispersed, including the energetic Lossov, who immediately sent a telegram to Seeckt. Regular units and the police were mobilized to disperse the riots. In a word, they prepared to repulse the Nazis. But Hitler, to whom his thugs flocked from everywhere, still had to move at the head of the column to the city center at 11 o'clock in the morning.
The column for cheerfulness sang and shouted out their misanthropic slogans. But on the narrow Residenzstrasse she was met by a chain of policemen. It is still unknown who fired first. After that, the shooting continued for two minutes. Scheibner-Richter fell - he was killed. Behind him is Hitler, who broke his collarbone. In total, 4 people were killed on the part of the police, and 16 on the part of the Nazis. The "rebels" fled, Hitler was pushed into a yellow car and taken away.
This is how Hitler became famous. All the German newspapers wrote about him. His portraits were placed in weekly magazines. And at that time, Hitler needed any "glory", even the most scandalous.
Two days after the unsuccessful "march on Berlin," Hitler was arrested by the police. On April 1, 1924, he and two accomplices were sentenced to five years in prison, plus the time they had already spent in prison. Ludendorff and other participants in the bloody events were generally acquitted.

The book "My Struggle" by Adolf Hitler.

The prison, or fortress, in Landsberg an der Lech, where Hitler spent a total of 13 months before and after the trial (according to the sentence for "high treason" only nine months!), Historians of Nazism are often called the Nazi "sanatorium". Everything ready, walking in the garden and receiving numerous guests and business visitors, answering letters and telegrams.

Hitler dictated the first volume of the book containing his political program, calling it "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice." Later she came out under the name "My Struggle" (Mein Kampf), sold millions of copies and made Hitler a rich man.
Hitler offered the Germans one proven culprit, an enemy in satanic guise - a Jew. After the "liberation" from the Jews, Hitler promised the German people a great future. Moreover, immediately. Heavenly life will come on German soil. All shopkeepers will receive shops. Poor tenants will become homeowners. Losers-intellectuals - professors. Poor peasants - rich farmers. Women - beauties, their children - healthy, "the breed will improve." It was not Hitler who "invented" anti-Semitism, but it was he who planted it in Germany.

And he was far from the last to use it for his own purposes.
The main ideas of Hitler that had developed by that time were reflected in the NSDAP program (25 points), the core of which was the following requirements: 1) the restoration of the power of Germany by uniting all Germans under a single state roof; 2) the assertion of the dominance of the German Empire in Europe, mainly in the east of the continent in the Slavic lands; 3) the cleansing of the German territory from the "foreigners" that litter it, primarily Jews; 4) the elimination of the rotten parliamentary regime, its replacement by a vertical hierarchy corresponding to the German spirit, in which the will of the people is personified in a leader endowed with absolute power; 5) liberation of the people from the dictatorship of world financial capital and all-round support for small-scale and handicraft production, the creativity of freelancers.
Adolf Hitler outlined these ideas in his autobiographical book "My Struggle".

Hitler's path to power.

Hitler left the Landsberg fortress on December 20, 1924. He had a plan of action. At first, to purge the NSDAP of "factionalists", to introduce iron discipline and the principle of "fuhrership", that is, autocracy, then to strengthen its army - the SA, to destroy the rebellious spirit there.
Already on February 27, Hitler delivered a speech in the Bürgerbräukeller (all Western historians refer to it), where he bluntly stated: “I alone lead the Movement and personally bear responsibility for it. And I alone, again, bear responsibility for everything that happens in the Movement. ..Either the enemy will pass over our corpses, or we will pass over his..."
Accordingly, at the same time, Hitler carried out another "rotation" of personnel. However, at first, Hitler could not get rid of his most powerful rivals - Gregor Strasser and Röhm. Although pushing them into the background, he began immediately.
The "cleansing" of the party ended with the fact that Hitler created in 1926 his "party court" GONE - the investigative and arbitration committee. Its chairman, Walter Buch, until 1945 fought "sedition" in the ranks of the NSDAP.
However, at that time, Hitler's party could not count on success at all. The situation in Germany gradually stabilized. Inflation has gone down. Unemployment has decreased. Industrialists managed to modernize the German economy. The French troops left the Ruhr. The Stresemann government managed to conclude some agreements with the West.
The pinnacle of Hitler's success in that period was the first party congress in August 1927 in Nuremberg. In 1927-1928, that is, five or six years before coming to power, heading a still relatively weak party, Hitler created a "shadow government" in the NSDAP - Political Department II.

Goebbels was the head of the propaganda department since 1928. No less important "invention" of Hitler were the Gauleiters in the field, that is, the Nazi bosses in the field in individual lands. Huge Gauleiter headquarters replaced after 1933 the administrative bodies established in Weimar Germany.
In 1930-1933, there was a fierce struggle for votes in Germany. One election followed another. Pumped up with the money of the German reaction, the Nazis rushed to power with all their might. In 1933 they wanted to get her out of the hands of President Hindenburg. But for this they had to create the appearance of support for the NSDAP party by the general population. Otherwise, the post of chancellor would not have been seen by Hitler. For Hindenburg had his favorites - von Papen, Schleicher: it was with their help that it was "most convenient" for him to rule the 70 million German people.
Hitler never received an absolute majority in an election. And an important obstacle in its path was the extremely strong parties of the working class - the Social Democratic and the Communist. In 1930, the Social Democrats won 8,577,000 votes in the elections, the Communists 4,592,000, and the Nazis 6,409,000. In June 1932, the Social Democrats lost a few votes, but still received 795,000 votes, while the Communists gained new votes, gaining 5,283,000 votes. The Nazis reached their "peak" in this election: they received 13,745,000 ballots. But already in December of the same year they lost 2,000 voters. In December, the situation was as follows: the Social Democrats received 7,248,000 votes, the Communists again strengthened their positions - 5,980,000 votes, the Nazis - 1,1737,000 votes. In other words, the preponderance has always been on the side of the workers' parties. The number of ballots cast for Hitler and his party, even at the peak of their career, did not exceed 37.3 percent.

Adolf Hitler - Chancellor of Germany.

On January 30, 1933, the 86-year-old President Hindenburg appointed the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany. On the same day, superbly organized stormtroopers concentrated on their assembly points. In the evening, with torches lit, they passed by the presidential palace, in one window of which stood Hindenburg, and in the other - Hitler.

According to official figures, 25,000 people took part in the torchlight procession. It went on for several hours.
Already at the first meeting on January 30, a discussion took place of measures directed against the Communist Party of Germany. Hitler spoke on the radio the next day. "Give us four years. Our task is to fight against communism."
Hitler fully took into account the effect of surprise. He not only prevented the anti-Nazi forces from uniting and consolidating, he literally stunned them, took them by surprise and very soon defeated them completely. This was the first Nazi blitzkrieg on their own territory.
1 February - Dissolution of the Reichstag. New elections have already been scheduled for March 5. The ban on all open-air communist rallies (of course, they were not given halls).
On February 2, the president issued an order "On the Protection of the German People", a virtual ban on meetings and newspapers critical of Nazism. The tacit authorization of "preventive arrests", without appropriate legal sanctions. Dissolution of city and communal parliaments in Prussia.
February 7 - Goering's "Decree on Shooting". Police permission to use weapons. The SA, SS and the Steel Helmet are involved in helping the police. Two weeks later, the armed detachments of the SA, SS, "Steel Helmet" come under Goering's disposal as auxiliary police.
February 27 - Reichstag fire. On the night of February 28, about ten thousand communists, social democrats, people of progressive views are arrested. The Communist Party and some organizations of the Social Democrats are banned.
February 28 - order of the President "On the protection of the people and the state." In fact, the announcement of a "state of emergency" with all the ensuing consequences.

Order for the arrest of the leaders of the KKE.
In early March, Telman was arrested, the militant organization of the Social Democrats Reichsbanner (Iron Front) was banned, first in Thuringia, and by the end of the month - in all German lands.
On March 21, a presidential decree "On betrayal" is issued, directed against statements that harm the "well-being of the Reich and the reputation of the government", and "extraordinary courts" are created. The name of the concentration camps is mentioned for the first time. Over 100 of them will be created by the end of the year.
At the end of March, a law on the death penalty is issued. Introduced the death penalty by hanging.
March 31 - the first law on the deprivation of the rights of individual lands. Dissolution of the state parliaments. (Except for the Prussian parliament.)
April 1 - "boycott" of Jewish citizens.
April 4 - ban on free exit from the country. The introduction of special "visas".
April 7 - the second law on the deprivation of land rights. Return of all titles and orders abolished in 1919. The law on the status of "officialdom", the return of his former rights. Persons of "unreliable" and "non-Aryan origin" were excluded from the corps of "officials".
April 14 - Expulsion of 15 percent of professors from universities and other educational institutions.
April 26 - the creation of the Gestapo.
May 2 - Appointment in certain lands of "imperial governors" who were subordinate to Hitler (in most cases, former Gauleiters).
May 7 - "purge" among writers and artists.

Publication of "black lists" of "not (true) German writers". Confiscation of their books in shops and libraries. The number of banned books - 12409, banned authors - 141.
May 10 - Public burning of banned books in Berlin and other university cities.
June 21 - inclusion of the "Steel Helmet" in the SA.
June 22 - the ban of the Social Democratic Party, the arrests of the functionaries of this party who were still at large.
June 25 - Introduction of Göring's control over theatrical plans in Prussia.
From June 27 to July 14 - self-dissolution of all parties not yet banned. The prohibition of the creation of new parties. The actual establishment of a one-party system. Law depriving all emigrants of German citizenship. The Hitler salute becomes mandatory for civil servants.
August 1 - renunciation of the right of pardon in Prussia. Immediate enforcement of sentences. Introduction of the guillotine.
August 25 - A list of persons deprived of citizenship is published, among them - communists, socialists, liberals, representatives of the intelligentsia.
September 1 - the opening in Nuremberg of the "Congress of the Winners", the next congress of the NSDAP.
September 22 - Law on the "imperial cultural guilds" - states of writers, artists, musicians. The actual ban on the publication, performance, exhibition of all those who are not members of the chamber.
November 12 - elections to the Reichstag under a one-party system. Referendum on Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations.
November 24 - the law "On the detention of recidivists after they have served their sentence."

"Recidivists" means political prisoners.
December 1 - the law "on ensuring the unity of the party and the state." Personal union between party Fuhrers and major state functionaries.
December 16 - the mandatory permission of the authorities to parties and trade unions (extremely powerful during the Weimar Republic), democratic institutions and rights are completely forgotten: freedom of the press, freedom of conscience, freedom of movement, freedom of strikes, meetings, demonstrations. Finally, creative freedom. From the rule of law, Germany has become a country of total lawlessness. Any citizen, on any slander, without any legal sanctions, could be put in a concentration camp and kept there forever. For a year, the "lands" (regions) in Germany, which had great rights, were completely deprived of them.
So what about the economy? Even before 1933, Hitler said: “Do you really think me so crazy that I want to destroy German large-scale industry? Entrepreneurs, through business qualities, have gained a leading position. headship." During the same 1933, Hitler gradually prepared himself to subjugate both industry and finance, to make them an appendage of his military-political authoritarian state.
The military plans that he hid at the first stage, the stage of the "national revolution", even from his inner circle, dictated their own laws - it was necessary to arm Germany to the teeth in the shortest possible time. And this required extremely intense and purposeful work, investment in certain industries. The creation of a complete economic "autarky" (that is, such an economic system that itself produces everything it needs for itself and consumes it itself).

As early as the first third of the 20th century, the capitalist economy was striving to establish widely branched world ties, to the division of labor, etc.
The fact remains that Hitler wanted to control the economy, and thereby gradually curtailed the rights of owners, introduced something like state capitalism.
On March 16, 1933, that is, one and a half months after coming to power, Schacht was appointed chairman of the German Reichsbank. "Own" man will now be in charge of finances, seek gigantic sums to finance the war economy. Not without reason, in 1945, Schacht sat on the dock in Nuremberg, although the department had departed before the war.
On July 15, the General Council of the German Economy is convened: 17 large industrialists, agrarians, bankers, representatives of trading firms and apparatchiks of the NSDAP - issue a law on "mandatory association of enterprises" in cartels. Part of the enterprises "joins", in other words, is absorbed by larger concerns. This was followed by: Goering's "four-year plan", the creation of the super-powerful state concern Hermann Goering-Werke, the transfer of the entire economy to a war footing, and at the end of Hitler's reign, the transfer of large military orders to Himmler's department, which had millions of prisoners, and therefore , free labor force. Of course, we must not forget that the big monopolies profited immensely under Hitler - in the early years at the expense of "arized" enterprises (expropriated firms in which Jewish capital participated), and later at the expense of factories, banks, raw materials and other valuables seized from other countries .

Yet the economy was controlled and regulated by the state. And immediately failures, disproportions, a lag in light industry, etc., were discovered.
By the summer of 1934, Hitler was facing serious opposition within his party. The "old fighters" of the SA assault detachments, led by E. Rem, demanded more radical social reforms, called for a "second revolution" and insisted on the need to strengthen their role in the army. German generals opposed such radicalism and the claims of the SA to lead the army. Hitler, who needed the support of the army and himself feared the uncontrollability of the attack aircraft, spoke out against his former comrades-in-arms. Accusing Rem of plotting to kill the Fuhrer, he staged a bloody massacre on June 30, 1934 ("the night of long knives"), during which several hundred SA leaders, including Rem, were killed. Strasser, von Kahr, the former Chancellor General Schleicher and other figures were physically destroyed. Hitler acquired absolute power over Germany.

Soon, army officers swore allegiance not to the constitution or country, but to Hitler personally. Germany's supreme judge proclaimed that "the law and the constitution are the will of our Fuhrer." Hitler aspired not only to legal, political and social dictatorship. "Our revolution," he once stressed, "will not end until we dehumanize people."
It is known that the Nazi leader wanted to start a world war already in 1938. Prior to this, he managed to "peacefully" annex large territories to Germany. In particular, in 1935 the Saarland through a plebiscite. The plebiscite turned out to be a brilliant trick of Hitler's diplomacy and propaganda. 91 percent of the population voted in favor of "joining". Perhaps the results of the vote were falsified.
Western politicians, contrary to elementary common sense, began to give up one position after another. Already in 1935, Hitler concluded with England the notorious "Navy Agreement", which gave the Nazis the opportunity to openly create warships. In the same year, universal conscription was introduced in Germany. On March 7, 1936, Hitler ordered the occupation of the demilitarized Rhineland. The West was silent, although it could not help but see that the dictator's appetites were growing.

The Second World War.

In 1936, the Nazis intervened in the Spanish Civil War - Franco was their protege. The West was delighted with the order in Germany, sending its athletes and fans to the Olympics.

And this is after the "night of long knives" - the murders of Rem and his storm troopers, after the Leipzig trial of Dimitrov and after the adoption of the notorious Nuremberg Laws, which turned the Jewish population of Germany into pariahs!
Finally, in 1938, as part of intensive preparations for war, Hitler carried out another "rotation" - he expelled the Minister of War Blomberg and the Supreme Army Commander Fritsch, and also replaced the professional diplomat von Neurath with the Nazi Ribbentrop.
On March 11, 1938, Nazi troops entered Austria in a victorious march. The Austrian government was intimidated and demoralized. The operation to capture Austria was called "Anschluss", which means "attachment". And finally, the climax of 1938 was the capture of Czechoslovakia as a result of the Munich Agreement, that is, in fact, with the consent and approval of the then British Prime Minister Chamberlain and the French Daladier, as well as Germany's ally, fascist Italy.
In all these actions, Hitler acted not as a strategist, not as a tactician, not even as a politician, but as a player who knew that his partners in the West were ready for all sorts of concessions. He studied the weaknesses of the strong, constantly spoke to them about the world, flattered, cunning, and intimidated and suppressed those who were unsure of themselves.
On March 15, 1939, the Nazis captured Czechoslovakia and announced the creation of a so-called protectorate on the territory of Bohemia and Moravia.
On August 23, 1939, Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union and thereby secured a free hand in Poland.
On September 1, 1939, the German army invaded Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II. Hitler assumed command of the armed forces and imposed his own plan of warfare, despite the strong resistance of the army leadership, in particular, the chief of the general staff of the army, General L. Beck, who insisted that Germany did not have enough forces to defeat the allies (England and France), who declared war on Hitler. After Hitler's attack on Poland, England and France declared war on Germany. The beginning of World War II is dated September 1, 1939.

Already after the declaration of war by France and England, Hitler captured half of Poland in 18 days, utterly defeating its army. The Polish state was unable to fight one on one with the powerful German Wehrmacht. The first stage of the war in Germany was called "sitting" war, and in other countries - "strange" or even "funny". All this time Hitler remained the master of the situation. The "funny" war ended on April 9, 1940, when Nazi troops invaded Denmark and Norway. On May 10, Hitler launched a campaign to the West: the Netherlands and Belgium became his first victims. In six weeks, the Nazi Wehrmacht defeated France, defeated and pressed the British expeditionary corps to the sea. Hitler signed the truce in Marshal Foch's salon car, in the forest near Compiègne, that is, in the very place where Germany capitulated in 1918. Blitzkrieg - Hitler's dream - came true.
Western historians now admit that in the first phase of the war the Nazis scored more political than military victories.

But no army was even remotely as motorized as the German one. The gambler Hitler felt himself, as they wrote then, "the greatest generals of all times and peoples", as well as "an amazing visionary in technical and tactical respects" ... "the creator of modern armed forces" (Jodl).
Let us remember at the same time that it was impossible to object to Hitler, that he was only allowed to be glorified and deified. The High Command of the Wehrmacht has become, in the apt expression of one researcher, the "Führer's office". The results were not long in coming: an atmosphere of super-euphoria reigned in the army.
Were there generals who openly contradicted Hitler? Of course not. Nevertheless, it is known that during the war they retired, falling out of favor, or three supreme commanders of the armies, 4 chiefs of the general staff (the fifth - Krebs - died in Berlin along with Hitler), 14 out of 18 field marshals of the ground forces, 21 out of 37 colonel generals.
Of course, no normal generals, that is, generals not in a totalitarian state, would have allowed such a terrible defeat as Germany suffered.
Hitler's main task was the conquest of "living space" in the East, the crushing of "Bolshevism" and the enslavement of "world Slavs."

The English historian Trevor-Roper convincingly showed that from 1925 until his death, Hitler did not doubt for a second that the great peoples of the Soviet Union could be turned into silent slaves, who would be controlled by German overseers, "Aryans" from the ranks of the SS. Here is what Trevor-Roper writes about this: “After the war, you often hear the words that the Russian campaign was Hitler’s big “mistake”. If he had behaved neutrally towards Russia, he would have been able to subjugate all of Europe, organize it and And England would never have been able to drive the Germans out of there.I cannot share this point of view, it comes from the fact that Hitler would not be Hitler!
For Hitler, the Russian campaign was never a spin-off military scam, a private foray into important sources of raw materials, or an impulsive move in a game of chess that now looks almost a draw. The Russian campaign decided whether or not to be National Socialism. And this campaign became not only obligatory, but also urgent.
Hitler's program was translated into military language - "Plan Barbarossa" and into the language of occupation policy - "Plan Ost".
The German people, according to Hitler's theory, were humiliated by the victors in the First World War and, under the conditions that arose after the war, could not successfully develop and fulfill the mission assigned to them by history.

In order to develop national culture and increase the sources of power, he needed to acquire additional permanent space. And since there were no free lands, they should have been taken where the population density is low and the land is used irrationally. Such an opportunity for the German nation was available only in the East, at the expense of territories inhabited by peoples less valuable in racial terms than the Germans, primarily the Slavs. The capture of a new living space in the East and the enslavement of the peoples living there were considered by Hitler as a prerequisite and starting point for the struggle for world domination.
The first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the winter of 1941/1942 near Moscow had a strong impact on Hitler. The chain of his successive victorious campaigns of conquest was interrupted. According to Colonel-General Jodl, who during the war years communicated with Hitler more than anyone else, in December 1941 the Fuhrer's inner confidence in the German victory disappeared, and the disaster at Stalingrad convinced him even more of the inevitability of defeat. But this could only be assumed by some features in his behavior and actions. He himself never talked about it to anyone. Ambition did not allow him to admit to the collapse of his own plans. He continued to convince everyone around him, the entire German people of the inevitable victory and demanded that they make as much effort as possible to achieve it. According to his instructions, measures were taken for the total mobilization of the economy and human resources. Disregarding reality, he ignored all the advice of specialists who went against his instructions.
The stop of the Wehrmacht in front of Moscow in December 1941 and the counteroffensive that followed caused confusion among many German generals. Hitler ordered to stubbornly defend each line and not to retreat from their positions without orders from above. This decision saved the German army from collapse, but it also had its downside. It assured Hitler of his own military genius, of his superiority over the generals. Now he believed that by taking over the direct leadership of military operations on the Eastern Front instead of the retired Brauchitsch, he would be able to achieve victory over Russia as early as 1942. But the crushing defeat at Stalingrad, which became the most sensitive for the Germans in World War II, stunned the Fuhrer.
Since 1943, all of Hitler's activities were in fact limited to current military problems. He no longer made far-reaching political decisions.

Almost all the time he was at his headquarters, surrounded only by the closest military advisers. Hitler nevertheless spoke to the people, although he showed less interest in their position and moods.
Unlike other tyrants and conquerors, Hitler committed crimes not only for political and military reasons, but for personal reasons. Hitler's victims numbered in the millions. At his direction, a whole system of extermination was created, a kind of conveyor for killing people, eliminating and disposing of their remains. He was guilty of the mass extermination of people on ethnic, racial, social and other grounds, which is qualified by lawyers as a crime against humanity.
Many of Hitler's crimes were not related to the protection of the national interests of Germany and the German people, were not caused by military necessity. On the contrary, to some extent they even undermined the military power of Germany. So, for example, to carry out massacres in the death camps created by the Nazis, Hitler kept tens of thousands of SS men in the rear. Of these, it was possible to create more than one division and thereby strengthen the troops of the army in the field. Transporting millions of prisoners to the death camps required an enormous amount of rail and other transport, and it could be used for military purposes.
In the summer of 1944, he considered it possible, steadfastly holding positions on the Soviet-German front, to thwart the invasion of Europe that was being prepared by the Western Allies, and then use the situation favorable for Germany to reach an agreement with them. But this plan was not destined to be realized. The Germans failed to throw into the sea the Anglo-American troops that had landed in Normandy. They managed to hold the captured bridgehead, concentrate huge forces there and, after careful preparation, break through the front of the German defense. The Wehrmacht did not hold its positions in the east either. A particularly major catastrophe occurred in the central sector of the Eastern Front, where the German Army Group Center was completely defeated, and Soviet troops began to move menacingly quickly towards the German borders.

Hitler's last year.

The failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944, committed by a group of opposition-minded German officers, was used by the Fuhrer as a pretext for the all-encompassing mobilization of human and material resources to continue the war. By the autumn of 1944, Hitler managed to stabilize the front, which had begun to fall apart in the east and west, restore many defeated formations and form a number of new ones. He again thinks about how to cause a crisis in his opponents. In the West, he thought, it would be easier to do this. The idea that came to him was embodied in the plan of the German performance in the Ardennes.
From a military point of view, this offensive was a gamble. It could not inflict significant damage on the military power of the Western allies, much less cause a turning point in the war. But Hitler was primarily interested in political results.

He wanted to show the leaders of the United States and Britain that he still had enough strength to continue the war, and now he decided to shift the main efforts from east to west, which meant weakening resistance in the east and raising the danger of Germany being occupied by Soviet troops. By an unexpected display of German military power on the Western Front, with a simultaneous display of readiness to accept defeat in the East, Hitler hoped to arouse fear among the Western powers about the possible transformation of all of Germany into a Bolshevik bastion in the center of Europe. Hitler also hoped to force them to start separate negotiations with the existing regime in Germany, to make a certain compromise with him. He believed that Western democracies would prefer Nazi Germany over communist Germany.
However, all these calculations were not justified. The Western Allies, although experiencing some shock from the unexpected German offensive, did not want to have anything to do with Hitler and the regime he led. They continued to work closely with the Soviet Union, which helped them get out of the crisis caused by the Wehrmacht's Ardennes operation by launching an offensive ahead of schedule from the Vistula line.
By the middle of spring 1945, Hitler no longer had any hope for a miracle. On April 22, 1945, he decided not to leave the capital, stay in his bunker and commit suicide. The fate of the German people no longer interested him.

The Germans, Hitler believed, turned out to be unworthy of such a "brilliant leader" as he, therefore they had to die and give way to stronger and more viable peoples. In the last days of April, Hitler was concerned only with the question of his own fate. He feared the judgment of the peoples for the crimes committed. He was horrified by the news of the execution of Mussolini along with his mistress and the mockery of their corpses in Milan. This end terrified him. Hitler was in an underground bunker in Berlin, refusing to leave it: he did not go either to the front or to inspect German cities destroyed by Allied aircraft. On April 15, Eva Braun, his mistress for over 12 years, joined Hitler. At the time when he was going to power, this connection was not advertised, but as the end approached, he allowed Eva Braun to appear with him in public. In the early morning of April 29, they were married.
Having dictated a political testament in which the future leaders of Germany called for a merciless fight against the "poisoners of all peoples - international Jewry", Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, and their corpses, on Hitler's orders, were burned in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, next to the bunker where the Fuhrer spent the last months of his life. :: Multimedia

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The central figure in the history of the first half of the 20th century, the main instigator of the Second World War, the perpetrator of the Holocaust, the founder of totalitarianism in Germany and in the territories it occupied. And it's all one person. How Hitler died: did he take poison, shoot himself, or die a very old man? This question has been troubling historians for almost 70 years.

Childhood and youth

The future dictator was born on April 20, 1889 in the city of Braunau an der Inn, which was at that time in Austria-Hungary. From 1933 until the end of World War II, Hitler's birthday was a public holiday in Germany.

Adolf's family was low-income: mother - Clara Pelzl - a peasant woman, father - Alois Hitler - was at first a shoemaker, but eventually began to work in customs. After the death of her husband, Clara and her son lived quite comfortably, dependent on relatives.

From childhood, Adolf showed a talent for drawing. In his youth, he studied music. He especially liked the works of the German composer W. R. Wagner. Every day he visited theaters and coffee houses, read adventure novels and German mythology, liked to walk around Linz, adored picnics and sweets. But the most favorite pastime still remained drawing, which later Hitler began to earn his living.

Military service

During the First World War, the future Fuhrer of Germany voluntarily joined the ranks of the soldiers of the German army. At first he was a private, later - a corporal. During the fighting he was wounded twice. At the end of the war, he was awarded the Iron Cross, first and second class.

Hitler took the defeat of the German Empire in 1918 as a knife in his own back, because he was always confident in the greatness and invincibility of his country.

Rise of the Nazi dictator

After the failure of the German army, he returned to Munich and joined the German armed forces - the Reichswehr. Later, on the advice of his closest comrade E. Röhm, he became a member of the German Workers' Party. Instantly pushing its founders into the background, Hitler became the head of the organization.

About a year later, it is renamed the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (German abbreviation - NSDAP). It was then that Nazism began to emerge. The program points of the party reflected the main ideas of A. Hitler to restore the state power of Germany:

The assertion of the supremacy of the German Empire over Europe, especially over the Slavic lands;

Liberation of the country's territory from foreigners, namely from Jews;

Replacing the parliamentary regime with one leader who would concentrate power over the entire country in his hands.

In 1933, these points will find their place in his autobiography "Mein Kampf", which means "My struggle" in German.

Power

Thanks to the NSDAP, Hitler quickly became a well-known politician, whose opinion other figures began to reckon with.

On November 8, 1923, a meeting was held in Munich at which the leader of the National Socialists announced the beginning of the German revolution. During the so-called beer putsch, it was necessary to destroy the treacherous power of Berlin. When he led his associates to the square to storm the administrative building, the German army opened fire on them. At the beginning of 1924, a trial of Hitler and his associates took place, they were given 5 years in prison. However, they were released after only nine months.

Due to their prolonged absence, a split occurred in the NSDAP. The future Fuhrer with his allies E. Rehm and G. Strasser revived the party, but not as a former regional, but as a national political power. In early 1933, German President Hindenburg appointed Hitler to the post of Reich Chancellor. From that moment on, the Prime Minister began to implement the program points of the NSDAP. By order of Hitler, his comrades Rehm, Strasser and many others were killed.

The Second World War

Until 1939, the millionth German Wehrmacht split Czechoslovakia, annexed Austria and the Czech Republic. Having secured the consent of Joseph Stalin, Hitler launched a war against Poland, as well as England and France. Having achieved successful results at this stage, the Fuhrer entered the war with the USSR.

The defeat of the Soviet army at first led to the seizure by Germany of the territories of Ukraine, the Baltic states, Russia and other union republics. A regime of tyranny was established on the annexed lands, which had no equal. However, from 1942 to 1945, the Soviet army liberated its territories from the German invaders, as a result of which the latter were forced to retreat to their borders.

Fuhrer's death

A common version of the following events is Hitler's suicide on April 30, 1945. But did it happen? And was the leader of Germany at all in Berlin at that time? Realizing that the German troops would again be defeated, he could leave the country before the Soviet army captured it.

Until now, for historians and ordinary people, the mystery of the death of the German dictator is interesting and mysterious: where, when and how Hitler died. To date, there are many hypotheses about this.

Version one. Berlin

The capital of Germany, a bunker under the Reich Chancellery - it is here, as is commonly believed, that A. Hitler shot himself. He made the decision to commit suicide on the afternoon of April 30, 1945, in connection with the end of the assault on Berlin by the army of the Soviet Union.

Close people of the dictator and his companion Eva Braun claimed that he himself fired a pistol into his mouth. The woman, as it turned out a little later, poisoned herself and the shepherd with potassium cyanide. Witnesses also reported what time Hitler died: the shot was fired by him between 15:15 and 15:30.

Eyewitnesses of the picture made the only, in their opinion, the right decision - to burn the corpses. Since the territory outside the bunker was continuously shelled, Hitler's henchmen hastily brought the bodies to the surface of the earth, doused them with gasoline and set them on fire. The fire barely flared up and soon went out. The process was repeated a couple of times until the bodies were charred. In the meantime, the artillery shelling intensified. The footman and Hitler's adjutant hurriedly covered the remains with earth and returned to the bunker.

On May 5, the Soviet military discovered the dead bodies of the dictator and his mistress. Their attendants hid in the premises of the Reich Chancellery. The servant was captured for interrogation. Chefs, lackeys, guards and others claimed that they saw someone being taken out of the dictator's private quarters, but the USSR intelligence never received clear answers to the question of how Adolf Hitler died.

A few days later, the Soviet secret services located the corpse and proceeded to its immediate examination, but it also did not give positive results, because the remains found were mostly badly burned. The only way of identification was only the jaws, which are well preserved.

Intelligence found and interrogated Hitler's dental assistant, Ketty Goizerman. From specific dentures and fillings, the Frau determined that the jaw belonged to the late Fuhrer. Even later, the Chekists found a prosthetist, Fritz Echtmann, who confirmed the words of the assistant.

In November 1945, Arthur Axman, one of the participants in that very meeting held on April 30 in the bunker, was detained, where it was decided to burn the bodies of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun. His story in detail coincided with the testimony given by the servants a few days after such a significant event in the history of the end of World War II - the fall of the capital of Nazi Germany, Berlin.

Then the remains were packed in boxes and buried near Berlin. Later, they were dug up several times and buried again, changing their location. Later, the government of the USSR decided to cremate the bodies and scatter the ashes to the wind. The only thing that was left for the KGB archive was the jaw and part of the skull of the former Fuhrer of Germany, which was hooked by a bullet.

The Nazi could have survived

The question of how Hitler died, in fact, is still open. After all, could the witnesses (mostly allies and assistants of the dictator) give false information in order to lead the Soviet special services astray? Certainly.

That is exactly what Hitler's dentist's assistant did. After Ketty Goizerman was released from the Soviet camps, she immediately renounced her information. This is first. Secondly, according to Soviet intelligence officials, the jaw may not belong to the Fuhrer, as it was found separately from the corpse. One way or another, but these facts give rise to attempts by historians and journalists to get to the bottom of the truth - where Adolf Hitler died.

Version two. South America, Argentina

There are a large number of hypotheses about the flight of the German dictator from besieged Berlin. One of them is the assumption that Hitler died in America, where he escaped with Eva Braun on April 27, 1945. This theory was provided by British writers D. Williams and S. Dunstan. In the book Gray Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler, they suggested that in May 1945, the Soviet secret services found the bodies of the Fuhrer's doubles and his mistress Eva Braun, and the real ones, in turn, left the bunker and went to the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina.

The deposed German dictator, even there, cherished his dream of a new Reich, which, fortunately, was not destined to come true. Instead, Hitler, having married Eva Braun, found family happiness and two daughters. The writers also named the year in which Hitler died. According to them, it was February 13, 1962.

The story seems absolutely meaningless, but the authors call to remember the year 2009, in which they conducted research on the skull found in the bunker. Their results showed that the part of the head that was shot through belonged to a woman.

Important proof

The British consider the interview of Soviet Marshal G. Zhukov dated June 10, 1945, as another confirmation of their theory, where he reports that the corpse that the USSR intelligence found in early May of that year might not have belonged to the Fuhrer. That there is no evidence to state exactly how Hitler died.

The military leader also does not exclude the possibility that Hitler could be in Berlin on April 30 and fly out of the city at the last minute. He could choose any point on the map for subsequent residence, including South America. Thus, it can be assumed that Hitler died in Argentina, where he lived for the last 17 years.

Version three. South America, Brazil

There are suggestions that Hitler died at the age of 95. This is reported in the book "Hitler in Brazil - his life and death" by the writer Simony Rene Gorreiro Diaz. In her opinion, in 1945 the deposed Fuhrer managed to escape from besieged Berlin. He lived in Argentina, then in Paraguay, until he settled on Nossa Señora do Livramento. This small town is located in the state of Mato Grosso. The journalist is sure that Adolf Hitler died in Brazil in 1984.

The ex-Führer chose this state, as it is sparsely populated and Jesuit treasures are allegedly buried in its lands. Colleagues from the Vatican informed Hitler about the treasure, presenting him with a map of the area.

The refugee lived in complete secrecy. He changed his name to Azholf Leipzig. Diaz is sure that he chose this surname for a reason, because his favorite composer V. R. Wagner was born in the city of the same name. Kutinga became a cohabitant, a black woman whom Hitler met upon arrival in do Livramento. The author of the book published their photo.

In addition, Simony Diaz wants to match the DNA of things that a relative of the Nazi dictator from Israel provided to her and the remains of Ajolf Leipzig's clothes. The journalist hopes for test results that may support the hypothesis that Hitler actually died in Brazil.

Most likely, these newspaper publications and books are just speculation that arises with each new historical fact. At least that's what I like to think. Even if this did not happen in 1945, it is unlikely that we will ever know what year Hitler actually died. But we can be absolutely sure that death overtook him in the last century.

Adolf Hitler - Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, head of the NSNRP, commander-in-chief of the military forces of National Socialist Germany in World War II. Today, perhaps, you will not meet a person who would not know this name. Adolf Hitler, whose brief biography will be described below, is considered the most tyrannical and odious ruler of the twentieth century.

Genus history

Adolf Hitler did not like to talk about his family and origin, despite the fact that his subordinates always demanded an extensive description of their ancestry. The only person frequently mentioned by Hitler was his mother Clara.

The ancestors of the Reich Chancellor were simple Austrian peasants, only his father managed to become a government official.

Adolf's father, Alois Hitler, whose biography is not so well known, was the illegitimate son of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Subsequently, she married the poor miller Johann Hiedler, and Alois was given his surname. However, a mistake was made during registration, and the letter “d” in the surname was replaced with “t”.

Modern historians have found evidence that the real father of Alois was the brother of Johann Hiedler, Johann Nepomuk. Therefore, the inbreeding that took place in the Hitler family is often discussed in modern science. After all, the granddaughter of Johann Nepomuk, Clara Pölzl, became the wife of Alois.

In the marriage of Alois and Clara on April 20, 1889, after several unsuccessful attempts to have a child, a son was born. He was given the name Adolf Hitler. The biography, a summary of which would not fit on a dozen sheets, began in the village of Ranshofen, on the border of Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Childhood

Until the age of three, Adolf, together with his mother, father, half-brother Alois and sister Angela, lived in the town of Braunau am Inn.

After the promotion of his father, the Hitler family had to move first to the city of Passau, then to Linz. After Alois retired for health reasons, the family settled in the town of Gafeld, near Lambach an der Traun, where they bought a house in 1895.

Adolf Hitler, whose biography indicates the illiteracy of most of his relatives, studied well in elementary school and pleased his parents with good grades.

He attended school at a Catholic monastery, was a member of the boys' choir and helped the priest during Mass.

In 1898, the Hitlers moved to the village of Leonding, where Adolf graduated from a folk school. It was at this time that Alois had a great influence on his son with his constant pressure, moralizing and anti-church statements.

When Adolf was eleven years old, he entered a real school in Linz. It was here that the habits of the future dictator began to emerge. Young Adolf was obstinate, intolerant and refused to attend certain subjects, devoting all his time to history, geography and drawing.

Youth

After the unexpected death of his father in 1903, Adolf moved to Linz and lived in a hostel. He did not attend classes quite often, as he decided for himself that he would not follow in his father's footsteps and become an official. Adolf Hitler is an artist! That was the boy's dream.

Due to repeated absenteeism and confrontation with teachers, Hitler transferred to a real school in the city of Steyr. Adolf failed to pass the exams for the fourth grade in some subjects.

In 1907, Hitler makes an attempt to enter the Vienna General Art School, but fails the entrance exams in the second round. The admission committee recommends that he try his hand at architecture, as he sees a predisposition to this.

In the same year, Adolf's mother dies from the consequences of a serious illness. Hitler returns to Vienna, where he again tries to enter art school.

People from the entourage of Adolf Hitler in those years testify that he was intolerant, wayward, quick-tempered and was always in search of someone on whom to pour out his anger.

Adolf Hitler, whose paintings began to bring him a tangible income, refused the orphan's pension due to him. A little later, he inherited the deceased aunt Johanna Pölzl.

At the age of twenty-four, Hitler moves to Munich in order to avoid service in the Austrian army. He hates the idea of ​​standing next to the Czechs and Jews. During this period, his intolerance towards other nations is born and begins to develop rapidly.

Participation in World War I

The outbreak of the First World War enthralled Hitler. He immediately entered the German army as a volunteer. On October 8, 1914, the future dictator took the oath of allegiance to the King of Bavaria, as well as Emperor Franz Joseph.

Already at the end of October, as part of the sixteenth reserve Bavarian regiment, Adolf was sent to the Western Front. Hitler, whose biography will soon be full of participation in various battles, received the rank of corporal after the battles on the Yser and near Ypres.

In early November, Hitler was transferred to army headquarters as a liaison officer. Soon he was awarded the Iron Cross of the second degree. Until March, Adolf participated in positional battles in French Flanders.

Hitler received his first wound in the Battle of the Somme. A shrapnel wound to the thigh kept him in the hospital until March 1917. After recovery, he took part in the battles in Upper Alsace, in Artois, in Flanders, for which he was awarded the Cross of the 3rd degree (for military merit).

According to colleagues and commanders, Hitler was an excellent soldier - selfless, courageous and fearless. During the entire First World War, Adolf Hitler collected a whole collection of awards and medals. However, he failed to meet the defeat of Germany on the battlefield. Adolf ended up in the hospital as a result of the explosion of a chemical projectile, for some time he was even blind.

The surrender of Germany and the overthrow of the Kaiser, Hitler took as a betrayal and was deeply shocked by the outcome of the war.

Creation of the Nazi Party

The new year 1919 began for the future Fuhrer with work as a security guard in a prisoner of war camp for soldiers. However, soon the French and Russians held in the camp were amnestied, and an inspired Adolf Hitler returned to Munich. The biography briefly indicates this period of his life.

At first he was in the barracks of the Bavarian Infantry Regiment. He has not yet decided on his future activities. In this troubled time, in addition to architecture, politics also began to fascinate him. Although he did not stop working. Adolf Hitler, whose paintings were highly appreciated by the famous artist Max Zeper, was at a crossroads.

Hitler was helped to decide in life by sending him to the courses of agitators by the army authorities. There he made a strong impression with his anti-Semitic statements and discovered his talent as an orator. The head of the agitation department appointed Hitler as an education officer. Adolf Hitler, an artist whose paintings could take places in famous museums, gave way to Adolf the politician, who was destined to become a despot and a murderer.

It was at this time that Hitler finally began to position himself as an ardent anti-Semite. In 1919 he joined the German Workers' Party and headed the propaganda department.

Hitler's first public speech on behalf of the Nazi Party took place on February 24, 1920. Then they were presented with a list of 25 items symbolizing the canons of the Nazis. These included, among other things, anti-Semitism, the idea of ​​the unity of the German nation, a strong central government. On his own initiative, the party was given a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party. After a major conflict with other representatives of the party, Hitler became its undisputed leader and ideologist.

beer coup

The episode that led Hitler to the prison bunk was called the Beer Hall Putsch in German history. Surprisingly, all parties in Bavaria held their public events and discussions in pubs.

The social democratic government of Germany was severely criticized by conservatives, communists and Nazis in connection with the French occupation and the severe economic crisis. In Bavaria, where Hitler led his party, separatist conservatives were in power. They wanted the restoration of the monarchy when the Nazis advocated the creation of the Reich. The government in Berlin sensed the imminent threat and ordered Gustov von Kahr, the head of the right-wing party, to disband the NSDAP (Nazi party). However, he did not take this step, but he also did not want to enter into an open confrontation with the authorities. Hitler, having learned about this, decided to act.

On November 8, 1923, Adolf Hitler, at the head of a detachment of storm troopers, burst into a pub where a meeting of the Bavarian government was taking place. G. Von Kar and his associates managed to escape, and on November 9, while trying to seize the Ministry of Defense, Hitler was captured, and his party suffered heavy losses in killed and wounded.

The trial of Adolf Hitler took place already in 1924. As an organizer of the coup and a traitor to the legitimate government, he was sentenced to five years, of which he served only nine months.

Adolf Hitler "My Struggle" ("Mein Kampf")

Not without reason, historians and researchers of Hitler's life call his stay in prison a sanatorium. After all, guests were freely allowed to visit him, he could write and receive letters. But the main thing of his entire stay in prison was a book with a political program, written and edited by Adolf Hitler. “My struggle” is the name of the book by the author.

It proclaimed Hitler's main idea - anti-Semitism. The author blamed the poor Jews for everything. Some German's shoe is worn out - the Jew is to blame, someone does not have enough for bread and butter - the Jew is to blame. And Germany was to become the dominant state.

Adolf Hitler, whose "Mein Kampf" (book) was sold in huge circulation, achieved his main goal: he managed to "let" anti-Semitism into the masses.

In addition, this work reflects the very points of the party program that were read out by the author back in 1920.

Road to Power

After his release from prison, Hitler decided to start changing the world with his party. His main task was to strengthen his dictatorial power, the gradual dismissal of the closest associates of Strasser and Rem, as well as strengthening the army of stormtroopers.

On February 27, 1924, in the Burgerbräukeller pub, Adolf Hitler, whose biography includes more than one successful speech, makes a speech that he is the only and invincible leader of the Nazi movement.

In 1927, the first party congress was held in Nuremberg. The main subject of discussion was elections and obtaining votes. From 1928, Joseph Goebbels became the head of the propaganda department of the party. However, not once in all the elections did the Nazis manage to win. In the first place were the workers' parties. Hitler, for his appointment as chancellor, needed at least the appearance of support from the general population.

Adolf Hitler - Chancellor of Germany

In the end, he got his way, and in 1933 he was appointed Chancellor of Germany. At the very first meetings of the government, Adolf Hitler loudly declared that the goal of the whole country was the fight against communism.

Domestic politics

The internal policy of Germany during these years was completely subordinated to the struggle against the Communist Party. The Reichstag was dissolved, rallies and demonstrations of all parties except the Nazi were banned. President Hindenburg issued an order banning all criticism of the Nazi Party and its activities. In essence, there was a quick and unconditional victory of Hitler over opponents and opponents.

Almost every week new decrees with prohibitions were issued. The Social Democrats were also deprived of their rights, Hitler introduced execution by hanging, and the first mention of concentration camps dates back to March 21, 1933. In April, Jews are officially sanctioned by the government, they are fired en masse from state institutions. Free entry and exit from the country is now prohibited. On April 26, 1933, the Gestapo was created.

In fact, Germany has turned from a legal state into a country of lawlessness and total control. Hitler's associates penetrated into all branches of the life of the country and allowed constant checks on adherence to party policy.

Adolf Hitler, whose biography is full of secrets and mysteries, for a long time hid military plans from his associates, but he understood that for their implementation it was necessary to arm Germany. Therefore, the Goering Four-Year Plan was developed, according to which the entire economy began to work for military affairs.

In the summer of 1934, Hitler finally got rid of Rem and his associates, who demanded a strengthening of their role in the army and radical social reforms.

Foreign policy

The struggle for world domination completely absorbed Hitler. And on June 22, 1941, without declaring war, Germany launched an offensive against the USSR.

The first defeat of the Nazis near Moscow shook Hitler's self-confidence, but did not knock him off his intended goal. The Battle of Stalingrad made him finally convinced of the irrationality of this war and the inevitable defeat of the Fuhrer. Despite this, Adolf Hitler, whose "Mein Kampf" called for the fight, he himself fought with all his might in order to maintain optimistic moods in Germany and the army.

Since 1943, he has been at headquarters almost all the time. Public speaking has become rare. He lost interest in them.

It finally became clear that there would be no victory after the landing of the Anglo-American troops in Normandy. Soviet troops advanced from the east with monstrous speed and selfless heroism.

Wanting to demonstrate that Germany still had the power and strength to wage war, Hitler decided to transfer most of his forces to the western borders. He believed that European states would be wary of the occupation of German territories by Soviet troops, and would prefer Nazi Germany to a communist society in the center of Europe. However, Hitler's plan failed, the allies of the USSR did not compromise.

Fearing reprisal against himself for all the crimes he had committed against humanity, Hitler locked himself in his bunker in Berlin and committed suicide on April 30, 1945. Together with him went to the next world and his wife Eva Braun.

Adolf Hitler, a biography whose photo is full of self-confidence and fearlessness, left this world cowardly and pathetically, without answering for the rivers of blood that he shed.

Adolf Hitler, whose biography is full of brilliant achievements and monstrous crimes, has become an integral part of European and world history. He is one of those people who literally managed to push in a certain direction. Of course, the last statement has nothing to do with the moral side of his philosophy and activities.

Adolf Hitler: biography

Adolf Schicklgruber was born in a small town located on the border of Austria and Germany. Already at an early age, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe greatness of the German nation was laid in his head. The first significant efforts in this matter were made by the school Fuhrer, Leopold Petsch, himself an ardent supporter of Prussian nationalism and a pan-Germanist. After graduation, the young man goes to Vienna, cherishing the dream of entering the art academy of this city. Many are well aware of the story of how a young man fails his exams in 1907, after which the rector of the academy recommends that he study architecture rather than fine arts. Young Adolf then returns to his native Linz, but a year later he tries his hand again and fails again. It was in the next period that Hitler, known later to the whole world, was formed. The biography of these years is filled with extreme poverty, constant vagrancy, housing under bridges and in flophouses, odd jobs and other pages from the bottom of life. But at the same time, the young man finally formed his political views during this period, in which he himself

admitted and the process of which he described in detail later in the book "My Struggle". Speaking about the reasons for the emergence of such a violent ideology, one should definitely take into account the specifics of the Weimar period, when nationalist sentiments, ideas of anti-German conspiracies were so popular in society, and many small Judeophobic political forces were widespread. At the same time, the young man had the opportunity to observe how, under the onslaught of the Slavs and Hungarians, the Germans were losing their absolutely dominant position in Austria-Hungary. All this came together in a very, very peculiar way, and then was rethought in the head of young Adolf.

Adolf Hitler: the path to power

After the First World War, being extremely disappointed, the young corporal again returns to his odd jobs, but already in Munich. His fate here was abruptly turned by chance. By the will of fate, he was destined to be in one of the beer establishments of the city, where the local patriotic party (then called the Workers' Party of Germany) was simultaneously holding its meeting. The guy who was carried away by politics was interested in their ideas, and in 1920 he joined this still small society. And soon, thanks to his own charisma and penetrating perseverance, he became her most important person. Hitler's first attempt to come to power dates back as early as 1923. We are talking about the famous November Beer Putsch, which ended in failure. As the putschists marched through the streets of Munich, they were stopped by police forces who opened fire on the rebels. An interesting story from the memoirs of eyewitnesses is conveyed by a well-known researcher (and in a former journalist in Weimar and Nazi Germany) William Shearer: under a barrage of fire, the putschists were forced to lie down on the ground; immediately after the police stopped shooting, the leader of the party was the first to jump up and start running from the scene of the collision, then got into the car and drove away. Strange, but the flight of Adolf Hitler did not affect his authority. Moreover, having coped with the first fear, he behaved very boldly on

ensuing lawsuit, which even added to his sympathy. However, for attempting a putsch, the young politician was nevertheless sent to prison in the Landsberg fortress. True, he spent less than a year there.

Adolf Hitler: political biography

And having been released at the end of 1925, he again began his struggle for power. With incendiary speeches, cunning political actions, outright blackmail of other political forces, violent reprisals against their opponents and outright deceit in Nazi propaganda, the NSDAP, after just a few years, became the most influential force in the country. And in Adolf Hitler, he forces the then President of the Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, to make himself Chancellor. From that moment on, the NSDAP is rapidly becoming the unified political force in the state, their ideology is the only true one, and Germany is immersed in

The splendor and monstrosity of the Fuhrer's largest struggle

Having come to power, the new head of state did not hide his true face for long. Inside the country, the opposition forces were quickly liquidated. The Fuhrer did not take long to prepare for foreign policy actions. Already in 1936, in violation of the Versailles agreements, he sent his troops into the demilitarized Rhineland. The submissive ignorance of this violation was only the first cowardly silence of the great powers in a long chain. This was followed by outright blackmail and the capture first of Austria, later of Czechoslovakia and Poland. In 1940, the fate of the occupation also befell France. England was barely saved. To retell the further biography of Adolf Hitler in detail, perhaps, does not make sense. It is hardly possible to find a person in our country who has not heard about the German invasion of the USSR, about the first successes of Blitzkrieg and the further gradual complete loss of any adequacy by the Fuhrer, who could not come to terms with defeats - first near Moscow, then near Stalingrad, and then on all fronts. The ideologue of the Nazi Party threw more and more batches of German soldiers into battle (which is often attributed to Zhukov and Stalin), laying an entire generation of Germans on the altar of his idea. However, the victorious pace of the allies completely drove the Fuhrer crazy. In the last days of his life, sick and broken, but with former fanaticism, the last thing left of the former Hitler, he declared that the German nation must perish if it could not win this war. Adolf Hitler found his death by taking poison on April 30, 1945.